From e56bdacdec645e49415c139a4a518a9d27cbb39d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: qicosmos <qicosmos@163.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Apr 2021 11:07:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] clang-format11 format code.

---
 example/example.vcxproj               |     2 +-
 example/main.cpp                      |   450 +-
 include/cinatra.hpp                   |     4 +-
 include/cinatra/async_client.hpp      |   907 +-
 include/cinatra/client_factory.hpp    |   105 +-
 include/cinatra/connection.hpp        |    51 +-
 include/cinatra/cookie.hpp            |   253 +-
 include/cinatra/define.h              |    55 +-
 include/cinatra/dh1024.pem            |    11 +-
 include/cinatra/function_traits.hpp   |   146 +-
 include/cinatra/gzip.hpp              |   248 +-
 include/cinatra/http_cache.hpp        |   184 +-
 include/cinatra/http_client.hpp       |  2059 +-
 include/cinatra/http_parser.hpp       |   221 +-
 include/cinatra/http_router.hpp       |   446 +-
 include/cinatra/http_server.hpp       |    24 +-
 include/cinatra/io_service_pool.hpp   |   200 +-
 include/cinatra/itoa.hpp              |   457 +-
 include/cinatra/itoa_jeaiii.hpp       |   144 +-
 include/cinatra/mime_types.hpp        |  1004 +-
 include/cinatra/modern_callback.h     |    93 +-
 include/cinatra/multipart_parser.hpp  |   857 +-
 include/cinatra/multipart_reader.hpp  |   246 +-
 include/cinatra/nlohmann_json.hpp     | 38011 ++++++++++++------------
 include/cinatra/picohttpparser.h      |  1085 +-
 include/cinatra/render.h              |  1481 +-
 include/cinatra/request.hpp           |    24 +-
 include/cinatra/response.hpp          |    20 +-
 include/cinatra/response_cv.hpp       |   778 +-
 include/cinatra/response_parser.hpp   |   429 +-
 include/cinatra/router.hpp            |   133 +-
 include/cinatra/server.crt            |    34 +-
 include/cinatra/server.key            |    37 +-
 include/cinatra/session.hpp           |   157 +-
 include/cinatra/session_manager.hpp   |   138 +-
 include/cinatra/sha1.hpp              |   451 +-
 include/cinatra/upload_file.hpp       |   178 +-
 include/cinatra/uri.hpp               |   542 +-
 include/cinatra/url_encode_decode.hpp |   105 +-
 include/cinatra/use_asio.hpp          |    20 +-
 include/cinatra/utils.hpp             |  1317 +-
 include/cinatra/websocket.hpp         |   485 +-
 include/cinatra/ws_define.h           |   268 +-
 43 files changed, 26476 insertions(+), 27384 deletions(-)

diff --git a/example/example.vcxproj b/example/example.vcxproj
index 5d37115..6a58470 100644
--- a/example/example.vcxproj
+++ b/example/example.vcxproj
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
       <LanguageStandard>stdcpp17</LanguageStandard>
       <DisableSpecificWarnings>4996</DisableSpecificWarnings>
       <AdditionalOptions>/bigobj %(AdditionalOptions)</AdditionalOptions>
-      <PreprocessorDefinitions>__SSE4_2__;CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
     </ClCompile>
   </ItemDefinitionGroup>
   <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
diff --git a/example/main.cpp b/example/main.cpp
index 1bb0c1e..2ab8335 100644
--- a/example/main.cpp
+++ b/example/main.cpp
@@ -1,233 +1,219 @@
-#include <iostream>
 #include "../include/cinatra.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
 
 using namespace cinatra;
 
-struct log_t
-{
-	bool before(request& req, response& res) {
-		std::cout << "before log" << std::endl;
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	bool after(request& req, response& res) {
-		std::cout << "after log" << std::endl;
-		res.add_header("aaaa", "bbcc");
-		return true;
-	}
+struct log_t {
+  bool before(request &req, response &res) {
+    std::cout << "before log" << std::endl;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool after(request &req, response &res) {
+    std::cout << "after log" << std::endl;
+    res.add_header("aaaa", "bbcc");
+    return true;
+  }
 };
 
-struct person
-{
-	void foo(request& req, response& res) 
-	{
-		std::cout << i << std::endl;
-		res.render_string("ok");
-	}
-
-	void foo1(request& req, response& res)
-	{
-		std::cout << i << std::endl;
-		res.render_string("ok");
-	}
-
-	int i=0;
+struct person {
+  void foo(request &req, response &res) {
+    std::cout << i << std::endl;
+    res.render_string("ok");
+  }
+
+  void foo1(request &req, response &res) {
+    std::cout << i << std::endl;
+    res.render_string("ok");
+  }
+
+  int i = 0;
 };
 
-void test_ssl_server(){
+void test_ssl_server() {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-    //you should open macro CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL at first
-    http_ssl_server server(2);
+  // you should open macro CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL at first
+  http_ssl_server server(2);
 
-    server.set_ssl_conf({ "server.crt", "server.key" });
-    int r = server.listen("0.0.0.0", "9001");
-    if (r < 0) {
-        return;
-    }
+  server.set_ssl_conf({"server.crt", "server.key"});
+  int r = server.listen("0.0.0.0", "9001");
+  if (r < 0) {
+    return;
+  }
 
-    server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/", [](request& req, response& res) {
-        auto str = req.get_conn<cinatra::SSL>()->remote_address();
-        res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "hello world from 9001");
-    });
+  server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/", [](request &req, response &res) {
+    auto str = req.get_conn<cinatra::SSL>()->remote_address();
+    res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "hello world from 9001");
+  });
 
-    server.run();
+  server.run();
 #endif
 }
 
-void print(const response_data& result) {
-    print(result.ec, result.status, result.resp_body, result.resp_headers.second);
+void print(const response_data &result) {
+  print(result.ec, result.status, result.resp_body, result.resp_headers.second);
 }
 
 void test_sync_client() {
-    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-    std::string uri = "http://www.baidu.com";
-    std::string uri1 = "http://cn.bing.com";
-    std::string uri2 = "https://www.baidu.com";
-    std::string uri3 = "https://cn.bing.com";
+  auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+  std::string uri = "http://www.baidu.com";
+  std::string uri1 = "http://cn.bing.com";
+  std::string uri2 = "https://www.baidu.com";
+  std::string uri3 = "https://cn.bing.com";
 
-    response_data result = client->get(uri);
-    print(result);
+  response_data result = client->get(uri);
+  print(result);
 
-    response_data result1 = client->get(uri1);
-    print(result1);
+  response_data result1 = client->get(uri1);
+  print(result1);
 
-    print(client->post(uri, "hello", req_content_type::json));
-    print(client->post(uri1, "hello"));
+  print(client->post(uri, "hello", req_content_type::json));
+  print(client->post(uri1, "hello"));
 
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-    response_data result2 = client->get(uri2);
-    ////if you need to verify peer
-    //client->set_ssl_context_callback([](boost::asio::ssl::context& ctx) {
-    //    ctx.set_verify_mode(boost::asio::ssl::context::verify_peer);
-    //    ctx.load_verify_file("server.crt");
-
-    //    //ctx.set_options(
-    //    //    boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds
-    //    //    | boost::asio::ssl::context::no_sslv2
-    //    //    | boost::asio::ssl::context::single_dh_use);
-
-    //    //ctx.use_certificate_chain_file("server.crt");
-    //    //ctx.use_private_key_file("server.key", boost::asio::ssl::context::pem);
-    //    //ctx.use_tmp_dh_file("dh512.pem");
-    //});
+  response_data result2 = client->get(uri2);
+  ////if you need to verify peer
+  // client->set_ssl_context_callback([](boost::asio::ssl::context& ctx) {
+  //    ctx.set_verify_mode(boost::asio::ssl::context::verify_peer);
+  //    ctx.load_verify_file("server.crt");
+
+  //    //ctx.set_options(
+  //    //    boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds
+  //    //    | boost::asio::ssl::context::no_sslv2
+  //    //    | boost::asio::ssl::context::single_dh_use);
+
+  //    //ctx.use_certificate_chain_file("server.crt");
+  //    //ctx.use_private_key_file("server.key",
+  //    boost::asio::ssl::context::pem);
+  //    //ctx.use_tmp_dh_file("dh512.pem");
+  //});
 
-    print(result2);
+  print(result2);
 
-    response_data result3 = client->get(uri3);
-    print(result3);
+  response_data result3 = client->get(uri3);
+  print(result3);
 
-    response_data result33 = client->get(uri);
-    print(result33);
+  response_data result33 = client->get(uri);
+  print(result33);
 
-    response_data result4 = client->get(uri3);
-    print(result4);
+  response_data result4 = client->get(uri3);
+  print(result4);
 
-    response_data result5 = client->get(uri2);
-    print(result5);
+  response_data result5 = client->get(uri2);
+  print(result5);
 #endif
 }
 
 void test_async_client() {
-    
-    std::string uri = "http://www.baidu.com";
-    std::string uri1 = "http://cn.bing.com";
-    std::string uri2 = "https://www.baidu.com";
-    std::string uri3 = "https://cn.bing.com";
-
-    {
-        auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-        client->async_get(uri, [](response_data data) {
-            print(data);
-        });
-    }
-    
-    {
-        auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-        client->async_get(uri1, [](response_data data) {
-            print(data);
-        });
-    }
 
-    {
-        auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-        client->async_post(uri, "hello", [](response_data data) {
-            print(data);
-        });
-    }
+  std::string uri = "http://www.baidu.com";
+  std::string uri1 = "http://cn.bing.com";
+  std::string uri2 = "https://www.baidu.com";
+  std::string uri3 = "https://cn.bing.com";
+
+  {
+    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+    client->async_get(uri, [](response_data data) { print(data); });
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+    client->async_get(uri1, [](response_data data) { print(data); });
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+    client->async_post(uri, "hello", [](response_data data) { print(data); });
+  }
 
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-    {
-        auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-        client->async_get(uri2, [](response_data data) {
-            print(data);
-        });
-    }
+  {
+    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+    client->async_get(uri2, [](response_data data) { print(data); });
+  }
 
-    {
-        auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-        client->async_get(uri3, [](response_data data) {
-            print(data);
-        });
-    }
+  {
+    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+    client->async_get(uri3, [](response_data data) { print(data); });
+  }
 #endif
 }
 
 void test_download() {
-    std::string uri = "http://www.httpwatch.com/httpgallery/chunked/chunkedimage.aspx";
-
-    {
-        auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-        //Note: if the dest file has already exist, the file will be appened.
-        //If you want to download a new file, make sure no such a file with the same name.
-        //You could set the start position of the download file, eg: 
-        //int64_t start_pos = 100;
-        //client->download(uri, "test1.jpg", start_pos, [](response_data data)...
-        client->download(uri, "test1.jpg", [](response_data data) {
-            if (data.ec) {
-                std::cout << data.ec.message() << "\n";
-                return;
-            }
-
-            std::cout << "finished download\n";
-        });
-    }
+  std::string uri =
+      "http://www.httpwatch.com/httpgallery/chunked/chunkedimage.aspx";
 
-    {
-        auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-        client->download(uri, [](auto ec, auto data) {
-            if (ec) {
-                std::cout << ec.message() << "\n";
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (data.empty()) {
-                std::cout << "finished all \n";
-            }
-            else {
-                std::cout << data.size() << "\n";
-            }
-        });
-    }
-}
+  {
+    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+    // Note: if the dest file has already exist, the file will be appened.
+    // If you want to download a new file, make sure no such a file with the
+    // same name. You could set the start position of the download file, eg:
+    // int64_t start_pos = 100;
+    // client->download(uri, "test1.jpg", start_pos, [](response_data data)...
+    client->download(uri, "test1.jpg", [](response_data data) {
+      if (data.ec) {
+        std::cout << data.ec.message() << "\n";
+        return;
+      }
 
-void test_upload() {
-    std::string uri = "http://cn.bing.com/";
+      std::cout << "finished download\n";
+    });
+  }
+
+  {
     auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-    client->upload(uri, "boost_1_72_0.7z", [](response_data data) {
-        if (data.ec) {
-            std::cout << data.ec.message() << "\n";
-            return;
-        }
+    client->download(uri, [](auto ec, auto data) {
+      if (ec) {
+        std::cout << ec.message() << "\n";
+        return;
+      }
 
-        std::cout << data.resp_body << "\n"; //finished upload
+      if (data.empty()) {
+        std::cout << "finished all \n";
+      } else {
+        std::cout << data.size() << "\n";
+      }
     });
+  }
 }
 
-class qps {
-public:
-    void increase() {
-        counter_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release);
+void test_upload() {
+  std::string uri = "http://cn.bing.com/";
+  auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+  client->upload(uri, "boost_1_72_0.7z", [](response_data data) {
+    if (data.ec) {
+      std::cout << data.ec.message() << "\n";
+      return;
     }
 
-    qps() : counter_(0) {
-        thd_ = std::thread([this] {
-            while (!stop_) {
-                std::cout << "qps: " << counter_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) << '\n';
-                std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
-                //counter_.store(0, std::memory_order_release);
-            }
-        });
-    }
+    std::cout << data.resp_body << "\n"; // finished upload
+  });
+}
 
-    ~qps() {
-        stop_ = true;
-        thd_.join();
-    }
+class qps {
+public:
+  void increase() { counter_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release); }
+
+  qps() : counter_(0) {
+    thd_ = std::thread([this] {
+      while (!stop_) {
+        std::cout << "qps: " << counter_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)
+                  << '\n';
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+        // counter_.store(0, std::memory_order_release);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  ~qps() {
+    stop_ = true;
+    thd_.join();
+  }
 
 private:
-    bool stop_ = false;
-    std::thread thd_;
-    std::atomic<uint32_t> counter_;
+  bool stop_ = false;
+  std::thread thd_;
+  std::atomic<uint32_t> counter_;
 };
 
 int main() {
@@ -251,12 +237,14 @@ int main() {
       });
 
   server.set_http_handler<GET>("/plaintext", [](request &req, response &res) {
-    // res.set_status_and_content<status_type::ok, res_content_type::string>("Hello, World!");
+    // res.set_status_and_content<status_type::ok,
+    // res_content_type::string>("Hello, World!");
     res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "Hello, World!",
                                req_content_type::string);
   });
 
-  // server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/delay", [](request& req, response& res) {
+  // server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/delay", [](request& req, response&
+  // res) {
   //    auto conn = req.get_conn<NonSSL>();
 
   //    //monitor an async operation to test response delay
@@ -275,39 +263,54 @@ int main() {
   //});
 
   //	person p{ 2 };
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/a", &person::foo, enable_cache{ false }, log_t{});
-  ////	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/b", &person::foo1, log_t{}, enable_cache{ false });
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/a", &person::foo, enable_cache{
+  //false }, log_t{});
+  ////	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/b", &person::foo1, log_t{},
+  ///enable_cache{ false });
   //
-  //    server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/string", [](request& req, response& res) {
+  //    server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/string", [](request& req, response&
+  //    res) {
   //        res.render_string(std::to_string(std::time(nullptr)));
   //    },enable_cache{true});
   //
-  //    server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/404", [](request& req, response& res) {
+  //    server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/404", [](request& req, response&
+  //    res) {
   //        res.render_404();
   //    },enable_cache{false});
   //
-  //    server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/404_custom", [](request& req, response& res) {
+  //    server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/404_custom", [](request& req,
+  //    response& res) {
   //        res.render_404("./404.html");
   //    },enable_cache{false});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/login", [](request& req, response& res) { 		auto session = res.start_session(); 		session->set_data("userid", std::string("1")); 		session->set_max_age(-1);
-  //		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "login");
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/login", [](request& req, response&
+  //res) { 		auto session = res.start_session();
+  //session->set_data("userid", std::string("1"));
+  //session->set_max_age(-1); 		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok,
+  //"login");
   //	},enable_cache{false});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/islogin", [](request& req, response& res) { 		auto ptr = req.get_session(); 		auto session = ptr.lock(); 		if (session == nullptr || session->get_data<std::string>("userid") != "1") {
-  //			res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "没有登录", res_content_type::string); 			return;
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/islogin", [](request& req,
+  //response& res) { 		auto ptr = req.get_session(); 		auto session
+  //= ptr.lock(); 		if (session == nullptr ||
+  //session->get_data<std::string>("userid") != "1") {
+  //			res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "没有登录",
+  //res_content_type::string); 			return;
   //		}
-  //		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "已经登录", res_content_type::string);
+  //		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "已经登录",
+  //res_content_type::string);
   //	},enable_cache{false});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/html", [](request& req, response& res) {
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/html", [](request& req, response&
+  //res) {
   //        res.set_attr("number",1024);
   //        res.set_attr("test_text","hello,world");
   //        res.set_attr("header_text","你好 cinatra");
   //		res.render_view("./www/test.html");
   //	});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST,OPTIONS>("/json", [](request& req, response& res) { 		nlohmann::json json;
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST,OPTIONS>("/json", [](request& req,
+  //response& res) { 		nlohmann::json json;
   //        res.add_header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin","*");
   //		if(req.get_method()=="OPTIONS"){
   //            res.add_header("Access-Control-Allow-Headers","Authorization");
@@ -322,14 +325,20 @@ int main() {
   //		}
   //	});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET,POST>("/redirect",[](request& req, response& res){ 		res.redirect("http://www.baidu.com"); // res.redirect("/json");
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET,POST>("/redirect",[](request& req, response&
+  //res){ 		res.redirect("http://www.baidu.com"); //
+  //res.redirect("/json");
   //	});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/pathinfo/*", [](request& req, response& res) { 		auto s = req.get_query_value(0);
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/pathinfo/*", [](request& req,
+  //response& res) { 		auto s = req.get_query_value(0);
   //		res.render_string(std::string(s.data(), s.length()));
   //	});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/restype", [](request& req, response& res) { 		auto type = req.get_query_value("type"); 		auto res_type = cinatra::res_content_type::string; 		if (type == "html")
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/restype", [](request& req,
+  //response& res) { 		auto type = req.get_query_value("type");
+  //auto res_type = cinatra::res_content_type::string; 		if (type ==
+  //"html")
   //		{
   //			res_type = cinatra::res_content_type::html;
   //		}
@@ -339,21 +348,25 @@ int main() {
   //		else if (type == "string") {
   //			//do not anything;
   //		}
-  //		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "<a href='http://www.baidu.com'>hello world 百度</a>", res_type);
+  //		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "<a
+  //href='http://www.baidu.com'>hello world 百度</a>", res_type);
   //	});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/getzh", [](request& req, response& res) { 		auto zh = req.get_query_value("zh");
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/getzh", [](request& req, response&
+  //res) { 		auto zh = req.get_query_value("zh");
   //		res.render_string(std::string(zh.data(),zh.size()));
   //	});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/gzip", [](request& req, response& res) { 		auto body = req.body(); 		std::cout << body.data() << std::endl;
-  //		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "hello world", res_content_type::none, content_encoding::gzip);
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/gzip", [](request& req, response&
+  //res) { 		auto body = req.body(); 		std::cout << body.data() <<
+  //std::endl; 		res.set_status_and_content(status_type::ok, "hello world",
+  //res_content_type::none, content_encoding::gzip);
   //	});
   //
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/test", [](request& req, response& res) { 		auto name = req.get_header_value("name"); 		if (name.empty()) {
-  //			res.render_string("no name");
-  //			return;
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/test", [](request& req, response&
+  //res) { 		auto name = req.get_header_value("name"); 		if
+  //(name.empty()) { 			res.render_string("no name"); 			return;
   //		}
   //
   //		auto id = req.get_query_value("id");
@@ -365,7 +378,8 @@ int main() {
   //	});
   //
   //	//aspect
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/aspect", [](request& req, response& res) { 		res.render_string("hello world");
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/aspect", [](request& req, response&
+  //res) { 		res.render_string("hello world");
   //	}, check{}, log_t{});
   //
   ////web socket
@@ -379,39 +393,51 @@ int main() {
   //	req.on(ws_message, [](request& req) {
   //		auto part_data = req.get_part_data();
   //		//echo
-  //		std::string str = std::string(part_data.data(), part_data.length()); 		req.get_conn()->send_ws_string(std::move(str));
-  //		std::cout << part_data.data() << std::endl;
+  //		std::string str = std::string(part_data.data(), part_data.length());
+  //req.get_conn()->send_ws_string(std::move(str)); 		std::cout <<
+  //part_data.data() << std::endl;
   //	});
 
   //	req.on(ws_error, [](request& req) {
-  //		std::cout << "websocket pack error or network error" << std::endl;
+  //		std::cout << "websocket pack error or network error" <<
+  //std::endl;
   //	});
   //});
 
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/vue_html", [](request& req, response& res) { 		res.render_raw_view("./www/index.html");
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/vue_html", [](request& req,
+  //response& res) { 		res.render_raw_view("./www/index.html");
   //	});
   //
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/vue_demo", [](request& req, response& res) { 		res.render_raw_view("./www/dist/index.html");
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/vue_demo", [](request& req,
+  //response& res) { 		res.render_raw_view("./www/dist/index.html");
   //	});
   //
   //	//http upload(multipart)
-  // server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/upload_multipart", [](request& req, response& res) { 	assert(req.get_content_type() == content_type::multipart);
+  // server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/upload_multipart", [](request& req,
+  // response& res) { 	assert(req.get_content_type() ==
+  // content_type::multipart);
   //	auto& files = req.get_upload_files();
   //	for (auto& file : files) {
-  //		std::cout << file.get_file_path() << " " << file.get_file_size() << std::endl;
+  //		std::cout << file.get_file_path() << " " << file.get_file_size() <<
+  //std::endl;
   //	}
   //	res.render_string("multipart finished");
   //});
   //
   //	//http upload(octet-stream)
-  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/upload_octet_stream", [](request& req, response& res) { 		assert(req.get_content_type() == content_type::octet_stream); 		auto& files = req.get_upload_files(); 		for (auto& file : files) { 			std::cout << file.get_file_path() << " " << file.get_file_size() << std::endl;
+  //	server.set_http_handler<GET, POST>("/upload_octet_stream", [](request&
+  //req, response& res) { 		assert(req.get_content_type() ==
+  //content_type::octet_stream); 		auto& files = req.get_upload_files();
+  //for (auto& file : files) { 			std::cout << file.get_file_path() <<
+  //" " << file.get_file_size() << std::endl;
   //		}
   //		res.render_string("octet-stream finished");
   //	});
 
   // chunked download
   // http://127.0.0.1:8080/assets/show.jpg
-  // cinatra will send you the file, if the file is big file(more than 5M) the file will be downloaded by chunked
+  // cinatra will send you the file, if the file is big file(more than 5M) the
+  // file will be downloaded by chunked
   server.run();
   return 0;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra.hpp b/include/cinatra.hpp
index 5db471a..eab3610 100644
--- a/include/cinatra.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra.hpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #ifndef CINATRA_CINATRA_HPP
 #define CINATRA_CINATRA_HPP
 
-#include "cinatra/http_server.hpp"
 #include "cinatra/client_factory.hpp"
+#include "cinatra/http_server.hpp"
 
-#endif //CINATRA_CINATRA_HPP
+#endif // CINATRA_CINATRA_HPP
diff --git a/include/cinatra/async_client.hpp b/include/cinatra/async_client.hpp
index 882019d..b697a8c 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/async_client.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/async_client.hpp
@@ -1,511 +1,534 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <deque>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <future>
+#include "http_parser.hpp"
 #include "uri.hpp"
 #include "use_asio.hpp"
-#include "http_parser.hpp"
+#include <deque>
+#include <future>
+#include <mutex>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-    class async_client : public std::enable_shared_from_this<async_client> {
-    public:
-        async_client(boost::asio::io_service& ios) : ios_(ios), resolver_(ios), socket_(ios){
-        }
-
-        ~async_client() {
-            close();
-        }
-
-        bool connect(std::string uri, size_t timeout_seconds) {
-            auto [r, u] = get_uri(uri);
-            if (!r) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            auto promise = std::make_shared<std::promise<bool>>();
-            std::weak_ptr<std::promise<bool>> weak(promise);
-            host_ = u.get_host();
-
-            async_connect(host_, u.get_port(), weak);
-            
-            auto future = promise->get_future();
-            auto status = future.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(timeout_seconds));
-            if (status == std::future_status::timeout) {
-                promise = nullptr;
-                close(false);
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            r = future.get();
-            promise = nullptr;
-            return r;
-        }
-
-        void on_data(callback_t cb) {
-            cb_ = std::move(cb);
-        }
-
-        void async_request(std::string_view method, std::string_view url, const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& headers, 
-            std::string_view body) {
-            std::string write_msg = make_write_msg(method, url, headers, body);
-            std::unique_lock lock(write_mtx_);
-            outbox_.emplace_back(std::move(write_msg));
-            if (outbox_.size() > 1) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            write();
-        }
-
-        bool has_connected() const {
-            return has_connected_;
-        }
-
-    private:
-        void async_connect(const std::string& host, const std::string& port, std::weak_ptr<std::promise<bool>> weak) {
-            boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::query query(host, port);
-            resolver_.async_resolve(query, [this, self = this->shared_from_this(), weak]
-            (boost::system::error_code ec, const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator& it) {
-                if (ec) {
-                    if (auto sp = weak.lock(); sp)
-                        sp->set_value(false);
+class async_client : public std::enable_shared_from_this<async_client> {
+public:
+  async_client(boost::asio::io_service &ios)
+      : ios_(ios), resolver_(ios), socket_(ios) {}
+
+  ~async_client() { close(); }
+
+  bool connect(std::string uri, size_t timeout_seconds) {
+    auto [r, u] = get_uri(uri);
+    if (!r) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    auto promise = std::make_shared<std::promise<bool>>();
+    std::weak_ptr<std::promise<bool>> weak(promise);
+    host_ = u.get_host();
+
+    async_connect(host_, u.get_port(), weak);
+
+    auto future = promise->get_future();
+    auto status = future.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(timeout_seconds));
+    if (status == std::future_status::timeout) {
+      promise = nullptr;
+      close(false);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    r = future.get();
+    promise = nullptr;
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  void on_data(callback_t cb) { cb_ = std::move(cb); }
+
+  void
+  async_request(std::string_view method, std::string_view url,
+                const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> &headers,
+                std::string_view body) {
+    std::string write_msg = make_write_msg(method, url, headers, body);
+    std::unique_lock lock(write_mtx_);
+    outbox_.emplace_back(std::move(write_msg));
+    if (outbox_.size() > 1) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    write();
+  }
+
+  bool has_connected() const { return has_connected_; }
+
+private:
+  void async_connect(const std::string &host, const std::string &port,
+                     std::weak_ptr<std::promise<bool>> weak) {
+    boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::query query(host, port);
+    resolver_.async_resolve(
+        query, [this, self = this->shared_from_this(),
+                weak](boost::system::error_code ec,
+                      const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator &it) {
+          if (ec) {
+            if (auto sp = weak.lock(); sp)
+              sp->set_value(false);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          boost::asio::async_connect(
+              socket_, it,
+              [this, self = shared_from_this(),
+               weak](boost::system::error_code ec,
+                     const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator &) {
+                if (!ec) {
+                  has_connected_ = true;
+                  if (is_ssl()) {
+                    handshake(weak);
                     return;
-                }
-
-                boost::asio::async_connect(socket_, it, [this, self = shared_from_this(), weak]
-                (boost::system::error_code ec, const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator&) {
-                    if (!ec) {
-                        has_connected_ = true;
-                        if (is_ssl()) {
-                            handshake(weak);
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        do_read();
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        close();
-                    }
-
-                    if (auto sp = weak.lock(); sp)
-                        sp->set_value(has_connected_);
-                });
-            });
-        }
+                  }
 
-        void handshake(std::weak_ptr<std::promise<bool>> weak) {
-#ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-            auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            ssl_stream_->async_handshake(boost::asio::ssl::stream_base::client,
-                [this, self, weak](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
-                if (!ec) {
-                    do_read();
-                }
-                else {
-                    close();
+                  do_read();
+                } else {
+                  close();
                 }
 
                 if (auto sp = weak.lock(); sp)
-                    sp->set_value(has_connected_);
-            });
-#endif
-        }
-
-        void do_read() {
-            async_read_until(TWO_CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this()](auto ec, size_t size) {
-                if (ec) {
-                    close();
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                const char* data_ptr = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-                size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
-
-                int ret = parser_.parse_response(data_ptr, size, 0);
-                read_buf_.consume(size);
-                if (ret < 0) {
-                    callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), 404,
-                        RESP_PARSE_ERROR);
-                    if (buf_size > size) {
-                        read_buf_.consume(buf_size - size);
-                    }
+                  sp->set_value(has_connected_);
+              });
+        });
+  }
 
-                    read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                bool is_chunked = parser_.is_chunked();
+  void handshake(std::weak_ptr<std::promise<bool>> weak) {
+#ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
+    auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+    ssl_stream_->async_handshake(
+        boost::asio::ssl::stream_base::client,
+        [this, self, weak](const boost::system::error_code &ec) {
+          if (!ec) {
+            do_read();
+          } else {
+            close();
+          }
 
-                if (is_chunked) {
-                    copy_headers();
-                    //read_chunk_header
-                    read_chunk_head(parser_.keep_alive());
-                }
-                else {
-                    if (parser_.body_len() == 0) {
-                        callback(ec, parser_.status());
-
-                        read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    size_t content_len = (size_t)parser_.body_len();
-                    if ((size_t)parser_.total_len() <= buf_size) {
-                        callback(ec, parser_.status(), { data_ptr + parser_.header_len(), content_len });
-                        read_buf_.consume(content_len);
-
-                        read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    size_t size_to_read = content_len - read_buf_.size();
-                    copy_headers();
-                    do_read_body(parser_.keep_alive(), parser_.status(), size_to_read);
-                }
-            });
-        }
+          if (auto sp = weak.lock(); sp)
+            sp->set_value(has_connected_);
+        });
+#endif
+  }
 
-        void do_read_body(bool keep_alive, int status, size_t size_to_read) {
-            async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive, status](auto ec, size_t size) {
-                if (!ec) {
-                    size_t data_size = read_buf_.size();
-                    const char* data_ptr = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
+  void do_read() {
+    async_read_until(
+        TWO_CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this()](auto ec, size_t size) {
+          if (ec) {
+            close();
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const char *data_ptr =
+              boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+          size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
+
+          int ret = parser_.parse_response(data_ptr, size, 0);
+          read_buf_.consume(size);
+          if (ret < 0) {
+            callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                         boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+                     404, RESP_PARSE_ERROR);
+            if (buf_size > size) {
+              read_buf_.consume(buf_size - size);
+            }
 
-                    callback(ec, status, { data_ptr, data_size });
+            read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
+            return;
+          }
 
-                    read_buf_.consume(data_size);
+          bool is_chunked = parser_.is_chunked();
 
-                    read_or_close(keep_alive);
-                }
-                else {
-                    callback(ec);
-                    close();
-                }
-            });
-        }
+          if (is_chunked) {
+            copy_headers();
+            // read_chunk_header
+            read_chunk_head(parser_.keep_alive());
+          } else {
+            if (parser_.body_len() == 0) {
+              callback(ec, parser_.status());
 
-        void read_or_close(bool keep_alive) {
-            if (keep_alive) {
-                do_read();
+              read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
+              return;
             }
-            else {
-                close();
-            }
-        }
 
-        void read_chunk_head(bool keep_alive) {
-            async_read_until(CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive](auto ec, size_t size) {
-                if (!ec) {
-                    size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
-                    const char* data_ptr = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-                    std::string_view size_str(data_ptr, size - CRCF.size());
-                    auto chunk_size = hex_to_int(size_str);
-                    if (chunk_size < 0) {
-                        callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), 404,
-                            INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
-                        read_or_close(keep_alive);
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    read_buf_.consume(size);
-
-                    if (chunk_size == 0) {
-                        if (read_buf_.size() < CRCF.size()) {
-                            read_buf_.consume(read_buf_.size());
-                            read_chunk_body(keep_alive, CRCF.size() - read_buf_.size());
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            read_buf_.consume(CRCF.size());
-                            read_chunk_body(keep_alive, 0);
-                        }
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    if ((size_t)chunk_size <= read_buf_.size()) {
-                        const char* data = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-                        append_chunk(std::string_view(data, chunk_size));
-                        read_buf_.consume(chunk_size + CRCF.size());
-                        read_chunk_head(keep_alive);
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    size_t extra_size = read_buf_.size();
-                    size_t size_to_read = chunk_size - extra_size;
-                    const char* data = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-                    append_chunk({ data, extra_size });
-                    read_buf_.consume(extra_size);
-
-                    read_chunk_body(keep_alive, size_to_read + CRCF.size());
-                }
-                else {
-                    callback(ec);
-                    close();
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        void read_chunk_body(bool keep_alive, size_t size_to_read) {
-            async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive](auto ec, size_t size) {
-                if (!ec) {
-                    if (size <= CRCF.size()) {
-                        //finish all chunked
-                        read_buf_.consume(size);
-                        callback(ec, 200, chunked_result_);
-                        clear_chunk_buffer();
-                        do_read();
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
-                    const char* data_ptr = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-                    append_chunk({ data_ptr, size - CRCF.size() });
-                    read_buf_.consume(size);
-                    read_chunk_head(keep_alive);
-                }
-                else {
-                    callback(ec);
-                    close();
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        void append_chunk(std::string_view chunk) {
-            chunked_result_.append(chunk);
-        }
+            size_t content_len = (size_t)parser_.body_len();
+            if ((size_t)parser_.total_len() <= buf_size) {
+              callback(ec, parser_.status(),
+                       {data_ptr + parser_.header_len(), content_len});
+              read_buf_.consume(content_len);
 
-        void clear_chunk_buffer() {
-            if (!chunked_result_.empty()) {
-                chunked_result_.clear();
+              read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
+              return;
             }
-        }
 
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
-            callback(ec, 404, "");
+            size_t size_to_read = content_len - read_buf_.size();
+            copy_headers();
+            do_read_body(parser_.keep_alive(), parser_.status(), size_to_read);
+          }
+        });
+  }
+
+  void do_read_body(bool keep_alive, int status, size_t size_to_read) {
+    async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive,
+                              status](auto ec, size_t size) {
+      if (!ec) {
+        size_t data_size = read_buf_.size();
+        const char *data_ptr =
+            boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+
+        callback(ec, status, {data_ptr, data_size});
+
+        read_buf_.consume(data_size);
+
+        read_or_close(keep_alive);
+      } else {
+        callback(ec);
+        close();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  void read_or_close(bool keep_alive) {
+    if (keep_alive) {
+      do_read();
+    } else {
+      close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void read_chunk_head(bool keep_alive) {
+    async_read_until(CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this(),
+                            keep_alive](auto ec, size_t size) {
+      if (!ec) {
+        size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
+        const char *data_ptr =
+            boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+        std::string_view size_str(data_ptr, size - CRCF.size());
+        auto chunk_size = hex_to_int(size_str);
+        if (chunk_size < 0) {
+          callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                       boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+                   404, INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
+          read_or_close(keep_alive);
+          return;
         }
 
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::string error_msg) {
-            callback(ec, 404, std::move(error_msg));
+        read_buf_.consume(size);
+
+        if (chunk_size == 0) {
+          if (read_buf_.size() < CRCF.size()) {
+            read_buf_.consume(read_buf_.size());
+            read_chunk_body(keep_alive, CRCF.size() - read_buf_.size());
+          } else {
+            read_buf_.consume(CRCF.size());
+            read_chunk_body(keep_alive, 0);
+          }
+          return;
         }
 
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec, int status) {
-            callback(ec, status, "");
+        if ((size_t)chunk_size <= read_buf_.size()) {
+          const char *data =
+              boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+          append_chunk(std::string_view(data, chunk_size));
+          read_buf_.consume(chunk_size + CRCF.size());
+          read_chunk_head(keep_alive);
+          return;
         }
 
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec, int status, std::string_view result) {
-            if (cb_) {
-                cb_({ ec, status, result, get_resp_headers() });
-            }
+        size_t extra_size = read_buf_.size();
+        size_t size_to_read = chunk_size - extra_size;
+        const char *data =
+            boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+        append_chunk({data, extra_size});
+        read_buf_.consume(extra_size);
+
+        read_chunk_body(keep_alive, size_to_read + CRCF.size());
+      } else {
+        callback(ec);
+        close();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  void read_chunk_body(bool keep_alive, size_t size_to_read) {
+    async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(),
+                              keep_alive](auto ec, size_t size) {
+      if (!ec) {
+        if (size <= CRCF.size()) {
+          // finish all chunked
+          read_buf_.consume(size);
+          callback(ec, 200, chunked_result_);
+          clear_chunk_buffer();
+          do_read();
+          return;
         }
 
-        std::string make_write_msg(std::string_view method, std::string_view url, const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& headers,
-            std::string_view body) {
-            std::string write_msg(method);
-            //can be optimized here
-            write_msg.append(" ").append(url);
-
-            write_msg.append(" HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:").
-                append(host_).append("\r\n");
-
-            bool has_connection = false;
-            //add user header
-            if (!headers.empty()) {
-                for (auto& pair : headers) {
-                    if (pair.first == "Connection") {
-                        has_connection = true;
-                    }
-                    write_msg.append(pair.first).append(": ").append(pair.second).append("\r\n");
-                }
-            }
-
-            //add content
-            if (!body.empty()) {
-                char buffer[20];
-                auto p = i32toa_jeaiii((int)body.size(), buffer);
-
-                write_msg.append("Content-Length: ").append(buffer, p - buffer).append("\r\n");
-            }
-            else {
-                if (method == "POST"sv) {
-                    write_msg.append("Content-Length: 0\r\n");
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!has_connection) {
-                write_msg.append("Connection: keep-alive\r\n");
-            }
-
-            write_msg.append("\r\n");
-
-            if (!body.empty()) {
-                write_msg.append(body);
-            }
-
-            return write_msg;
+        size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
+        const char *data_ptr =
+            boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+        append_chunk({data_ptr, size - CRCF.size()});
+        read_buf_.consume(size);
+        read_chunk_head(keep_alive);
+      } else {
+        callback(ec);
+        close();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  void append_chunk(std::string_view chunk) { chunked_result_.append(chunk); }
+
+  void clear_chunk_buffer() {
+    if (!chunked_result_.empty()) {
+      chunked_result_.clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec) { callback(ec, 404, ""); }
+
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec, std::string error_msg) {
+    callback(ec, 404, std::move(error_msg));
+  }
+
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec, int status) {
+    callback(ec, status, "");
+  }
+
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec, int status,
+                std::string_view result) {
+    if (cb_) {
+      cb_({ec, status, result, get_resp_headers()});
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::string make_write_msg(
+      std::string_view method, std::string_view url,
+      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> &headers,
+      std::string_view body) {
+    std::string write_msg(method);
+    // can be optimized here
+    write_msg.append(" ").append(url);
+
+    write_msg.append(" HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:").append(host_).append("\r\n");
+
+    bool has_connection = false;
+    // add user header
+    if (!headers.empty()) {
+      for (auto &pair : headers) {
+        if (pair.first == "Connection") {
+          has_connection = true;
         }
-
-        void write() {
-            auto& msg = outbox_[0];
-            async_write(msg, [this, self = shared_from_this()](const boost::system::error_code& ec, const size_t length) {
-                if (ec) {
-                    //print(ec);
+        write_msg.append(pair.first)
+            .append(": ")
+            .append(pair.second)
+            .append("\r\n");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // add content
+    if (!body.empty()) {
+      char buffer[20];
+      auto p = i32toa_jeaiii((int)body.size(), buffer);
+
+      write_msg.append("Content-Length: ")
+          .append(buffer, p - buffer)
+          .append("\r\n");
+    } else {
+      if (method == "POST"sv) {
+        write_msg.append("Content-Length: 0\r\n");
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!has_connection) {
+      write_msg.append("Connection: keep-alive\r\n");
+    }
+
+    write_msg.append("\r\n");
+
+    if (!body.empty()) {
+      write_msg.append(body);
+    }
+
+    return write_msg;
+  }
+
+  void write() {
+    auto &msg = outbox_[0];
+    async_write(msg,
+                [this, self = shared_from_this()](
+                    const boost::system::error_code &ec, const size_t length) {
+                  if (ec) {
+                    // print(ec);
                     close();
                     return;
-                }
+                  }
 
-                std::unique_lock lock(write_mtx_);
-                if (outbox_.empty()) {
+                  std::unique_lock lock(write_mtx_);
+                  if (outbox_.empty()) {
                     return;
-                }
+                  }
 
-                outbox_.pop_front();
+                  outbox_.pop_front();
 
-                if (!outbox_.empty()) {
+                  if (!outbox_.empty()) {
                     // more messages to send
                     write();
-                }
-            });
-        }
+                  }
+                });
+  }
 
-        template<typename Handler>
-        void async_read(size_t size_to_read, Handler handler) {
-            if (is_ssl()) {
+  template <typename Handler>
+  void async_read(size_t size_to_read, Handler handler) {
+    if (is_ssl()) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                boost::asio::async_read(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_, boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read), std::move(handler));
+      boost::asio::async_read(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_,
+                              boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read),
+                              std::move(handler));
 #endif
-            }
-            else {
-                boost::asio::async_read(socket_, read_buf_, boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read), std::move(handler));
-            }
-        }
-
-        template<typename Handler>
-        void async_read_until(const std::string& delim, Handler handler) {
-            if (is_ssl()) {
+    } else {
+      boost::asio::async_read(socket_, read_buf_,
+                              boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read),
+                              std::move(handler));
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Handler>
+  void async_read_until(const std::string &delim, Handler handler) {
+    if (is_ssl()) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                boost::asio::async_read_until(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_, delim, std::move(handler));
+      boost::asio::async_read_until(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_, delim,
+                                    std::move(handler));
 #endif
-            }
-            else {
-                boost::asio::async_read_until(socket_, read_buf_, delim, std::move(handler));
-            }
-        }
-
-        template<typename Handler>
-        void async_write(const std::string& msg, Handler handler) {
-            if (is_ssl()) {
+    } else {
+      boost::asio::async_read_until(socket_, read_buf_, delim,
+                                    std::move(handler));
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Handler>
+  void async_write(const std::string &msg, Handler handler) {
+    if (is_ssl()) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                boost::asio::async_write(*ssl_stream_, boost::asio::buffer(msg), std::move(handler));
+      boost::asio::async_write(*ssl_stream_, boost::asio::buffer(msg),
+                               std::move(handler));
 #endif
-            }
-            else {
-                boost::asio::async_write(socket_, boost::asio::buffer(msg), std::move(handler));
-            }
-        }
+    } else {
+      boost::asio::async_write(socket_, boost::asio::buffer(msg),
+                               std::move(handler));
+    }
+  }
 
-        bool is_ssl() const {
+  bool is_ssl() const {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-            return ssl_stream_ != nullptr;
+    return ssl_stream_ != nullptr;
 #else
-            return false;
+    return false;
 #endif
-        }
+  }
 
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-        void upgrade_to_ssl(std::function<void(boost::asio::ssl::context&)> ssl_context_callback) {
-            if (ssl_stream_)
-                return;
-
-            boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context(boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23);
-            ssl_context.set_default_verify_paths();
-            boost::system::error_code ec;
-            ssl_context.set_options(boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds, ec);
-            if (ssl_context_callback) {
-                ssl_context_callback(ssl_context);
-            }
-            ssl_stream_ = std::make_unique<boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket&>>(socket_, ssl_context);
-            //verify peer TODO
-        }
+  void upgrade_to_ssl(
+      std::function<void(boost::asio::ssl::context &)> ssl_context_callback) {
+    if (ssl_stream_)
+      return;
+
+    boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context(boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23);
+    ssl_context.set_default_verify_paths();
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+    ssl_context.set_options(boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds, ec);
+    if (ssl_context_callback) {
+      ssl_context_callback(ssl_context);
+    }
+    ssl_stream_ = std::make_unique<
+        boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket &>>(socket_,
+                                                                  ssl_context);
+    // verify peer TODO
+  }
 #endif
 
-        void close(bool close_ssl = true) {
-            boost::system::error_code ec;
-            if (close_ssl) {
+  void close(bool close_ssl = true) {
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+    if (close_ssl) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                if (ssl_stream_) {
-                    ssl_stream_->shutdown(ec);
-                    ssl_stream_ = nullptr;
-                }
+      if (ssl_stream_) {
+        ssl_stream_->shutdown(ec);
+        ssl_stream_ = nullptr;
+      }
 #endif
-            }
+    }
 
-            if (!has_connected_)
-                return;
+    if (!has_connected_)
+      return;
 
-            has_connected_ = false;
-            //timer_.cancel(ec);
-            socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket::shutdown_both, ec);
-            socket_.close(ec);
-        }
+    has_connected_ = false;
+    // timer_.cancel(ec);
+    socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket::shutdown_both, ec);
+    socket_.close(ec);
+  }
 
-        std::pair<bool, uri_t> get_uri(const std::string& uri) {
-            uri_t u;
-            if (!u.parse_from(uri.data())) {
-                if (u.schema.empty())
-                    return { false, {} };
+  std::pair<bool, uri_t> get_uri(const std::string &uri) {
+    uri_t u;
+    if (!u.parse_from(uri.data())) {
+      if (u.schema.empty())
+        return {false, {}};
 
-                auto new_uri = url_encode(uri);
+      auto new_uri = url_encode(uri);
 
-                if (!u.parse_from(new_uri.data())) {
-                    return { false, {} };
-                }
-            }
+      if (!u.parse_from(new_uri.data())) {
+        return {false, {}};
+      }
+    }
 
-            if (u.schema == "https"sv) {
+    if (u.schema == "https"sv) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                upgrade_to_ssl(nullptr);
+      upgrade_to_ssl(nullptr);
 #else
-                //please open CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL before request https!
-                assert(false);
+      // please open CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL before request https!
+      assert(false);
 #endif
-            }
-
-            return { true, u };
-        }
-
-        std::pair<phr_header*, size_t> get_resp_headers() {
-            if (!copy_headers_.empty())
-                parser_.set_headers(copy_headers_);
-
-            return parser_.get_headers();
-        }
-
-        void copy_headers() {
-            if (!copy_headers_.empty()) {
-                copy_headers_.clear();
-            }
-            auto [headers, num_headers] = parser_.get_headers();
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
-                copy_headers_.emplace_back(std::string(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len),
-                    std::string(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len));
-            }
-        }
-    private:
-        boost::asio::io_service& ios_;
-        boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver resolver_;
-        boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket socket_;
-        boost::asio::streambuf read_buf_;
-        std::deque<std::string> outbox_;
-        std::mutex write_mtx_;
-        std::atomic_bool has_connected_ = false;
+    }
+
+    return {true, u};
+  }
+
+  std::pair<phr_header *, size_t> get_resp_headers() {
+    if (!copy_headers_.empty())
+      parser_.set_headers(copy_headers_);
+
+    return parser_.get_headers();
+  }
+
+  void copy_headers() {
+    if (!copy_headers_.empty()) {
+      copy_headers_.clear();
+    }
+    auto [headers, num_headers] = parser_.get_headers();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
+      copy_headers_.emplace_back(
+          std::string(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len),
+          std::string(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len));
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  boost::asio::io_service &ios_;
+  boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver resolver_;
+  boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket socket_;
+  boost::asio::streambuf read_buf_;
+  std::deque<std::string> outbox_;
+  std::mutex write_mtx_;
+  std::atomic_bool has_connected_ = false;
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-        std::unique_ptr<boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket&>> ssl_stream_;
+  std::unique_ptr<boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket &>>
+      ssl_stream_;
 #endif
-        callback_t cb_;
-        std::string host_;
+  callback_t cb_;
+  std::string host_;
 
-        std::string chunked_result_;
+  std::string chunked_result_;
 
-        http_parser parser_;
-        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> copy_headers_;
-    };
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  http_parser parser_;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> copy_headers_;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/client_factory.hpp b/include/cinatra/client_factory.hpp
index a9380bd..fe762a0 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/client_factory.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/client_factory.hpp
@@ -1,70 +1,67 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "http_client.hpp"
 #include "async_client.hpp"
+#include "http_client.hpp"
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	class client_factory {
-	public:
-		static client_factory& instance() {
-			static client_factory instance;
-			return instance;
-		}
+class client_factory {
+public:
+  static client_factory &instance() {
+    static client_factory instance;
+    return instance;
+  }
 
-		template<typename...Args>
-		auto new_client(Args&&... args) {
-			return std::make_shared<http_client>(ios_, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-		}
+  template <typename... Args> auto new_client(Args &&...args) {
+    return std::make_shared<http_client>(ios_, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
 
-        template<typename...Args>
-        std::shared_ptr<async_client> new_async_client(Args&& ... args) {
-            return std::make_shared<async_client>(ios_, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  std::shared_ptr<async_client> new_async_client(Args &&...args) {
+    return std::make_shared<async_client>(ios_, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
 
-		void run() {
-			ios_.run();
-		}
+  void run() { ios_.run(); }
 
-		void stop() {
-			ios_.stop();
-		}
+  void stop() { ios_.stop(); }
 
-	private:
-		client_factory() : work_(ios_) {
-			thd_ = std::make_shared<std::thread>([this] {ios_.run(); });
-		}
+private:
+  client_factory() : work_(ios_) {
+    thd_ = std::make_shared<std::thread>([this] { ios_.run(); });
+  }
 
-		~client_factory() { 
-			ios_.stop(); 
-			thd_->join();
-		}
+  ~client_factory() {
+    ios_.stop();
+    thd_->join();
+  }
 
-		client_factory(const client_factory&) = delete;
-		client_factory& operator=(const client_factory&) = delete;
-		client_factory(client_factory&&) = delete;
-		client_factory& operator=(client_factory&&) = delete;
+  client_factory(const client_factory &) = delete;
+  client_factory &operator=(const client_factory &) = delete;
+  client_factory(client_factory &&) = delete;
+  client_factory &operator=(client_factory &&) = delete;
 
-		boost::asio::io_service ios_;
-		boost::asio::io_service::work work_;
-		std::shared_ptr<std::thread> thd_;
-	};
+  boost::asio::io_service ios_;
+  boost::asio::io_service::work work_;
+  std::shared_ptr<std::thread> thd_;
+};
 
-    //inline auto get(std::string uri, size_t timeout_seconds = 5) {
-    //    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-    //    return client->get(std::move(uri), timeout_seconds);
-    //}
+// inline auto get(std::string uri, size_t timeout_seconds = 5) {
+//    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+//    return client->get(std::move(uri), timeout_seconds);
+//}
 
-    //inline auto post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t timeout_seconds = 5) {
-    //    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-    //    return client->post(std::move(uri), std::move(body), timeout_seconds);
-    //}
+// inline auto post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t timeout_seconds =
+// 5) {
+//    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+//    return client->post(std::move(uri), std::move(body), timeout_seconds);
+//}
 
-    //inline error_code async_get(std::string uri, callback_t cb) {
-    //    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-    //    return client->async_get(std::move(uri), std::move(cb));
-    //}
+// inline error_code async_get(std::string uri, callback_t cb) {
+//    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+//    return client->async_get(std::move(uri), std::move(cb));
+//}
 
-    //inline error_code async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, callback_t cb) {
-    //    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
-    //    return client->async_post(std::move(uri), std::move(body), std::move(cb));
-    //}
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+// inline error_code async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, callback_t
+// cb) {
+//    auto client = cinatra::client_factory::instance().new_client();
+//    return client->async_post(std::move(uri), std::move(body), std::move(cb));
+//}
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/connection.hpp b/include/cinatra/connection.hpp
index 56c9639..e8006a4 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/connection.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/connection.hpp
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "use_asio.hpp"
-#include <vector>
-#include <cassert>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <any>
+#include "define.h"
+#include "http_cache.hpp"
 #include "request.hpp"
 #include "response.hpp"
+#include "use_asio.hpp"
 #include "websocket.hpp"
-#include "define.h"
-#include "http_cache.hpp"
+#include <any>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace cinatra {
 using http_handler = std::function<void(request &, response &)>;
@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ public:
 #else
       static_assert(
           !is_ssl_,
-          "please add definition CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL"); // guard, not allowed coming in this branch
+          "please add definition CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL"); // guard, not allowed
+                                                       // coming in this branch
 #endif
     } else {
       return socket_;
@@ -180,16 +181,16 @@ public:
 
   auto &get_tag() { return tag_; }
 
-  template <typename... Fs> void send_ws_string(std::string msg, Fs &&... fs) {
+  template <typename... Fs> void send_ws_string(std::string msg, Fs &&...fs) {
     send_ws_msg(std::move(msg), opcode::text, std::forward<Fs>(fs)...);
   }
 
-  template <typename... Fs> void send_ws_binary(std::string msg, Fs &&... fs) {
+  template <typename... Fs> void send_ws_binary(std::string msg, Fs &&...fs) {
     send_ws_msg(std::move(msg), opcode::binary, std::forward<Fs>(fs)...);
   }
 
   template <typename... Fs>
-  void send_ws_msg(std::string msg, opcode op = opcode::text, Fs &&... fs) {
+  void send_ws_msg(std::string msg, opcode op = opcode::text, Fs &&...fs) {
     constexpr const size_t size = sizeof...(Fs);
     static_assert(size != 0 || size != 2);
     if constexpr (size == 2) {
@@ -333,7 +334,8 @@ private:
 #else
     static_assert(
         !is_ssl_,
-        "please add definition CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL"); // guard, not allowed coming in this branch
+        "please add definition CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL"); // guard, not allowed
+                                                     // coming in this branch
 #endif
   }
 
@@ -393,7 +395,10 @@ private:
           return;
         }
       }
-      //				if (req_.get_method() == "GET"&&http_cache::get().need_cache(req_.get_url())&&!http_cache::get().not_cache(req_.get_url())) { 					handle_cache(); 					return;
+      //				if (req_.get_method() ==
+      //"GET"&&http_cache::get().need_cache(req_.get_url())&&!http_cache::get().not_cache(req_.get_url()))
+      //{ 					handle_cache();
+      //return;
       //				}
 
       req_.set_last_len(len_);
@@ -465,7 +470,8 @@ private:
     size_t left_body_len = 0;
     // int index = 1;
     while (true) {
-      // std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id() << ", index: " << index << "\n";
+      // std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id() << ", index: " << index <<
+      // "\n";
       result = req_.parse_header(len_);
       if (result == -1) {
         return;
@@ -571,7 +577,11 @@ private:
     }
 
     // cache
-    //			if (req_.get_method() == "GET"&&http_cache::get().need_cache(req_.get_url()) && !http_cache::get().not_cache(req_.get_url())) { 				auto raw_url = req_.raw_url(); 				http_cache::get().add(std::string(raw_url.data(), raw_url.length()), res_.raw_content());
+    //			if (req_.get_method() ==
+    //"GET"&&http_cache::get().need_cache(req_.get_url()) &&
+    //!http_cache::get().not_cache(req_.get_url())) { 				auto raw_url =
+    //req_.raw_url(); 				http_cache::get().add(std::string(raw_url.data(),
+    //raw_url.length()), res_.raw_content());
     //			}
 
     boost::asio::async_write(
@@ -648,7 +658,8 @@ private:
 
   /****************** begin handle http body data *****************/
   void handle_string_body(std::size_t bytes_transferred) {
-    // defalt add limitation for string_body and else. you can remove the limitation for very big string.
+    // defalt add limitation for string_body and else. you can remove the
+    // limitation for very big string.
     if (req_.at_capacity()) {
       response_back(status_type::bad_request,
                     "The request is too long, limitation is 3M");
@@ -1191,7 +1202,8 @@ private:
   }
   //-------------web socket----------------//
 
-  //-------------chunked(read chunked not support yet, write chunked is ok)----------------------//
+  //-------------chunked(read chunked not support yet, write chunked is
+  //ok)----------------------//
   void handle_chunked(size_t bytes_transferred) {
     int ret = req_.parse_chunked(bytes_transferred);
     if (ret == parse_status::has_error) {
@@ -1208,7 +1220,8 @@ private:
     req_.set_state(data_proc_state::data_continue);
     call_back(); // app set the data
   }
-  //-------------chunked(read chunked not support yet, write chunked is ok)----------------------//
+  //-------------chunked(read chunked not support yet, write chunked is
+  //ok)----------------------//
 
   void handle_body() {
     if (req_.at_capacity()) {
@@ -1398,4 +1411,4 @@ inline constexpr data_proc_state ws_open = data_proc_state::data_begin;
 inline constexpr data_proc_state ws_message = data_proc_state::data_continue;
 inline constexpr data_proc_state ws_close = data_proc_state::data_close;
 inline constexpr data_proc_state ws_error = data_proc_state::data_error;
-}
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/cookie.hpp b/include/cinatra/cookie.hpp
index 6acd849..e02d63d 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/cookie.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/cookie.hpp
@@ -1,150 +1,111 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <string>
 #include "utils.hpp"
+#include <string>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	class cookie {
-	public:
-		cookie() = default;
-		cookie(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) : name_(name), value_(value) {
-
-		}
-
-		void set_version(int version) {
-			version_ = version;
-		}
-
-		void set_name(const std::string& name) {
-			name_ = name;
-		}
-
-		std::string get_name() const {
-			return name_;
-		}
-
-		void set_value(const std::string& value) {
-			value_ = value;
-		}
-
-		std::string get_value() const {
-			return value_;
-		}
-
-		void set_comment(const std::string& comment) {
-			comment_ = comment;
-		}
-
-		void set_domain(const std::string& domain) {
-			domain_ = domain;
-		}
-
-		void set_path(const std::string& path) {
-			path_ = path;
-		}
-
-		void set_priority(const std::string& priority) {
-			priority_ = priority;
-		}
-
-		void set_secure(bool secure) {
-			secure_ = secure;
-		}
-
-		void set_max_age(std::time_t seconds) {
-			max_age_ = seconds;
-		}
-
-		void set_http_only(bool http_only) {
-			http_only_ = http_only;
-		}
-
-		std::string to_string() const {
-			std::string result;
-			result.reserve(256);
-			result.append(name_);
-			result.append("=");
-			if (version_ == 0)
-			{
-				// Netscape cookie
-				result.append(value_);
-				if (!path_.empty())
-				{
-					result.append("; path=");
-					result.append(path_);
-				}
-				if (!priority_.empty())
-				{
-					result.append("; Priority=");
-					result.append(priority_);
-				}
-				if (max_age_ != -1)
-				{
-					result.append("; expires=");
-					result.append(get_gmt_time_str(max_age_));
-				}
-				if (secure_)
-				{
-					result.append("; secure");
-				}
-				if (http_only_)
-				{
-					result.append("; HttpOnly");
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				// RFC 2109 cookie
-				result.append("\"");
-				result.append(value_);
-				result.append("\"");
-				if (!comment_.empty())
-				{
-					result.append("; Comment=\"");
-					result.append(comment_);
-					result.append("\"");
-				}
-				if (!path_.empty())
-				{
-					result.append("; Path=\"");
-					result.append(path_);
-					result.append("\"");
-				}
-				if (!priority_.empty())
-				{
-					result.append("; Priority=\"");
-					result.append(priority_);
-					result.append("\"");
-				}
-
-				if (max_age_ != -1)
-				{
-					result.append("; Max-Age=\"");
-					result.append(std::to_string(max_age_));
-					result.append("\"");
-				}
-				if (secure_)
-				{
-					result.append("; secure");
-				}
-				if (http_only_)
-				{
-					result.append("; HttpOnly");
-				}
-				result.append("; Version=\"1\"");
-			}
-			return result;
-		}
-
-	private:
-		int          version_ = 0;
-		std::string  name_ = "";
-		std::string  value_ = "";
-		std::string  comment_ = "";
-		std::string  domain_ = "";
-		std::string  path_ = "";
-		std::string  priority_ = "";
-		bool         secure_ = false;
-		std::time_t  max_age_ = -1;
-		bool         http_only_ = false;
-	};
-}
+class cookie {
+public:
+  cookie() = default;
+  cookie(const std::string &name, const std::string &value)
+      : name_(name), value_(value) {}
+
+  void set_version(int version) { version_ = version; }
+
+  void set_name(const std::string &name) { name_ = name; }
+
+  std::string get_name() const { return name_; }
+
+  void set_value(const std::string &value) { value_ = value; }
+
+  std::string get_value() const { return value_; }
+
+  void set_comment(const std::string &comment) { comment_ = comment; }
+
+  void set_domain(const std::string &domain) { domain_ = domain; }
+
+  void set_path(const std::string &path) { path_ = path; }
+
+  void set_priority(const std::string &priority) { priority_ = priority; }
+
+  void set_secure(bool secure) { secure_ = secure; }
+
+  void set_max_age(std::time_t seconds) { max_age_ = seconds; }
+
+  void set_http_only(bool http_only) { http_only_ = http_only; }
+
+  std::string to_string() const {
+    std::string result;
+    result.reserve(256);
+    result.append(name_);
+    result.append("=");
+    if (version_ == 0) {
+      // Netscape cookie
+      result.append(value_);
+      if (!path_.empty()) {
+        result.append("; path=");
+        result.append(path_);
+      }
+      if (!priority_.empty()) {
+        result.append("; Priority=");
+        result.append(priority_);
+      }
+      if (max_age_ != -1) {
+        result.append("; expires=");
+        result.append(get_gmt_time_str(max_age_));
+      }
+      if (secure_) {
+        result.append("; secure");
+      }
+      if (http_only_) {
+        result.append("; HttpOnly");
+      }
+    } else {
+      // RFC 2109 cookie
+      result.append("\"");
+      result.append(value_);
+      result.append("\"");
+      if (!comment_.empty()) {
+        result.append("; Comment=\"");
+        result.append(comment_);
+        result.append("\"");
+      }
+      if (!path_.empty()) {
+        result.append("; Path=\"");
+        result.append(path_);
+        result.append("\"");
+      }
+      if (!priority_.empty()) {
+        result.append("; Priority=\"");
+        result.append(priority_);
+        result.append("\"");
+      }
+
+      if (max_age_ != -1) {
+        result.append("; Max-Age=\"");
+        result.append(std::to_string(max_age_));
+        result.append("\"");
+      }
+      if (secure_) {
+        result.append("; secure");
+      }
+      if (http_only_) {
+        result.append("; HttpOnly");
+      }
+      result.append("; Version=\"1\"");
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+private:
+  int version_ = 0;
+  std::string name_ = "";
+  std::string value_ = "";
+  std::string comment_ = "";
+  std::string domain_ = "";
+  std::string path_ = "";
+  std::string priority_ = "";
+  bool secure_ = false;
+  std::time_t max_age_ = -1;
+  bool http_only_ = false;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/define.h b/include/cinatra/define.h
index 1314bd7..f76ef16 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/define.h
+++ b/include/cinatra/define.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
-#if defined (__GNUC__)
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
 #if __GNUC__ < 8
 #include <experimental/filesystem>
 namespace fs = std::experimental::filesystem;
@@ -13,37 +13,32 @@ namespace fs = std::filesystem;
 #endif
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	enum class content_type {
-		string,
-		multipart,
-		urlencoded,
-		chunked,
-		octet_stream,
-		websocket,
-		unknown,
-	};
+enum class content_type {
+  string,
+  multipart,
+  urlencoded,
+  chunked,
+  octet_stream,
+  websocket,
+  unknown,
+};
 
-	enum class req_content_type{
-		html,
-		json,
-		string,
-		multipart,
-        none
-	};
+enum class req_content_type { html, json, string, multipart, none };
 
-	constexpr inline auto HTML = req_content_type::html;
-	constexpr inline auto JSON = req_content_type::json;
-	constexpr inline auto TEXT = req_content_type::string;
-	constexpr inline auto NONE = req_content_type::none;
+constexpr inline auto HTML = req_content_type::html;
+constexpr inline auto JSON = req_content_type::json;
+constexpr inline auto TEXT = req_content_type::string;
+constexpr inline auto NONE = req_content_type::none;
 
-	inline const std::string_view STATIC_RESOURCE = "cinatra_static_resource";
-	inline const std::string CSESSIONID = "CSESSIONID";
+inline const std::string_view STATIC_RESOURCE = "cinatra_static_resource";
+inline const std::string CSESSIONID = "CSESSIONID";
 
-    const static inline std::string CRCF = "\r\n";
-    const static inline std::string TWO_CRCF = "\r\n\r\n";
-    const static inline std::string BOUNDARY = "--CinatraBoundary2B8FAF4A80EDB307";
-    const static inline std::string MULTIPART_END = CRCF + "--" + BOUNDARY + "--" + TWO_CRCF;
+const static inline std::string CRCF = "\r\n";
+const static inline std::string TWO_CRCF = "\r\n\r\n";
+const static inline std::string BOUNDARY = "--CinatraBoundary2B8FAF4A80EDB307";
+const static inline std::string MULTIPART_END =
+    CRCF + "--" + BOUNDARY + "--" + TWO_CRCF;
 
-    struct NonSSL {};
-    struct SSL {};
-}
+struct NonSSL {};
+struct SSL {};
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/dh1024.pem b/include/cinatra/dh1024.pem
index c0defe4..b537564 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/dh1024.pem
+++ b/include/cinatra/dh1024.pem
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
------BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
-MIGHAoGBAKkQmvrDWq/HYZy8tkXIEOHb1EnViMz+hLmjx64Bv4QF+B6e3dXjbUf5
-gzlvFMFs1bY35XA3oRW//Qp5Jkj9Mz+VM/FYuZr8MYJosxIRlAPSVYQs6W4FqwK8
-MhezkO2Pt6KhKrUUO7IjLY84pmoo9d8f+DLZi9opBdEKBX6Qd28LAgEC
------END DH PARAMETERS-----
+-----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-- ---MIGHAoGBAKkQmvrDWq / HYZy8tkXIEOHb1EnViMz +
+    hLmjx64Bv4QF +
+    B6e3dXjbUf5
+        gzlvFMFs1bY35XA3oRW // Qp5Jkj9Mz+VM/FYuZr8MYJosxIRlAPSVYQs6W4FqwK8
+            MhezkO2Pt6KhKrUUO7IjLY84pmoo9d8f +
+    DLZi9opBdEKBX6Qd28LAgEC-- ---END DH PARAMETERS-- ---
diff --git a/include/cinatra/function_traits.hpp b/include/cinatra/function_traits.hpp
index 758fbd4..3264e82 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/function_traits.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/function_traits.hpp
@@ -1,88 +1,94 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <functional>
 #include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
 
-//member function
-#define TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(...)\
-template <typename ReturnType, typename ClassType, typename... Args>\
-struct function_traits_impl<ReturnType(ClassType::*)(Args...) __VA_ARGS__> : function_traits_impl<ReturnType(Args...)>{};\
+// member function
+#define TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(...)                                             \
+  template <typename ReturnType, typename ClassType, typename... Args>         \
+  struct function_traits_impl<ReturnType (ClassType::*)(Args...) __VA_ARGS__>  \
+      : function_traits_impl<ReturnType(Args...)> {};
 
-namespace timax
-{
-	/*
-	* 1. function type                                                 ==>     Ret(Args...)
-	* 2. function pointer                                              ==>     Ret(*)(Args...)
-	* 3. function reference                                            ==>     Ret(&)(Args...)
-	* 4. pointer to non-static member function ==> Ret(T::*)(Args...)
-	* 5. function object and functor                           ==> &T::operator()
-	* 6. function with generic operator call           ==> template <typeanme ... Args> &T::operator()
-	*/
-	template <typename T>
-	struct function_traits_impl;
+namespace timax {
+/*
+ * 1. function type                                                 ==>
+ * Ret(Args...)
+ * 2. function pointer                                              ==>
+ * Ret(*)(Args...)
+ * 3. function reference                                            ==>
+ * Ret(&)(Args...)
+ * 4. pointer to non-static member function ==> Ret(T::*)(Args...)
+ * 5. function object and functor                           ==> &T::operator()
+ * 6. function with generic operator call           ==> template <typeanme ...
+ * Args> &T::operator()
+ */
+template <typename T> struct function_traits_impl;
 
-	template<typename T>
-	struct function_traits : function_traits_impl<
-		std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>>
-	{};
+template <typename T>
+struct function_traits
+    : function_traits_impl<std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>> {};
 
-	template<typename Ret, typename... Args>
-	struct function_traits_impl<Ret(Args...)>
-	{
-	public:
-		enum { arity = sizeof...(Args) };
-		typedef Ret function_type(Args...);
-		typedef Ret result_type;
-		using stl_function_type = std::function<function_type>;
-		typedef Ret(*pointer)(Args...);
+template <typename Ret, typename... Args>
+struct function_traits_impl<Ret(Args...)> {
+public:
+  enum { arity = sizeof...(Args) };
+  typedef Ret function_type(Args...);
+  typedef Ret result_type;
+  using stl_function_type = std::function<function_type>;
+  typedef Ret (*pointer)(Args...);
 
-		template<size_t I>
-		struct args
-		{
-			static_assert(I < arity, "index is out of range, index must less than sizeof Args");
-			using type = typename std::tuple_element<I, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
-		};
+  template <size_t I> struct args {
+    static_assert(I < arity,
+                  "index is out of range, index must less than sizeof Args");
+    using type = typename std::tuple_element<I, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
+  };
 
-		typedef std::tuple<std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<Args>>...> tuple_type;
-		using args_type_t = std::tuple<Args...>;
-	};
+  typedef std::tuple<std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<Args>>...>
+      tuple_type;
+  using args_type_t = std::tuple<Args...>;
+};
 
-	template<size_t I, typename Function>
-	using arg_type = typename function_traits<Function>::template args<I>::type;
+template <size_t I, typename Function>
+using arg_type = typename function_traits<Function>::template args<I>::type;
 
-	// function pointer
-	template<typename Ret, typename... Args>
-	struct function_traits_impl<Ret(*)(Args...)> : function_traits<Ret(Args...)> {};
+// function pointer
+template <typename Ret, typename... Args>
+struct function_traits_impl<Ret (*)(Args...)> : function_traits<Ret(Args...)> {
+};
 
-	// std::function
-	template <typename Ret, typename... Args>
-	struct function_traits_impl<std::function<Ret(Args...)>> : function_traits_impl<Ret(Args...)> {};
+// std::function
+template <typename Ret, typename... Args>
+struct function_traits_impl<std::function<Ret(Args...)>>
+    : function_traits_impl<Ret(Args...)> {};
 
-	// pointer of non-static member function
-	TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS()
-	TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(const)
-	TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(volatile)
-	TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(const volatile)
+// pointer of non-static member function
+TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS()
+TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(const)
+TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(volatile)
+TIMAX_FUNCTION_TRAITS(const volatile)
 
-	// functor
-	template<typename Callable>
-	struct function_traits_impl : function_traits_impl<decltype(&Callable::operator())> {};
+// functor
+template <typename Callable>
+struct function_traits_impl
+    : function_traits_impl<decltype(&Callable::operator())> {};
 
-	template <typename Function>
-	typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type to_function(const Function& lambda)
-	{
-		return static_cast<typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type>(lambda);
-	}
+template <typename Function>
+typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type
+to_function(const Function &lambda) {
+  return static_cast<typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type>(
+      lambda);
+}
 
-	template <typename Function>
-	typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type to_function(Function&& lambda)
-	{
-		return static_cast<typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type>(std::forward<Function>(lambda));
-	}
+template <typename Function>
+typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type
+to_function(Function &&lambda) {
+  return static_cast<typename function_traits<Function>::stl_function_type>(
+      std::forward<Function>(lambda));
+}
 
-	template <typename Function>
-	typename function_traits<Function>::pointer to_function_pointer(const Function& lambda)
-	{
-		return static_cast<typename function_traits<Function>::pointer>(lambda);
-	}
+template <typename Function>
+typename function_traits<Function>::pointer
+to_function_pointer(const Function &lambda) {
+  return static_cast<typename function_traits<Function>::pointer>(lambda);
 }
+} // namespace timax
diff --git a/include/cinatra/gzip.hpp b/include/cinatra/gzip.hpp
index a7e8e1a..d749103 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/gzip.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/gzip.hpp
@@ -1,148 +1,142 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <zlib.h>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <zlib.h>
 namespace cinatra::gzip_codec {
-	//from https://github.com/chafey/GZipCodec
+// from https://github.com/chafey/GZipCodec
 
 #define CHUNK 16384
 #define windowBits 15
 #define GZIP_ENCODING 16
 
-	// GZip Compression
-	// @param data - the data to compress (does not have to be string, can be binary data)
-	// @param compressed_data - the resulting gzip compressed data
-	// @param level - the gzip compress level -1 = default, 0 = no compression, 1= worst/fastest compression, 9 = best/slowest compression
-	// @return - true on success, false on failure
-	inline bool compress(std::string_view data, std::string& compressed_data, int level = -1) {
-		unsigned char out[CHUNK];
-		z_stream strm;
-		strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
-		strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
-		strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
-		if (deflateInit2(&strm, level, Z_DEFLATED, windowBits | GZIP_ENCODING, 8, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY) != Z_OK)
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-		strm.next_in = (unsigned char*)data.data();
-		strm.avail_in = (uInt)data.length();
-		do {
-			int have;
-			strm.avail_out = CHUNK;
-			strm.next_out = out;
-			if (deflate(&strm, Z_FINISH) == Z_STREAM_ERROR)
-			{
-				return false;
-			}
-			have = CHUNK - strm.avail_out;
-			compressed_data.append((char*)out, have);
-		} while (strm.avail_out == 0);
-		if (deflateEnd(&strm) != Z_OK)
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-		return true;
-	}
+// GZip Compression
+// @param data - the data to compress (does not have to be string, can be binary
+// data)
+// @param compressed_data - the resulting gzip compressed data
+// @param level - the gzip compress level -1 = default, 0 = no compression, 1=
+// worst/fastest compression, 9 = best/slowest compression
+// @return - true on success, false on failure
+inline bool compress(std::string_view data, std::string &compressed_data,
+                     int level = -1) {
+  unsigned char out[CHUNK];
+  z_stream strm;
+  strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
+  strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
+  strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
+  if (deflateInit2(&strm, level, Z_DEFLATED, windowBits | GZIP_ENCODING, 8,
+                   Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY) != Z_OK) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  strm.next_in = (unsigned char *)data.data();
+  strm.avail_in = (uInt)data.length();
+  do {
+    int have;
+    strm.avail_out = CHUNK;
+    strm.next_out = out;
+    if (deflate(&strm, Z_FINISH) == Z_STREAM_ERROR) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    have = CHUNK - strm.avail_out;
+    compressed_data.append((char *)out, have);
+  } while (strm.avail_out == 0);
+  if (deflateEnd(&strm) != Z_OK) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
 
-	// GZip Decompression
-	// @param compressed_data - the gzip compressed data
-	// @param data - the resulting uncompressed data (may contain binary data)
-	// @return - true on success, false on failure
-	inline bool uncompress(std::string_view compressed_data, std::string& data) {
-		int ret;
-		unsigned have;
-		z_stream strm;
-		unsigned char out[CHUNK];
+// GZip Decompression
+// @param compressed_data - the gzip compressed data
+// @param data - the resulting uncompressed data (may contain binary data)
+// @return - true on success, false on failure
+inline bool uncompress(std::string_view compressed_data, std::string &data) {
+  int ret;
+  unsigned have;
+  z_stream strm;
+  unsigned char out[CHUNK];
 
-		strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
-		strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
-		strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
-		strm.avail_in = 0;
-		strm.next_in = Z_NULL;
-		if (inflateInit2(&strm, 16 + MAX_WBITS) != Z_OK)
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
+  strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
+  strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
+  strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
+  strm.avail_in = 0;
+  strm.next_in = Z_NULL;
+  if (inflateInit2(&strm, 16 + MAX_WBITS) != Z_OK) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
-		strm.avail_in = (uInt)compressed_data.length();
-		strm.next_in = (unsigned char*)compressed_data.data();
-		do {
-			strm.avail_out = CHUNK;
-			strm.next_out = out;
-			ret = inflate(&strm, Z_NO_FLUSH);
-			switch (ret) {
-			case Z_NEED_DICT:
-			case Z_DATA_ERROR:
-			case Z_MEM_ERROR:
-				inflateEnd(&strm);
-				return false;
-			}
-			have = CHUNK - strm.avail_out;
-			data.append((char*)out, have);
-		} while (strm.avail_out == 0);
+  strm.avail_in = (uInt)compressed_data.length();
+  strm.next_in = (unsigned char *)compressed_data.data();
+  do {
+    strm.avail_out = CHUNK;
+    strm.next_out = out;
+    ret = inflate(&strm, Z_NO_FLUSH);
+    switch (ret) {
+    case Z_NEED_DICT:
+    case Z_DATA_ERROR:
+    case Z_MEM_ERROR:
+      inflateEnd(&strm);
+      return false;
+    }
+    have = CHUNK - strm.avail_out;
+    data.append((char *)out, have);
+  } while (strm.avail_out == 0);
 
-		if (inflateEnd(&strm) != Z_OK) {
-			return false;
-		}
+  if (inflateEnd(&strm) != Z_OK) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
-		return true;
-	}
+  return true;
+}
 
-	inline int compress_file(const char* src_file, const char * out_file_name)
-	{
-		char buf[BUFSIZ] = { 0 };
-		uInt bytes_read = 0;
-		gzFile out = gzopen(out_file_name, "wb");
-		if (!out)
-		{
-			return -1;
-		}
+inline int compress_file(const char *src_file, const char *out_file_name) {
+  char buf[BUFSIZ] = {0};
+  uInt bytes_read = 0;
+  gzFile out = gzopen(out_file_name, "wb");
+  if (!out) {
+    return -1;
+  }
 
-		std::ifstream in(src_file, std::ios::binary);
-		if (!in.is_open()) {
-			return -1;
-		}
+  std::ifstream in(src_file, std::ios::binary);
+  if (!in.is_open()) {
+    return -1;
+  }
 
-		while (true)
-		{
-			in.read(buf, BUFSIZ);
-			bytes_read = (uInt)in.gcount();
-			if (bytes_read == 0)
-				break;
-			int bytes_written = gzwrite(out, buf, bytes_read);
-			if (bytes_written == 0)
-			{
-				gzclose(out);
-				return -1;
-			}
-			if (bytes_read != BUFSIZ)
-				break;
-		}
-		gzclose(out);
+  while (true) {
+    in.read(buf, BUFSIZ);
+    bytes_read = (uInt)in.gcount();
+    if (bytes_read == 0)
+      break;
+    int bytes_written = gzwrite(out, buf, bytes_read);
+    if (bytes_written == 0) {
+      gzclose(out);
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if (bytes_read != BUFSIZ)
+      break;
+  }
+  gzclose(out);
 
-		return 0;
-	}
+  return 0;
+}
 
-	inline int uncompress_file(const char* src_file, const char * out_file_name) {
-		char buf[BUFSIZ] = { 0 };
-		std::ofstream out(out_file_name, std::ios::binary);
-		if (!out.is_open()) {
-			return -1;
-		}
+inline int uncompress_file(const char *src_file, const char *out_file_name) {
+  char buf[BUFSIZ] = {0};
+  std::ofstream out(out_file_name, std::ios::binary);
+  if (!out.is_open()) {
+    return -1;
+  }
 
-		gzFile fi = gzopen(src_file, "rb");
-		if (!fi)
-		{
-			return -1;
-		}
+  gzFile fi = gzopen(src_file, "rb");
+  if (!fi) {
+    return -1;
+  }
 
-		gzrewind(fi);
-		while (!gzeof(fi))
-		{
-			int len = gzread(fi, buf, BUFSIZ);
-			out.write(buf, len);
-		}
-		gzclose(fi);
+  gzrewind(fi);
+  while (!gzeof(fi)) {
+    int len = gzread(fi, buf, BUFSIZ);
+    out.write(buf, len);
+  }
+  gzclose(fi);
 
-		return 0;
-	}
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  return 0;
+}
+} // namespace cinatra::gzip_codec
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/http_cache.hpp b/include/cinatra/http_cache.hpp
index 9450602..717eb78 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/http_cache.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/http_cache.hpp
@@ -1,105 +1,93 @@
 #pragma once
+#include "use_asio.hpp"
+#include <mutex>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
-#include <mutex>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
-#include "use_asio.hpp"
 namespace cinatra {
-	constexpr const size_t MAX_CACHE_SIZE = 100000;
-
-	class http_cache {
-	public:
-		static http_cache& get(){
-			static http_cache instance;
-			return instance;
-		}
-
-		void add(const std::string& key, const std::vector<std::string>& content) {
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			
-			if (std::distance(cur_it_, cache_.end()) > MAX_CACHE_SIZE) {
-				cur_it_ = cache_.begin();
-			}
-
-			cur_it_ = cache_.emplace(key, content).first;
-			cache_time_[key] = std::time(nullptr) + max_cache_age_;
-		}
-
-		std::vector<std::string> get(const std::string& key) {
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			auto time_it = cache_time_.find(key);
-			auto it = cache_.find(key);
-			auto now_time = std::time(nullptr);
-			if(time_it != cache_time_.end() && time_it->second >= now_time){
-				return it == cache_.end() ? std::vector<std::string>{} : it->second;
-			}else{
-				if(time_it != cache_time_.end() && it != cache_.end()){
-					cur_it_ = cache_.erase(it);
-				}
-				return std::vector<std::string>{};
-			}
-		}
-
-		bool empty() {
-			return cache_.empty();
-		}
-
-		void update(const std::string& key) {
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			auto it = cache_.find(key);
-			if (it != cache_.end())
-				cache_.erase(it);
-		}
-
-		void add_skip(std::string_view key) {
-			skip_cache_.emplace(key);
-		}
-
-		void add_single_cache(std::string_view key)
-		{
-			need_single_cache_.emplace(key);
-		}
-
-		void enable_cache(bool b) {
-			need_cache_ = b;
-		}
-
-		bool need_cache(std::string_view key) {
-			if(need_cache_){
-				return need_cache_;
-			}else{
-                return need_single_cache_.find(key)!= need_single_cache_.end();
-			}
-		}
-
-		bool not_cache(std::string_view key) {
-			return skip_cache_.find(key) != skip_cache_.end();
-		}
-
-		void set_cache_max_age(std::time_t seconds)
-		{
-			max_cache_age_ = seconds;
-		}
-
-		std::time_t get_cache_max_age()
-		{
-			return max_cache_age_;
-		}
-
-	private:
-		http_cache() {};
-		http_cache(const http_cache&) = delete;
-		http_cache(http_cache&&) = delete;
-
-		std::mutex mtx_;
-		bool need_cache_ = false;
-		std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> cache_;
-		std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>::iterator cur_it_ = http_cache::cache_.begin();
-		std::unordered_set<std::string_view> skip_cache_;
-		std::unordered_set<std::string_view> need_single_cache_;
-		std::time_t max_cache_age_ = 0;
-		std::unordered_map<std::string, std::time_t > cache_time_;
-	};
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+constexpr const size_t MAX_CACHE_SIZE = 100000;
+
+class http_cache {
+public:
+  static http_cache &get() {
+    static http_cache instance;
+    return instance;
+  }
+
+  void add(const std::string &key, const std::vector<std::string> &content) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+
+    if (std::distance(cur_it_, cache_.end()) > MAX_CACHE_SIZE) {
+      cur_it_ = cache_.begin();
+    }
+
+    cur_it_ = cache_.emplace(key, content).first;
+    cache_time_[key] = std::time(nullptr) + max_cache_age_;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::string> get(const std::string &key) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    auto time_it = cache_time_.find(key);
+    auto it = cache_.find(key);
+    auto now_time = std::time(nullptr);
+    if (time_it != cache_time_.end() && time_it->second >= now_time) {
+      return it == cache_.end() ? std::vector<std::string>{} : it->second;
+    } else {
+      if (time_it != cache_time_.end() && it != cache_.end()) {
+        cur_it_ = cache_.erase(it);
+      }
+      return std::vector<std::string>{};
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool empty() { return cache_.empty(); }
+
+  void update(const std::string &key) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    auto it = cache_.find(key);
+    if (it != cache_.end())
+      cache_.erase(it);
+  }
+
+  void add_skip(std::string_view key) { skip_cache_.emplace(key); }
+
+  void add_single_cache(std::string_view key) {
+    need_single_cache_.emplace(key);
+  }
+
+  void enable_cache(bool b) { need_cache_ = b; }
+
+  bool need_cache(std::string_view key) {
+    if (need_cache_) {
+      return need_cache_;
+    } else {
+      return need_single_cache_.find(key) != need_single_cache_.end();
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool not_cache(std::string_view key) {
+    return skip_cache_.find(key) != skip_cache_.end();
+  }
+
+  void set_cache_max_age(std::time_t seconds) { max_cache_age_ = seconds; }
+
+  std::time_t get_cache_max_age() { return max_cache_age_; }
+
+private:
+  http_cache(){};
+  http_cache(const http_cache &) = delete;
+  http_cache(http_cache &&) = delete;
+
+  std::mutex mtx_;
+  bool need_cache_ = false;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> cache_;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>::iterator cur_it_ =
+      http_cache::cache_.begin();
+  std::unordered_set<std::string_view> skip_cache_;
+  std::unordered_set<std::string_view> need_single_cache_;
+  std::time_t max_cache_age_ = 0;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::time_t> cache_time_;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/http_client.hpp b/include/cinatra/http_client.hpp
index 1d3d59d..111d41f 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/http_client.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/http_client.hpp
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-#include <tuple>
-#include <future>
+#include "http_parser.hpp"
+#include "itoa_jeaiii.hpp"
+#include "modern_callback.h"
+#include "uri.hpp"
+#include "use_asio.hpp"
 #include <atomic>
+#include <deque>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <future>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <deque>
+#include <string>
 #include <string_view>
-#include "use_asio.hpp"
-#include "uri.hpp"
-#include "http_parser.hpp"
-#include "itoa_jeaiii.hpp"
-#include "modern_callback.h"
+#include <tuple>
+#include <vector>
 
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
 #ifdef ASIO_STANDALONE
@@ -23,1022 +23,1137 @@
 #endif
 
 namespace cinatra {
-    struct response_data {
-        boost::system::error_code ec;
-        int status;
-        std::string_view resp_body;
-        std::pair<phr_header*, size_t> resp_headers;
-    };
-    using callback_t = std::function<void(response_data)>;
-
-    inline static std::string INVALID_URI = "invalid_uri";
-    inline static std::string REQUEST_TIMEOUT = "request timeout";
-    inline static std::string MULTIPLE_REQUEST = "last async request not finished";
-    inline static std::string METHOD_ERROR = "method error";
-    inline static std::string INVALID_FILE_PATH = "invalid file path";
-    inline static std::string OPEN_FAILED = "open file failed";
-    inline static std::string FILE_SIZE_ERROR = "filesize error";
-    inline static std::string RESP_PARSE_ERROR = "http response parse error";
-    inline static std::string INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE = "invalid chunk size";
-    inline static std::string READ_TIMEOUT = "read timeout";
-
-    class http_client : public std::enable_shared_from_this<http_client> {
-    public:
-        http_client(boost::asio::io_service& ios) :
-            ios_(ios), resolver_(ios), socket_(ios), timer_(ios) {
-            future_ = read_close_finished_.get_future();
-        }
-
-        ~http_client() {
-            close();
-        }
-
-        response_data get(std::string uri) {
-            return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json, timeout_seconds_);
-        }
-
-        response_data get(std::string uri, size_t seconds) {
-            return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json, seconds);
-        }
-
-        response_data get(std::string uri, req_content_type type) {
-            return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), type, timeout_seconds_);
-        }
-
-        response_data get(std::string uri, size_t seconds, req_content_type type) {
-            return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), type, seconds);
-        }
-
-        response_data get(std::string uri, req_content_type type, size_t seconds) {
-            return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), type, seconds);
-        }
-
-        response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body) {
-            return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json, timeout_seconds_, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type) {
-            return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), type, timeout_seconds_, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds) {
-            return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type, size_t seconds) {
-            return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), type, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds, req_content_type type) {
-            return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), type, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        response_data request(http_method method, std::string uri, req_content_type type = req_content_type::json, size_t seconds = 15, std::string body = "") {
-            promise_ = std::make_shared<std::promise<response_data>>();
-            sync_ = true;
-            if (!chunked_result_.empty()) {
-                chunked_result_.clear();
-            }
-
-            async_request(method, std::move(uri), nullptr, type, seconds, std::move(body));
-            auto future = promise_->get_future();
-            auto status = future.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(seconds));
-            in_progress_ = false;
-            if (status == std::future_status::timeout) {
-                promise_ = nullptr;
-                return { boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), 404, REQUEST_TIMEOUT };
-            }
-            auto result = future.get();
-            promise_ = nullptr;
-            return result;
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json, timeout_seconds_);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, req_content_type type, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback&& cb, req_content_type type) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback&& cb, size_t seconds) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json, seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback&& cb, req_content_type type, size_t seconds) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback&& cb, size_t seconds, req_content_type type) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, size_t seconds, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json, seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, req_content_type type, size_t seconds, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_get(std::string uri, size_t seconds, req_content_type type, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json, timeout_seconds_, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback&& cb, req_content_type type) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback&& cb, size_t seconds) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback&& cb, req_content_type type, size_t seconds) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback&& cb, size_t seconds, req_content_type type) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type, size_t seconds, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callback>
-        auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds, req_content_type type, _Callback&& cb) {
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds, std::move(body));
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callable_t>
-        auto async_request(http_method method, std::string uri, _Callable_t&& cb, req_content_type type = req_content_type::json, size_t seconds = 15, std::string body = "")
-        ->MODERN_CALLBACK_RESULT(void(response_data)){
-            MODERN_CALLBACK_TRAITS(cb, void(response_data));
-            async_request_impl(method, std::move(uri), MODERN_CALLBACK_CALL(), type, seconds, std::move(body));
-            MODERN_CALLBACK_RETURN();
-        }
-        void async_request_impl(http_method method, std::string uri, callback_t cb, req_content_type type = req_content_type::json, size_t seconds = 15, std::string body = "") {
-            bool need_switch = false;
-            if (!promise_) {//just for async request, guard continuous async request, it's not allowed; async request must be after last one finished!
-                need_switch = sync_;
-                sync_ = false;
-            }
-
-            if (in_progress_) {
-                set_error_value(cb, boost::asio::error::basic_errors::in_progress, MULTIPLE_REQUEST);
-                return;
-            }
-            else {
-                in_progress_ = true;
-            }
-
-            if (method != http_method::POST && !body.empty()) {
-                set_error_value(cb, boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument, METHOD_ERROR);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            bool init = last_domain_.empty();
-            bool need_reset = need_switch || (!init && (uri.find(last_domain_) == std::string::npos));
-            
-            if (need_reset) {
-                close(false);
-
-                //wait for read close finish
-                future_.wait();
-                read_close_finished_ = {};
-                future_ = read_close_finished_.get_future();
-
-                reset_socket();
-            }
-
-            auto [r, u] = get_uri(uri);
-            if (!r) {
-                set_error_value(cb, boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument, INVALID_URI);          
-                return;
-            }
-
-            last_domain_ = std::string(u.schema).append("://").append(u.host);
-            timeout_seconds_ = seconds;
-            req_content_type_ = type;
-            cb_ = std::move(cb);
-            context ctx(u, method, std::move(body));
-            if (promise_) {
-                weak_ = promise_;
-            }
-            if (has_connected_) {
-                do_write(std::move(ctx));
-            }
-            else {
-                async_connect(std::move(ctx));
-            }            
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callable_t>
-        auto download(std::string src_file, std::string dest_file, _Callable_t&& cb, size_t seconds = 60) {
-            return download(std::move(src_file), std::move(dest_file), 0, std::move(cb), seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callable_t>
-        auto download(std::string src_file, std::string dest_file, int64_t size, _Callable_t&& cb, size_t seconds = 60)
-            ->MODERN_CALLBACK_RESULT(void(response_data)) {
-            MODERN_CALLBACK_TRAITS(cb, void(response_data));
-            download_impl(std::move(src_file), std::move(dest_file), size, MODERN_CALLBACK_CALL(), seconds);
-            MODERN_CALLBACK_RETURN();
-        }
-
-        void download_impl(std::string src_file, std::string dest_file, int64_t size, callback_t cb, size_t seconds = 60) {
-            auto parant_path = fs::path(dest_file).parent_path();
-            std::error_code code;
-            fs::create_directories(parant_path, code);
-            if (code) {
-                cb_ = std::move(cb);
-                callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), INVALID_FILE_PATH);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (size > 0) {
-                char buffer[20];
-                auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(size, buffer);
-                add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
-            }
-            else {
-                int64_t file_size = fs::file_size(dest_file, code);
-                if (!code && file_size > 0) {
-                    char buffer[20];
-                    auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(file_size, buffer);
-                    add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
-                }
-            }
-
-            download_file_ = std::make_shared<std::ofstream>(dest_file, std::ios::binary | std::ios::app);
-            if (!download_file_->is_open()) {
-                cb_ = std::move(cb);
-                callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), OPEN_FAILED);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (size > 0) {
-                char buffer[20];
-                auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(size, buffer);
-                add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
-            }
-            else {
-                int64_t file_size = fs::file_size(dest_file, code);
-                if (!code && file_size > 0) {
-                    char buffer[20];
-                    auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(file_size, buffer);
-                    add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
-                }
-            }
-
-            async_get(std::move(src_file), std::move(cb), req_content_type::none, seconds);
-        }
-
-        void download(std::string src_file, std::function<void(boost::system::error_code, std::string_view)> chunk, size_t seconds = 60) {
-            on_chunk_ = std::move(chunk);
-            async_get(std::move(src_file), nullptr, req_content_type::none, seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callable_t>
-        auto upload(std::string uri, std::string filename, _Callable_t&& cb, size_t seconds = 60) {
-            return upload(std::move(uri), std::move(filename), 0, std::forward<_Callable_t>(cb), seconds);
-        }
-
-        template<typename _Callable_t>
-        auto upload(std::string uri, std::string filename, size_t start, _Callable_t&& cb, size_t seconds = 60) {
-            multipart_str_ = std::move(filename);
-            start_ = start;
-            return async_request(http_method::POST, uri, std::forward<_Callable_t>(cb), req_content_type::multipart, seconds, "");
-        }
-
-        void add_header(std::string key, std::string val) {
-            if (key.empty())
-                return;
-
-            if (key == "Host")
-                return;
-
-            headers_.emplace_back(std::move(key), std::move(val));
-        }
-
-        void add_header_str(std::string pair_str) {
-            if (pair_str.empty())
-                return;
-
-            if (pair_str.find("Host:") != std::string::npos)
-                return;
-
-            header_str_.append(pair_str);
-        }
-
-        void clear_headers() {
-            if (!headers_.empty()) {
-                headers_.clear();
-            }
-
-            if (!header_str_.empty()) {
-                header_str_.clear();
-            }
-        }
-
-        std::pair<phr_header*, size_t> get_resp_headers() {
-            if (!copy_headers_.empty())
-                parser_.set_headers(copy_headers_);
-
-            return parser_.get_headers();
-        }
-
-        std::string_view get_header_value(std::string_view key) {
-            return parser_.get_header_value(key);
-        }
+struct response_data {
+  boost::system::error_code ec;
+  int status;
+  std::string_view resp_body;
+  std::pair<phr_header *, size_t> resp_headers;
+};
+using callback_t = std::function<void(response_data)>;
+
+inline static std::string INVALID_URI = "invalid_uri";
+inline static std::string REQUEST_TIMEOUT = "request timeout";
+inline static std::string MULTIPLE_REQUEST = "last async request not finished";
+inline static std::string METHOD_ERROR = "method error";
+inline static std::string INVALID_FILE_PATH = "invalid file path";
+inline static std::string OPEN_FAILED = "open file failed";
+inline static std::string FILE_SIZE_ERROR = "filesize error";
+inline static std::string RESP_PARSE_ERROR = "http response parse error";
+inline static std::string INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE = "invalid chunk size";
+inline static std::string READ_TIMEOUT = "read timeout";
+
+class http_client : public std::enable_shared_from_this<http_client> {
+public:
+  http_client(boost::asio::io_service &ios)
+      : ios_(ios), resolver_(ios), socket_(ios), timer_(ios) {
+    future_ = read_close_finished_.get_future();
+  }
+
+  ~http_client() { close(); }
+
+  response_data get(std::string uri) {
+    return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json,
+                   timeout_seconds_);
+  }
+
+  response_data get(std::string uri, size_t seconds) {
+    return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json,
+                   seconds);
+  }
+
+  response_data get(std::string uri, req_content_type type) {
+    return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), type, timeout_seconds_);
+  }
+
+  response_data get(std::string uri, size_t seconds, req_content_type type) {
+    return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), type, seconds);
+  }
+
+  response_data get(std::string uri, req_content_type type, size_t seconds) {
+    return request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri), type, seconds);
+  }
+
+  response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body) {
+    return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json,
+                   timeout_seconds_, std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type) {
+    return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), type, timeout_seconds_,
+                   std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds) {
+    return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), req_content_type::json,
+                   seconds, std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type,
+                     size_t seconds) {
+    return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), type, seconds,
+                   std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  response_data post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds,
+                     req_content_type type) {
+    return request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri), type, seconds,
+                   std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  response_data request(http_method method, std::string uri,
+                        req_content_type type = req_content_type::json,
+                        size_t seconds = 15, std::string body = "") {
+    promise_ = std::make_shared<std::promise<response_data>>();
+    sync_ = true;
+    if (!chunked_result_.empty()) {
+      chunked_result_.clear();
+    }
+
+    async_request(method, std::move(uri), nullptr, type, seconds,
+                  std::move(body));
+    auto future = promise_->get_future();
+    auto status = future.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(seconds));
+    in_progress_ = false;
+    if (status == std::future_status::timeout) {
+      promise_ = nullptr;
+      return {boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                  boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+              404, REQUEST_TIMEOUT};
+    }
+    auto result = future.get();
+    promise_ = nullptr;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json,
+                         timeout_seconds_);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, req_content_type type, _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback &&cb, req_content_type type) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback &&cb, size_t seconds) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json,
+                         seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback &&cb, req_content_type type,
+                 size_t seconds) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, _Callback &&cb, size_t seconds,
+                 req_content_type type) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, size_t seconds, _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json,
+                         seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, req_content_type type, size_t seconds,
+                 _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_get(std::string uri, size_t seconds, req_content_type type,
+                 _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::GET, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json,
+                         timeout_seconds_, std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback &&cb,
+                  req_content_type type) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_,
+                         std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback &&cb,
+                  size_t seconds) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json,
+                         seconds, std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback &&cb,
+                  req_content_type type, size_t seconds) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds,
+                         std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, _Callback &&cb,
+                  size_t seconds, req_content_type type) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds,
+                         std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type,
+                  _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, timeout_seconds_,
+                         std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds,
+                  _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), req_content_type::json,
+                         seconds, std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, req_content_type type,
+                  size_t seconds, _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds,
+                         std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callback>
+  auto async_post(std::string uri, std::string body, size_t seconds,
+                  req_content_type type, _Callback &&cb) {
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, std::move(uri),
+                         std::forward<_Callback>(cb), type, seconds,
+                         std::move(body));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callable_t>
+  auto async_request(http_method method, std::string uri, _Callable_t &&cb,
+                     req_content_type type = req_content_type::json,
+                     size_t seconds = 15, std::string body = "")
+      -> MODERN_CALLBACK_RESULT(void(response_data)) {
+    MODERN_CALLBACK_TRAITS(cb, void(response_data));
+    async_request_impl(method, std::move(uri), MODERN_CALLBACK_CALL(), type,
+                       seconds, std::move(body));
+    MODERN_CALLBACK_RETURN();
+  }
+  void async_request_impl(http_method method, std::string uri, callback_t cb,
+                          req_content_type type = req_content_type::json,
+                          size_t seconds = 15, std::string body = "") {
+    bool need_switch = false;
+    if (!promise_) { // just for async request, guard continuous async request,
+                     // it's not allowed; async request must be after last one
+                     // finished!
+      need_switch = sync_;
+      sync_ = false;
+    }
+
+    if (in_progress_) {
+      set_error_value(cb, boost::asio::error::basic_errors::in_progress,
+                      MULTIPLE_REQUEST);
+      return;
+    } else {
+      in_progress_ = true;
+    }
+
+    if (method != http_method::POST && !body.empty()) {
+      set_error_value(cb, boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument,
+                      METHOD_ERROR);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    bool init = last_domain_.empty();
+    bool need_reset =
+        need_switch || (!init && (uri.find(last_domain_) == std::string::npos));
+
+    if (need_reset) {
+      close(false);
+
+      // wait for read close finish
+      future_.wait();
+      read_close_finished_ = {};
+      future_ = read_close_finished_.get_future();
+
+      reset_socket();
+    }
+
+    auto [r, u] = get_uri(uri);
+    if (!r) {
+      set_error_value(cb, boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument,
+                      INVALID_URI);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    last_domain_ = std::string(u.schema).append("://").append(u.host);
+    timeout_seconds_ = seconds;
+    req_content_type_ = type;
+    cb_ = std::move(cb);
+    context ctx(u, method, std::move(body));
+    if (promise_) {
+      weak_ = promise_;
+    }
+    if (has_connected_) {
+      do_write(std::move(ctx));
+    } else {
+      async_connect(std::move(ctx));
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callable_t>
+  auto download(std::string src_file, std::string dest_file, _Callable_t &&cb,
+                size_t seconds = 60) {
+    return download(std::move(src_file), std::move(dest_file), 0, std::move(cb),
+                    seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callable_t>
+  auto download(std::string src_file, std::string dest_file, int64_t size,
+                _Callable_t &&cb, size_t seconds = 60)
+      -> MODERN_CALLBACK_RESULT(void(response_data)) {
+    MODERN_CALLBACK_TRAITS(cb, void(response_data));
+    download_impl(std::move(src_file), std::move(dest_file), size,
+                  MODERN_CALLBACK_CALL(), seconds);
+    MODERN_CALLBACK_RETURN();
+  }
+
+  void download_impl(std::string src_file, std::string dest_file, int64_t size,
+                     callback_t cb, size_t seconds = 60) {
+    auto parant_path = fs::path(dest_file).parent_path();
+    std::error_code code;
+    fs::create_directories(parant_path, code);
+    if (code) {
+      cb_ = std::move(cb);
+      callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                   boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+               INVALID_FILE_PATH);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (size > 0) {
+      char buffer[20];
+      auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(size, buffer);
+      add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
+    } else {
+      int64_t file_size = fs::file_size(dest_file, code);
+      if (!code && file_size > 0) {
+        char buffer[20];
+        auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(file_size, buffer);
+        add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
+      }
+    }
+
+    download_file_ = std::make_shared<std::ofstream>(
+        dest_file, std::ios::binary | std::ios::app);
+    if (!download_file_->is_open()) {
+      cb_ = std::move(cb);
+      callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                   boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+               OPEN_FAILED);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (size > 0) {
+      char buffer[20];
+      auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(size, buffer);
+      add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
+    } else {
+      int64_t file_size = fs::file_size(dest_file, code);
+      if (!code && file_size > 0) {
+        char buffer[20];
+        auto p = i64toa_jeaiii(file_size, buffer);
+        add_header("cinatra_start_pos", std::string(buffer, p - buffer));
+      }
+    }
+
+    async_get(std::move(src_file), std::move(cb), req_content_type::none,
+              seconds);
+  }
+
+  void download(
+      std::string src_file,
+      std::function<void(boost::system::error_code, std::string_view)> chunk,
+      size_t seconds = 60) {
+    on_chunk_ = std::move(chunk);
+    async_get(std::move(src_file), nullptr, req_content_type::none, seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callable_t>
+  auto upload(std::string uri, std::string filename, _Callable_t &&cb,
+              size_t seconds = 60) {
+    return upload(std::move(uri), std::move(filename), 0,
+                  std::forward<_Callable_t>(cb), seconds);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Callable_t>
+  auto upload(std::string uri, std::string filename, size_t start,
+              _Callable_t &&cb, size_t seconds = 60) {
+    multipart_str_ = std::move(filename);
+    start_ = start;
+    return async_request(http_method::POST, uri, std::forward<_Callable_t>(cb),
+                         req_content_type::multipart, seconds, "");
+  }
+
+  void add_header(std::string key, std::string val) {
+    if (key.empty())
+      return;
+
+    if (key == "Host")
+      return;
+
+    headers_.emplace_back(std::move(key), std::move(val));
+  }
+
+  void add_header_str(std::string pair_str) {
+    if (pair_str.empty())
+      return;
+
+    if (pair_str.find("Host:") != std::string::npos)
+      return;
+
+    header_str_.append(pair_str);
+  }
+
+  void clear_headers() {
+    if (!headers_.empty()) {
+      headers_.clear();
+    }
+
+    if (!header_str_.empty()) {
+      header_str_.clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::pair<phr_header *, size_t> get_resp_headers() {
+    if (!copy_headers_.empty())
+      parser_.set_headers(copy_headers_);
+
+    return parser_.get_headers();
+  }
+
+  std::string_view get_header_value(std::string_view key) {
+    return parser_.get_header_value(key);
+  }
 
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-        void set_ssl_context_callback(std::function<void(boost::asio::ssl::context&)> ssl_context_callback) {
-            ssl_context_callback_ = std::move(ssl_context_callback);
-        }
+  void set_ssl_context_callback(
+      std::function<void(boost::asio::ssl::context &)> ssl_context_callback) {
+    ssl_context_callback_ = std::move(ssl_context_callback);
+  }
 #endif
 
-    private:
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
-            callback(ec, 404, "");
-        }
+private:
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec) { callback(ec, 404, ""); }
 
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::string error_msg) {
-            callback(ec, 404, std::move(error_msg));
-        }
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec, std::string error_msg) {
+    callback(ec, 404, std::move(error_msg));
+  }
 
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec, int status) {
-            callback(ec, status, "");
-        }
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec, int status) {
+    callback(ec, status, "");
+  }
 
-        void callback(const boost::system::error_code& ec, int status, std::string_view result) {
-            if (auto sp = weak_.lock(); sp) {
-                sp->set_value({ ec, status, result, get_resp_headers() });
-                weak_.reset();
-                return;
-            }
+  void callback(const boost::system::error_code &ec, int status,
+                std::string_view result) {
+    if (auto sp = weak_.lock(); sp) {
+      sp->set_value({ec, status, result, get_resp_headers()});
+      weak_.reset();
+      return;
+    }
 
-            if (cb_) {
-                cb_({ ec, status, result, get_resp_headers() });
-                cb_ = nullptr;
-            }
+    if (cb_) {
+      cb_({ec, status, result, get_resp_headers()});
+      cb_ = nullptr;
+    }
 
-            if (on_chunk_) {
-                on_chunk_(ec, result);
-            }
+    if (on_chunk_) {
+      on_chunk_(ec, result);
+    }
 
-            in_progress_ = false;
-        }
+    in_progress_ = false;
+  }
 
-        std::pair<bool, uri_t> get_uri(const std::string& uri) {
-            uri_t u;
-            if (!u.parse_from(uri.data())) {
-                if (u.schema.empty())
-                    return { false, {} };
+  std::pair<bool, uri_t> get_uri(const std::string &uri) {
+    uri_t u;
+    if (!u.parse_from(uri.data())) {
+      if (u.schema.empty())
+        return {false, {}};
 
-                auto new_uri = url_encode(uri);
+      auto new_uri = url_encode(uri);
 
-                if (!u.parse_from(new_uri.data())) {
-                    return { false, {} };
-                }
-            }
+      if (!u.parse_from(new_uri.data())) {
+        return {false, {}};
+      }
+    }
 
-            if (u.schema == "https"sv) {
+    if (u.schema == "https"sv) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                upgrade_to_ssl();
+      upgrade_to_ssl();
 #else
-                //please open CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL before request https!
-                assert(false);
+      // please open CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL before request https!
+      assert(false);
 #endif
-            }
-
-            return { true, u };
-        }
+    }
+
+    return {true, u};
+  }
+
+  void async_connect(context ctx) {
+    reset_timer();
+    boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::query query(ctx.host, ctx.port);
+    resolver_.async_resolve(
+        query, [this, self = this->shared_from_this(), ctx = std::move(ctx)](
+                   boost::system::error_code ec,
+                   const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator &it) {
+          if (ec) {
+            callback(ec);
+            return;
+          }
 
-        void async_connect(context ctx) {
-            reset_timer();
-            boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::query query(ctx.host, ctx.port);
-            resolver_.async_resolve(query, [this, self = this->shared_from_this(), ctx = std::move(ctx)]
-            (boost::system::error_code ec, const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator& it) {
-                if (ec) {                   
-                    callback(ec);
+          boost::asio::async_connect(
+              socket_, it,
+              [this, self = shared_from_this(), ctx = std::move(ctx)](
+                  boost::system::error_code ec,
+                  const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator &) {
+                cancel_timer();
+                if (!ec) {
+                  has_connected_ = true;
+                  if (is_ssl()) {
+                    handshake(std::move(ctx));
                     return;
-                }
-
-                boost::asio::async_connect(socket_, it, [this, self = shared_from_this(), ctx = std::move(ctx)]
-                (boost::system::error_code ec, const boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator&) {
-                    cancel_timer();
-                    if (!ec) {
-                        has_connected_ = true;
-                        if (is_ssl()) {
-                            handshake(std::move(ctx));
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        do_read_write(ctx);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        callback(ec);
-                        close();
-                    }
-                });
-            });
-        }
-
-        void do_read_write(const context& ctx) {
-            boost::system::error_code error_ignored;
-            socket_.set_option(boost::asio::ip::tcp::no_delay(true), error_ignored);            
-            do_read();
-            do_write(ctx);
-        }
+                  }
 
-        void do_write(const context& ctx) {
-            if (req_content_type_ == req_content_type::multipart) {
-                send_multipart_msg(ctx);
-            }
-            else {
-                send_msg(ctx);
-            }
-        }
-
-        void send_msg(const context& ctx) {
-            write_msg_ = build_write_msg(ctx);
-            async_write(write_msg_, [this, self = shared_from_this()](const boost::system::error_code& ec, const size_t length) {
-                if (ec) {
+                  do_read_write(ctx);
+                } else {
+                  callback(ec);
+                  close();
+                }
+              });
+        });
+  }
+
+  void do_read_write(const context &ctx) {
+    boost::system::error_code error_ignored;
+    socket_.set_option(boost::asio::ip::tcp::no_delay(true), error_ignored);
+    do_read();
+    do_write(ctx);
+  }
+
+  void do_write(const context &ctx) {
+    if (req_content_type_ == req_content_type::multipart) {
+      send_multipart_msg(ctx);
+    } else {
+      send_msg(ctx);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void send_msg(const context &ctx) {
+    write_msg_ = build_write_msg(ctx);
+    async_write(write_msg_,
+                [this, self = shared_from_this()](
+                    const boost::system::error_code &ec, const size_t length) {
+                  if (ec) {
                     callback(ec);
                     close();
                     return;
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        void send_multipart_msg(const context& ctx) {
-            auto filename = std::move(multipart_str_);
-            auto file = std::make_shared<std::ifstream>(filename, std::ios::binary);
-            if (!file) {
-                callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), INVALID_FILE_PATH);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            std::error_code ec;
-            size_t size = fs::file_size(filename, ec);
-            if (ec || start_ == -1) {
-                file->close();
-                callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), FILE_SIZE_ERROR);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (start_ > 0) {
-                file->seekg(start_);
-            }
-
-            auto left_file_size = size - start_;
-            header_str_.append("Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=").append(BOUNDARY);
-            auto multipart_str = multipart_file_start(fs::path(filename).filename().string());
-            auto write_str = build_write_msg(ctx, total_multipart_size(left_file_size, multipart_str.size()));
-            write_str.append(multipart_str);
-            multipart_str_ = std::move(write_str);
-            send_file_data(std::move(file));
-        }
-
-        void handshake(context ctx) {
+                  }
+                });
+  }
+
+  void send_multipart_msg(const context &ctx) {
+    auto filename = std::move(multipart_str_);
+    auto file = std::make_shared<std::ifstream>(filename, std::ios::binary);
+    if (!file) {
+      callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                   boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+               INVALID_FILE_PATH);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    std::error_code ec;
+    size_t size = fs::file_size(filename, ec);
+    if (ec || start_ == -1) {
+      file->close();
+      callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                   boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+               FILE_SIZE_ERROR);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (start_ > 0) {
+      file->seekg(start_);
+    }
+
+    auto left_file_size = size - start_;
+    header_str_.append("Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=")
+        .append(BOUNDARY);
+    auto multipart_str =
+        multipart_file_start(fs::path(filename).filename().string());
+    auto write_str = build_write_msg(
+        ctx, total_multipart_size(left_file_size, multipart_str.size()));
+    write_str.append(multipart_str);
+    multipart_str_ = std::move(write_str);
+    send_file_data(std::move(file));
+  }
+
+  void handshake(context ctx) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-            auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            ssl_stream_->async_handshake(boost::asio::ssl::stream_base::client,
-                [this, self, ctx = std::move(ctx)](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
-                if (!ec) {
-                    do_read_write(ctx);
-                }
-                else {
-                    callback(ec);
-                    close();
-                }
-            });
+    auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+    ssl_stream_->async_handshake(boost::asio::ssl::stream_base::client,
+                                 [this, self, ctx = std::move(ctx)](
+                                     const boost::system::error_code &ec) {
+                                   if (!ec) {
+                                     do_read_write(ctx);
+                                   } else {
+                                     callback(ec);
+                                     close();
+                                   }
+                                 });
 #endif
-        }
-
-        std::string build_write_msg(const context& ctx, size_t content_len = 0) {
-            std::string write_msg(method_name(ctx.method));
-            //can be optimized here
-            write_msg.append(" ").append(ctx.path);
-            if (!ctx.query.empty()) {
-                write_msg.append("?").append(ctx.query);
-            }
-            write_msg.append(" HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:").
-                append(ctx.host).append("\r\n");
-
-            if (header_str_.find("Content-Type") == std::string::npos) {
-                auto type_str = get_content_type_str(req_content_type_);
-                if (!type_str.empty()) {
-                    headers_.emplace_back("Content-Type", std::move(type_str));
-                }
-            }
-
-            bool has_connection = false;
-            //add user header
-            if (!headers_.empty()) {
-                for (auto& pair : headers_) {
-                    if (pair.first == "Connection") {
-                        has_connection = true;
-                    }
-                    write_msg.append(pair.first).append(": ").append(pair.second).append("\r\n");
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!header_str_.empty()) {
-                if (header_str_.find("Connection")!=std::string::npos) {
-                    has_connection = true;
-                }
-                write_msg.append(header_str_).append("\r\n");
-            }
-
-            //add content
-            if (!ctx.body.empty()) {
-                char buffer[20];
-                auto p = i32toa_jeaiii((int)ctx.body.size(), buffer);
-
-                write_msg.append("Content-Length: ").append(buffer, p - buffer).append("\r\n");
-            }
-            else {
-                if (ctx.method == http_method::POST) {
-                    if (content_len > 0) {
-                        char buffer[20];
-                        auto p = i32toa_jeaiii((int)content_len, buffer);
-
-                        write_msg.append("Content-Length: ").append(buffer, p - buffer).append("\r\n");
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        write_msg.append("Content-Length: 0\r\n");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!has_connection) {
-                write_msg.append("Connection: keep-alive\r\n");
-            }
-
-            write_msg.append("\r\n");
-
-            if (!ctx.body.empty()) {
-                write_msg.append(std::move(ctx.body));
-            }
-
-            return write_msg;
-        }
-
-        void do_read() {
-            reset_timer();
-            async_read_until(TWO_CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this()](auto ec, size_t size) {
-                cancel_timer();
-                if (!ec) {
-                    //parse header
-                    const char* data_ptr = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-                    size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
-                    int ret = parser_.parse_response(data_ptr, size, 0);
-                    read_buf_.consume(size);
-                    if (ret < 0) {
-                        callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), 404,
-                            RESP_PARSE_ERROR);
-                        if (buf_size > size) {
-                            read_buf_.consume(buf_size - size);
-                        }
-
-                        read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    bool is_chunked = parser_.is_chunked();
-
-                    if (is_chunked) {
-                        copy_headers();
-                        //read_chunk_header
-                        read_chunk_head(parser_.keep_alive());
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        if (parser_.body_len() == 0) {
-                            callback(ec, parser_.status());
-
-                            read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        size_t content_len = (size_t)parser_.body_len();
-                        if ((size_t)parser_.total_len() <= buf_size) {
-                            callback(ec, parser_.status(), { data_ptr + parser_.header_len(), content_len });
-                            read_buf_.consume(content_len);
-
-                            read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        size_t size_to_read = content_len - read_buf_.size();
-                        copy_headers();
-                        do_read_body(parser_.keep_alive(), parser_.status(), size_to_read);
-                    }
-                }
-                else {
-                    callback(ec);
-                    close();
-
-                    //read close finish
-                    if(!is_ready())
-                        read_close_finished_.set_value(true);
-                }
-            });
-        }
+  }
+
+  std::string build_write_msg(const context &ctx, size_t content_len = 0) {
+    std::string write_msg(method_name(ctx.method));
+    // can be optimized here
+    write_msg.append(" ").append(ctx.path);
+    if (!ctx.query.empty()) {
+      write_msg.append("?").append(ctx.query);
+    }
+    write_msg.append(" HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:").append(ctx.host).append("\r\n");
+
+    if (header_str_.find("Content-Type") == std::string::npos) {
+      auto type_str = get_content_type_str(req_content_type_);
+      if (!type_str.empty()) {
+        headers_.emplace_back("Content-Type", std::move(type_str));
+      }
+    }
+
+    bool has_connection = false;
+    // add user header
+    if (!headers_.empty()) {
+      for (auto &pair : headers_) {
+        if (pair.first == "Connection") {
+          has_connection = true;
+        }
+        write_msg.append(pair.first)
+            .append(": ")
+            .append(pair.second)
+            .append("\r\n");
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!header_str_.empty()) {
+      if (header_str_.find("Connection") != std::string::npos) {
+        has_connection = true;
+      }
+      write_msg.append(header_str_).append("\r\n");
+    }
+
+    // add content
+    if (!ctx.body.empty()) {
+      char buffer[20];
+      auto p = i32toa_jeaiii((int)ctx.body.size(), buffer);
+
+      write_msg.append("Content-Length: ")
+          .append(buffer, p - buffer)
+          .append("\r\n");
+    } else {
+      if (ctx.method == http_method::POST) {
+        if (content_len > 0) {
+          char buffer[20];
+          auto p = i32toa_jeaiii((int)content_len, buffer);
+
+          write_msg.append("Content-Length: ")
+              .append(buffer, p - buffer)
+              .append("\r\n");
+        } else {
+          write_msg.append("Content-Length: 0\r\n");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!has_connection) {
+      write_msg.append("Connection: keep-alive\r\n");
+    }
+
+    write_msg.append("\r\n");
+
+    if (!ctx.body.empty()) {
+      write_msg.append(std::move(ctx.body));
+    }
+
+    return write_msg;
+  }
+
+  void do_read() {
+    reset_timer();
+    async_read_until(TWO_CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this()](auto ec,
+                                                                 size_t size) {
+      cancel_timer();
+      if (!ec) {
+        // parse header
+        const char *data_ptr =
+            boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+        size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
+        int ret = parser_.parse_response(data_ptr, size, 0);
+        read_buf_.consume(size);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+          callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                       boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+                   404, RESP_PARSE_ERROR);
+          if (buf_size > size) {
+            read_buf_.consume(buf_size - size);
+          }
 
-        bool is_ready() {
-            return future_.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(0)) == std::future_status::ready;
+          read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
+          return;
         }
 
-        void do_read_body(bool keep_alive, int status, size_t size_to_read) {
-            reset_timer();
-            async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive, status](auto ec, size_t size) {
-                cancel_timer();
-                if (!ec) {
-                    size_t data_size = read_buf_.size();
-                    const char* data_ptr = boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
+        bool is_chunked = parser_.is_chunked();
 
-                    callback(ec, status, { data_ptr, data_size });
-
-                    read_buf_.consume(data_size);
-
-                    read_or_close(keep_alive);
-                }
-                else {
-                    callback(ec);
-                    close();
-                }
-            });
-        }
+        if (is_chunked) {
+          copy_headers();
+          // read_chunk_header
+          read_chunk_head(parser_.keep_alive());
+        } else {
+          if (parser_.body_len() == 0) {
+            callback(ec, parser_.status());
 
-        void read_or_close(bool keep_alive) {
-            if (keep_alive) {
-                do_read();
-            }
-            else {
-                close();
-            }
-        }
-
-        void read_chunk_head(bool keep_alive) {
-          async_read_until(CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this(),
-            keep_alive](auto ec, size_t size) {
-            if (!ec) {
-              size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
-              /// simplify
-              size_t additional_size = buf_size - size;
-              const char* data_ptr =
-                boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-              std::string_view size_str(data_ptr, size - CRCF.size());
-              auto chunk_size = hex_to_int(size_str);
-              read_buf_.consume(size);
-              if (chunk_size < 0) {
-                callback(
-                  boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
-                    boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
-                  404, INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
-                read_or_close(keep_alive);
-                return;
-              }
-
-              if (additional_size < (chunk_size + 2)) {
-                //Not a complete chunk.
-                read_chunk_body(keep_alive, chunk_size, chunk_size + 2 - additional_size);
-              }
-              else {
-                //A complete chunk.
-                read_chunk(keep_alive, chunk_size);
-              }
-            }
-            else {
-              callback(ec);
-              close();
-            }
-          });
-        }
-
-        void read_chunk(bool keep_alive, size_t length) {
-          if (length > 0) {
-            const char* data =
-              boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char*>(read_buf_.data());
-            append_chunk(std::string_view(data, length));
-            read_buf_.consume(length + CRCF.size());
-            read_chunk_head(keep_alive);
-          }
-          else {
-            callback({}, 200, chunked_result_);
-            clear_chunk_buffer();
-            do_read();
+            read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
+            return;
           }
-        }
 
-        void read_chunk_body(bool keep_alive, size_t chunk_size, size_t size_to_read) {
-          async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive, chunk_size](auto ec, size_t size) {
-            if (!ec) {
-              read_chunk(keep_alive, chunk_size);
-            }
-            else {
-              callback(ec);
-              close();
-            }
-          });
-        }
+          size_t content_len = (size_t)parser_.body_len();
+          if ((size_t)parser_.total_len() <= buf_size) {
+            callback(ec, parser_.status(),
+                     {data_ptr + parser_.header_len(), content_len});
+            read_buf_.consume(content_len);
 
-        void append_chunk(std::string_view chunk) {
-          if (on_chunk_) {
-            on_chunk_({}, chunk);
+            read_or_close(parser_.keep_alive());
             return;
           }
 
-          if (download_file_) {
-            download_file_->write(chunk.data(), chunk.size());
-          }
-          else {
-            chunked_result_.append(chunk);
-          }
-        }
-
-        void clear_chunk_buffer() {
-            if (download_file_) {
-                download_file_->close();
-            }
-            else {
-                if (!sync_&&!chunked_result_.empty()) {
-                    chunked_result_.clear();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        template<typename Handler>
-        void async_read(size_t size_to_read, Handler handler) {
-            if (is_ssl()) {
+          size_t size_to_read = content_len - read_buf_.size();
+          copy_headers();
+          do_read_body(parser_.keep_alive(), parser_.status(), size_to_read);
+        }
+      } else {
+        callback(ec);
+        close();
+
+        // read close finish
+        if (!is_ready())
+          read_close_finished_.set_value(true);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  bool is_ready() {
+    return future_.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(0)) ==
+           std::future_status::ready;
+  }
+
+  void do_read_body(bool keep_alive, int status, size_t size_to_read) {
+    reset_timer();
+    async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive,
+                              status](auto ec, size_t size) {
+      cancel_timer();
+      if (!ec) {
+        size_t data_size = read_buf_.size();
+        const char *data_ptr =
+            boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+
+        callback(ec, status, {data_ptr, data_size});
+
+        read_buf_.consume(data_size);
+
+        read_or_close(keep_alive);
+      } else {
+        callback(ec);
+        close();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  void read_or_close(bool keep_alive) {
+    if (keep_alive) {
+      do_read();
+    } else {
+      close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void read_chunk_head(bool keep_alive) {
+    async_read_until(CRCF, [this, self = shared_from_this(),
+                            keep_alive](auto ec, size_t size) {
+      if (!ec) {
+        size_t buf_size = read_buf_.size();
+        /// simplify
+        size_t additional_size = buf_size - size;
+        const char *data_ptr =
+            boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+        std::string_view size_str(data_ptr, size - CRCF.size());
+        auto chunk_size = hex_to_int(size_str);
+        read_buf_.consume(size);
+        if (chunk_size < 0) {
+          callback(boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+                       boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+                   404, INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
+          read_or_close(keep_alive);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (additional_size < (chunk_size + 2)) {
+          // Not a complete chunk.
+          read_chunk_body(keep_alive, chunk_size,
+                          chunk_size + 2 - additional_size);
+        } else {
+          // A complete chunk.
+          read_chunk(keep_alive, chunk_size);
+        }
+      } else {
+        callback(ec);
+        close();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  void read_chunk(bool keep_alive, size_t length) {
+    if (length > 0) {
+      const char *data =
+          boost::asio::buffer_cast<const char *>(read_buf_.data());
+      append_chunk(std::string_view(data, length));
+      read_buf_.consume(length + CRCF.size());
+      read_chunk_head(keep_alive);
+    } else {
+      callback({}, 200, chunked_result_);
+      clear_chunk_buffer();
+      do_read();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void read_chunk_body(bool keep_alive, size_t chunk_size,
+                       size_t size_to_read) {
+    async_read(size_to_read, [this, self = shared_from_this(), keep_alive,
+                              chunk_size](auto ec, size_t size) {
+      if (!ec) {
+        read_chunk(keep_alive, chunk_size);
+      } else {
+        callback(ec);
+        close();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  void append_chunk(std::string_view chunk) {
+    if (on_chunk_) {
+      on_chunk_({}, chunk);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (download_file_) {
+      download_file_->write(chunk.data(), chunk.size());
+    } else {
+      chunked_result_.append(chunk);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void clear_chunk_buffer() {
+    if (download_file_) {
+      download_file_->close();
+    } else {
+      if (!sync_ && !chunked_result_.empty()) {
+        chunked_result_.clear();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Handler>
+  void async_read(size_t size_to_read, Handler handler) {
+    if (is_ssl()) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                boost::asio::async_read(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_, boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read), std::move(handler));
+      boost::asio::async_read(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_,
+                              boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read),
+                              std::move(handler));
 #endif
-            }
-            else {
-                boost::asio::async_read(socket_, read_buf_, boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read), std::move(handler));
-            }
-        }
-
-        template<typename Handler>
-        void async_read_until(const std::string& delim, Handler handler) {
-            if (is_ssl()) {
+    } else {
+      boost::asio::async_read(socket_, read_buf_,
+                              boost::asio::transfer_exactly(size_to_read),
+                              std::move(handler));
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Handler>
+  void async_read_until(const std::string &delim, Handler handler) {
+    if (is_ssl()) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                boost::asio::async_read_until(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_, delim, std::move(handler));
+      boost::asio::async_read_until(*ssl_stream_, read_buf_, delim,
+                                    std::move(handler));
 #endif
-            }
-            else {
-                boost::asio::async_read_until(socket_, read_buf_, delim, std::move(handler));
-            }
-        }
-
-        template<typename Handler>
-        void async_write(const std::string& msg, Handler handler) {
-            if (is_ssl()) {
+    } else {
+      boost::asio::async_read_until(socket_, read_buf_, delim,
+                                    std::move(handler));
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Handler>
+  void async_write(const std::string &msg, Handler handler) {
+    if (is_ssl()) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                boost::asio::async_write(*ssl_stream_, boost::asio::buffer(msg), std::move(handler));
+      boost::asio::async_write(*ssl_stream_, boost::asio::buffer(msg),
+                               std::move(handler));
 #endif
-            }
-            else {
-                boost::asio::async_write(socket_, boost::asio::buffer(msg), std::move(handler));
-            }
-        }
-
-        void close(bool close_ssl = true) {
-            boost::system::error_code ec;
-            if (close_ssl) {
+    } else {
+      boost::asio::async_write(socket_, boost::asio::buffer(msg),
+                               std::move(handler));
+    }
+  }
+
+  void close(bool close_ssl = true) {
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+    if (close_ssl) {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-                if (ssl_stream_) {
-                    ssl_stream_->shutdown(ec);
-                    ssl_stream_ = nullptr;
-                }
+      if (ssl_stream_) {
+        ssl_stream_->shutdown(ec);
+        ssl_stream_ = nullptr;
+      }
 #endif
-            }
-
-            if (!has_connected_)
-                return;
-
-            has_connected_ = false;
-            timer_.cancel(ec);
-            socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket::shutdown_both, ec);
-            socket_.close(ec);
-        }
-
-        void reset_timer() {
-            if (timeout_seconds_ == 0 || promise_) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            auto self(this->shared_from_this());
-            timer_.expires_from_now(std::chrono::seconds(timeout_seconds_));
-            timer_.async_wait([this, self](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
-                if (ec || sync_) {
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                close(false); //don't close ssl now, close ssl when read/write error
-                if (download_file_) {
-                    download_file_->close();
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        void cancel_timer() {
-            if (!cb_) {
-                return; //just for async request
-            }
-
-            if (timeout_seconds_ == 0 || promise_) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            timer_.cancel();
-        }
-
-        bool is_ssl() const {
+    }
+
+    if (!has_connected_)
+      return;
+
+    has_connected_ = false;
+    timer_.cancel(ec);
+    socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket::shutdown_both, ec);
+    socket_.close(ec);
+  }
+
+  void reset_timer() {
+    if (timeout_seconds_ == 0 || promise_) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    auto self(this->shared_from_this());
+    timer_.expires_from_now(std::chrono::seconds(timeout_seconds_));
+    timer_.async_wait([this, self](const boost::system::error_code &ec) {
+      if (ec || sync_) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      close(false); // don't close ssl now, close ssl when read/write error
+      if (download_file_) {
+        download_file_->close();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  void cancel_timer() {
+    if (!cb_) {
+      return; // just for async request
+    }
+
+    if (timeout_seconds_ == 0 || promise_) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    timer_.cancel();
+  }
+
+  bool is_ssl() const {
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-            return ssl_stream_ != nullptr;
+    return ssl_stream_ != nullptr;
 #else
-            return false;
+    return false;
 #endif
-        }
+  }
 
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-        void upgrade_to_ssl() {
-            if (ssl_stream_)
-                return;
-
-            boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context(boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23);
-            ssl_context.set_default_verify_paths();
-            boost::system::error_code ec;
-            ssl_context.set_options(boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds, ec);
-            if (ssl_context_callback_) {
-                ssl_context_callback_(ssl_context);
-            }
-            ssl_stream_ = std::make_unique<boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket&>>(socket_, ssl_context);
-            //verify peer TODO
-        }
+  void upgrade_to_ssl() {
+    if (ssl_stream_)
+      return;
+
+    boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context(boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23);
+    ssl_context.set_default_verify_paths();
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+    ssl_context.set_options(boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds, ec);
+    if (ssl_context_callback_) {
+      ssl_context_callback_(ssl_context);
+    }
+    ssl_stream_ = std::make_unique<
+        boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket &>>(socket_,
+                                                                  ssl_context);
+    // verify peer TODO
+  }
 #endif
 
-        void send_file_data(std::shared_ptr<std::ifstream> file) {
-            auto eof = make_upload_data(*file);
-            if (eof) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            async_write(multipart_str_, [this, self, file = std::move(file)](boost::system::error_code ec, std::size_t length) mutable {
-                if (!ec) {
+  void send_file_data(std::shared_ptr<std::ifstream> file) {
+    auto eof = make_upload_data(*file);
+    if (eof) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+    async_write(multipart_str_,
+                [this, self, file = std::move(file)](
+                    boost::system::error_code ec, std::size_t length) mutable {
+                  if (!ec) {
                     multipart_str_.clear();
                     send_file_data(std::move(file));
-                }
-                else {
+                  } else {
                     on_chunk_(ec, "send failed");
                     close();
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        std::string multipart_file_start(std::string filename) {
-            std::string multipart_start;
-            multipart_start.append("--" + BOUNDARY + CRCF);
-            multipart_start.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + std::string("test") + "\"; filename=\"" + std::move(filename) + "\"" + CRCF);
-            multipart_start.append(CRCF);
-            return multipart_start;
-        }
-
-        size_t total_multipart_size(size_t left_file_size, size_t multipart_start_size) {
-            return left_file_size + multipart_start_size + MULTIPART_END.size();
-        }
-
-        bool make_upload_data(std::ifstream& file) {
-            bool eof = file.peek() == EOF;
-            if (eof) {
-                file.close();
-                return true;//finish all file
-            }
-
-            std::string content;
-            const size_t size = 3 * 1024 * 1024;
-            content.resize(size);
-            file.read(&content[0], size);
-            int64_t read_len = (int64_t)file.gcount();
-            assert(read_len > 0);
-            eof = file.peek() == EOF;
-
-            if (read_len < size) {
-                content.resize(read_len);
-            }
-
-            multipart_str_.append(content);
-            if (eof) {
-                multipart_str_.append(MULTIPART_END);
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        void copy_headers() {
-            if (!copy_headers_.empty()) {
-                copy_headers_.clear();
-            }
-            auto [headers, num_headers] = parser_.get_headers();
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
-                copy_headers_.emplace_back(std::string(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len),
-                    std::string(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len));
-            }
-        }
-
-        void reset_socket() {
-            boost::system::error_code igored_ec;
-            socket_ = decltype(socket_)(ios_);
-            if (!socket_.is_open()) {
-                socket_.open(boost::asio::ip::tcp::v4(), igored_ec);
-            }
-        }
-
-        void set_error_value(const callback_t& cb, const boost::asio::error::basic_errors& ec, const std::string& error_msg) {
-            if (promise_) {
-                promise_->set_value({ boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), 404, error_msg });
-            }
-            if (cb) {
-                cb({ boost::asio::error::make_error_code(boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument), 404, error_msg });
-            }
-            read_close_finished_ = {};
-        }
-
-    private:
-        std::atomic_bool has_connected_ = false;
-        callback_t cb_;
-        std::atomic_bool in_progress_ = false;
-
-        boost::asio::io_service& ios_;
-        boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver resolver_;
-        boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket socket_;
+                  }
+                });
+  }
+
+  std::string multipart_file_start(std::string filename) {
+    std::string multipart_start;
+    multipart_start.append("--" + BOUNDARY + CRCF);
+    multipart_start.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" +
+                           std::string("test") + "\"; filename=\"" +
+                           std::move(filename) + "\"" + CRCF);
+    multipart_start.append(CRCF);
+    return multipart_start;
+  }
+
+  size_t total_multipart_size(size_t left_file_size,
+                              size_t multipart_start_size) {
+    return left_file_size + multipart_start_size + MULTIPART_END.size();
+  }
+
+  bool make_upload_data(std::ifstream &file) {
+    bool eof = file.peek() == EOF;
+    if (eof) {
+      file.close();
+      return true; // finish all file
+    }
+
+    std::string content;
+    const size_t size = 3 * 1024 * 1024;
+    content.resize(size);
+    file.read(&content[0], size);
+    int64_t read_len = (int64_t)file.gcount();
+    assert(read_len > 0);
+    eof = file.peek() == EOF;
+
+    if (read_len < size) {
+      content.resize(read_len);
+    }
+
+    multipart_str_.append(content);
+    if (eof) {
+      multipart_str_.append(MULTIPART_END);
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  void copy_headers() {
+    if (!copy_headers_.empty()) {
+      copy_headers_.clear();
+    }
+    auto [headers, num_headers] = parser_.get_headers();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
+      copy_headers_.emplace_back(
+          std::string(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len),
+          std::string(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len));
+    }
+  }
+
+  void reset_socket() {
+    boost::system::error_code igored_ec;
+    socket_ = decltype(socket_)(ios_);
+    if (!socket_.is_open()) {
+      socket_.open(boost::asio::ip::tcp::v4(), igored_ec);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void set_error_value(const callback_t &cb,
+                       const boost::asio::error::basic_errors &ec,
+                       const std::string &error_msg) {
+    if (promise_) {
+      promise_->set_value(
+          {boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+               boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+           404, error_msg});
+    }
+    if (cb) {
+      cb({boost::asio::error::make_error_code(
+              boost::asio::error::basic_errors::invalid_argument),
+          404, error_msg});
+    }
+    read_close_finished_ = {};
+  }
+
+private:
+  std::atomic_bool has_connected_ = false;
+  callback_t cb_;
+  std::atomic_bool in_progress_ = false;
+
+  boost::asio::io_service &ios_;
+  boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver resolver_;
+  boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket socket_;
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
-        std::unique_ptr<boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket&>> ssl_stream_;
-        std::function<void(boost::asio::ssl::context&)> ssl_context_callback_;
+  std::unique_ptr<boost::asio::ssl::stream<boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket &>>
+      ssl_stream_;
+  std::function<void(boost::asio::ssl::context &)> ssl_context_callback_;
 #endif
-        boost::asio::steady_timer timer_;
-        std::size_t timeout_seconds_ = 60;
-        boost::asio::streambuf read_buf_;
-
-        http_parser parser_;
-        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> copy_headers_;
-        std::string header_str_;
-        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> headers_;
-        req_content_type req_content_type_ = req_content_type::json;
-
-        std::string write_msg_;
-
-        std::string chunked_result_;
-        std::shared_ptr<std::ofstream> download_file_ = nullptr;
-        std::function<void(boost::system::error_code, std::string_view)> on_chunk_ = nullptr;
-
-        std::string multipart_str_;
-        size_t start_;
-
-        std::string last_domain_;
-        std::promise<bool> read_close_finished_;
-        std::future<bool> future_;
-
-        std::shared_ptr<std::promise<response_data>> promise_ = nullptr;
-        std::weak_ptr<std::promise<response_data>> weak_;
-        bool sync_ = false;
-    };
-}
+  boost::asio::steady_timer timer_;
+  std::size_t timeout_seconds_ = 60;
+  boost::asio::streambuf read_buf_;
+
+  http_parser parser_;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> copy_headers_;
+  std::string header_str_;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> headers_;
+  req_content_type req_content_type_ = req_content_type::json;
+
+  std::string write_msg_;
+
+  std::string chunked_result_;
+  std::shared_ptr<std::ofstream> download_file_ = nullptr;
+  std::function<void(boost::system::error_code, std::string_view)> on_chunk_ =
+      nullptr;
+
+  std::string multipart_str_;
+  size_t start_;
+
+  std::string last_domain_;
+  std::promise<bool> read_close_finished_;
+  std::future<bool> future_;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<std::promise<response_data>> promise_ = nullptr;
+  std::weak_ptr<std::promise<response_data>> weak_;
+  bool sync_ = false;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/http_parser.hpp b/include/cinatra/http_parser.hpp
index 2325003..4519453 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/http_parser.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/http_parser.hpp
@@ -1,120 +1,113 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <string_view>
-#include <cctype>
 #include "picohttpparser.h"
+#include <cctype>
+#include <string_view>
 
 using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
 namespace cinatra {
-    class http_parser {
-    public:
-        int parse_response(const char* data, size_t size, int last_len) {
-            int minor_version;
-
-            num_headers_ = sizeof(headers_) / sizeof(headers_[0]);
-            const char* msg;
-            size_t msg_len;
-            header_len_ = phr_parse_response(data, size, &minor_version, &status_, &msg, &msg_len, headers_, &num_headers_, last_len);
-            msg_ = { msg, msg_len };
-            auto header_value = this->get_header_value("content-length");
-            if (header_value.empty()) {
-                body_len_ = 0;
-            }
-            else {
-                body_len_ = atoi(header_value.data());
-            }
-
-            return header_len_;
-        }
-
-        std::string_view get_header_value(std::string_view key) {
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
-                if (iequal(headers_[i].name, headers_[i].name_len, key.data()))
-                    return std::string_view(headers_[i].value, headers_[i].value_len);
-            }
-
-            return {};
-        }
-
-        bool is_chunked() {
-            auto transfer_encoding = this->get_header_value("transfer-encoding");
-            if (transfer_encoding == "chunked"sv) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        bool keep_alive() {
-            auto val = this->get_header_value("connection");
-            if (val.empty()|| iequal(val.data(), val.length(), "keep-alive")) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        int status() const {
-            return status_;
-        }
-
-        int header_len() const {
-            return header_len_;
-        }
-
-        int body_len() const {
-            return body_len_;
-        }
-
-        int total_len() const {
-            return header_len_ + body_len_;
-        }
-
-        std::string_view msg() const {
-            return msg_;
-        }
-
-        std::pair<phr_header*, size_t> get_headers() {
-            return { headers_ , num_headers_ };
-        }
-
-        void set_headers(const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& headers) {
-            num_headers_ = headers.size();
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
-                headers_[i].name = headers[i].first.data();
-                headers_[i].name_len = headers[i].first.size();
-                headers_[i].value = headers[i].second.data();
-                headers_[i].value_len = headers[i].second.size();
-            }            
-        }
-
-    private:
-        std::string_view get_header_value(phr_header* headers, size_t num_headers, std::string_view key) {
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
-                if (iequal(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len, key.data()))
-                    return std::string_view(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len);
-            }
-
-            return {};
-        }
-
-        bool iequal(const char* s, size_t l, const char* t) {
-            if (strlen(t) != l)
-                return false;
-
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
-                if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
-                    return false;
-            }
-
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        int status_ = 0;
-        std::string_view msg_;
-        size_t num_headers_ = 0;
-        int header_len_ = 0;
-        int body_len_ = 0;
-        struct phr_header headers_[100];
-    };
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+class http_parser {
+public:
+  int parse_response(const char *data, size_t size, int last_len) {
+    int minor_version;
+
+    num_headers_ = sizeof(headers_) / sizeof(headers_[0]);
+    const char *msg;
+    size_t msg_len;
+    header_len_ =
+        phr_parse_response(data, size, &minor_version, &status_, &msg, &msg_len,
+                           headers_, &num_headers_, last_len);
+    msg_ = {msg, msg_len};
+    auto header_value = this->get_header_value("content-length");
+    if (header_value.empty()) {
+      body_len_ = 0;
+    } else {
+      body_len_ = atoi(header_value.data());
+    }
+
+    return header_len_;
+  }
+
+  std::string_view get_header_value(std::string_view key) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
+      if (iequal(headers_[i].name, headers_[i].name_len, key.data()))
+        return std::string_view(headers_[i].value, headers_[i].value_len);
+    }
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  bool is_chunked() {
+    auto transfer_encoding = this->get_header_value("transfer-encoding");
+    if (transfer_encoding == "chunked"sv) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  bool keep_alive() {
+    auto val = this->get_header_value("connection");
+    if (val.empty() || iequal(val.data(), val.length(), "keep-alive")) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  int status() const { return status_; }
+
+  int header_len() const { return header_len_; }
+
+  int body_len() const { return body_len_; }
+
+  int total_len() const { return header_len_ + body_len_; }
+
+  std::string_view msg() const { return msg_; }
+
+  std::pair<phr_header *, size_t> get_headers() {
+    return {headers_, num_headers_};
+  }
+
+  void
+  set_headers(const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> &headers) {
+    num_headers_ = headers.size();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
+      headers_[i].name = headers[i].first.data();
+      headers_[i].name_len = headers[i].first.size();
+      headers_[i].value = headers[i].second.data();
+      headers_[i].value_len = headers[i].second.size();
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  std::string_view get_header_value(phr_header *headers, size_t num_headers,
+                                    std::string_view key) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
+      if (iequal(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len, key.data()))
+        return std::string_view(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len);
+    }
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  bool iequal(const char *s, size_t l, const char *t) {
+    if (strlen(t) != l)
+      return false;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+      if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  int status_ = 0;
+  std::string_view msg_;
+  size_t num_headers_ = 0;
+  int header_len_ = 0;
+  int body_len_ = 0;
+  struct phr_header headers_[100];
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/http_router.hpp b/include/cinatra/http_router.hpp
index 4385197..69d268e 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/http_router.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/http_router.hpp
@@ -1,216 +1,242 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <vector>
-#include <map>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <string>
-#include <string_view>
-#include "request.hpp"
-#include "response.hpp"
-#include "utils.hpp"
 #include "function_traits.hpp"
 #include "mime_types.hpp"
+#include "request.hpp"
+#include "response.hpp"
 #include "session.hpp"
+#include "utils.hpp"
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
 namespace cinatra {
-    namespace{
-        constexpr char DOT = '.';
-        constexpr char SLASH = '/';
-        constexpr std::string_view INDEX = "index";
+namespace {
+constexpr char DOT = '.';
+constexpr char SLASH = '/';
+constexpr std::string_view INDEX = "index";
+} // namespace
+
+class http_router {
+public:
+  template <http_method... Is, typename Function, typename... Ap>
+  std::enable_if_t<!std::is_member_function_pointer_v<Function>>
+  register_handler(std::string_view name, Function &&f, const Ap &...ap) {
+    if constexpr (sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
+      auto arr = get_method_arr<Is...>();
+      register_nonmember_func(name, arr, std::forward<Function>(f), ap...);
+    } else {
+      register_nonmember_func(name, {0}, std::forward<Function>(f), ap...);
     }
-
-	class http_router {
-	public:
-		template<http_method... Is, typename Function, typename... Ap>
-		std::enable_if_t<!std::is_member_function_pointer_v<Function>> register_handler(std::string_view name, Function&& f, const Ap&... ap) {
-			if constexpr(sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
-				auto arr = get_method_arr<Is...>();
-				register_nonmember_func(name, arr, std::forward<Function>(f), ap...);
-			}
-			else {
-				register_nonmember_func(name, {0}, std::forward<Function>(f), ap...);
-			}
-		}
-
-		template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1, typename... Ap>
-		std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<T*, T1>> register_handler(std::string_view name, Type (T::* f)(request&, response&), T1 t, const Ap&... ap) {
-			register_handler_impl<Is...>(name, f, t, ap...);
-		}
-
-		template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename... Ap>
-		void register_handler(std::string_view name, Type(T::* f)(request&, response&), const Ap&... ap) {
-			register_handler_impl<Is...>(name, f, (T*)nullptr, ap...);
-		}
-
-		void remove_handler(std::string name) {
-			this->map_invokers_.erase(name);
-		}
-
-		//elimate exception, resut type bool: true, success, false, failed
-		bool route(std::string_view method, std::string_view url, request& req, response& res) {
-			auto it = map_invokers_.find(url);
-			if (it != map_invokers_.end()) {
-				auto& pair = it->second;
-				if (method[0] < 'A' || method[0] > 'Z')
-					return false;
-
-				if (pair.first[method[0] - 65] == 0) {
-					return false;
-				}
-
-				pair.second(req, res);
-				return true;
-			}
-			else {
-				if (url.rfind(DOT) != std::string_view::npos) {
-					url = STATIC_RESOURCE;
-					return route(method, url, req, res);
-				}
-
-				return get_wildcard_function(url, req, res);
-			}
-		}
-
-	private:
-		bool get_wildcard_function(std::string_view key, request& req, response& res) {
-			for (auto& pair : wildcard_invokers_) {
-				if (key.find(pair.first) != std::string::npos) {
-					auto& t = pair.second;
-					t.second(req, res);
-					return true;
-				}
-			}
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1, typename... Ap>
-		void register_handler_impl(std::string_view name, Type T::* f, T1 t, const Ap&... ap) {
-			if constexpr(sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
-				auto arr = get_method_arr<Is...>();
-				register_member_func(name, arr, f, t, ap...);
-			}
-			else {
-				register_member_func(name, {0}, f, t, ap...);
-			}
-		}
-
-		template<typename Function, typename... AP>
-		void register_nonmember_func(std::string_view raw_name, const std::array<char, 26>& arr, Function f, const AP&... ap) {
-			if (raw_name.back()=='*') {
-				this->wildcard_invokers_[raw_name.substr(0, raw_name.length()-1)] = { arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke<Function, AP...>, this,
-					std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, std::move(f), ap...) };
-			}
-			else {
-				this->map_invokers_[raw_name] = { arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke<Function, AP...>, this,
-					std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, std::move(f), ap...) };
-			}
-		}
-
-		template<typename Function, typename... AP>
-		void invoke(request& req, response& res, Function f, AP... ap) {
-			using result_type = std::result_of_t<Function(request&, response&)>;
-			std::tuple<AP...> tp(std::move(ap)...);
-			bool r = do_ap_before(req, res, tp);
-
-			if (!r)
-				return;
-
-			if constexpr(std::is_void_v<result_type>) {
-				//business
-				f(req, res);
-				//after
-				do_void_after(req, res, tp);
-			}
-			else {
-				//business
-				result_type result = f(req, res);
-				//after
-				do_after(std::move(result), req, res, tp);
-			}
-		}
-
-		template<typename Function, typename Self, typename... AP>
-		void register_member_func(std::string_view raw_name, const std::array<char, 26>& arr, Function f, Self self, const AP&... ap) {
-			if (raw_name.back() == '*') {
-				this->wildcard_invokers_[raw_name.substr(0, raw_name.length() - 1)] = { arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke_mem<Function, Self, AP...>, this,
-					std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, f, self, ap...) };
-			}
-			else {
-				this->map_invokers_[raw_name] = { arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke_mem<Function, Self, AP...>, this,
-					std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, f, self, ap...) };
-			}
-		}
-
-		template<typename Function, typename Self, typename... AP>
-		void invoke_mem(request& req, response& res, Function f, Self self, AP... ap) {
-			using result_type = typename timax::function_traits<Function>::result_type;
-			std::tuple<AP...> tp(std::move(ap)...);
-			bool r = do_ap_before(req, res, tp);
-
-			if (!r)
-				return;
-			using nonpointer_type = std::remove_pointer_t<Self>;
-			if constexpr(std::is_void_v<result_type>) {
-				//business
-				if(self)
-					(*self.*f)(req, res);
-				else
-					(nonpointer_type{}.*f)(req, res);
-				//after
-				do_void_after(req, res, tp);
-			}
-			else {
-				//business
-				result_type result;
-				if (self)
-					result = (*self.*f)(req, res);
-				else
-					result = (nonpointer_type{}.*f)(req, res);
-				//after
-				do_after(std::move(result), req, res, tp);
-			}
-		}
-
-		template<typename Tuple>
-		bool do_ap_before(request& req, response& res, Tuple& tp) {
-			bool r = true;
-			for_each_l(tp, [&r, &req, &res](auto& item) {
-				if (!r)
-					return;
-
-				constexpr bool has_befor_mtd = has_before<decltype(item), request&, response&>::value;
-				if constexpr (has_befor_mtd)
-					r = item.before(req, res);
-			}, std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<Tuple>>{});
-
-			return r;
-		}
-
-		template<typename Tuple>
-		void do_void_after(request& req, response& res, Tuple& tp) {
-			bool r = true;
-			for_each_r(tp, [&r, &req, &res](auto& item) {
-				if (!r)
-					return;
-
-				constexpr bool has_after_mtd = has_after<decltype(item), request&, response&>::value;
-				if constexpr (has_after_mtd)
-					r = item.after(req, res);
-			}, std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<Tuple>>{});
-		}
-
-		template<typename T, typename Tuple>
-		void do_after(T&& result, request& req, response& res, Tuple& tp) {
-			bool r = true;
-			for_each_r(tp, [&r, result = std::move(result), &req, &res](auto& item){
-				if (!r)
-					return;
-
-				if constexpr (has_after<decltype(item), T, request&, response&>::value)
-					r = item.after(std::move(result), req, res);
-			}, std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<Tuple>>{});
-		}
-
-		typedef std::pair<std::array<char, 26>, std::function<void(request&, response&)>> invoker_function;
-		std::map<std::string_view, invoker_function> map_invokers_;
-		std::unordered_map<std::string_view, invoker_function> wildcard_invokers_; //for url/*
-	};
-}
+  }
+
+  template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1, typename... Ap>
+  std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<T *, T1>>
+  register_handler(std::string_view name, Type (T::*f)(request &, response &),
+                   T1 t, const Ap &...ap) {
+    register_handler_impl<Is...>(name, f, t, ap...);
+  }
+
+  template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename... Ap>
+  void register_handler(std::string_view name,
+                        Type (T::*f)(request &, response &), const Ap &...ap) {
+    register_handler_impl<Is...>(name, f, (T *)nullptr, ap...);
+  }
+
+  void remove_handler(std::string name) { this->map_invokers_.erase(name); }
+
+  // elimate exception, resut type bool: true, success, false, failed
+  bool route(std::string_view method, std::string_view url, request &req,
+             response &res) {
+    auto it = map_invokers_.find(url);
+    if (it != map_invokers_.end()) {
+      auto &pair = it->second;
+      if (method[0] < 'A' || method[0] > 'Z')
+        return false;
+
+      if (pair.first[method[0] - 65] == 0) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      pair.second(req, res);
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      if (url.rfind(DOT) != std::string_view::npos) {
+        url = STATIC_RESOURCE;
+        return route(method, url, req, res);
+      }
+
+      return get_wildcard_function(url, req, res);
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  bool get_wildcard_function(std::string_view key, request &req,
+                             response &res) {
+    for (auto &pair : wildcard_invokers_) {
+      if (key.find(pair.first) != std::string::npos) {
+        auto &t = pair.second;
+        t.second(req, res);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1, typename... Ap>
+  void register_handler_impl(std::string_view name, Type T::*f, T1 t,
+                             const Ap &...ap) {
+    if constexpr (sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
+      auto arr = get_method_arr<Is...>();
+      register_member_func(name, arr, f, t, ap...);
+    } else {
+      register_member_func(name, {0}, f, t, ap...);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Function, typename... AP>
+  void register_nonmember_func(std::string_view raw_name,
+                               const std::array<char, 26> &arr, Function f,
+                               const AP &...ap) {
+    if (raw_name.back() == '*') {
+      this->wildcard_invokers_[raw_name.substr(0, raw_name.length() - 1)] = {
+          arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke<Function, AP...>, this,
+                         std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2,
+                         std::move(f), ap...)};
+    } else {
+      this->map_invokers_[raw_name] = {
+          arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke<Function, AP...>, this,
+                         std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2,
+                         std::move(f), ap...)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Function, typename... AP>
+  void invoke(request &req, response &res, Function f, AP... ap) {
+    using result_type = std::result_of_t<Function(request &, response &)>;
+    std::tuple<AP...> tp(std::move(ap)...);
+    bool r = do_ap_before(req, res, tp);
+
+    if (!r)
+      return;
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_void_v<result_type>) {
+      // business
+      f(req, res);
+      // after
+      do_void_after(req, res, tp);
+    } else {
+      // business
+      result_type result = f(req, res);
+      // after
+      do_after(std::move(result), req, res, tp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Function, typename Self, typename... AP>
+  void register_member_func(std::string_view raw_name,
+                            const std::array<char, 26> &arr, Function f,
+                            Self self, const AP &...ap) {
+    if (raw_name.back() == '*') {
+      this->wildcard_invokers_[raw_name.substr(0, raw_name.length() - 1)] = {
+          arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke_mem<Function, Self, AP...>, this,
+                         std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, f, self,
+                         ap...)};
+    } else {
+      this->map_invokers_[raw_name] = {
+          arr, std::bind(&http_router::invoke_mem<Function, Self, AP...>, this,
+                         std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, f, self,
+                         ap...)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Function, typename Self, typename... AP>
+  void invoke_mem(request &req, response &res, Function f, Self self,
+                  AP... ap) {
+    using result_type = typename timax::function_traits<Function>::result_type;
+    std::tuple<AP...> tp(std::move(ap)...);
+    bool r = do_ap_before(req, res, tp);
+
+    if (!r)
+      return;
+    using nonpointer_type = std::remove_pointer_t<Self>;
+    if constexpr (std::is_void_v<result_type>) {
+      // business
+      if (self)
+        (*self.*f)(req, res);
+      else
+        (nonpointer_type{}.*f)(req, res);
+      // after
+      do_void_after(req, res, tp);
+    } else {
+      // business
+      result_type result;
+      if (self)
+        result = (*self.*f)(req, res);
+      else
+        result = (nonpointer_type{}.*f)(req, res);
+      // after
+      do_after(std::move(result), req, res, tp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Tuple>
+  bool do_ap_before(request &req, response &res, Tuple &tp) {
+    bool r = true;
+    for_each_l(
+        tp,
+        [&r, &req, &res](auto &item) {
+          if (!r)
+            return;
+
+          constexpr bool has_befor_mtd =
+              has_before<decltype(item), request &, response &>::value;
+          if constexpr (has_befor_mtd)
+            r = item.before(req, res);
+        },
+        std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<Tuple>>{});
+
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Tuple>
+  void do_void_after(request &req, response &res, Tuple &tp) {
+    bool r = true;
+    for_each_r(
+        tp,
+        [&r, &req, &res](auto &item) {
+          if (!r)
+            return;
+
+          constexpr bool has_after_mtd =
+              has_after<decltype(item), request &, response &>::value;
+          if constexpr (has_after_mtd)
+            r = item.after(req, res);
+        },
+        std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<Tuple>>{});
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename Tuple>
+  void do_after(T &&result, request &req, response &res, Tuple &tp) {
+    bool r = true;
+    for_each_r(
+        tp,
+        [&r, result = std::move(result), &req, &res](auto &item) {
+          if (!r)
+            return;
+
+          if constexpr (has_after<decltype(item), T, request &,
+                                  response &>::value)
+            r = item.after(std::move(result), req, res);
+        },
+        std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<Tuple>>{});
+  }
+
+  typedef std::pair<std::array<char, 26>,
+                    std::function<void(request &, response &)>>
+      invoker_function;
+  std::map<std::string_view, invoker_function> map_invokers_;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string_view, invoker_function>
+      wildcard_invokers_; // for url/*
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/http_server.hpp b/include/cinatra/http_server.hpp
index 4a163b6..fd2cfed 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/http_server.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/http_server.hpp
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "use_asio.hpp"
 #include <string>
-#include <vector>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
 
-#include "io_service_pool.hpp"
 #include "connection.hpp"
-#include "http_router.hpp"
-#include "router.hpp"
+#include "cookie.hpp"
 #include "function_traits.hpp"
-#include "url_encode_decode.hpp"
 #include "http_cache.hpp"
+#include "http_router.hpp"
+#include "io_service_pool.hpp"
+#include "router.hpp"
 #include "session_manager.hpp"
-#include "cookie.hpp"
+#include "url_encode_decode.hpp"
 
 namespace cinatra {
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class http_server_ : private noncopyable {
 public:
   using type = ScoketType;
   template <class... Args>
-  explicit http_server_(Args &&... args)
+  explicit http_server_(Args &&...args)
       : io_service_pool_(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {
     http_cache::get().set_cache_max_age(86400);
     init_conn_callback();
@@ -167,9 +167,10 @@ public:
 
   // set http handlers
   template <http_method... Is, typename Function, typename... AP>
-  void set_http_handler(std::string_view name, Function &&f, AP &&... ap) {
+  void set_http_handler(std::string_view name, Function &&f, AP &&...ap) {
     if constexpr (has_type<enable_cache<bool>,
-                           std::tuple<std::decay_t<AP>...>>::value) { // for cache
+                           std::tuple<std::decay_t<AP>...>>::value) { // for
+                                                                      // cache
       bool b = false;
       ((!b && (b = need_cache(std::forward<AP>(ap)))), ...);
       if (!b) {
@@ -429,7 +430,8 @@ private:
 
   void write_ranges_header(request &req, std::string_view mime,
                            std::string filename, std::string file_size) {
-    std::string header_str = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-origin: *\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\n";
+    std::string header_str = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-origin: "
+                             "*\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\n";
     header_str.append("Content-Disposition: attachment;filename=");
     header_str.append(std::move(filename)).append("\r\n");
     header_str.append("Connection: keep-alive\r\n");
@@ -555,4 +557,4 @@ using http_server_proxy = http_server_<T, io_service_pool>;
 
 using http_server = http_server_proxy<NonSSL>;
 using http_ssl_server = http_server_proxy<SSL>;
-}
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/io_service_pool.hpp b/include/cinatra/io_service_pool.hpp
index 6b7af28..00dd2ca 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/io_service_pool.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/io_service_pool.hpp
@@ -1,115 +1,95 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "use_asio.hpp"
-#include <vector>
+#include "utils.hpp"
 #include <memory>
 #include <thread>
-#include "utils.hpp"
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace cinatra {
+class io_service_pool : private noncopyable {
+public:
+  explicit io_service_pool(std::size_t pool_size) : next_io_service_(0) {
+    if (pool_size == 0)
+      pool_size = 1; // set default value as 1
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < pool_size; ++i) {
+      io_service_ptr io_service(new boost::asio::io_service);
+      work_ptr work(new boost::asio::io_service::work(*io_service));
+      io_services_.push_back(io_service);
+      work_.push_back(work);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void run() {
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<std::thread>> threads;
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < io_services_.size(); ++i) {
+      threads.emplace_back(std::make_shared<std::thread>(
+          [](io_service_ptr svr) { svr->run(); }, io_services_[i]));
+    }
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < threads.size(); ++i)
+      threads[i]->join();
+  }
+
+  intptr_t run_one() { return -1; }
+
+  intptr_t poll() { return -1; }
+
+  intptr_t poll_one() { return -1; }
+
+  void stop() {
+    work_.clear();
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < io_services_.size(); ++i)
+      io_services_[i]->stop();
+  }
+
+  boost::asio::io_service &get_io_service() {
+    boost::asio::io_service &io_service = *io_services_[next_io_service_];
+    ++next_io_service_;
+    if (next_io_service_ == io_services_.size())
+      next_io_service_ = 0;
+    return io_service;
+  }
+
+private:
+  using io_service_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service>;
+  using work_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service::work>;
+
+  std::vector<io_service_ptr> io_services_;
+  std::vector<work_ptr> work_;
+  std::size_t next_io_service_;
+};
+
+class io_service_inplace : private noncopyable {
+public:
+  explicit io_service_inplace() {
+    io_services_ = std::make_shared<boost::asio::io_service>();
+    work_ = std::make_shared<boost::asio::io_service::work>(*io_services_);
+  }
+
+  void run() { io_services_->run(); }
+
+  intptr_t run_one() { return io_services_->run_one(); }
+
+  intptr_t poll() { return io_services_->poll(); }
+
+  intptr_t poll_one() { return io_services_->poll_one(); }
+
+  void stop() {
+    work_ = nullptr;
+
+    if (io_services_)
+      io_services_->stop();
+  }
+
+  boost::asio::io_service &get_io_service() { return *io_services_; }
+
+private:
+  using io_service_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service>;
+  using work_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service::work>;
 
-namespace cinatra
-{
-	class io_service_pool : private noncopyable{
-	public:
-		explicit io_service_pool(std::size_t pool_size) : next_io_service_(0) {
-			if (pool_size == 0)
-				pool_size = 1; //set default value as 1
-
-			for (std::size_t i = 0; i < pool_size; ++i)
-			{
-				io_service_ptr io_service(new boost::asio::io_service);
-				work_ptr work(new boost::asio::io_service::work(*io_service));
-				io_services_.push_back(io_service);
-				work_.push_back(work);
-			}
-		}
-
-		void run() {
-			std::vector<std::shared_ptr<std::thread> > threads;
-			for (std::size_t i = 0; i < io_services_.size(); ++i){
-				threads.emplace_back(std::make_shared<std::thread>(
-					[](io_service_ptr svr) {
-						svr->run();
-					}, io_services_[i]));
-			}
-
-			for (std::size_t i = 0; i < threads.size(); ++i)
-				threads[i]->join();
-		}
-
-		intptr_t run_one() {
-			return -1;
-		}
-
-		intptr_t poll() {
-			return -1;
-		}
-
-		intptr_t poll_one() {
-			return -1;
-		}
-
-		void stop() {
-			work_.clear();
-
-			for (std::size_t i = 0; i < io_services_.size(); ++i)
-				io_services_[i]->stop();
-		}
-
-		boost::asio::io_service& get_io_service() {
-			boost::asio::io_service& io_service = *io_services_[next_io_service_];
-			++next_io_service_;
-			if (next_io_service_ == io_services_.size())
-				next_io_service_ = 0;
-			return io_service;
-		}
-
-	private:
-		using io_service_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service>;
-		using work_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service::work>;
-
-		std::vector<io_service_ptr> io_services_;
-		std::vector<work_ptr> work_;
-		std::size_t next_io_service_;
-	};
-
-	class io_service_inplace : private noncopyable{
-	public:
-		explicit io_service_inplace() {
-			io_services_ = std::make_shared<boost::asio::io_service>();
-			work_ = std::make_shared<boost::asio::io_service::work>(*io_services_);
-		}
-
-		void run() {
-			io_services_->run();
-		}
-
-		intptr_t run_one() {
-			return io_services_->run_one();
-		}
-
-		intptr_t poll() {
-			return io_services_->poll();
-		}
-
-		intptr_t poll_one() {
-			return io_services_->poll_one();
-		}
-
-		void stop() {
-			work_ = nullptr;
-
-			if (io_services_)
-				io_services_->stop();
-		}
-
-		boost::asio::io_service& get_io_service() {
-			return *io_services_;
-		}
-
-	private:
-		using io_service_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service>;
-		using work_ptr = std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_service::work>;
-
-		io_service_ptr io_services_;
-		work_ptr work_;
-	};
-}
+  io_service_ptr io_services_;
+  work_ptr work_;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/itoa.hpp b/include/cinatra/itoa.hpp
index da5c396..69769d8 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/itoa.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/itoa.hpp
@@ -28,249 +28,238 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <cstring>      // memcpy
+#include <cstring> // memcpy
 #include <type_traits>
 
 namespace dec_ {
 
-    // Using a lookup table to convert binary numbers from 0 to 99
-    // into ascii characters as described by Andrei Alexandrescu in
-    // https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/
-    //         three-optimization-tips-for-c/10151361643253920/
-
-	template < typename T, size_t N, typename Gen, size_t... Is >
-	constexpr auto generate_array(Gen&& item, std::index_sequence<Is...>)
-	{
-		return std::array<T, N>{ {item(Is)...}};
-	}
-
-	const std::array<char, 200>
-		digits = generate_array<char, 200>([](size_t i) {
-		return char('0' + ((i % 2) ? ((i / 2) % 10) : ((i / 2) / 10)));
-	}, std::make_index_sequence<200>{});
-
- //   extern const std::array<char,200> digits;
-    static inline uint16_t const& dd(uint8_t u) {
-        return reinterpret_cast<uint16_t const*>(digits.data())[u];
-    }
+// Using a lookup table to convert binary numbers from 0 to 99
+// into ascii characters as described by Andrei Alexandrescu in
+// https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/
+//         three-optimization-tips-for-c/10151361643253920/
 
-    template<typename T> static constexpr T pow10(size_t x) {
-        return x ? 10*pow10<T>(x-1) : 1;
-    }
+template <typename T, size_t N, typename Gen, size_t... Is>
+constexpr auto generate_array(Gen &&item, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
+  return std::array<T, N>{{item(Is)...}};
+}
 
-    // Division by a power of 10 is implemented using a multiplicative inverse.
-    // This strength reduction is also done by optimizing compilers, but
-    // presently the fastest results are produced by using the values
-    // for the multiplication and the shift as given by the algorithm
-    // described by Agner Fog in "Optimizing Subroutines in Assembly Language"
-    //
-    // http://www.agner.org/optimize/optimizing_assembly.pdf
-    //
-    // "Integer division by a constant (all processors)
-    // A floating point number can be divided by a constant by multiplying
-    // with the reciprocal. If we want to do the same with integers, we have
-    // to scale the reciprocal by 2n and then shift the product to the right
-    // by n. There are various algorithms for finding a suitable value of n
-    // and compensating for rounding errors. The algorithm described below
-    // was invented by Terje Mathisen, Norway, and not published elsewhere."
-
-   // using uint128_t = unsigned __int128;
-
-    template<typename UInt, bool A, UInt M, unsigned S> struct MulInv {
-        using type = UInt;
-        static constexpr bool     a{ A };
-        static constexpr UInt     m{ M };
-        static constexpr unsigned s{ S };
-    };
-    template<int, int, class...> struct UT;
-    template<int N, class T, class...Ts> struct UT<N,N,T,Ts...> { using U = T; };
-    template<int N, int M, class T, class...Ts> struct UT<N,M,T,Ts...> {
-        using U = typename UT<N,2*M,Ts...>::U;
-    };
-    template<int N> using MI = typename UT<N,1,
-        MulInv< uint8_t,   0,                  205U, 11 >,
-        MulInv< uint16_t,  1,                41943U, 22 >,
-        MulInv< uint32_t,  0,           3518437209U, 45 >,
-        MulInv< uint64_t,  0, 12379400392853802749U, 90 >
-        >::U;
-    template<int N> using U = typename MI<N>::type;
-
-    // struct QR holds the result of dividing an unsigned N-byte variable
-    // by 10^N resulting in
-    template<size_t N> struct QR {
-        U<N> q;   // quotient with fewer than 2*N decimal digits
-        U<N/2> r; // remainder with at most N decimal digits
-    };
-    template<size_t N> QR<N> static inline split( U<N> u ) {
-        constexpr MI<N> mi{};
-        U<N> q = (mi.m * (U<2*N>(u)+mi.a)) >> mi.s;
-        return { q, U<N/2>( u - q * pow10<U<N/2>>(N) ) };
-    }
+const std::array<char, 200> digits = generate_array<char, 200>(
+    [](size_t i) {
+      return char('0' + ((i % 2) ? ((i / 2) % 10) : ((i / 2) / 10)));
+    },
+    std::make_index_sequence<200>{});
 
-    enum Direction {Fwd,Rev};
-
-    template < Direction D >
-    struct convert
-    {
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-        // output the digits in either a forward or reverse direction
-        // use memcpy so compiler handles alignment on target architecture.
-        // Typically generates one store to memory with an optimizing
-        // compiler for target architecture that supports unaligned access.
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-
-        template<typename T>
-        static inline char* out(char* p, T&& obj) {
-            if (D==Rev) p -= sizeof(T);
-            memcpy(p,reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&obj),sizeof(T));
-            if (D==Fwd) p += sizeof(T);
-            return p;
-        }
-
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-        //     head: find most significant digit, skip leading zeros
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-
-        // "x" contains quotient and remainder after division by 10^N
-        // quotient is less than 10^N
-        template<size_t N>
-        static inline char* head(char* p, QR<N> x) {
-            return ( D==Fwd
-                     ?( tail( head(p,U<N/2>(x.q)),x.r))
-                     :( head( tail(p,x.r),U<N/2>(x.q))));
-        }
-
-        // "u" is less than 10^2*N
-        template<typename UInt, size_t N=sizeof(UInt)>
-        static inline char* head(char* p, UInt u) {
-            return ( u < pow10<U<N>>(N)
-                     ?( head(p,U<N/2>(u)))
-                     :( head<N>(p,split<N>(u))));
-        }
-
-        // recursion base case, selected when "u" is one byte
-        static inline char* head(char* p, U<1> u) {
-            return ( u < 10
-                     ?( out<char>(p,'0'+u))
-                     :( out(p,dd(u))));
-        }
-
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-        //     tail: produce all digits including leading zeros
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-
-        // recursive step, "u" is less than 10^2*N
-        template<typename UInt, size_t N=sizeof(UInt)>
-        static inline char* tail(char* p, UInt u) {
-            QR<N> x = split<N>(u);
-            return ( D==Fwd
-                     ?( tail( tail(p,U<N/2>(x.q)),x.r))
-                     :( tail( tail(p,x.r),U<N/2>(x.q))));
-        }
-
-        // recursion base case, selected when "u" is one byte
-        static inline char* tail(char* p, U<1> u) { return out(p,dd(u)); }
-
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-        // large values are >= 10^2*N
-        // where x contains quotient and remainder after division by 10^N
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-
-        template<size_t N>
-        static inline char* large(char* p, QR<N> x) {
-            QR<N> y = split<N>(x.q);
-            return ( D==Fwd
-                     ?( tail( tail( head(p,U<N/2>(y.q)),y.r),x.r))
-                     :( head( tail( tail(p,x.r),y.r),U<N/2>(y.q))));
-        }
-
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-        // handle values of "u" that might be >= 10^2*N
-        // where N is the size of "u" in bytes
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-
-        template<typename UInt, size_t N=sizeof(UInt)>
-        static inline char* itoa(char* p, UInt u) {
-            if (u < pow10<U<N>>(N)) return head(p,U<N/2>(u));
-            QR<N> x = split<N>(u);
-            return (u < pow10<U<N>>(2*N)
-                    ?( head<N>(p,x))
-                    :( large<N>(p,x)));
-        }
-
-        // selected when "u" is one byte
-        static inline char* itoa(char* p, U<1> u) {
-            if (u < 10) return out<char>(p,'0'+u);
-            if (u < 100) return out(p,dd(u));
-            return ( D==Fwd
-                     ?(  out(out<char>(p,'0'+u/100),dd(u%100)))
-                     :(  out<char>(out(p,dd(u%100)),'0'+u/100)));
-        }
-
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-        //     handle unsigned and signed integral operands
-        //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
-
-        // itoa: handle unsigned integral operands (selected by SFINAE)
-        template<typename U,
-            std::enable_if_t<! std::is_signed<U>::value
-                && std::is_integral<U>::value>* = nullptr>
-		static inline char* itoa( U u, char* p )
-        {
-            return convert<D>::template itoa(p,u);
-        }
-
-        // itoa: handle signed integral operands (selected by SFINAE)
-        template<typename I, size_t N=sizeof(I),
-            std::enable_if_t<std::is_signed<I>::value
-                && std::is_integral<I>::value>* = nullptr>
-		static inline char* itoa( I i, char* p )
-        {
-            // Need "mask" to be filled with a copy of the sign bit.
-            // If "i" is a negative value, then the result of "operator >>"
-            // is implementation-defined, though usually it is an arithmetic
-            // right shift that replicates the sign bit.
-            // Use a conditional expression to be portable,
-            // a good optimizing compiler generates an arithmetic right shift
-            // and avoids the conditional branch.
-            U<N> mask = i < 0 ? ~U<N>(0) : 0;
-            // Now get the absolute value of "i" and cast to unsigned type U<N>.
-            // Cannot use std::abs() because the result is undefined
-            // in 2's complement systems for the most-negative value.
-            // Want to avoid conditional branch for performance reasons since
-            // CPU branch prediction will be ineffective when negative values
-            // occur randomly.
-            // Let "u" be "i" cast to unsigned type U<N>.
-            // Subtract "u" from 2*u if "i" is positive or 0 if "i" is negative.
-            // This yields the absolute value with the desired type without
-            // using a conditional branch and without invoking undefined or
-            // implementation defined behavior:
-            U<N> u = ((2 * U<N>(i)) & ~mask) - U<N>(i);
-            // Unconditionally store a minus sign when producing digits
-            // in a forward direction and increment the pointer only if
-            // the value is in fact negative.
-            // This avoids a conditional branch and is safe because we will
-            // always produce at least one digit and it will overwrite the
-            // minus sign when the value is not negative.
-            if (D == Fwd) { *p = '-'; p += (mask&1); }
-            p = convert<D>::template itoa(p,u);
-            if (D == Rev && mask) *--p = '-';
-            return p;
-        }
-    };
+//   extern const std::array<char,200> digits;
+static inline uint16_t const &dd(uint8_t u) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<uint16_t const *>(digits.data())[u];
+}
+
+template <typename T> static constexpr T pow10(size_t x) {
+  return x ? 10 * pow10<T>(x - 1) : 1;
+}
+
+// Division by a power of 10 is implemented using a multiplicative inverse.
+// This strength reduction is also done by optimizing compilers, but
+// presently the fastest results are produced by using the values
+// for the multiplication and the shift as given by the algorithm
+// described by Agner Fog in "Optimizing Subroutines in Assembly Language"
+//
+// http://www.agner.org/optimize/optimizing_assembly.pdf
+//
+// "Integer division by a constant (all processors)
+// A floating point number can be divided by a constant by multiplying
+// with the reciprocal. If we want to do the same with integers, we have
+// to scale the reciprocal by 2n and then shift the product to the right
+// by n. There are various algorithms for finding a suitable value of n
+// and compensating for rounding errors. The algorithm described below
+// was invented by Terje Mathisen, Norway, and not published elsewhere."
+
+// using uint128_t = unsigned __int128;
+
+template <typename UInt, bool A, UInt M, unsigned S> struct MulInv {
+  using type = UInt;
+  static constexpr bool a{A};
+  static constexpr UInt m{M};
+  static constexpr unsigned s{S};
+};
+template <int, int, class...> struct UT;
+template <int N, class T, class... Ts> struct UT<N, N, T, Ts...> {
+  using U = T;
+};
+template <int N, int M, class T, class... Ts> struct UT<N, M, T, Ts...> {
+  using U = typename UT<N, 2 * M, Ts...>::U;
+};
+template <int N>
+using MI = typename UT<N, 1, MulInv<uint8_t, 0, 205U, 11>,
+                       MulInv<uint16_t, 1, 41943U, 22>,
+                       MulInv<uint32_t, 0, 3518437209U, 45>,
+                       MulInv<uint64_t, 0, 12379400392853802749U, 90>>::U;
+template <int N> using U = typename MI<N>::type;
+
+// struct QR holds the result of dividing an unsigned N-byte variable
+// by 10^N resulting in
+template <size_t N> struct QR {
+  U<N> q;     // quotient with fewer than 2*N decimal digits
+  U<N / 2> r; // remainder with at most N decimal digits
+};
+template <size_t N> QR<N> static inline split(U<N> u) {
+  constexpr MI<N> mi{};
+  U<N> q = (mi.m * (U<2 * N>(u) + mi.a)) >> mi.s;
+  return {q, U<N / 2>(u - q * pow10<U<N / 2>>(N))};
 }
 
+enum Direction { Fwd, Rev };
+
+template <Direction D> struct convert {
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+  // output the digits in either a forward or reverse direction
+  // use memcpy so compiler handles alignment on target architecture.
+  // Typically generates one store to memory with an optimizing
+  // compiler for target architecture that supports unaligned access.
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+  template <typename T> static inline char *out(char *p, T &&obj) {
+    if (D == Rev)
+      p -= sizeof(T);
+    memcpy(p, reinterpret_cast<const void *>(&obj), sizeof(T));
+    if (D == Fwd)
+      p += sizeof(T);
+    return p;
+  }
+
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+  //     head: find most significant digit, skip leading zeros
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+  // "x" contains quotient and remainder after division by 10^N
+  // quotient is less than 10^N
+  template <size_t N> static inline char *head(char *p, QR<N> x) {
+    return (D == Fwd ? (tail(head(p, U<N / 2>(x.q)), x.r))
+                     : (head(tail(p, x.r), U<N / 2>(x.q))));
+  }
+
+  // "u" is less than 10^2*N
+  template <typename UInt, size_t N = sizeof(UInt)>
+  static inline char *head(char *p, UInt u) {
+    return (u < pow10<U<N>>(N) ? (head(p, U<N / 2>(u)))
+                               : (head<N>(p, split<N>(u))));
+  }
+
+  // recursion base case, selected when "u" is one byte
+  static inline char *head(char *p, U<1> u) {
+    return (u < 10 ? (out<char>(p, '0' + u)) : (out(p, dd(u))));
+  }
+
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+  //     tail: produce all digits including leading zeros
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+  // recursive step, "u" is less than 10^2*N
+  template <typename UInt, size_t N = sizeof(UInt)>
+  static inline char *tail(char *p, UInt u) {
+    QR<N> x = split<N>(u);
+    return (D == Fwd ? (tail(tail(p, U<N / 2>(x.q)), x.r))
+                     : (tail(tail(p, x.r), U<N / 2>(x.q))));
+  }
+
+  // recursion base case, selected when "u" is one byte
+  static inline char *tail(char *p, U<1> u) { return out(p, dd(u)); }
+
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+  // large values are >= 10^2*N
+  // where x contains quotient and remainder after division by 10^N
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+  template <size_t N> static inline char *large(char *p, QR<N> x) {
+    QR<N> y = split<N>(x.q);
+    return (D == Fwd ? (tail(tail(head(p, U<N / 2>(y.q)), y.r), x.r))
+                     : (head(tail(tail(p, x.r), y.r), U<N / 2>(y.q))));
+  }
+
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+  // handle values of "u" that might be >= 10^2*N
+  // where N is the size of "u" in bytes
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+  template <typename UInt, size_t N = sizeof(UInt)>
+  static inline char *itoa(char *p, UInt u) {
+    if (u < pow10<U<N>>(N))
+      return head(p, U<N / 2>(u));
+    QR<N> x = split<N>(u);
+    return (u < pow10<U<N>>(2 * N) ? (head<N>(p, x)) : (large<N>(p, x)));
+  }
+
+  // selected when "u" is one byte
+  static inline char *itoa(char *p, U<1> u) {
+    if (u < 10)
+      return out<char>(p, '0' + u);
+    if (u < 100)
+      return out(p, dd(u));
+    return (D == Fwd ? (out(out<char>(p, '0' + u / 100), dd(u % 100)))
+                     : (out<char>(out(p, dd(u % 100)), '0' + u / 100)));
+  }
+
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+  //     handle unsigned and signed integral operands
+  //===----------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+  // itoa: handle unsigned integral operands (selected by SFINAE)
+  template <typename U,
+            std::enable_if_t<!std::is_signed<U>::value &&
+                             std::is_integral<U>::value> * = nullptr>
+  static inline char *itoa(U u, char *p) {
+    return convert<D>::template itoa(p, u);
+  }
+
+  // itoa: handle signed integral operands (selected by SFINAE)
+  template <typename I, size_t N = sizeof(I),
+            std::enable_if_t<std::is_signed<I>::value &&
+                             std::is_integral<I>::value> * = nullptr>
+  static inline char *itoa(I i, char *p) {
+    // Need "mask" to be filled with a copy of the sign bit.
+    // If "i" is a negative value, then the result of "operator >>"
+    // is implementation-defined, though usually it is an arithmetic
+    // right shift that replicates the sign bit.
+    // Use a conditional expression to be portable,
+    // a good optimizing compiler generates an arithmetic right shift
+    // and avoids the conditional branch.
+    U<N> mask = i < 0 ? ~U<N>(0) : 0;
+    // Now get the absolute value of "i" and cast to unsigned type U<N>.
+    // Cannot use std::abs() because the result is undefined
+    // in 2's complement systems for the most-negative value.
+    // Want to avoid conditional branch for performance reasons since
+    // CPU branch prediction will be ineffective when negative values
+    // occur randomly.
+    // Let "u" be "i" cast to unsigned type U<N>.
+    // Subtract "u" from 2*u if "i" is positive or 0 if "i" is negative.
+    // This yields the absolute value with the desired type without
+    // using a conditional branch and without invoking undefined or
+    // implementation defined behavior:
+    U<N> u = ((2 * U<N>(i)) & ~mask) - U<N>(i);
+    // Unconditionally store a minus sign when producing digits
+    // in a forward direction and increment the pointer only if
+    // the value is in fact negative.
+    // This avoids a conditional branch and is safe because we will
+    // always produce at least one digit and it will overwrite the
+    // minus sign when the value is not negative.
+    if (D == Fwd) {
+      *p = '-';
+      p += (mask & 1);
+    }
+    p = convert<D>::template itoa(p, u);
+    if (D == Rev && mask)
+      *--p = '-';
+    return p;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace dec_
+
 // Programming interface: itoa_fwd, itoa_rev
-template<typename I> char* itoa_fwd (I i,char *p) {
-     return dec_::convert<dec_::Fwd>::itoa(i,p);
+template <typename I> char *itoa_fwd(I i, char *p) {
+  return dec_::convert<dec_::Fwd>::itoa(i, p);
 }
 
-static char *
-xtoa (long long sval,
-      char * str,
-      int radix,
-      int signedp)
-{
+static char *xtoa(long long sval, char *str, int radix, int signedp) {
   unsigned long long uval;
   unsigned int uradix = radix;
   char *sp = str;
@@ -298,7 +287,7 @@ xtoa (long long sval,
 
   /* Mark end of string */
   sp3 = sp;
-  *sp-- = 0;  
+  *sp-- = 0;
 
   /* Reverse string contents (excluding sign) in place */
   while (sp2 < sp) {
@@ -310,8 +299,8 @@ xtoa (long long sval,
   return sp3;
 }
 
-template<typename I> char* itoa_rev (I i,char *p) {
-    return dec_::convert<dec_::Rev>::itoa(i,p);
+template <typename I> char *itoa_rev(I i, char *p) {
+  return dec_::convert<dec_::Rev>::itoa(i, p);
 }
 
 #endif // DEC_ITOA_IMPL_H
diff --git a/include/cinatra/itoa_jeaiii.hpp b/include/cinatra/itoa_jeaiii.hpp
index 9b83fc5..b579c75 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/itoa_jeaiii.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/itoa_jeaiii.hpp
@@ -26,18 +26,17 @@ SOFTWARE.
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 // form a 4.32 fixed point number: t = u * 2^32 / 10^log10(u)
-// use as much precision as possible when needed (log10(u) >= 5) 
+// use as much precision as possible when needed (log10(u) >= 5)
 // so shift up then down afterwards by log10(u) * log2(10) ~= 53/16
 // need to round up before and or after in some cases
-// once we have the fixed point number we can read off the digit in the upper 32 bits
-// and multiply the lower 32 bits by 10 to get the next digit and so on
-// we can do 2 digits at a time by multiplying by 100 each time
+// once we have the fixed point number we can read off the digit in the upper 32
+// bits and multiply the lower 32 bits by 10 to get the next digit and so on we
+// can do 2 digits at a time by multiplying by 100 each time
 
 // TODO:
-// x64 optimized verison (no need to line up on 32bit boundary, so can multiply by 5 instead of 10 using lea instruction)
-// full 64 bit LG()
-// try splitting the number into chucks that can be processed independently
-// try odd digit first
+// x64 optimized verison (no need to line up on 32bit boundary, so can multiply
+// by 5 instead of 10 using lea instruction) full 64 bit LG() try splitting the
+// number into chucks that can be processed independently try odd digit first
 // try writing 4 chars at a time
 
 namespace cinatra {
@@ -45,7 +44,10 @@ namespace cinatra {
     // 1 char at a time
 
 #define W(N, I) b[N] = char(I) + '0'
-#define A(N) t = (uint64_t(1) << (32 + N / 5 * N * 53 / 16)) / uint32_t(1e##N) + 1 - N / 9, t *= u, t >>= N / 5 * N * 53 / 16, t += N / 5 * 4, W(0, t >> 32)
+#define A(N)                                                                   \
+  t = (uint64_t(1) << (32 + N / 5 * N * 53 / 16)) / uint32_t(1e##N) + 1 -      \
+      N / 9,                                                                   \
+  t *= u, t >>= N / 5 * N * 53 / 16, t += N / 5 * 4, W(0, t >> 32)
 #define D(N) t = uint64_t(10) * uint32_t(t), W(N, t >> 32)
 
 #define L0 W(0, u)
@@ -60,14 +62,22 @@ namespace cinatra {
 #define L9 A(9), D(1), D(2), D(3), D(4), D(5), D(6), D(7), D(8), D(9)
 
 #else
-    // 2 chars at a time
-
-    struct pair { char t, o; };
-#define CINATRAP(T) T, '0',  T, '1', T, '2', T, '3', T, '4', T, '5', T, '6', T, '7', T, '8', T, '9'
-    static const pair s_pairs[] = { CINATRAP('0'), CINATRAP('1'), CINATRAP('2'), CINATRAP('3'), CINATRAP('4'), CINATRAP('5'), CINATRAP('6'), CINATRAP('7'), CINATRAP('8'), CINATRAP('9') };
-
-#define CINATRAW(N, I) *(pair*)&b[N] = s_pairs[I]
-#define CINATRAA(N) t = (uint64_t(1) << (32 + N / 5 * N * 53 / 16)) / uint32_t(1e##N) + 1 + N/6 - N/8, t *= u, t >>= N / 5 * N * 53 / 16, t += N / 6 * 4, CINATRAW(0, t >> 32)
+// 2 chars at a time
+
+struct pair {
+  char t, o;
+};
+#define CINATRAP(T)                                                            \
+  T, '0', T, '1', T, '2', T, '3', T, '4', T, '5', T, '6', T, '7', T, '8', T, '9'
+static const pair s_pairs[] = {
+    CINATRAP('0'), CINATRAP('1'), CINATRAP('2'), CINATRAP('3'), CINATRAP('4'),
+    CINATRAP('5'), CINATRAP('6'), CINATRAP('7'), CINATRAP('8'), CINATRAP('9')};
+
+#define CINATRAW(N, I) *(pair *)&b[N] = s_pairs[I]
+#define CINATRAA(N)                                                            \
+  t = (uint64_t(1) << (32 + N / 5 * N * 53 / 16)) / uint32_t(1e##N) + 1 +      \
+      N / 6 - N / 8,                                                           \
+  t *= u, t >>= N / 5 * N * 53 / 16, t += N / 6 * 4, CINATRAW(0, t >> 32)
 #define CINATRAS(N) b[N] = char(uint64_t(10) * uint32_t(t) >> 32) + '0'
 #define CINATRAD(N) t = uint64_t(100) * uint32_t(t), CINATRAW(N, t >> 32)
 
@@ -79,55 +89,63 @@ namespace cinatra {
 #define CINATRAL5 CINATRAA(4), CINATRAD(2), CINATRAD(4)
 #define CINATRAL6 CINATRAA(5), CINATRAD(2), CINATRAD(4), CINATRAS(6)
 #define CINATRAL7 CINATRAA(6), CINATRAD(2), CINATRAD(4), CINATRAD(6)
-#define CINATRAL8 CINATRAA(7), CINATRAD(2), CINATRAD(4), CINATRAD(6), CINATRAS(8)
-#define CINATRAL9 CINATRAA(8), CINATRAD(2), CINATRAD(4), CINATRAD(6), CINATRAD(8)
+#define CINATRAL8                                                              \
+  CINATRAA(7), CINATRAD(2), CINATRAD(4), CINATRAD(6), CINATRAS(8)
+#define CINATRAL9                                                              \
+  CINATRAA(8), CINATRAD(2), CINATRAD(4), CINATRAD(6), CINATRAD(8)
 
 #endif
 
 #define LN(N) (CINATRAL##N, b += N + 1)
 #define LZ LN
-    // if you want to '\0' terminate
-    //#define LZ(N) &(L##N, b[N + 1] = '\0')
-
-#define LG(F) (u<100 ? u<10 ? F(0) : F(1) : u<1000000 ? u<10000 ? u<1000 ? F(2) : F(3) : u<100000 ? F(4) : F(5) : u<100000000 ? u<10000000 ? F(6) : F(7) : u<1000000000 ? F(8) : F(9))
-
-    inline char* u32toa_jeaiii(uint32_t u, char* b) {
-        uint64_t t;
-        return LG(LZ);
-    }
-
-    inline char* i32toa_jeaiii(int32_t i, char* b) {
-        uint32_t u = i < 0 ? *b++ = '-', 0 - uint32_t(i) : i;
-        uint64_t t;
-        return LG(LZ);
-    }
-
-    inline char* u64toa_jeaiii(uint64_t n, char* b) {
-        uint32_t u;
-        uint64_t t;
-
-        if (uint32_t(n >> 32) == 0)
-            return u = uint32_t(n), LG(LZ);
-
-        uint64_t a = n / 100000000;
-
-        if (uint32_t(a >> 32) == 0) {
-            u = uint32_t(a);
-            LG(LN);
-        }
-        else {
-            u = uint32_t(a / 100000000);
-            LG(LN);
-            u = a % 100000000;
-            LN(7);
-        }
-
-        u = n % 100000000;
-        return LZ(7);
-    }
-
-    inline char* i64toa_jeaiii(int64_t i, char* b) {
-        uint64_t n = i < 0 ? *b++ = '-', 0 - uint64_t(i) : i;
-        return u64toa_jeaiii(n, b);
-    }
+// if you want to '\0' terminate
+//#define LZ(N) &(L##N, b[N + 1] = '\0')
+
+#define LG(F)                                                                  \
+  (u < 100          ? u < 10 ? F(0) : F(1)                                     \
+            : u < 1000000 ? u < 10000    ? u < 1000 ? F(2) : F(3)              \
+                               : u < 100000 ? F(4)                             \
+                                         : F(5)                                \
+            : u < 100000000 ? u < 10000000 ? F(6) : F(7)                       \
+            : u < 1000000000 ? F(8)                                            \
+                    : F(9))
+
+inline char *u32toa_jeaiii(uint32_t u, char *b) {
+  uint64_t t;
+  return LG(LZ);
+}
+
+inline char *i32toa_jeaiii(int32_t i, char *b) {
+  uint32_t u = i < 0 ? *b++ = '-', 0 - uint32_t(i) : i;
+  uint64_t t;
+  return LG(LZ);
+}
+
+inline char *u64toa_jeaiii(uint64_t n, char *b) {
+  uint32_t u;
+  uint64_t t;
+
+  if (uint32_t(n >> 32) == 0)
+    return u = uint32_t(n), LG(LZ);
+
+  uint64_t a = n / 100000000;
+
+  if (uint32_t(a >> 32) == 0) {
+    u = uint32_t(a);
+    LG(LN);
+  } else {
+    u = uint32_t(a / 100000000);
+    LG(LN);
+    u = a % 100000000;
+    LN(7);
+  }
+
+  u = n % 100000000;
+  return LZ(7);
+}
+
+inline char *i64toa_jeaiii(int64_t i, char *b) {
+  uint64_t n = i < 0 ? *b++ = '-', 0 - uint64_t(i) : i;
+  return u64toa_jeaiii(n, b);
 }
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/mime_types.hpp b/include/cinatra/mime_types.hpp
index 798c1e3..927114f 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/mime_types.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/mime_types.hpp
@@ -1,509 +1,511 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <string_view>
 #include <map>
+#include <string_view>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	static const std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view, ci_less> mime_map ={
-	{ ".323", "text/h323" },
-	{ ".3gp", "video/3gpp" },
-	{ ".aab", "application/x-authoware-bin" },
-	{ ".aam", "application/x-authoware-map" },
-	{ ".aas", "application/x-authoware-seg" },
-	{ ".acx", "application/internet-property-stream" },
-	{ ".ai", "application/postscript" },
-	{ ".aif", "audio/x-aiff" },
-	{ ".aifc", "audio/x-aiff" },
-	{ ".aiff", "audio/x-aiff" },
-	{ ".als", "audio/X-Alpha5" },
-	{ ".amc", "application/x-mpeg" },
-	{ ".ani", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".apk", "application/vnd.android.package-archive" },
-	{ ".asc", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".asd", "application/astound" },
-	{ ".asf", "video/x-ms-asf" },
-	{ ".asn", "application/astound" },
-	{ ".asp", "application/x-asap" },
-	{ ".asr", "video/x-ms-asf" },
-	{ ".asx", "video/x-ms-asf" },
-	{ ".au", "audio/basic" },
-	{ ".avb", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".avi", "video/x-msvideo" },
-	{ ".awb", "audio/amr-wb" },
-	{ ".axs", "application/olescript" },
-	{ ".bas", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".bcpio", "application/x-bcpio" },
-	{ ".bin ", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".bld", "application/bld" },
-	{ ".bld2", "application/bld2" },
-	{ ".bmp", "image/bmp" },
-	{ ".bpk", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".bz2", "application/x-bzip2" },
-	{ ".c", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".cal", "image/x-cals" },
-	{ ".cat", "application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat" },
-	{ ".ccn", "application/x-cnc" },
-	{ ".cco", "application/x-cocoa" },
-	{ ".cdf", "application/x-cdf" },
-	{ ".cer", "application/x-x509-ca-cert" },
-	{ ".cgi", "magnus-internal/cgi" },
-	{ ".chat", "application/x-chat" },
-	{ ".class", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".clp", "application/x-msclip" },
-	{ ".cmx", "image/x-cmx" },
-	{ ".co", "application/x-cult3d-object" },
-	{ ".cod", "image/cis-cod" },
-	{ ".conf", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".cpio", "application/x-cpio" },
-	{ ".cpp", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".cpt", "application/mac-compactpro" },
-	{ ".crd", "application/x-mscardfile" },
-	{ ".crl", "application/pkix-crl" },
-	{ ".crt", "application/x-x509-ca-cert" },
-	{ ".csh", "application/x-csh" },
-	{ ".csm", "chemical/x-csml" },
-	{ ".csml", "chemical/x-csml" },
-	{ ".css", "text/css" },
-	{ ".cur", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".dcm", "x-lml/x-evm" },
-	{ ".dcr", "application/x-director" },
-	{ ".dcx", "image/x-dcx" },
-	{ ".der", "application/x-x509-ca-cert" },
-	{ ".dhtml", "text/html" },
-	{ ".dir", "application/x-director" },
-	{ ".dll", "application/x-msdownload" },
-	{ ".dmg", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".dms", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".doc", "application/msword" },
-	{ ".docx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" },
-	{ ".dot", "application/msword" },
-	{ ".dvi", "application/x-dvi" },
-	{ ".dwf", "drawing/x-dwf" },
-	{ ".dwg", "application/x-autocad" },
-	{ ".dxf", "application/x-autocad" },
-	{ ".dxr", "application/x-director" },
-	{ ".ebk", "application/x-expandedbook" },
-	{ ".emb", "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" },
-	{ ".embl", "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" },
-	{ ".eps", "application/postscript" },
-	{ ".epub", "application/epub+zip" },
-	{ ".eri", "image/x-eri" },
-	{ ".es", "audio/echospeech" },
-	{ ".esl", "audio/echospeech" },
-	{ ".etc", "application/x-earthtime" },
-	{ ".etx", "text/x-setext" },
-	{ ".evm", "x-lml/x-evm" },
-	{ ".evy", "application/envoy" },
-	{ ".exe", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".fh4", "image/x-freehand" },
-	{ ".fh5", "image/x-freehand" },
-	{ ".fhc", "image/x-freehand" },
-	{ ".fif", "application/fractals" },
-	{ ".flr", "x-world/x-vrml" },
-	{ ".flv", "flv-application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".fm", "application/x-maker" },
-	{ ".fpx", "image/x-fpx" },
-	{ ".fvi", "video/isivideo" },
-	{ ".gau", "chemical/x-gaussian-input" },
-	{ ".gca", "application/x-gca-compressed" },
-	{ ".gdb", "x-lml/x-gdb" },
-	{ ".gif", "image/gif" },
-	{ ".gps", "application/x-gps" },
-	{ ".gtar", "application/x-gtar" },
-	{ ".gz", "application/x-gzip" },
-	{ ".h", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".hdf", "application/x-hdf" },
-	{ ".hdm", "text/x-hdml" },
-	{ ".hdml", "text/x-hdml" },
-	{ ".hlp", "application/winhlp" },
-	{ ".hqx", "application/mac-binhex40" },
-	{ ".hta", "application/hta" },
-	{ ".htc", "text/x-component" },
-	{ ".htm", "text/html" },
-	{ ".html", "text/html" },
-	{ ".hts", "text/html" },
-	{ ".htt", "text/webviewhtml" },
-	{ ".ice", "x-conference/x-cooltalk" },
-	{ ".ico", "image/x-icon" },
-	{ ".ief", "image/ief" },
-	{ ".ifm", "image/gif" },
-	{ ".ifs", "image/ifs" },
-	{ ".iii", "application/x-iphone" },
-	{ ".imy", "audio/melody" },
-	{ ".ins", "application/x-internet-signup" },
-	{ ".ips", "application/x-ipscript" },
-	{ ".ipx", "application/x-ipix" },
-	{ ".isp", "application/x-internet-signup" },
-	{ ".it", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".itz", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".ivr", "i-world/i-vrml" },
-	{ ".j2k", "image/j2k" },
-	{ ".jad", "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor" },
-	{ ".jam", "application/x-jam" },
-	{ ".jar", "application/java-archive" },
-	{ ".java", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".jfif", "image/pipeg" },
-	{ ".jnlp", "application/x-java-jnlp-file" },
-	{ ".jpe", "image/jpeg" },
-	{ ".jpeg", "image/jpeg" },
-	{ ".jpg", "image/jpeg" },
-	{ ".jpz", "image/jpeg" },
-	{ ".js", "application/x-javascript" },
-	{ ".jwc", "application/jwc" },
-	{ ".kjx", "application/x-kjx" },
-	{ ".lak", "x-lml/x-lak" },
-	{ ".latex", "application/x-latex" },
-	{ ".lcc", "application/fastman" },
-	{ ".lcl", "application/x-digitalloca" },
-	{ ".lcr", "application/x-digitalloca" },
-	{ ".lgh", "application/lgh" },
-	{ ".lha", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".lml", "x-lml/x-lml" },
-	{ ".lmlpack", "x-lml/x-lmlpack" },
-	{ ".log", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".lsf", "video/x-la-asf" },
-	{ ".lsx", "video/x-la-asf" },
-	{ ".lzh", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".m13", "application/x-msmediaview" },
-	{ ".m14", "application/x-msmediaview" },
-	{ ".m15", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".m3u", "audio/x-mpegurl" },
-	{ ".m3url", "audio/x-mpegurl" },
-	{ ".m4a", "audio/mp4a-latm" },
-	{ ".m4b", "audio/mp4a-latm" },
-	{ ".m4p", "audio/mp4a-latm" },
-	{ ".m4u", "video/vnd.mpegurl" },
-	{ ".m4v", "video/x-m4v" },
-	{ ".ma1", "audio/ma1" },
-	{ ".ma2", "audio/ma2" },
-	{ ".ma3", "audio/ma3" },
-	{ ".ma5", "audio/ma5" },
-	{ ".man", "application/x-troff-man" },
-	{ ".map", "magnus-internal/imagemap" },
-	{ ".mbd", "application/mbedlet" },
-	{ ".mct", "application/x-mascot" },
-	{ ".mdb", "application/x-msaccess" },
-	{ ".mdz", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".me", "application/x-troff-me" },
-	{ ".mel", "text/x-vmel" },
-	{ ".mht", "message/rfc822" },
-	{ ".mhtml", "message/rfc822" },
-	{ ".mi", "application/x-mif" },
-	{ ".mid", "audio/mid" },
-	{ ".midi", "audio/midi" },
-	{ ".mif", "application/x-mif" },
-	{ ".mil", "image/x-cals" },
-	{ ".mio", "audio/x-mio" },
-	{ ".mmf", "application/x-skt-lbs" },
-	{ ".mng", "video/x-mng" },
-	{ ".mny", "application/x-msmoney" },
-	{ ".moc", "application/x-mocha" },
-	{ ".mocha", "application/x-mocha" },
-	{ ".mod", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".mof", "application/x-yumekara" },
-	{ ".mol", "chemical/x-mdl-molfile" },
-	{ ".mop", "chemical/x-mopac-input" },
-	{ ".mov", "video/quicktime" },
-	{ ".movie", "video/x-sgi-movie" },
-	{ ".mp2", "video/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mp3", "audio/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mp4", "video/mp4" },
-	{ ".mpa", "video/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mpc", "application/vnd.mpohun.certificate" },
-	{ ".mpe", "video/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mpeg", "video/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mpg", "video/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mpg4", "video/mp4" },
-	{ ".mpga", "audio/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mpn", "application/vnd.mophun.application" },
-	{ ".mpp", "application/vnd.ms-project" },
-	{ ".mps", "application/x-mapserver" },
-	{ ".mpv2", "video/mpeg" },
-	{ ".mrl", "text/x-mrml" },
-	{ ".mrm", "application/x-mrm" },
-	{ ".ms", "application/x-troff-ms" },
-	{ ".msg", "application/vnd.ms-outlook" },
-	{ ".mts", "application/metastream" },
-	{ ".mtx", "application/metastream" },
-	{ ".mtz", "application/metastream" },
-	{ ".mvb", "application/x-msmediaview" },
-	{ ".mzv", "application/metastream" },
-	{ ".nar", "application/zip" },
-	{ ".nbmp", "image/nbmp" },
-	{ ".nc", "application/x-netcdf" },
-	{ ".ndb", "x-lml/x-ndb" },
-	{ ".ndwn", "application/ndwn" },
-	{ ".nif", "application/x-nif" },
-	{ ".nmz", "application/x-scream" },
-	{ ".nokia-op-logo", "image/vnd.nok-oplogo-color" },
-	{ ".npx", "application/x-netfpx" },
-	{ ".nsnd", "audio/nsnd" },
-	{ ".nva", "application/x-neva1" },
-	{ ".nws", "message/rfc822" },
-	{ ".oda", "application/oda" },
-	{ ".ogg", "audio/ogg" },
-	{ ".oom", "application/x-AtlasMate-Plugin" },
-	{ ".p10", "application/pkcs10" },
-	{ ".p12", "application/x-pkcs12" },
-	{ ".p7b", "application/x-pkcs7-certificates" },
-	{ ".p7c", "application/x-pkcs7-mime" },
-	{ ".p7m", "application/x-pkcs7-mime" },
-	{ ".p7r", "application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp" },
-	{ ".p7s", "application/x-pkcs7-signature" },
-	{ ".pac", "audio/x-pac" },
-	{ ".pae", "audio/x-epac" },
-	{ ".pan", "application/x-pan" },
-	{ ".pbm", "image/x-portable-bitmap" },
-	{ ".pcx", "image/x-pcx" },
-	{ ".pda", "image/x-pda" },
-	{ ".pdb", "chemical/x-pdb" },
-	{ ".pdf", "application/pdf" },
-	{ ".pfr", "application/font-tdpfr" },
-	{ ".pfx", "application/x-pkcs12" },
-	{ ".pgm", "image/x-portable-graymap" },
-	{ ".pict", "image/x-pict" },
-	{ ".pko", "application/ynd.ms-pkipko" },
-	{ ".pm", "application/x-perl" },
-	{ ".pma", "application/x-perfmon" },
-	{ ".pmc", "application/x-perfmon" },
-	{ ".pmd", "application/x-pmd" },
-	{ ".pml", "application/x-perfmon" },
-	{ ".pmr", "application/x-perfmon" },
-	{ ".pmw", "application/x-perfmon" },
-	{ ".png", "image/png" },
-	{ ".pnm", "image/x-portable-anymap" },
-	{ ".pnz", "image/png" },
-	{ ".pot,", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" },
-	{ ".ppm", "image/x-portable-pixmap" },
-	{ ".pps", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" },
-	{ ".ppt", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" },
-	{ ".pptx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation" },
-	{ ".pqf", "application/x-cprplayer" },
-	{ ".pqi", "application/cprplayer" },
-	{ ".prc", "application/x-prc" },
-	{ ".prf", "application/pics-rules" },
-	{ ".prop", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".proxy", "application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig" },
-	{ ".ps", "application/postscript" },
-	{ ".ptlk", "application/listenup" },
-	{ ".pub", "application/x-mspublisher" },
-	{ ".pvx", "video/x-pv-pvx" },
-	{ ".qcp", "audio/vnd.qcelp" },
-	{ ".qt", "video/quicktime" },
-	{ ".qti", "image/x-quicktime" },
-	{ ".qtif", "image/x-quicktime" },
-	{ ".r3t", "text/vnd.rn-realtext3d" },
-	{ ".ra", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
-	{ ".ram", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
-	{ ".rar", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".ras", "image/x-cmu-raster" },
-	{ ".rc", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".rdf", "application/rdf+xml" },
-	{ ".rf", "image/vnd.rn-realflash" },
-	{ ".rgb", "image/x-rgb" },
-	{ ".rlf", "application/x-richlink" },
-	{ ".rm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
-	{ ".rmf", "audio/x-rmf" },
-	{ ".rmi", "audio/mid" },
-	{ ".rmm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
-	{ ".rmvb", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
-	{ ".rnx", "application/vnd.rn-realplayer" },
-	{ ".roff", "application/x-troff" },
-	{ ".rp", "image/vnd.rn-realpix" },
-	{ ".rpm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin" },
-	{ ".rt", "text/vnd.rn-realtext" },
-	{ ".rte", "x-lml/x-gps" },
-	{ ".rtf", "application/rtf" },
-	{ ".rtg", "application/metastream" },
-	{ ".rtx", "text/richtext" },
-	{ ".rv", "video/vnd.rn-realvideo" },
-	{ ".rwc", "application/x-rogerwilco" },
-	{ ".s3m", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".s3z", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".sca", "application/x-supercard" },
-	{ ".scd", "application/x-msschedule" },
-	{ ".sct", "text/scriptlet" },
-	{ ".sdf", "application/e-score" },
-	{ ".sea", "application/x-stuffit" },
-	{ ".setpay", "application/set-payment-initiation" },
-	{ ".setreg", "application/set-registration-initiation" },
-	{ ".sgm", "text/x-sgml" },
-	{ ".sgml", "text/x-sgml" },
-	{ ".sh", "application/x-sh" },
-	{ ".shar", "application/x-shar" },
-	{ ".shtml", "magnus-internal/parsed-html" },
-	{ ".shw", "application/presentations" },
-	{ ".si6", "image/si6" },
-	{ ".si7", "image/vnd.stiwap.sis" },
-	{ ".si9", "image/vnd.lgtwap.sis" },
-	{ ".sis", "application/vnd.symbian.install" },
-	{ ".sit", "application/x-stuffit" },
-	{ ".skd", "application/x-Koan" },
-	{ ".skm", "application/x-Koan" },
-	{ ".skp", "application/x-Koan" },
-	{ ".skt", "application/x-Koan" },
-	{ ".slc", "application/x-salsa" },
-	{ ".smd", "audio/x-smd" },
-	{ ".smi", "application/smil" },
-	{ ".smil", "application/smil" },
-	{ ".smp", "application/studiom" },
-	{ ".smz", "audio/x-smd" },
-	{ ".snd", "audio/basic" },
-	{ ".spc", "application/x-pkcs7-certificates" },
-	{ ".spl", "application/futuresplash" },
-	{ ".spr", "application/x-sprite" },
-	{ ".sprite", "application/x-sprite" },
-	{ ".sdp", "application/sdp" },
-	{ ".spt", "application/x-spt" },
-	{ ".src", "application/x-wais-source" },
-	{ ".sst", "application/vnd.ms-pkicertstore" },
-	{ ".stk", "application/hyperstudio" },
-	{ ".stl", "application/vnd.ms-pkistl" },
-	{ ".stm", "text/html" },
-	{ ".svg", "image/svg+xml" },
-	{ ".sv4cpio", "application/x-sv4cpio" },
-	{ ".sv4crc", "application/x-sv4crc" },
-	{ ".svf", "image/vnd" },
-	{ ".eot", "application/vnd.ms-fontobject" },
-	{ ".woff", "application/font-woff" },
-	{ ".svh", "image/svh" },
-	{ ".svr", "x-world/x-svr" },
-	{ ".swf", "application/x-shockwave-flash" },
-	{ ".swfl", "application/x-shockwave-flash" },
-	{ ".t", "application/x-troff" },
-	{ ".tad", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".talk", "text/x-speech" },
-	{ ".tar", "application/x-tar" },
-	{ ".taz", "application/x-tar" },
-	{ ".tbp", "application/x-timbuktu" },
-	{ ".tbt", "application/x-timbuktu" },
-	{ ".tcl", "application/x-tcl" },
-	{ ".tex", "application/x-tex" },
-	{ ".texi", "application/x-texinfo" },
-	{ ".texinfo", "application/x-texinfo" },
-	{ ".tgz", "application/x-compressed" },
-	{ ".thm", "application/vnd.eri.thm" },
-	{ ".tif", "image/tiff" },
-	{ ".tiff", "image/tiff" },
-	{ ".tki", "application/x-tkined" },
-	{ ".tkined", "application/x-tkined" },
-	{ ".toc", "application/toc" },
-	{ ".toy", "image/toy" },
-	{ ".tr", "application/x-troff" },
-	{ ".trk", "x-lml/x-gps" },
-	{ ".trm", "application/x-msterminal" },
-	{ ".tsi", "audio/tsplayer" },
-	{ ".tsp", "application/dsptype" },
-	{ ".tsv", "text/tab-separated-values" },
-	{ ".ttf", "application/octet-stream" },
-	{ ".ttz", "application/t-time" },
-	{ ".txt", "text/plain" },
-	{ ".uls", "text/iuls" },
-	{ ".ult", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".ustar", "application/x-ustar" },
-	{ ".uu", "application/x-uuencode" },
-	{ ".uue", "application/x-uuencode" },
-	{ ".vcd", "application/x-cdlink" },
-	{ ".vcf", "text/x-vcard" },
-	{ ".vdo", "video/vdo" },
-	{ ".vib", "audio/vib" },
-	{ ".viv", "video/vivo" },
-	{ ".vivo", "video/vivo" },
-	{ ".vmd", "application/vocaltec-media-desc" },
-	{ ".vmf", "application/vocaltec-media-file" },
-	{ ".vmi", "application/x-dreamcast-vms-info" },
-	{ ".vms", "application/x-dreamcast-vms" },
-	{ ".vox", "audio/voxware" },
-	{ ".vqe", "audio/x-twinvq-plugin" },
-	{ ".vqf", "audio/x-twinvq" },
-	{ ".vql", "audio/x-twinvq" },
-	{ ".vre", "x-world/x-vream" },
-	{ ".vrml", "x-world/x-vrml" },
-	{ ".vrt", "x-world/x-vrt" },
-	{ ".vrw", "x-world/x-vream" },
-	{ ".vts", "workbook/formulaone" },
-	{ ".wav", "audio/x-wav" },
-	{ ".wax", "audio/x-ms-wax" },
-	{ ".wbmp", "image/vnd.wap.wbmp" },
-	{ ".wcm", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
-	{ ".wdb", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
-	{ ".web", "application/vnd.xara" },
-	{ ".wi", "image/wavelet" },
-	{ ".wis", "application/x-InstallShield" },
-	{ ".wks", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
-	{ ".wm", "video/x-ms-wm" },
-	{ ".wma", "audio/x-ms-wma" },
-	{ ".wmd", "application/x-ms-wmd" },
-	{ ".wmf", "application/x-msmetafile" },
-	{ ".wml", "text/vnd.wap.wml" },
-	{ ".wmlc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlc" },
-	{ ".wmls", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript" },
-	{ ".wmlsc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc" },
-	{ ".wmlscript", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript" },
-	{ ".wmv", "audio/x-ms-wmv" },
-	{ ".wmx", "video/x-ms-wmx" },
-	{ ".wmz", "application/x-ms-wmz" },
-	{ ".wpng", "image/x-up-wpng" },
-	{ ".wps", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
-	{ ".wpt", "x-lml/x-gps" },
-	{ ".wri", "application/x-mswrite" },
-	{ ".wrl", "x-world/x-vrml" },
-	{ ".wrz", "x-world/x-vrml" },
-	{ ".ws", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript" },
-	{ ".wsc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc" },
-	{ ".wv", "video/wavelet" },
-	{ ".wvx", "video/x-ms-wvx" },
-	{ ".wxl", "application/x-wxl" },
-	{ ".x-gzip", "application/x-gzip" },
-	{ ".xaf", "x-world/x-vrml" },
-	{ ".xar", "application/vnd.xara" },
-	{ ".xbm", "image/x-xbitmap" },
-	{ ".xdm", "application/x-xdma" },
-	{ ".xdma", "application/x-xdma" },
-	{ ".xdw", "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks" },
-	{ ".xht", "application/xhtml+xml" },
-	{ ".xhtm", "application/xhtml+xml" },
-	{ ".xhtml", "application/xhtml+xml" },
-	{ ".xla", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
-	{ ".xlc", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
-	{ ".xll", "application/x-excel" },
-	{ ".xlm", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
-	{ ".xls", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
-	{ ".xlsx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" },
-	{ ".xlt", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
-	{ ".xlw", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
-	{ ".xm", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".xml","text/plain" },
-	{ ".xml","application/xml" },
-	{ ".xmz", "audio/x-mod" },
-	{ ".xof", "x-world/x-vrml" },
-	{ ".xpi", "application/x-xpinstall" },
-	{ ".xpm", "image/x-xpixmap" },
-	{ ".xsit", "text/xml" },
-	{ ".xsl", "text/xml" },
-	{ ".xul", "text/xul" },
-	{ ".xwd", "image/x-xwindowdump" },
-	{ ".xyz", "chemical/x-pdb" },
-	{ ".yz1", "application/x-yz1" },
-	{ ".z", "application/x-compress" },
-	{ ".zac", "application/x-zaurus-zac" },
-	{ ".zip", "application/zip" },
-	{ ".json", "application/json" },
-    { ".7z", "application/x-7z-compressed" },
-	};
+static const std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view, ci_less> mime_map = {
+    {".323", "text/h323"},
+    {".3gp", "video/3gpp"},
+    {".aab", "application/x-authoware-bin"},
+    {".aam", "application/x-authoware-map"},
+    {".aas", "application/x-authoware-seg"},
+    {".acx", "application/internet-property-stream"},
+    {".ai", "application/postscript"},
+    {".aif", "audio/x-aiff"},
+    {".aifc", "audio/x-aiff"},
+    {".aiff", "audio/x-aiff"},
+    {".als", "audio/X-Alpha5"},
+    {".amc", "application/x-mpeg"},
+    {".ani", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".apk", "application/vnd.android.package-archive"},
+    {".asc", "text/plain"},
+    {".asd", "application/astound"},
+    {".asf", "video/x-ms-asf"},
+    {".asn", "application/astound"},
+    {".asp", "application/x-asap"},
+    {".asr", "video/x-ms-asf"},
+    {".asx", "video/x-ms-asf"},
+    {".au", "audio/basic"},
+    {".avb", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".avi", "video/x-msvideo"},
+    {".awb", "audio/amr-wb"},
+    {".axs", "application/olescript"},
+    {".bas", "text/plain"},
+    {".bcpio", "application/x-bcpio"},
+    {".bin ", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".bld", "application/bld"},
+    {".bld2", "application/bld2"},
+    {".bmp", "image/bmp"},
+    {".bpk", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".bz2", "application/x-bzip2"},
+    {".c", "text/plain"},
+    {".cal", "image/x-cals"},
+    {".cat", "application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat"},
+    {".ccn", "application/x-cnc"},
+    {".cco", "application/x-cocoa"},
+    {".cdf", "application/x-cdf"},
+    {".cer", "application/x-x509-ca-cert"},
+    {".cgi", "magnus-internal/cgi"},
+    {".chat", "application/x-chat"},
+    {".class", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".clp", "application/x-msclip"},
+    {".cmx", "image/x-cmx"},
+    {".co", "application/x-cult3d-object"},
+    {".cod", "image/cis-cod"},
+    {".conf", "text/plain"},
+    {".cpio", "application/x-cpio"},
+    {".cpp", "text/plain"},
+    {".cpt", "application/mac-compactpro"},
+    {".crd", "application/x-mscardfile"},
+    {".crl", "application/pkix-crl"},
+    {".crt", "application/x-x509-ca-cert"},
+    {".csh", "application/x-csh"},
+    {".csm", "chemical/x-csml"},
+    {".csml", "chemical/x-csml"},
+    {".css", "text/css"},
+    {".cur", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".dcm", "x-lml/x-evm"},
+    {".dcr", "application/x-director"},
+    {".dcx", "image/x-dcx"},
+    {".der", "application/x-x509-ca-cert"},
+    {".dhtml", "text/html"},
+    {".dir", "application/x-director"},
+    {".dll", "application/x-msdownload"},
+    {".dmg", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".dms", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".doc", "application/msword"},
+    {".docx",
+     "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"},
+    {".dot", "application/msword"},
+    {".dvi", "application/x-dvi"},
+    {".dwf", "drawing/x-dwf"},
+    {".dwg", "application/x-autocad"},
+    {".dxf", "application/x-autocad"},
+    {".dxr", "application/x-director"},
+    {".ebk", "application/x-expandedbook"},
+    {".emb", "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide"},
+    {".embl", "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide"},
+    {".eps", "application/postscript"},
+    {".epub", "application/epub+zip"},
+    {".eri", "image/x-eri"},
+    {".es", "audio/echospeech"},
+    {".esl", "audio/echospeech"},
+    {".etc", "application/x-earthtime"},
+    {".etx", "text/x-setext"},
+    {".evm", "x-lml/x-evm"},
+    {".evy", "application/envoy"},
+    {".exe", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".fh4", "image/x-freehand"},
+    {".fh5", "image/x-freehand"},
+    {".fhc", "image/x-freehand"},
+    {".fif", "application/fractals"},
+    {".flr", "x-world/x-vrml"},
+    {".flv", "flv-application/octet-stream"},
+    {".fm", "application/x-maker"},
+    {".fpx", "image/x-fpx"},
+    {".fvi", "video/isivideo"},
+    {".gau", "chemical/x-gaussian-input"},
+    {".gca", "application/x-gca-compressed"},
+    {".gdb", "x-lml/x-gdb"},
+    {".gif", "image/gif"},
+    {".gps", "application/x-gps"},
+    {".gtar", "application/x-gtar"},
+    {".gz", "application/x-gzip"},
+    {".h", "text/plain"},
+    {".hdf", "application/x-hdf"},
+    {".hdm", "text/x-hdml"},
+    {".hdml", "text/x-hdml"},
+    {".hlp", "application/winhlp"},
+    {".hqx", "application/mac-binhex40"},
+    {".hta", "application/hta"},
+    {".htc", "text/x-component"},
+    {".htm", "text/html"},
+    {".html", "text/html"},
+    {".hts", "text/html"},
+    {".htt", "text/webviewhtml"},
+    {".ice", "x-conference/x-cooltalk"},
+    {".ico", "image/x-icon"},
+    {".ief", "image/ief"},
+    {".ifm", "image/gif"},
+    {".ifs", "image/ifs"},
+    {".iii", "application/x-iphone"},
+    {".imy", "audio/melody"},
+    {".ins", "application/x-internet-signup"},
+    {".ips", "application/x-ipscript"},
+    {".ipx", "application/x-ipix"},
+    {".isp", "application/x-internet-signup"},
+    {".it", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".itz", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".ivr", "i-world/i-vrml"},
+    {".j2k", "image/j2k"},
+    {".jad", "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor"},
+    {".jam", "application/x-jam"},
+    {".jar", "application/java-archive"},
+    {".java", "text/plain"},
+    {".jfif", "image/pipeg"},
+    {".jnlp", "application/x-java-jnlp-file"},
+    {".jpe", "image/jpeg"},
+    {".jpeg", "image/jpeg"},
+    {".jpg", "image/jpeg"},
+    {".jpz", "image/jpeg"},
+    {".js", "application/x-javascript"},
+    {".jwc", "application/jwc"},
+    {".kjx", "application/x-kjx"},
+    {".lak", "x-lml/x-lak"},
+    {".latex", "application/x-latex"},
+    {".lcc", "application/fastman"},
+    {".lcl", "application/x-digitalloca"},
+    {".lcr", "application/x-digitalloca"},
+    {".lgh", "application/lgh"},
+    {".lha", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".lml", "x-lml/x-lml"},
+    {".lmlpack", "x-lml/x-lmlpack"},
+    {".log", "text/plain"},
+    {".lsf", "video/x-la-asf"},
+    {".lsx", "video/x-la-asf"},
+    {".lzh", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".m13", "application/x-msmediaview"},
+    {".m14", "application/x-msmediaview"},
+    {".m15", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".m3u", "audio/x-mpegurl"},
+    {".m3url", "audio/x-mpegurl"},
+    {".m4a", "audio/mp4a-latm"},
+    {".m4b", "audio/mp4a-latm"},
+    {".m4p", "audio/mp4a-latm"},
+    {".m4u", "video/vnd.mpegurl"},
+    {".m4v", "video/x-m4v"},
+    {".ma1", "audio/ma1"},
+    {".ma2", "audio/ma2"},
+    {".ma3", "audio/ma3"},
+    {".ma5", "audio/ma5"},
+    {".man", "application/x-troff-man"},
+    {".map", "magnus-internal/imagemap"},
+    {".mbd", "application/mbedlet"},
+    {".mct", "application/x-mascot"},
+    {".mdb", "application/x-msaccess"},
+    {".mdz", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".me", "application/x-troff-me"},
+    {".mel", "text/x-vmel"},
+    {".mht", "message/rfc822"},
+    {".mhtml", "message/rfc822"},
+    {".mi", "application/x-mif"},
+    {".mid", "audio/mid"},
+    {".midi", "audio/midi"},
+    {".mif", "application/x-mif"},
+    {".mil", "image/x-cals"},
+    {".mio", "audio/x-mio"},
+    {".mmf", "application/x-skt-lbs"},
+    {".mng", "video/x-mng"},
+    {".mny", "application/x-msmoney"},
+    {".moc", "application/x-mocha"},
+    {".mocha", "application/x-mocha"},
+    {".mod", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".mof", "application/x-yumekara"},
+    {".mol", "chemical/x-mdl-molfile"},
+    {".mop", "chemical/x-mopac-input"},
+    {".mov", "video/quicktime"},
+    {".movie", "video/x-sgi-movie"},
+    {".mp2", "video/mpeg"},
+    {".mp3", "audio/mpeg"},
+    {".mp4", "video/mp4"},
+    {".mpa", "video/mpeg"},
+    {".mpc", "application/vnd.mpohun.certificate"},
+    {".mpe", "video/mpeg"},
+    {".mpeg", "video/mpeg"},
+    {".mpg", "video/mpeg"},
+    {".mpg4", "video/mp4"},
+    {".mpga", "audio/mpeg"},
+    {".mpn", "application/vnd.mophun.application"},
+    {".mpp", "application/vnd.ms-project"},
+    {".mps", "application/x-mapserver"},
+    {".mpv2", "video/mpeg"},
+    {".mrl", "text/x-mrml"},
+    {".mrm", "application/x-mrm"},
+    {".ms", "application/x-troff-ms"},
+    {".msg", "application/vnd.ms-outlook"},
+    {".mts", "application/metastream"},
+    {".mtx", "application/metastream"},
+    {".mtz", "application/metastream"},
+    {".mvb", "application/x-msmediaview"},
+    {".mzv", "application/metastream"},
+    {".nar", "application/zip"},
+    {".nbmp", "image/nbmp"},
+    {".nc", "application/x-netcdf"},
+    {".ndb", "x-lml/x-ndb"},
+    {".ndwn", "application/ndwn"},
+    {".nif", "application/x-nif"},
+    {".nmz", "application/x-scream"},
+    {".nokia-op-logo", "image/vnd.nok-oplogo-color"},
+    {".npx", "application/x-netfpx"},
+    {".nsnd", "audio/nsnd"},
+    {".nva", "application/x-neva1"},
+    {".nws", "message/rfc822"},
+    {".oda", "application/oda"},
+    {".ogg", "audio/ogg"},
+    {".oom", "application/x-AtlasMate-Plugin"},
+    {".p10", "application/pkcs10"},
+    {".p12", "application/x-pkcs12"},
+    {".p7b", "application/x-pkcs7-certificates"},
+    {".p7c", "application/x-pkcs7-mime"},
+    {".p7m", "application/x-pkcs7-mime"},
+    {".p7r", "application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp"},
+    {".p7s", "application/x-pkcs7-signature"},
+    {".pac", "audio/x-pac"},
+    {".pae", "audio/x-epac"},
+    {".pan", "application/x-pan"},
+    {".pbm", "image/x-portable-bitmap"},
+    {".pcx", "image/x-pcx"},
+    {".pda", "image/x-pda"},
+    {".pdb", "chemical/x-pdb"},
+    {".pdf", "application/pdf"},
+    {".pfr", "application/font-tdpfr"},
+    {".pfx", "application/x-pkcs12"},
+    {".pgm", "image/x-portable-graymap"},
+    {".pict", "image/x-pict"},
+    {".pko", "application/ynd.ms-pkipko"},
+    {".pm", "application/x-perl"},
+    {".pma", "application/x-perfmon"},
+    {".pmc", "application/x-perfmon"},
+    {".pmd", "application/x-pmd"},
+    {".pml", "application/x-perfmon"},
+    {".pmr", "application/x-perfmon"},
+    {".pmw", "application/x-perfmon"},
+    {".png", "image/png"},
+    {".pnm", "image/x-portable-anymap"},
+    {".pnz", "image/png"},
+    {".pot,", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint"},
+    {".ppm", "image/x-portable-pixmap"},
+    {".pps", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint"},
+    {".ppt", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint"},
+    {".pptx", "application/"
+              "vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation"},
+    {".pqf", "application/x-cprplayer"},
+    {".pqi", "application/cprplayer"},
+    {".prc", "application/x-prc"},
+    {".prf", "application/pics-rules"},
+    {".prop", "text/plain"},
+    {".proxy", "application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig"},
+    {".ps", "application/postscript"},
+    {".ptlk", "application/listenup"},
+    {".pub", "application/x-mspublisher"},
+    {".pvx", "video/x-pv-pvx"},
+    {".qcp", "audio/vnd.qcelp"},
+    {".qt", "video/quicktime"},
+    {".qti", "image/x-quicktime"},
+    {".qtif", "image/x-quicktime"},
+    {".r3t", "text/vnd.rn-realtext3d"},
+    {".ra", "audio/x-pn-realaudio"},
+    {".ram", "audio/x-pn-realaudio"},
+    {".rar", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".ras", "image/x-cmu-raster"},
+    {".rc", "text/plain"},
+    {".rdf", "application/rdf+xml"},
+    {".rf", "image/vnd.rn-realflash"},
+    {".rgb", "image/x-rgb"},
+    {".rlf", "application/x-richlink"},
+    {".rm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio"},
+    {".rmf", "audio/x-rmf"},
+    {".rmi", "audio/mid"},
+    {".rmm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio"},
+    {".rmvb", "audio/x-pn-realaudio"},
+    {".rnx", "application/vnd.rn-realplayer"},
+    {".roff", "application/x-troff"},
+    {".rp", "image/vnd.rn-realpix"},
+    {".rpm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin"},
+    {".rt", "text/vnd.rn-realtext"},
+    {".rte", "x-lml/x-gps"},
+    {".rtf", "application/rtf"},
+    {".rtg", "application/metastream"},
+    {".rtx", "text/richtext"},
+    {".rv", "video/vnd.rn-realvideo"},
+    {".rwc", "application/x-rogerwilco"},
+    {".s3m", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".s3z", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".sca", "application/x-supercard"},
+    {".scd", "application/x-msschedule"},
+    {".sct", "text/scriptlet"},
+    {".sdf", "application/e-score"},
+    {".sea", "application/x-stuffit"},
+    {".setpay", "application/set-payment-initiation"},
+    {".setreg", "application/set-registration-initiation"},
+    {".sgm", "text/x-sgml"},
+    {".sgml", "text/x-sgml"},
+    {".sh", "application/x-sh"},
+    {".shar", "application/x-shar"},
+    {".shtml", "magnus-internal/parsed-html"},
+    {".shw", "application/presentations"},
+    {".si6", "image/si6"},
+    {".si7", "image/vnd.stiwap.sis"},
+    {".si9", "image/vnd.lgtwap.sis"},
+    {".sis", "application/vnd.symbian.install"},
+    {".sit", "application/x-stuffit"},
+    {".skd", "application/x-Koan"},
+    {".skm", "application/x-Koan"},
+    {".skp", "application/x-Koan"},
+    {".skt", "application/x-Koan"},
+    {".slc", "application/x-salsa"},
+    {".smd", "audio/x-smd"},
+    {".smi", "application/smil"},
+    {".smil", "application/smil"},
+    {".smp", "application/studiom"},
+    {".smz", "audio/x-smd"},
+    {".snd", "audio/basic"},
+    {".spc", "application/x-pkcs7-certificates"},
+    {".spl", "application/futuresplash"},
+    {".spr", "application/x-sprite"},
+    {".sprite", "application/x-sprite"},
+    {".sdp", "application/sdp"},
+    {".spt", "application/x-spt"},
+    {".src", "application/x-wais-source"},
+    {".sst", "application/vnd.ms-pkicertstore"},
+    {".stk", "application/hyperstudio"},
+    {".stl", "application/vnd.ms-pkistl"},
+    {".stm", "text/html"},
+    {".svg", "image/svg+xml"},
+    {".sv4cpio", "application/x-sv4cpio"},
+    {".sv4crc", "application/x-sv4crc"},
+    {".svf", "image/vnd"},
+    {".eot", "application/vnd.ms-fontobject"},
+    {".woff", "application/font-woff"},
+    {".svh", "image/svh"},
+    {".svr", "x-world/x-svr"},
+    {".swf", "application/x-shockwave-flash"},
+    {".swfl", "application/x-shockwave-flash"},
+    {".t", "application/x-troff"},
+    {".tad", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".talk", "text/x-speech"},
+    {".tar", "application/x-tar"},
+    {".taz", "application/x-tar"},
+    {".tbp", "application/x-timbuktu"},
+    {".tbt", "application/x-timbuktu"},
+    {".tcl", "application/x-tcl"},
+    {".tex", "application/x-tex"},
+    {".texi", "application/x-texinfo"},
+    {".texinfo", "application/x-texinfo"},
+    {".tgz", "application/x-compressed"},
+    {".thm", "application/vnd.eri.thm"},
+    {".tif", "image/tiff"},
+    {".tiff", "image/tiff"},
+    {".tki", "application/x-tkined"},
+    {".tkined", "application/x-tkined"},
+    {".toc", "application/toc"},
+    {".toy", "image/toy"},
+    {".tr", "application/x-troff"},
+    {".trk", "x-lml/x-gps"},
+    {".trm", "application/x-msterminal"},
+    {".tsi", "audio/tsplayer"},
+    {".tsp", "application/dsptype"},
+    {".tsv", "text/tab-separated-values"},
+    {".ttf", "application/octet-stream"},
+    {".ttz", "application/t-time"},
+    {".txt", "text/plain"},
+    {".uls", "text/iuls"},
+    {".ult", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".ustar", "application/x-ustar"},
+    {".uu", "application/x-uuencode"},
+    {".uue", "application/x-uuencode"},
+    {".vcd", "application/x-cdlink"},
+    {".vcf", "text/x-vcard"},
+    {".vdo", "video/vdo"},
+    {".vib", "audio/vib"},
+    {".viv", "video/vivo"},
+    {".vivo", "video/vivo"},
+    {".vmd", "application/vocaltec-media-desc"},
+    {".vmf", "application/vocaltec-media-file"},
+    {".vmi", "application/x-dreamcast-vms-info"},
+    {".vms", "application/x-dreamcast-vms"},
+    {".vox", "audio/voxware"},
+    {".vqe", "audio/x-twinvq-plugin"},
+    {".vqf", "audio/x-twinvq"},
+    {".vql", "audio/x-twinvq"},
+    {".vre", "x-world/x-vream"},
+    {".vrml", "x-world/x-vrml"},
+    {".vrt", "x-world/x-vrt"},
+    {".vrw", "x-world/x-vream"},
+    {".vts", "workbook/formulaone"},
+    {".wav", "audio/x-wav"},
+    {".wax", "audio/x-ms-wax"},
+    {".wbmp", "image/vnd.wap.wbmp"},
+    {".wcm", "application/vnd.ms-works"},
+    {".wdb", "application/vnd.ms-works"},
+    {".web", "application/vnd.xara"},
+    {".wi", "image/wavelet"},
+    {".wis", "application/x-InstallShield"},
+    {".wks", "application/vnd.ms-works"},
+    {".wm", "video/x-ms-wm"},
+    {".wma", "audio/x-ms-wma"},
+    {".wmd", "application/x-ms-wmd"},
+    {".wmf", "application/x-msmetafile"},
+    {".wml", "text/vnd.wap.wml"},
+    {".wmlc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlc"},
+    {".wmls", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript"},
+    {".wmlsc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc"},
+    {".wmlscript", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript"},
+    {".wmv", "audio/x-ms-wmv"},
+    {".wmx", "video/x-ms-wmx"},
+    {".wmz", "application/x-ms-wmz"},
+    {".wpng", "image/x-up-wpng"},
+    {".wps", "application/vnd.ms-works"},
+    {".wpt", "x-lml/x-gps"},
+    {".wri", "application/x-mswrite"},
+    {".wrl", "x-world/x-vrml"},
+    {".wrz", "x-world/x-vrml"},
+    {".ws", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript"},
+    {".wsc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc"},
+    {".wv", "video/wavelet"},
+    {".wvx", "video/x-ms-wvx"},
+    {".wxl", "application/x-wxl"},
+    {".x-gzip", "application/x-gzip"},
+    {".xaf", "x-world/x-vrml"},
+    {".xar", "application/vnd.xara"},
+    {".xbm", "image/x-xbitmap"},
+    {".xdm", "application/x-xdma"},
+    {".xdma", "application/x-xdma"},
+    {".xdw", "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks"},
+    {".xht", "application/xhtml+xml"},
+    {".xhtm", "application/xhtml+xml"},
+    {".xhtml", "application/xhtml+xml"},
+    {".xla", "application/vnd.ms-excel"},
+    {".xlc", "application/vnd.ms-excel"},
+    {".xll", "application/x-excel"},
+    {".xlm", "application/vnd.ms-excel"},
+    {".xls", "application/vnd.ms-excel"},
+    {".xlsx",
+     "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet"},
+    {".xlt", "application/vnd.ms-excel"},
+    {".xlw", "application/vnd.ms-excel"},
+    {".xm", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".xml", "text/plain"},
+    {".xml", "application/xml"},
+    {".xmz", "audio/x-mod"},
+    {".xof", "x-world/x-vrml"},
+    {".xpi", "application/x-xpinstall"},
+    {".xpm", "image/x-xpixmap"},
+    {".xsit", "text/xml"},
+    {".xsl", "text/xml"},
+    {".xul", "text/xul"},
+    {".xwd", "image/x-xwindowdump"},
+    {".xyz", "chemical/x-pdb"},
+    {".yz1", "application/x-yz1"},
+    {".z", "application/x-compress"},
+    {".zac", "application/x-zaurus-zac"},
+    {".zip", "application/zip"},
+    {".json", "application/json"},
+    {".7z", "application/x-7z-compressed"},
+};
 
-	static std::map<cinatra::req_content_type,std::string_view> res_mime_map = {
-			{cinatra::req_content_type::html,"text/html; charset=UTF-8"},
-			{cinatra::req_content_type::json,"application/json; charset=UTF-8"},
-			{cinatra::req_content_type::string,"text/plain; charset=UTF-8"},
-			{cinatra::req_content_type::multipart,"multipart/form-data; boundary="}
-	};
+static std::map<cinatra::req_content_type, std::string_view> res_mime_map = {
+    {cinatra::req_content_type::html, "text/html; charset=UTF-8"},
+    {cinatra::req_content_type::json, "application/json; charset=UTF-8"},
+    {cinatra::req_content_type::string, "text/plain; charset=UTF-8"},
+    {cinatra::req_content_type::multipart, "multipart/form-data; boundary="}};
 
-	inline std::string_view get_mime_type(std::string_view extension) {
-		auto it = mime_map.find(std::string(extension.data(), extension.size()));
-		if (it == mime_map.end()) {
-			return "application/octet-stream";
-		}
+inline std::string_view get_mime_type(std::string_view extension) {
+  auto it = mime_map.find(std::string(extension.data(), extension.size()));
+  if (it == mime_map.end()) {
+    return "application/octet-stream";
+  }
 
-		return it->second;
-	}
+  return it->second;
 }
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/modern_callback.h b/include/cinatra/modern_callback.h
index 17faf00..c8b4764 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/modern_callback.h
+++ b/include/cinatra/modern_callback.h
@@ -14,19 +14,27 @@
  *limitations under the License.
  */
 
-//Modern Callback
+// Modern Callback
 //
-//An asynchronous function that uses callbacks to process results will involve the following concepts:
-//_Input_t...: Input parameters of asynchronous functions;
-//_Signature_t: The function signature of this asynchronous callback; should meet the type of 'void (_Exception_t, _Result_t ...)' or 'void (_Result_t ...)’
-//_Callable_t: Callback function or mark, if it is a callback function, it needs to comply with the signature type of _Signature_t. This callback must be called once, and only once;
-//_Return_t: The return value of the asynchronous function;
-//_Result_t...: The result value after the completion of the asynchronous function is used as the input parameter of the callback function; this parameter can have zero or more;
-//_Exception_t: The exception of the callback function, if you don't like the exception, ignore this part, but you have to handle the exception properly with the asynchronous code;
+// An asynchronous function that uses callbacks to process results will involve
+// the following concepts: _Input_t...: Input parameters of asynchronous
+//functions; _Signature_t: The function signature of this asynchronous callback;
+//should meet the type of 'void (_Exception_t, _Result_t ...)' or 'void
+//(_Result_t ...)’ _Callable_t: Callback function or mark, if it is a callback
+//function, it needs to comply with the signature type of _Signature_t. This
+//callback must be called once, and only once; _Return_t: The return value of
+//the asynchronous function; _Result_t...: The result value after the completion
+//of the asynchronous function is used as the input parameter of the callback
+//function; this parameter can have zero or more; _Exception_t: The exception of
+//the callback function, if you don't like the exception, ignore this part, but
+//you have to handle the exception properly with the asynchronous code;
 //
-//In the callback adapter model, The '_Input_t.../_Result_t/_Exception_t(Optional)' is an inherent part of the functionality provided by asynchronous functions;
-//The '_Callable_t / _Return_t' part is not used directly, but is handled separately by the adapter.
-//This gives the adapter an opportunity to expand into future mode, call chain mode, and support coroutines.
+// In the callback adapter model, The
+// '_Input_t.../_Result_t/_Exception_t(Optional)' is an inherent part of the
+// functionality provided by asynchronous functions; The '_Callable_t /
+// _Return_t' part is not used directly, but is handled separately by the
+// adapter. This gives the adapter an opportunity to expand into future mode,
+// call chain mode, and support coroutines.
 
 #pragma once
 #ifndef MODERN_CALLBACK_HEADER_FILE
@@ -34,39 +42,42 @@
 
 #include <tuple>
 
-//Prepare return_void_t and adapter_t for asynchronous functions
-namespace modern_callback
-{
-	//Solve the syntax problem of returning void through an indirect class in order to optimize the return value
-	struct return_void_t
-	{
-		void get() {}
-	};
+// Prepare return_void_t and adapter_t for asynchronous functions
+namespace modern_callback {
+// Solve the syntax problem of returning void through an indirect class in order
+// to optimize the return value
+struct return_void_t {
+  void get() {}
+};
 
-	//Callback adapter template class
-	//_Callable_t must conform to _Signature_t signature
-	//This class does not do any effective work except for transferring tokens
-	//Real work waits for specialized classes to do
-	template<typename _Callable_t, typename _Signature_t>
-	struct adapter_t
-	{
-		using callback_type = _Callable_t;
-		using return_type = return_void_t;
-		using result_type = void;
+// Callback adapter template class
+//_Callable_t must conform to _Signature_t signature
+// This class does not do any effective work except for transferring tokens
+// Real work waits for specialized classes to do
+template <typename _Callable_t, typename _Signature_t> struct adapter_t {
+  using callback_type = _Callable_t;
+  using return_type = return_void_t;
+  using result_type = void;
 
-        template<typename _Callable2_t>
-        static std::tuple<callback_type, return_type> traits(_Callable2_t&& token) {
-            return { std::forward<_Callable2_t>(token), {} };
-        }
-	};
-}
+  template <typename _Callable2_t>
+  static std::tuple<callback_type, return_type> traits(_Callable2_t &&token) {
+    return {std::forward<_Callable2_t>(token), {}};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace modern_callback
 
-#define MODERN_CALLBACK_TRAITS(_Token_value, _Signature_t) \
-	using _Adapter_t__ = modern_callback::adapter_t<std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<_Callable_t>>, _Signature_t>; \
-	auto _Adapter_value__ = _Adapter_t__::traits(std::forward<_Callable_t>(_Token_value))
+#define MODERN_CALLBACK_TRAITS(_Token_value, _Signature_t)                     \
+  using _Adapter_t__ = modern_callback::adapter_t<                             \
+      std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<_Callable_t>>, _Signature_t>;   \
+  auto _Adapter_value__ =                                                      \
+      _Adapter_t__::traits(std::forward<_Callable_t>(_Token_value))
 #define MODERN_CALLBACK_CALL() std::move(std::get<0>(_Adapter_value__))
-#define MODERN_CALLBACK_RETURN() return std::move(std::get<1>(_Adapter_value__)).get()
-#define MODERN_CALLBACK_RESULT(_Signature_t) typename modern_callback::adapter_t<std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<_Callable_t>>, _Signature_t>::result_type
+#define MODERN_CALLBACK_RETURN()                                               \
+  return std::move(std::get<1>(_Adapter_value__)).get()
+#define MODERN_CALLBACK_RESULT(_Signature_t)                                   \
+  typename modern_callback::adapter_t<                                         \
+      std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<_Callable_t>>,                  \
+      _Signature_t>::result_type
 
 #if 0
 //tostring_async demonstrates that in other threads, the input value of _Input_t is converted to _Result_t of type std :: string.
@@ -94,4 +105,4 @@ auto tostring_async(_Input_t&& value, _Callable_t&& token)
 }
 #endif
 
-#endif //MODERN_CALLBACK_HEADER_FILE
+#endif // MODERN_CALLBACK_HEADER_FILE
diff --git a/include/cinatra/multipart_parser.hpp b/include/cinatra/multipart_parser.hpp
index 38d6bd0..f8a21e3 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/multipart_parser.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/multipart_parser.hpp
@@ -1,450 +1,421 @@
 #ifndef _MULTIPART_PARSER_H_
 #define _MULTIPART_PARSER_H_
 
-#include <string>
-#include <stdexcept>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	class multipart_parser {
-	public:
-		typedef void(*Callback)(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData);
-
-	public:
-		Callback onPartBegin;
-		Callback onHeaderField;
-		Callback onHeaderValue;
-		Callback onHeaderEnd;
-		Callback onHeadersEnd;
-		Callback onPartData;
-		Callback onPartEnd;
-		Callback onEnd;
-		void *userData;
-
-		multipart_parser() {
-			lookbehind = nullptr;
-			resetCallbacks();
-			reset();
-		}
-
-		multipart_parser(std::string&& boundary) {
-			lookbehind = nullptr;
-			resetCallbacks();
-			set_boundary(std::move(boundary));
-		}
-
-		~multipart_parser() {
-			delete[] lookbehind;
-		}
-
-		void reset() {
-			delete[] lookbehind;
-			state = PARSE_ERROR;
-			boundary.clear();
-			boundaryData = boundary.c_str();
-			boundarySize = 0;
-			lookbehind = nullptr;
-			lookbehindSize = 0;
-			flags = 0;
-			index = 0;
-			headerFieldMark = UNMARKED;
-			headerValueMark = UNMARKED;
-			partDataMark = UNMARKED;
-			errorReason = "Parser uninitialized.";
-		}
-
-		void set_boundary(std::string&& boundary) {
-			reset();
-			this->boundary = std::move(boundary);
-			boundaryData = this->boundary.c_str();
-			boundarySize = this->boundary.size();
-			indexBoundary();
-			lookbehind = new char[boundarySize + 8];
-			lookbehindSize = boundarySize + 8;
-			state = START;
-			errorReason = "No error.";
-		}
-
-		size_t feed(const char *buffer, size_t len) {
-			if (state == PARSE_ERROR || len == 0) {
-				return 0;
-			}
-
-			State state = this->state;
-			int flags = this->flags;
-			size_t prevIndex = this->index;
-			size_t index = this->index;
-			size_t boundaryEnd = boundarySize - 1;
-			size_t i;
-			char c, cl;
-
-			for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-				c = buffer[i];
-
-				switch (state) {
-				case PARSE_ERROR:
-					return i;
-				case START:
-					index = 0;
-					state = START_BOUNDARY;
-				case START_BOUNDARY:
-					if (index == boundarySize - 2) {
-						if (c != CR) {
-							setError("Malformed. Expected CR after boundary.");
-							return i;
-						}
-						index++;
-						break;
-					}
-					else if (index - 1 == boundarySize - 2) {
-						if (c != LF) {
-							setError("Malformed. Expected LF after boundary CR.");
-							return i;
-						}
-						index = 0;
-						callback(onPartBegin);
-						state = HEADER_FIELD_START;
-						break;
-					}
-					if (c != boundary[index + 2]) {
-						setError("Malformed. Found different boundary data than the given one.");
-						return i;
-					}
-					index++;
-					break;
-				case HEADER_FIELD_START:
-					state = HEADER_FIELD;
-					headerFieldMark = i;
-					index = 0;
-				case HEADER_FIELD:
-					if (c == CR) {
-						headerFieldMark = UNMARKED;
-						state = HEADERS_ALMOST_DONE;
-						break;
-					}
-
-					index++;
-					if (c == HYPHEN) {
-						break;
-					}
-
-					if (c == COLON) {
-						if (index == 1) {
-							// empty header field
-							setError("Malformed first header name character.");
-							return i;
-						}
-						dataCallback(onHeaderField, headerFieldMark, buffer, i, len, true);
-						state = HEADER_VALUE_START;
-						break;
-					}
-
-					cl = lower(c);
-					if (cl < 'a' || cl > 'z') {
-						setError("Malformed header name.");
-						return i;
-					}
-					break;
-				case HEADER_VALUE_START:
-					if (c == SPACE) {
-						break;
-					}
-
-					headerValueMark = i;
-					state = HEADER_VALUE;
-				case HEADER_VALUE:
-					if (c == CR) {
-						dataCallback(onHeaderValue, headerValueMark, buffer, i, len, true, true);
-						callback(onHeaderEnd);
-						state = HEADER_VALUE_ALMOST_DONE;
-					}
-					break;
-				case HEADER_VALUE_ALMOST_DONE:
-					if (c != LF) {
-						setError("Malformed header value: LF expected after CR");
-						return i;
-					}
-
-					state = HEADER_FIELD_START;
-					break;
-				case HEADERS_ALMOST_DONE:
-					if (c != LF) {
-						setError("Malformed header ending: LF expected after CR");
-						return i;
-					}
-
-					callback(onHeadersEnd);
-					state = PART_DATA_START;
-					break;
-				case PART_DATA_START:
-					state = PART_DATA;
-					partDataMark = i;
-				case PART_DATA:
-					processPartData(prevIndex, index, buffer, len, boundaryEnd, i, c, state, flags);
-					break;
-				case END:
-					break;
-				default:
-					return i;
-				}
-			}
-
-			dataCallback(onHeaderField, headerFieldMark, buffer, i, len, false);
-			dataCallback(onHeaderValue, headerValueMark, buffer, i, len, false);
-			dataCallback(onPartData, partDataMark, buffer, i, len, false);
-
-			this->index = index;
-			this->state = state;
-			this->flags = flags;
-
-			return len;
-		}
-
-		bool succeeded() const {
-			return state == END;
-		}
-
-		bool has_error() const {
-			return state == PARSE_ERROR;
-		}
-
-		bool stopped() const {
-			return state == PARSE_ERROR || state == END;
-		}
-
-		const char *get_error_message() const {
-			return errorReason;
-		}
-
-	private:
-		static const char CR = 13;
-		static const char LF = 10;
-		static const char SPACE = 32;
-		static const char HYPHEN = 45;
-		static const char COLON = 58;
-		static const size_t UNMARKED = (size_t)-1;
-
-		enum State {
-			PARSE_ERROR,
-			START,
-			START_BOUNDARY,
-			HEADER_FIELD_START,
-			HEADER_FIELD,
-			HEADER_VALUE_START,
-			HEADER_VALUE,
-			HEADER_VALUE_ALMOST_DONE,
-			HEADERS_ALMOST_DONE,
-			PART_DATA_START,
-			PART_DATA,
-			PART_END,
-			END
-		};
-
-		enum Flags {
-			PART_BOUNDARY = 1,
-			LAST_BOUNDARY = 2
-		};
-
-		void resetCallbacks() {
-			onPartBegin = nullptr;
-			onHeaderField = nullptr;
-			onHeaderValue = nullptr;
-			onHeaderEnd = nullptr;
-			onHeadersEnd = nullptr;
-			onPartData = nullptr;
-			onPartEnd = nullptr;
-			onEnd = nullptr;
-			userData = nullptr;
-		}
-
-		void indexBoundary() {
-			const char *current;
-			const char *end = boundaryData + boundarySize;
-
-			memset(boundaryIndex, 0, sizeof(boundaryIndex));
-
-			for (current = boundaryData; current < end; current++) {
-				boundaryIndex[(unsigned char)*current] = true;
-			}
-		}
-
-		void callback(Callback cb, const char *buffer = nullptr, size_t start = UNMARKED,
-			size_t end = UNMARKED, bool allowEmpty = false)
-		{
-			if (start != UNMARKED && start == end && !allowEmpty) {
-				return;
-			}
-			if (cb != nullptr) {
-				cb(buffer, start, end, userData);
-			}
-		}
-
-		void dataCallback(Callback cb, size_t &mark, const char *buffer, size_t i, size_t bufferLen,
-			bool clear, bool allowEmpty = false)
-		{
-			if (mark == UNMARKED) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (!clear) {
-				callback(cb, buffer, mark, bufferLen, allowEmpty);
-				mark = 0;
-			}
-			else {
-				callback(cb, buffer, mark, i, allowEmpty);
-				mark = UNMARKED;
-			}
-		}
-
-		char lower(char c) const {
-			return c | 0x20;
-		}
-
-		inline bool isBoundaryChar(char c) const {
-			return boundaryIndex[(unsigned char)c];
-		}
-
-		bool isHeaderFieldCharacter(char c) const {
-			return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
-				|| (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
-				|| c == HYPHEN;
-		}
-
-		void setError(const char *message) {
-			state = PARSE_ERROR;
-			errorReason = message;
-		}
-
-		void processPartData(size_t &prevIndex, size_t &index, const char *buffer,
-			size_t len, size_t boundaryEnd, size_t &i, char c, State &state, int &flags)
-		{
-			prevIndex = index;
-
-			if (index == 0) {
-				// boyer-moore derived algorithm to safely skip non-boundary data
-				while (i + boundarySize <= len) {
-					if (isBoundaryChar(buffer[i + boundaryEnd])) {
-						break;
-					}
-
-					i += boundarySize;
-				}
-				if (i == len) {
-					return;
-				}
-				c = buffer[i];
-			}
-
-			if (index < boundarySize) {
-				if (boundary[index] == c) {
-					if (index == 0) {
-						dataCallback(onPartData, partDataMark, buffer, i, len, true);
-					}
-					index++;
-				}
-				else {
-					index = 0;
-				}
-			}
-			else if (index == boundarySize) {
-				index++;
-				if (c == CR) {
-					// CR = part boundary
-					flags |= PART_BOUNDARY;
-				}
-				else if (c == HYPHEN) {
-					// HYPHEN = end boundary
-					flags |= LAST_BOUNDARY;
-				}
-				else {
-					index = 0;
-				}
-			}
-			else if (index - 1 == boundarySize) {
-				if (flags & PART_BOUNDARY) {
-					index = 0;
-					if (c == LF) {
-						// unset the PART_BOUNDARY flag
-						flags &= ~PART_BOUNDARY;
-						callback(onPartEnd);
-						callback(onPartBegin);
-						state = HEADER_FIELD_START;
-						return;
-					}
-				}
-				else if (flags & LAST_BOUNDARY) {
-					if (c == HYPHEN) {
-						callback(onPartEnd);
-						callback(onEnd);
-						state = END;
-					}
-					else {
-						index = 0;
-					}
-				}
-				else {
-					index = 0;
-				}
-			}
-			else if (index - 2 == boundarySize) {
-				if (c == CR) {
-					index++;
-				}
-				else {
-					index = 0;
-				}
-			}
-			else if (index - boundarySize == 3) {
-				index = 0;
-				if (c == LF) {
-					callback(onPartEnd);
-					callback(onEnd);
-					state = END;
-					return;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (index > 0) {
-				// when matching a possible boundary, keep a lookbehind reference
-				// in case it turns out to be a false lead
-				if (index - 1 >= lookbehindSize) {
-					setError("Parser bug: index overflows lookbehind buffer. "
-						"Please send bug report with input file attached.");
-					throw std::out_of_range("index overflows lookbehind buffer");
-				}
-				else if (index - 1 < 0) {
-					setError("Parser bug: index underflows lookbehind buffer. "
-						"Please send bug report with input file attached.");
-					throw std::out_of_range("index underflows lookbehind buffer");
-				}
-				lookbehind[index - 1] = c;
-			}
-			else if (prevIndex > 0) {
-				// if our boundary turned out to be rubbish, the captured lookbehind
-				// belongs to partData
-				callback(onPartData, lookbehind, 0, prevIndex);
-				prevIndex = 0;
-				partDataMark = i;
-
-				// reconsider the current character even so it interrupted the sequence
-				// it could be the beginning of a new sequence
-				i--;
-			}
-		}
-
-		std::string boundary;
-		const char *boundaryData;
-		size_t boundarySize;
-		bool boundaryIndex[256];
-		char *lookbehind;
-		size_t lookbehindSize;
-		State state;
-		int flags;
-		size_t index;
-		size_t headerFieldMark;
-		size_t headerValueMark;
-		size_t partDataMark;
-		const char *errorReason;
-	};
-}
+class multipart_parser {
+public:
+  typedef void (*Callback)(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                           void *userData);
+
+public:
+  Callback onPartBegin;
+  Callback onHeaderField;
+  Callback onHeaderValue;
+  Callback onHeaderEnd;
+  Callback onHeadersEnd;
+  Callback onPartData;
+  Callback onPartEnd;
+  Callback onEnd;
+  void *userData;
+
+  multipart_parser() {
+    lookbehind = nullptr;
+    resetCallbacks();
+    reset();
+  }
+
+  multipart_parser(std::string &&boundary) {
+    lookbehind = nullptr;
+    resetCallbacks();
+    set_boundary(std::move(boundary));
+  }
+
+  ~multipart_parser() { delete[] lookbehind; }
+
+  void reset() {
+    delete[] lookbehind;
+    state = PARSE_ERROR;
+    boundary.clear();
+    boundaryData = boundary.c_str();
+    boundarySize = 0;
+    lookbehind = nullptr;
+    lookbehindSize = 0;
+    flags = 0;
+    index = 0;
+    headerFieldMark = UNMARKED;
+    headerValueMark = UNMARKED;
+    partDataMark = UNMARKED;
+    errorReason = "Parser uninitialized.";
+  }
+
+  void set_boundary(std::string &&boundary) {
+    reset();
+    this->boundary = std::move(boundary);
+    boundaryData = this->boundary.c_str();
+    boundarySize = this->boundary.size();
+    indexBoundary();
+    lookbehind = new char[boundarySize + 8];
+    lookbehindSize = boundarySize + 8;
+    state = START;
+    errorReason = "No error.";
+  }
+
+  size_t feed(const char *buffer, size_t len) {
+    if (state == PARSE_ERROR || len == 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    State state = this->state;
+    int flags = this->flags;
+    size_t prevIndex = this->index;
+    size_t index = this->index;
+    size_t boundaryEnd = boundarySize - 1;
+    size_t i;
+    char c, cl;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      c = buffer[i];
+
+      switch (state) {
+      case PARSE_ERROR:
+        return i;
+      case START:
+        index = 0;
+        state = START_BOUNDARY;
+      case START_BOUNDARY:
+        if (index == boundarySize - 2) {
+          if (c != CR) {
+            setError("Malformed. Expected CR after boundary.");
+            return i;
+          }
+          index++;
+          break;
+        } else if (index - 1 == boundarySize - 2) {
+          if (c != LF) {
+            setError("Malformed. Expected LF after boundary CR.");
+            return i;
+          }
+          index = 0;
+          callback(onPartBegin);
+          state = HEADER_FIELD_START;
+          break;
+        }
+        if (c != boundary[index + 2]) {
+          setError(
+              "Malformed. Found different boundary data than the given one.");
+          return i;
+        }
+        index++;
+        break;
+      case HEADER_FIELD_START:
+        state = HEADER_FIELD;
+        headerFieldMark = i;
+        index = 0;
+      case HEADER_FIELD:
+        if (c == CR) {
+          headerFieldMark = UNMARKED;
+          state = HEADERS_ALMOST_DONE;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        index++;
+        if (c == HYPHEN) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (c == COLON) {
+          if (index == 1) {
+            // empty header field
+            setError("Malformed first header name character.");
+            return i;
+          }
+          dataCallback(onHeaderField, headerFieldMark, buffer, i, len, true);
+          state = HEADER_VALUE_START;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        cl = lower(c);
+        if (cl < 'a' || cl > 'z') {
+          setError("Malformed header name.");
+          return i;
+        }
+        break;
+      case HEADER_VALUE_START:
+        if (c == SPACE) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        headerValueMark = i;
+        state = HEADER_VALUE;
+      case HEADER_VALUE:
+        if (c == CR) {
+          dataCallback(onHeaderValue, headerValueMark, buffer, i, len, true,
+                       true);
+          callback(onHeaderEnd);
+          state = HEADER_VALUE_ALMOST_DONE;
+        }
+        break;
+      case HEADER_VALUE_ALMOST_DONE:
+        if (c != LF) {
+          setError("Malformed header value: LF expected after CR");
+          return i;
+        }
+
+        state = HEADER_FIELD_START;
+        break;
+      case HEADERS_ALMOST_DONE:
+        if (c != LF) {
+          setError("Malformed header ending: LF expected after CR");
+          return i;
+        }
+
+        callback(onHeadersEnd);
+        state = PART_DATA_START;
+        break;
+      case PART_DATA_START:
+        state = PART_DATA;
+        partDataMark = i;
+      case PART_DATA:
+        processPartData(prevIndex, index, buffer, len, boundaryEnd, i, c, state,
+                        flags);
+        break;
+      case END:
+        break;
+      default:
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
+
+    dataCallback(onHeaderField, headerFieldMark, buffer, i, len, false);
+    dataCallback(onHeaderValue, headerValueMark, buffer, i, len, false);
+    dataCallback(onPartData, partDataMark, buffer, i, len, false);
+
+    this->index = index;
+    this->state = state;
+    this->flags = flags;
+
+    return len;
+  }
+
+  bool succeeded() const { return state == END; }
+
+  bool has_error() const { return state == PARSE_ERROR; }
+
+  bool stopped() const { return state == PARSE_ERROR || state == END; }
+
+  const char *get_error_message() const { return errorReason; }
+
+private:
+  static const char CR = 13;
+  static const char LF = 10;
+  static const char SPACE = 32;
+  static const char HYPHEN = 45;
+  static const char COLON = 58;
+  static const size_t UNMARKED = (size_t)-1;
+
+  enum State {
+    PARSE_ERROR,
+    START,
+    START_BOUNDARY,
+    HEADER_FIELD_START,
+    HEADER_FIELD,
+    HEADER_VALUE_START,
+    HEADER_VALUE,
+    HEADER_VALUE_ALMOST_DONE,
+    HEADERS_ALMOST_DONE,
+    PART_DATA_START,
+    PART_DATA,
+    PART_END,
+    END
+  };
+
+  enum Flags { PART_BOUNDARY = 1, LAST_BOUNDARY = 2 };
+
+  void resetCallbacks() {
+    onPartBegin = nullptr;
+    onHeaderField = nullptr;
+    onHeaderValue = nullptr;
+    onHeaderEnd = nullptr;
+    onHeadersEnd = nullptr;
+    onPartData = nullptr;
+    onPartEnd = nullptr;
+    onEnd = nullptr;
+    userData = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  void indexBoundary() {
+    const char *current;
+    const char *end = boundaryData + boundarySize;
+
+    memset(boundaryIndex, 0, sizeof(boundaryIndex));
+
+    for (current = boundaryData; current < end; current++) {
+      boundaryIndex[(unsigned char)*current] = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void callback(Callback cb, const char *buffer = nullptr,
+                size_t start = UNMARKED, size_t end = UNMARKED,
+                bool allowEmpty = false) {
+    if (start != UNMARKED && start == end && !allowEmpty) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (cb != nullptr) {
+      cb(buffer, start, end, userData);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void dataCallback(Callback cb, size_t &mark, const char *buffer, size_t i,
+                    size_t bufferLen, bool clear, bool allowEmpty = false) {
+    if (mark == UNMARKED) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!clear) {
+      callback(cb, buffer, mark, bufferLen, allowEmpty);
+      mark = 0;
+    } else {
+      callback(cb, buffer, mark, i, allowEmpty);
+      mark = UNMARKED;
+    }
+  }
+
+  char lower(char c) const { return c | 0x20; }
+
+  inline bool isBoundaryChar(char c) const {
+    return boundaryIndex[(unsigned char)c];
+  }
+
+  bool isHeaderFieldCharacter(char c) const {
+    return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || c == HYPHEN;
+  }
+
+  void setError(const char *message) {
+    state = PARSE_ERROR;
+    errorReason = message;
+  }
+
+  void processPartData(size_t &prevIndex, size_t &index, const char *buffer,
+                       size_t len, size_t boundaryEnd, size_t &i, char c,
+                       State &state, int &flags) {
+    prevIndex = index;
+
+    if (index == 0) {
+      // boyer-moore derived algorithm to safely skip non-boundary data
+      while (i + boundarySize <= len) {
+        if (isBoundaryChar(buffer[i + boundaryEnd])) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        i += boundarySize;
+      }
+      if (i == len) {
+        return;
+      }
+      c = buffer[i];
+    }
+
+    if (index < boundarySize) {
+      if (boundary[index] == c) {
+        if (index == 0) {
+          dataCallback(onPartData, partDataMark, buffer, i, len, true);
+        }
+        index++;
+      } else {
+        index = 0;
+      }
+    } else if (index == boundarySize) {
+      index++;
+      if (c == CR) {
+        // CR = part boundary
+        flags |= PART_BOUNDARY;
+      } else if (c == HYPHEN) {
+        // HYPHEN = end boundary
+        flags |= LAST_BOUNDARY;
+      } else {
+        index = 0;
+      }
+    } else if (index - 1 == boundarySize) {
+      if (flags & PART_BOUNDARY) {
+        index = 0;
+        if (c == LF) {
+          // unset the PART_BOUNDARY flag
+          flags &= ~PART_BOUNDARY;
+          callback(onPartEnd);
+          callback(onPartBegin);
+          state = HEADER_FIELD_START;
+          return;
+        }
+      } else if (flags & LAST_BOUNDARY) {
+        if (c == HYPHEN) {
+          callback(onPartEnd);
+          callback(onEnd);
+          state = END;
+        } else {
+          index = 0;
+        }
+      } else {
+        index = 0;
+      }
+    } else if (index - 2 == boundarySize) {
+      if (c == CR) {
+        index++;
+      } else {
+        index = 0;
+      }
+    } else if (index - boundarySize == 3) {
+      index = 0;
+      if (c == LF) {
+        callback(onPartEnd);
+        callback(onEnd);
+        state = END;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (index > 0) {
+      // when matching a possible boundary, keep a lookbehind reference
+      // in case it turns out to be a false lead
+      if (index - 1 >= lookbehindSize) {
+        setError("Parser bug: index overflows lookbehind buffer. "
+                 "Please send bug report with input file attached.");
+        throw std::out_of_range("index overflows lookbehind buffer");
+      } else if (index - 1 < 0) {
+        setError("Parser bug: index underflows lookbehind buffer. "
+                 "Please send bug report with input file attached.");
+        throw std::out_of_range("index underflows lookbehind buffer");
+      }
+      lookbehind[index - 1] = c;
+    } else if (prevIndex > 0) {
+      // if our boundary turned out to be rubbish, the captured lookbehind
+      // belongs to partData
+      callback(onPartData, lookbehind, 0, prevIndex);
+      prevIndex = 0;
+      partDataMark = i;
+
+      // reconsider the current character even so it interrupted the sequence
+      // it could be the beginning of a new sequence
+      i--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::string boundary;
+  const char *boundaryData;
+  size_t boundarySize;
+  bool boundaryIndex[256];
+  char *lookbehind;
+  size_t lookbehindSize;
+  State state;
+  int flags;
+  size_t index;
+  size_t headerFieldMark;
+  size_t headerValueMark;
+  size_t partDataMark;
+  const char *errorReason;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
 #endif /* _MULTIPART_PARSER_H_ */
diff --git a/include/cinatra/multipart_reader.hpp b/include/cinatra/multipart_reader.hpp
index eb37899..59f0408 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/multipart_reader.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/multipart_reader.hpp
@@ -1,139 +1,139 @@
 #ifndef _MULTIPART_READER_H_
 #define _MULTIPART_READER_H_
 
+#include "multipart_parser.hpp"
 #include <map>
-#include <utility>
 #include <string>
-#include "multipart_parser.hpp"
+#include <utility>
 
-namespace cinatra{
+namespace cinatra {
 using multipart_headers = std::multimap<std::string, std::string>;
 
 class multipart_reader {
 public:
-	using PartBeginCallback = std::function<void(const multipart_headers &)>;
-	using PartDataCallback = std::function<void(const char*, size_t)>;
-	using PartDataEnd = std::function<void()>;
-	//typedef void (*PartBeginCallback)(const multipart_headers &headers);
-	//typedef void (*PartDataCallback)(const char *buffer, size_t size);
-	//typedef void (*Callback)();
-
-	PartBeginCallback on_part_begin;
-	PartDataCallback on_part_data;
-	PartDataEnd on_part_end;
-	PartDataEnd on_end;
-	
-	multipart_reader() {
-		resetReaderCallbacks();
-		setParserCallbacks();
-	}
-	
-	void reset() {
-		parser.reset();
-	}
-	
-	void set_boundary(std::string&& boundary) {
-		parser.set_boundary(std::move(boundary)); //should add \r\n-- ?
-	}
-	
-	size_t feed(const char *buffer, size_t len) {
-		return parser.feed(buffer, len);
-	}
-	
-	bool succeeded() const {
-		return parser.succeeded();
-	}
-	
-	bool has_error() const {
-		return parser.has_error();
-	}
-	
-	bool stopped() const {
-		return parser.stopped();
-	}
-	
-	const char *get_error_message() const {
-		return parser.get_error_message();
-	}
+  using PartBeginCallback = std::function<void(const multipart_headers &)>;
+  using PartDataCallback = std::function<void(const char *, size_t)>;
+  using PartDataEnd = std::function<void()>;
+  // typedef void (*PartBeginCallback)(const multipart_headers &headers);
+  // typedef void (*PartDataCallback)(const char *buffer, size_t size);
+  // typedef void (*Callback)();
+
+  PartBeginCallback on_part_begin;
+  PartDataCallback on_part_data;
+  PartDataEnd on_part_end;
+  PartDataEnd on_end;
+
+  multipart_reader() {
+    resetReaderCallbacks();
+    setParserCallbacks();
+  }
+
+  void reset() { parser.reset(); }
+
+  void set_boundary(std::string &&boundary) {
+    parser.set_boundary(std::move(boundary)); // should add \r\n-- ?
+  }
+
+  size_t feed(const char *buffer, size_t len) {
+    return parser.feed(buffer, len);
+  }
+
+  bool succeeded() const { return parser.succeeded(); }
+
+  bool has_error() const { return parser.has_error(); }
+
+  bool stopped() const { return parser.stopped(); }
+
+  const char *get_error_message() const { return parser.get_error_message(); }
 
 private:
-	void resetReaderCallbacks() {
-		on_part_begin = nullptr;
-		on_part_data = nullptr;
-		on_part_end = nullptr;
-		on_end = nullptr;
-	}
-
-	void setParserCallbacks() {
-		parser.onPartBegin = cbPartBegin;
-		parser.onHeaderField = cbHeaderField;
-		parser.onHeaderValue = cbHeaderValue;
-		parser.onHeaderEnd = cbHeaderEnd;
-		parser.onHeadersEnd = cbHeadersEnd;
-		parser.onPartData = cbPartData;
-		parser.onPartEnd = cbPartEnd;
-		parser.onEnd = cbEnd;
-		parser.userData = this;
-	}
-
-	static void cbPartBegin(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		//multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		//self->currentHeaders.clear();
-	}
-
-	static void cbHeaderField(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		self->currentHeaderName += { buffer + start, end - start };
-	}
-
-	static void cbHeaderValue(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		self->currentHeaderValue += { buffer + start, end - start };
-	}
-
-	static void cbHeaderEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		self->currentHeaders.emplace(self->currentHeaderName, self->currentHeaderValue);
-		self->currentHeaderName.clear();
-		self->currentHeaderValue.clear();
-		//self->currentHeaders.emplace(std::string{ self->currentHeaderName.data(), self->currentHeaderName.length() },
-		//	std::string{ self->currentHeaderValue.data(), self->currentHeaderValue.length() });
-	}
-
-	static void cbHeadersEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		if (self->on_part_begin != nullptr) {
-			self->on_part_begin(self->currentHeaders);
-		}
-		self->currentHeaders.clear();
-	}
-
-	static void cbPartData(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		if (self->on_part_data != nullptr) {
-			self->on_part_data(buffer + start, end - start);
-		}
-	}
-
-	static void cbPartEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		if (self->on_part_end != nullptr) {
-			self->on_part_end();
-		}
-	}
-
-	static void cbEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end, void *userData) {
-		multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
-		if (self->on_end != nullptr) {
-			self->on_end();
-		}
-	}
+  void resetReaderCallbacks() {
+    on_part_begin = nullptr;
+    on_part_data = nullptr;
+    on_part_end = nullptr;
+    on_end = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  void setParserCallbacks() {
+    parser.onPartBegin = cbPartBegin;
+    parser.onHeaderField = cbHeaderField;
+    parser.onHeaderValue = cbHeaderValue;
+    parser.onHeaderEnd = cbHeaderEnd;
+    parser.onHeadersEnd = cbHeadersEnd;
+    parser.onPartData = cbPartData;
+    parser.onPartEnd = cbPartEnd;
+    parser.onEnd = cbEnd;
+    parser.userData = this;
+  }
+
+  static void cbPartBegin(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                          void *userData) {
+    // multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    // self->currentHeaders.clear();
+  }
+
+  static void cbHeaderField(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                            void *userData) {
+    multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    self->currentHeaderName += {buffer + start, end - start};
+  }
+
+  static void cbHeaderValue(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                            void *userData) {
+    multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    self->currentHeaderValue += {buffer + start, end - start};
+  }
+
+  static void cbHeaderEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                          void *userData) {
+    multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    self->currentHeaders.emplace(self->currentHeaderName,
+                                 self->currentHeaderValue);
+    self->currentHeaderName.clear();
+    self->currentHeaderValue.clear();
+    // self->currentHeaders.emplace(std::string{ self->currentHeaderName.data(),
+    // self->currentHeaderName.length() }, 	std::string{
+    //self->currentHeaderValue.data(), self->currentHeaderValue.length() });
+  }
+
+  static void cbHeadersEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                           void *userData) {
+    multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    if (self->on_part_begin != nullptr) {
+      self->on_part_begin(self->currentHeaders);
+    }
+    self->currentHeaders.clear();
+  }
+
+  static void cbPartData(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                         void *userData) {
+    multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    if (self->on_part_data != nullptr) {
+      self->on_part_data(buffer + start, end - start);
+    }
+  }
+
+  static void cbPartEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                        void *userData) {
+    multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    if (self->on_part_end != nullptr) {
+      self->on_part_end();
+    }
+  }
+
+  static void cbEnd(const char *buffer, size_t start, size_t end,
+                    void *userData) {
+    multipart_reader *self = (multipart_reader *)userData;
+    if (self->on_end != nullptr) {
+      self->on_end();
+    }
+  }
 
 private:
-	multipart_parser parser;
-	multipart_headers currentHeaders;
-	std::string currentHeaderName, currentHeaderValue;
-	void *userData;
+  multipart_parser parser;
+  multipart_headers currentHeaders;
+  std::string currentHeaderName, currentHeaderValue;
+  void *userData;
 };
-}
+} // namespace cinatra
 #endif /* _MULTIPART_READER_H_ */
diff --git a/include/cinatra/nlohmann_json.hpp b/include/cinatra/nlohmann_json.hpp
index 06da815..98febf9 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/nlohmann_json.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/nlohmann_json.hpp
@@ -34,72 +34,62 @@ SOFTWARE.
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR 7
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH 3
 
-#include <algorithm> // all_of, find, for_each
-#include <cassert> // assert
-#include <ciso646> // and, not, or
-#include <cstddef> // nullptr_t, ptrdiff_t, size_t
-#include <functional> // hash, less
+#include <algorithm>        // all_of, find, for_each
+#include <cassert>          // assert
+#include <ciso646>          // and, not, or
+#include <cstddef>          // nullptr_t, ptrdiff_t, size_t
+#include <functional>       // hash, less
 #include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
-#include <iosfwd> // istream, ostream
-#include <iterator> // random_access_iterator_tag
-#include <memory> // unique_ptr
-#include <numeric> // accumulate
-#include <string> // string, stoi, to_string
-#include <utility> // declval, forward, move, pair, swap
-#include <vector> // vector
+#include <iosfwd>           // istream, ostream
+#include <iterator>         // random_access_iterator_tag
+#include <memory>           // unique_ptr
+#include <numeric>          // accumulate
+#include <string>           // string, stoi, to_string
+#include <utility>          // declval, forward, move, pair, swap
+#include <vector>           // vector
 
 // #include <nlohmann/adl_serializer.hpp>
 
-
 #include <utility>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/from_json.hpp>
 
-
-#include <algorithm> // transform
-#include <array> // array
-#include <ciso646> // and, not
+#include <algorithm>    // transform
+#include <array>        // array
+#include <ciso646>      // and, not
 #include <forward_list> // forward_list
-#include <iterator> // inserter, front_inserter, end
-#include <map> // map
-#include <string> // string
-#include <tuple> // tuple, make_tuple
+#include <iterator>     // inserter, front_inserter, end
+#include <map>          // map
+#include <string>       // string
+#include <tuple>        // tuple, make_tuple
 #include <type_traits> // is_arithmetic, is_same, is_enum, underlying_type, is_convertible
 #include <unordered_map> // unordered_map
-#include <utility> // pair, declval
-#include <valarray> // valarray
+#include <utility>       // pair, declval
+#include <valarray>      // valarray
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 
-
 #include <exception> // exception
 #include <stdexcept> // runtime_error
-#include <string> // to_string
+#include <string>    // to_string
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/input/position_t.hpp>
 
-
 #include <cstddef> // size_t
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
 /// struct to capture the start position of the current token
-struct position_t
-{
-    /// the total number of characters read
-    std::size_t chars_read_total = 0;
-    /// the number of characters read in the current line
-    std::size_t chars_read_current_line = 0;
-    /// the number of lines read
-    std::size_t lines_read = 0;
-
-    /// conversion to size_t to preserve SAX interface
-    constexpr operator size_t() const
-    {
-        return chars_read_total;
-    }
+struct position_t {
+  /// the total number of characters read
+  std::size_t chars_read_total = 0;
+  /// the number of characters read in the current line
+  std::size_t chars_read_current_line = 0;
+  /// the number of lines read
+  std::size_t lines_read = 0;
+
+  /// conversion to size_t to preserve SAX interface
+  constexpr operator size_t() const { return chars_read_total; }
 };
 
 } // namespace detail
@@ -107,7 +97,6 @@ struct position_t
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-
 #include <utility> // pair
 // #include <nlohmann/thirdparty/hedley/hedley.hpp>
 /* Hedley - https://nemequ.github.io/hedley
@@ -124,1657 +113,1814 @@ struct position_t
 
 #if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION) || (JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION < 11)
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION 11
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX(x) #x
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY(x) JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX(x)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX
 #endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX(a,b) a##b
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX(a, b) a##b
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT
 #endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT(a,b) JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX(a,b)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT(a, b) JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX(a, b)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE
 #endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major,minor,revision) (((major) * 1000000) + ((minor) * 1000) + (revision))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, revision)                     \
+  (((major)*1000000) + ((minor)*1000) + (revision))
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR(version) ((version) / 1000000)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR(version) (((version) % 1000000) / 1000)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION(version) ((version) % 1000)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__, __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__, __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
 #elif defined(__GNUC__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__, 0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                    \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(_MSC_FULL_VER) && (_MSC_FULL_VER >= 140000000)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_FULL_VER / 10000000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000000) / 100000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 100000) / 100)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_FULL_VER / 10000000,                         \
+                             (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000000) / 100000,              \
+                             (_MSC_FULL_VER % 100000) / 100)
 #elif defined(_MSC_FULL_VER)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_FULL_VER / 1000000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 1000000) / 10000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000) / 10)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_FULL_VER / 1000000,                          \
+                             (_MSC_FULL_VER % 1000000) / 10000,                \
+                             (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000) / 10)
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_VER / 100, _MSC_VER % 100, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_VER / 100, _MSC_VER % 100, 0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if !defined(_MSC_VER)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1400)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (_MSC_FULL_VER >= ((major * 10000000) + (minor * 100000) + (patch)))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                    \
+  (_MSC_FULL_VER >= ((major * 10000000) + (minor * 100000) + (patch)))
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (_MSC_FULL_VER >= ((major * 1000000) + (minor * 10000) + (patch)))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                    \
+  (_MSC_FULL_VER >= ((major * 1000000) + (minor * 10000) + (patch)))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (_MSC_VER >= ((major * 100) + (minor)))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                    \
+  (_MSC_VER >= ((major * 100) + (minor)))
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__INTEL_COMPILER / 100, __INTEL_COMPILER % 100, __INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION                                              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__INTEL_COMPILER / 100, __INTEL_COMPILER % 100,   \
+                             __INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE)
 #elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__INTEL_COMPILER / 100, __INTEL_COMPILER % 100, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION                                              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__INTEL_COMPILER / 100, __INTEL_COMPILER % 100, 0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                   \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION
 #endif
-#if defined(__PGI) && defined(__PGIC__) && defined(__PGIC_MINOR__) && defined(__PGIC_PATCHLEVEL__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__PGIC__, __PGIC_MINOR__, __PGIC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+#if defined(__PGI) && defined(__PGIC__) && defined(__PGIC_MINOR__) &&          \
+    defined(__PGIC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__PGIC__, __PGIC_MINOR__, __PGIC_PATCHLEVEL__)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                     \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) && (__SUNPRO_C > 0x1000)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((((__SUNPRO_C >> 16) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_C >> 12) & 0xf), (((__SUNPRO_C >> 8) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_C >> 4) & 0xf), (__SUNPRO_C & 0xf) * 10)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                  \
+      (((__SUNPRO_C >> 16) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_C >> 12) & 0xf),          \
+      (((__SUNPRO_C >> 8) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_C >> 4) & 0xf),            \
+      (__SUNPRO_C & 0xf) * 10)
 #elif defined(__SUNPRO_C)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__SUNPRO_C >> 8) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_C >> 4) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_C) & 0xf)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__SUNPRO_C >> 8) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_C >> 4) & 0xf, \
+                             (__SUNPRO_C)&0xf)
 #elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC) && (__SUNPRO_CC > 0x1000)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((((__SUNPRO_CC >> 16) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_CC >> 12) & 0xf), (((__SUNPRO_CC >> 8) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_CC >> 4) & 0xf), (__SUNPRO_CC & 0xf) * 10)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                  \
+      (((__SUNPRO_CC >> 16) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_CC >> 12) & 0xf),        \
+      (((__SUNPRO_CC >> 8) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_CC >> 4) & 0xf),          \
+      (__SUNPRO_CC & 0xf) * 10)
 #elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__SUNPRO_CC >> 8) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_CC >> 4) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_CC) & 0xf)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__SUNPRO_CC >> 8) & 0xf,                         \
+                             (__SUNPRO_CC >> 4) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_CC)&0xf)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                  \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION >=                                               \
+   JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__EMSCRIPTEN_major__, __EMSCRIPTEN_minor__, __EMSCRIPTEN_tiny__)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION                                         \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__EMSCRIPTEN_major__, __EMSCRIPTEN_minor__,       \
+                             __EMSCRIPTEN_tiny__)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)              \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION >=                                           \
+   JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__CC_ARM) && defined(__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION / 1000000, (__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION % 1000000) / 10000, (__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION % 10000) / 100)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION / 1000000,                  \
+                             (__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION % 1000000) / 10000,        \
+                             (__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION % 10000) / 100)
 #elif defined(__CC_ARM) && defined(__ARMCC_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ARMCC_VERSION / 1000000, (__ARMCC_VERSION % 1000000) / 10000, (__ARMCC_VERSION % 10000) / 100)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ARMCC_VERSION / 1000000,                        \
+                             (__ARMCC_VERSION % 1000000) / 10000,              \
+                             (__ARMCC_VERSION % 10000) / 100)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                     \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__ibmxl__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ibmxl_version__, __ibmxl_release__, __ibmxl_modification__)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ibmxl_version__, __ibmxl_release__,             \
+                             __ibmxl_modification__)
 #elif defined(__xlC__) && defined(__xlC_ver__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__xlC__ >> 8, __xlC__ & 0xff, (__xlC_ver__ >> 8) & 0xff)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__xlC__ >> 8, __xlC__ & 0xff,                     \
+                             (__xlC_ver__ >> 8) & 0xff)
 #elif defined(__xlC__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__xlC__ >> 8, __xlC__ & 0xff, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__xlC__ >> 8, __xlC__ & 0xff, 0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                     \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION                                                 \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000,                \
+                             (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000,       \
+                             (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                      \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(_CRAYC)
-    #if defined(_RELEASE_PATCHLEVEL)
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_RELEASE_MAJOR, _RELEASE_MINOR, _RELEASE_PATCHLEVEL)
-    #else
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_RELEASE_MAJOR, _RELEASE_MINOR, 0)
-    #endif
+#if defined(_RELEASE_PATCHLEVEL)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_RELEASE_MAJOR, _RELEASE_MINOR,                   \
+                             _RELEASE_PATCHLEVEL)
+#else
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_RELEASE_MAJOR, _RELEASE_MINOR, 0)
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                    \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__IAR_SYSTEMS_ICC__)
-    #if __VER__ > 1000
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__VER__ / 1000000), ((__VER__ / 1000) % 1000), (__VER__ % 1000))
-    #else
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(VER / 100, __VER__ % 100, 0)
-    #endif
+#if __VER__ > 1000
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__VER__ / 1000000), ((__VER__ / 1000) % 1000),   \
+                             (__VER__ % 1000))
+#else
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(VER / 100, __VER__ % 100, 0)
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                     \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__TINYC__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__TINYC__ / 1000, (__TINYC__ / 100) % 10, __TINYC__ % 100)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION                                              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__TINYC__ / 1000, (__TINYC__ / 100) % 10,         \
+                             __TINYC__ % 100)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                   \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__DMC__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__DMC__ >> 8, (__DMC__ >> 4) & 0xf, __DMC__ & 0xf)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION                                                \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__DMC__ >> 8, (__DMC__ >> 4) & 0xf, __DMC__ & 0xf)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                     \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__COMPCERT_VERSION__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__COMPCERT_VERSION__ / 10000, (__COMPCERT_VERSION__ / 100) % 100, __COMPCERT_VERSION__ % 100)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION                                           \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__COMPCERT_VERSION__ / 10000,                     \
+                             (__COMPCERT_VERSION__ / 100) % 100,               \
+                             __COMPCERT_VERSION__ % 100)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION >=                                             \
+   JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__POCC__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__POCC__ / 100, __POCC__ % 100, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION                                             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__POCC__ / 100, __POCC__ % 100, 0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                  \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION >=                                               \
+   JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION
 #endif
-#if \
-    defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION) && \
-    !defined(__clang__) && \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION) && \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION) && \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION) && \
-    !defined(__COMPCERT__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION
+#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION) && !defined(__clang__) &&                \
+    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION) &&                                     \
+    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION) &&  \
+    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION) && !defined(__COMPCERT__)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                     \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_attribute)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_attribute)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) __has_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)         \
+  __has_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)         \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_attribute)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) __has_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)          \
+  __has_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)          \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
-#if \
-    defined(__has_cpp_attribute) && \
-    defined(__cplusplus) && \
-    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,15,0))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
+#if defined(__has_cpp_attribute) && defined(__cplusplus) &&                    \
+    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) ||                                   \
+     JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS
 #endif
 #if !defined(__cplusplus) || !defined(__has_cpp_attribute)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns,attribute) (0)
-#elif \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && \
-    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,15,0)) && \
-    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19,20,0))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns,attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(ns::attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns, attribute) (0)
+#elif !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) &&                                     \
+    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) ||                                   \
+     JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0)) &&                            \
+    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION) ||                                     \
+     JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19, 20, 0))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns, attribute)                        \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(ns::attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns,attribute) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns, attribute) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_cpp_attribute) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)     \
+  __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)     \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_cpp_attribute) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)      \
+  __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)      \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_builtin)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) __has_builtin(builtin)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) __has_builtin(builtin)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_builtin)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin,major,minor,patch) __has_builtin(builtin)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch)             \
+  __has_builtin(builtin)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch)             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_builtin)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin,major,minor,patch) __has_builtin(builtin)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch)              \
+  __has_builtin(builtin)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch)              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_feature)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature) __has_feature(feature)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature) __has_feature(feature)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_feature)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE(feature,major,minor,patch) __has_feature(feature)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch)             \
+  __has_feature(feature)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE(feature,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch)             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_feature)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE(feature,major,minor,patch) __has_feature(feature)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch)              \
+  __has_feature(feature)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE(feature,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch)              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_extension)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) __has_extension(extension)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) __has_extension(extension)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_extension)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension,major,minor,patch) __has_extension(extension)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch)         \
+  __has_extension(extension)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch)         \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_extension)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension,major,minor,patch) __has_extension(extension)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch)          \
+  __has_extension(extension)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch)          \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_declspec_attribute)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)                          \
+  __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_declspec_attribute)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor,       \
+                                                patch)                         \
+  __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor,       \
+                                                patch)                         \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_declspec_attribute)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) \
+  __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_warning)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning) __has_warning(warning)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning) __has_warning(warning)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning) (0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_warning)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING(warning,major,minor,patch) __has_warning(warning)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch)             \
+  __has_warning(warning)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING(warning,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch)             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING
 #endif
 #if defined(__has_warning)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING(warning,major,minor,patch) __has_warning(warning)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch)              \
+  __has_warning(warning)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING(warning,major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch)              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 /* JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_ is for
    HEDLEY INTERNAL USE ONLY.  API subject to change without notice. */
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus) && JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wc++98-compat")
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(xpr) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH \
-    _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++98-compat\"") \
-    xpr \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(xpr)                 \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                  \
+  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++98-compat\"")                       \
+      xpr JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(x) x
-#endif
-
-#if \
-    (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)) || \
-    defined(__clang__) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(18,4,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(5,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0,9,17) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) && defined(__C99_PRAGMA_OPERATOR))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value) _Pragma(#value)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value) __pragma(value)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(x) x
+#endif
+
+#if (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)) ||            \
+    defined(__clang__) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 0, 0) ||            \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 4, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(5, 0, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 17) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) &&                                \
+     defined(__C99_PRAGMA_OPERATOR))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value) _Pragma(#value)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value) __pragma(value)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
 #endif
 #if defined(__clang__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("warning(push)")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("warning(pop)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,6,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH __pragma(warning(push))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP __pragma(warning(pop))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5,6,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("push")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,1,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("diag_push")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("diag_pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2,90,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("warning(push)")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("warning(pop)")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("warning(push)")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("warning(pop)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 6, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH __pragma(warning(push))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP __pragma(warning(pop))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 6, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("push")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("pop")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("diag_push")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("diag_pop")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2, 90, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("warning(push)")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("warning(pop)")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wdeprecated-declarations")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("warning(disable:1478 1786)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress 1215,1444")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,3,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED __pragma(warning(disable:4996))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress 1291,1718")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,13,0) && !defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("error_messages(off,E_DEPRECATED_ATT,E_DEPRECATED_ATT_MESS)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,13,0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("error_messages(off,symdeprecated,symdeprecated2)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe1444,Pe1215")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2,90,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("warn(disable:2241)")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("warning(disable:1478 1786)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress 1215,1444")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  __pragma(warning(disable : 4996))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress 1291,1718")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 13, 0) && !defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("error_messages(off,E_DEPRECATED_ATT,E_DEPRECATED_ATT_MESS)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 13, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("error_messages(off,symdeprecated,symdeprecated2)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED                              \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe1444,Pe1215")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2, 90, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("warn(disable:2241)")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-pragmas")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-pragmas\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("warning(disable:161)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress 1675")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,3,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-pragmas\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS __pragma(warning(disable:4068))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress 163")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe161")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                         \
+  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-pragmas\"")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                         \
+  _Pragma("warning(disable:161)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                         \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress 1675")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                         \
+  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-pragmas\"")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                         \
+  __pragma(warning(disable : 4068))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                         \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress 163")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                         \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe161")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-attributes")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-attributes\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,6,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(17,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("warning(disable:1292)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES __pragma(warning(disable:5030))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("diag_suppress 1097")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,14,0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("error_messages(off,attrskipunsup)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("diag_suppress 1173")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                  \
+  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-attributes\"")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 6, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                  \
+  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(17, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                  \
+  _Pragma("warning(disable:1292)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                  \
+  __pragma(warning(disable : 5030))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                  \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress 1097")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 14, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                  \
+  _Pragma("error_messages(off,attrskipunsup)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                  \
+  _Pragma("diag_suppress 1173")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wcast-qual")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wcast-qual\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL _Pragma("warning(disable:2203 2331)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wcast-qual\"")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL                               \
+  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wcast-qual\"")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL                               \
+  _Pragma("warning(disable:2203 2331)")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL                               \
+  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wcast-qual\"")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201402L)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[deprecated("Since " #since)]])
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[deprecated("Since " #since "; use " #replacement)]])
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(attribute_deprecated_with_message) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,5,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5,6,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,13,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,3,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __attribute__((__deprecated__("Since " #since)))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __attribute__((__deprecated__("Since " #since "; use " #replacement)))
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __attribute__((__deprecated__))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __attribute__((__deprecated__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __declspec(deprecated("Since " # since))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __declspec(deprecated("Since " #since "; use " #replacement))
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13,10,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(6,50,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __declspec(deprecated)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __declspec(deprecated)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) _Pragma("deprecated")
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) _Pragma("deprecated")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since)                                          \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(                           \
+      [[deprecated("Since " #since)]])
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)                         \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(                           \
+      [[deprecated("Since " #since "; use " #replacement)]])
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(attribute_deprecated_with_message) ||          \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 5, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 6, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 13, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0) ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 3, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since)                                          \
+  __attribute__((__deprecated__("Since " #since)))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)                         \
+  __attribute__((__deprecated__("Since " #since "; use " #replacement)))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __attribute__((__deprecated__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)                         \
+  __attribute__((__deprecated__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __declspec(deprecated("Since " #since))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)                         \
+  __declspec(deprecated("Since " #since "; use " #replacement))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0) ||                             \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(6, 50, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __declspec(deprecated)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __declspec(deprecated)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) _Pragma("deprecated")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) _Pragma("deprecated")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE
 #endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warning) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,3,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE(available_since) __attribute__((__warning__("Not available until " #available_since)))
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warning) ||                                      \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE(available_since)                               \
+  __attribute__((__warning__("Not available until " #available_since)))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE(available_since)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE(available_since)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201703L)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[nodiscard]])
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warn_unused_result) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,4,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,15,0) && defined(__cplusplus)) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT                                         \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[nodiscard]])
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warn_unused_result) ||                         \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 4, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                                 \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)) ||    \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
 #elif defined(_Check_return_) /* SAL */
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT _Check_return_
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT _Check_return_
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(sentinel) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5,4,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL(position) __attribute__((__sentinel__(position)))
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(sentinel) ||                                     \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 4, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL(position) __attribute__((__sentinel__(position)))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL(position)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL(position)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN
 #endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __noreturn
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __noreturn
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
 #elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Noreturn
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Noreturn
 #elif defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[noreturn]])
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,2,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,11,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(18,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(17,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Pragma("does_not_return")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __declspec(noreturn)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Pragma("FUNC_NEVER_RETURNS;")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(3,2,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute((noreturn))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(9,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __declspec(noreturn)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN                                                  \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[noreturn]])
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) ||                                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 2, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 0, 0) ||                                  \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 3, 0) &&                                 \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Pragma("does_not_return")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __declspec(noreturn)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Pragma("FUNC_NEVER_RETURNS;")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(3, 2, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute((noreturn))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(9, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __declspec(noreturn)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noescape)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE __attribute__((__noescape__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE __attribute__((__noescape__))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN
-#endif
-#if \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable) && (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION))) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,5,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13,1,5)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable()
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() __assume(0)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0)
-    #if defined(__cplusplus)
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() std::_nassert(0)
-    #else
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() _nassert(0)
-    #endif
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) return value
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN
+#endif
+#if (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable) &&                         \
+     (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION))) ||                                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 5, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 5)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable()
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() __assume(0)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() std::_nassert(0)
+#else
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() _nassert(0)
+#endif
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) return value
 #elif defined(EXIT_FAILURE)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() abort()
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() abort()
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE()
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) return value
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE()
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) return value
 #endif
 #if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE()
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE()
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME
 #endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13,10,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) __assume(expr)
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) __assume(expr)
 #elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) __builtin_assume(expr)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0)
-    #if defined(__cplusplus)
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) std::_nassert(expr)
-    #else
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) _nassert(expr)
-    #endif
-#elif \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION)) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,5,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13,1,5)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) ((void) ((expr) ? 1 : (__builtin_unreachable(), 1)))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) __builtin_assume(expr)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) std::_nassert(expr)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) ((void) (expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) _nassert(expr)
+#endif
+#elif (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable) &&                       \
+       !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION)) ||                                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 5, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 5)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr)                                               \
+  ((void)((expr) ? 1 : (__builtin_unreachable(), 1)))
+#else
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) ((void)(expr))
 #endif
 
 JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wpedantic")
-    #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpedantic"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpedantic"
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wc++98-compat-pedantic") && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat-pedantic"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat-pedantic"
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING("-Wvariadic-macros", 4, 0, 0)
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wvariadic-macros"
+#elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wvariadic-macros"
 #endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING("-Wvariadic-macros",4,0,0)
-    #if defined(__clang__)
-        #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wvariadic-macros"
-    #elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION)
-        #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wvariadic-macros"
-    #endif
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nonnull) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,3,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(...) __attribute__((__nonnull__(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nonnull) ||                                      \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 3, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(...) __attribute__((__nonnull__(__VA_ARGS__)))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(...)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(...)
 #endif
 JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT
-#endif
-#if defined(__MINGW32__) && JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format,4,4,0) && !defined(__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx,first_to_check) __attribute__((__format__(ms_printf, string_idx, first_to_check)))
-#elif defined(__MINGW32__) && JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format,4,4,0) && defined(__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx,first_to_check) __attribute__((__format__(gnu_printf, string_idx, first_to_check)))
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5,6,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx,first_to_check) __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, string_idx, first_to_check)))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx,first_to_check) __declspec(vaformat(printf,string_idx,first_to_check))
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT
+#endif
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format, 4, 4, 0) &&  \
+    !defined(__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)                  \
+  __attribute__((__format__(ms_printf, string_idx, first_to_check)))
+#elif defined(__MINGW32__) &&                                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format, 4, 4, 0) &&                          \
+    defined(__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)                  \
+  __attribute__((__format__(gnu_printf, string_idx, first_to_check)))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format) ||                                     \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 6, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)                  \
+  __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, string_idx, first_to_check)))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)                  \
+  __declspec(vaformat(printf, string_idx, first_to_check))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx,first_to_check)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-    #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(constexpr)
-    #endif
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR                                                  \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(constexpr)
+#endif
 #endif
 #if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unpredictable)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE(expr) __builtin_unpredictable(!!(expr))
-#endif
-#if \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_expect_with_probability) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(9,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, value, probability) __builtin_expect_with_probability(expr, value, probability)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability) __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 1, probability)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability) __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 0, probability)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE(expr) __builtin_unpredictable(!!(expr))
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_expect_with_probability) ||              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(9, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, value, probability)                          \
+  __builtin_expect_with_probability(expr, value, probability)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability)                            \
+  __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 1, probability)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability)                           \
+  __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 0, probability)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)
 #if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_BUILTIN_UNPREDICTABLE)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_BUILTIN_UNPREDICTABLE(expr) __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 1, 0.5)
-#endif
-#elif \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_expect) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,0,0) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,15,0) && defined(__cplusplus)) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,1,0) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0,9,27)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, expected, probability) \
-    (((probability) >= 0.9) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), (expected)) : (((void) (expected)), !!(expr)))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability) \
-    (__extension__ ({ \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR double hedley_probability_ = (probability); \
-        ((hedley_probability_ >= 0.9) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1) : ((hedley_probability_ <= 0.1) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0) : !!(expr))); \
-    }))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability) \
-    (__extension__ ({ \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR double hedley_probability_ = (probability); \
-        ((hedley_probability_ >= 0.9) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0) : ((hedley_probability_ <= 0.1) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1) : !!(expr))); \
-    }))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr)   __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_BUILTIN_UNPREDICTABLE(expr)                                \
+  __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 1, 0.5)
+#endif
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_expect) ||                             \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 0, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)) ||    \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 1, 0) ||                                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 27)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, expected, probability)                       \
+  (((probability) >= 0.9) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), (expected))             \
+                          : (((void)(expected)), !!(expr)))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability)                            \
+  (__extension__({                                                             \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR double hedley_probability_ = (probability);          \
+    ((hedley_probability_ >= 0.9)                                              \
+         ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)                                       \
+         : ((hedley_probability_ <= 0.1) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)       \
+                                         : !!(expr)));                         \
+  }))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability)                           \
+  (__extension__({                                                             \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR double hedley_probability_ = (probability);          \
+    ((hedley_probability_ >= 0.9)                                              \
+         ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)                                       \
+         : ((hedley_probability_ <= 0.1) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)       \
+                                         : !!(expr)));                         \
+  }))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, expected, probability) (((void) (expected)), !!(expr))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability) (!!(expr))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability) (!!(expr))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) (!!(expr))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) (!!(expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, expected, probability)                       \
+  (((void)(expected)), !!(expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability) (!!(expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability) (!!(expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) (!!(expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) (!!(expr))
 #endif
 #if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, 1, 0.5)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, 1, 0.5)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(malloc) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,11,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(12,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC __attribute__((__malloc__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC _Pragma("returns_new_memory")
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(malloc) ||                                       \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(12, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC __attribute__((__malloc__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC _Pragma("returns_new_memory")
 #elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14, 0, 0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC __declspec(restrict)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC __declspec(restrict)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PURE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(pure) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(2,96,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,11,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE __attribute__((__pure__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE _Pragma("does_not_write_global_data")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE _Pragma("FUNC_IS_PURE;")
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(pure) ||                                         \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(2, 96, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE __attribute__((__pure__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE _Pragma("does_not_write_global_data")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE _Pragma("FUNC_IS_PURE;")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONST)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(const) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(2,5,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,11,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST __attribute__((__const__))
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST _Pragma("no_side_effect")
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(const) ||                                        \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(2, 5, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST __attribute__((__const__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST _Pragma("no_side_effect")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT
-#endif
-#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) && !defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT restrict
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17,10,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,14,0) && defined(__cplusplus)) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    defined(__clang__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT __restrict
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,3,0) && !defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT _Restrict
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT
+#endif
+#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) &&              \
+    !defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT restrict
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14, 0, 0) ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0) ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 14, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)) ||    \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) || defined(__clang__)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT __restrict
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 3, 0) && !defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT _Restrict
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
 #endif
-#if \
-    (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)) || \
+#if (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)) ||            \
     (defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 199711L))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE inline
-#elif \
-    defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(6,2,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE __inline__
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(12,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE __inline
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE inline
+#elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(6, 2, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE __inline__
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(12, 0, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE __inline
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(always_inline) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,11,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((__always_inline__)) JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(12,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE __forceinline
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,0,0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE _Pragma("FUNC_ALWAYS_INLINE;")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE _Pragma("inline=forced")
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(always_inline) ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE                                              \
+  __attribute__((__always_inline__)) JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(12, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE __forceinline
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 0, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE _Pragma("FUNC_ALWAYS_INLINE;")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE _Pragma("inline=forced")
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noinline) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,11,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __attribute__((__noinline__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13,10,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(10,2,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("noinline")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("FUNC_CANNOT_INLINE;")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("inline=never")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(3,2,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __attribute((noinline))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(9,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noinline) ||                                     \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) &&                                  \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __attribute__((__noinline__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(10, 2, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("noinline")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("FUNC_CANNOT_INLINE;")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("inline=never")
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(3, 2, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __attribute((noinline))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(9, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT
 #endif
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC   __declspec(dllexport)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT   __declspec(dllimport)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC __declspec(dllexport)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT __declspec(dllimport)
 #else
-    #if \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(visibility) || \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,3,0) || \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,11,0) || \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13,1,0) || \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0) || \
-        (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7,3,0) && defined(__TI_EABI__) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE __attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC  __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
-    #else
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC
-    #endif
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT    extern
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(visibility) ||                                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 3, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(7, 3, 0) && defined(__TI_EABI__) &&          \
+     defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE __attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
+#else
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC
+#endif
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT extern
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nothrow) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,3,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW __attribute__((__nothrow__))
-#elif \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW __declspec(nothrow)
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nothrow) ||                                      \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 3, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW __attribute__((__nothrow__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW __declspec(nothrow)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH
 #endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough,7,0,0) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH __attribute__((__fallthrough__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(clang,fallthrough)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[clang::fallthrough]])
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough, 7, 0, 0) &&                    \
+    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH __attribute__((__fallthrough__))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(clang, fallthrough)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[clang::fallthrough]])
 #elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[fallthrough]])
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[fallthrough]])
 #elif defined(__fallthrough) /* SAL */
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH __fallthrough
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH __fallthrough
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
 #endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(returns_nonnull) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,9,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL __attribute__((__returns_nonnull__))
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(returns_nonnull) ||                              \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 9, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL __attribute__((__returns_nonnull__))
 #elif defined(_Ret_notnull_) /* SAL */
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL _Ret_notnull_
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL _Ret_notnull_
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM
-#endif
-#if \
-    defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) && \
-    !defined(__STDC_NO_VLA__) && \
-    !defined(__cplusplus) && \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM(name) (name)
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM
+#endif
+#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) &&              \
+    !defined(__STDC_NO_VLA__) && !defined(__cplusplus) &&                      \
+    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM(name) (name)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM(name)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM(name)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR
 #endif
 /* JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_ is for
    HEDLEY INTERNAL USE ONLY.  API subject to change without notice. */
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_
-#endif
-#if \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_constant_p) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,4,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0,9,19) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13,1,0) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6,1,0) || \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5,10,0) && !defined(__cplusplus)) || \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(8,1,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) __builtin_constant_p(expr)
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_constant_p) ||                           \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 4, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 19) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(6, 1, 0) ||                                   \
+    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0) && !defined(__cplusplus)) ||   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) __builtin_constant_p(expr)
 #endif
 #if !defined(__cplusplus)
-#  if \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_types_compatible_p) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3,4,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13,1,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(8,1,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5,4,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0,9,24)
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_types_compatible_p) ||                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 4, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 4, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 24)
 #if defined(__INTPTR_TYPE__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) __builtin_types_compatible_p(__typeof__((1 ? (void*) ((__INTPTR_TYPE__) ((expr) * 0)) : (int*) 0)), int*)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                        \
+  __builtin_types_compatible_p(                                                \
+      __typeof__((1 ? (void *)((__INTPTR_TYPE__)((expr)*0)) : (int *)0)),      \
+      int *)
 #else
-    #include <stdint.h>
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) __builtin_types_compatible_p(__typeof__((1 ? (void*) ((intptr_t) ((expr) * 0)) : (int*) 0)), int*)
-#endif
-#  elif \
-       (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(c_generic_selections) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,9,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(17,0,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(12,1,0) || \
-       JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5,3,0)
+#include <stdint.h>
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                        \
+  __builtin_types_compatible_p(                                                \
+      __typeof__((1 ? (void *)((intptr_t)((expr)*0)) : (int *)0)), int *)
+#endif
+#elif (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) &&           \
+       !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) &&                                 \
+       !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)) ||                                   \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(c_generic_selections) ||                         \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 9, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(17, 0, 0) ||                               \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(12, 1, 0) ||                                 \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 3, 0)
 #if defined(__INTPTR_TYPE__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) _Generic((1 ? (void*) ((__INTPTR_TYPE__) ((expr) * 0)) : (int*) 0), int*: 1, void*: 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                        \
+  _Generic((1 ? (void *)((__INTPTR_TYPE__)((expr)*0)) : (int *)0), int * : 1,  \
+           void * : 0)
 #else
-    #include <stdint.h>
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) _Generic((1 ? (void*) ((intptr_t) * 0) : (int*) 0), int*: 1, void*: 0)
-#endif
-#  elif \
-       defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION) || \
-       defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION) || \
-       defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION) || \
-       defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION) || \
-       defined(__clang__)
-#    define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) ( \
-        sizeof(void) != \
-        sizeof(*( \
-                  1 ? \
-                  ((void*) ((expr) * 0L) ) : \
-((struct { char v[sizeof(void) * 2]; } *) 1) \
-                ) \
-              ) \
-                                            )
-#  endif
+#include <stdint.h>
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                        \
+  _Generic((1 ? (void *)((intptr_t)*0) : (int *)0), int * : 1, void * : 0)
+#endif
+#elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION) ||                                      \
+    defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION) ||                                      \
+    defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION) || defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION) ||   \
+    defined(__clang__)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                        \
+  (sizeof(void) != sizeof(*(1 ? ((void *)((expr)*0L))                          \
+                              : ((struct { char v[sizeof(void) * 2]; } *)1))))
+#endif
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_)
-    #if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)
-    #endif
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR(expr) (JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) ? (expr) : (-1))
+#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)
+#endif
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR(expr)                                    \
+  (JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) ? (expr) : (-1))
 #else
-    #if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) (0)
-    #endif
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR(expr) (expr)
+#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) (0)
+#endif
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR(expr) (expr)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS extern "C" {
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS }
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL extern "C"
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS extern "C" {
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS }
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL extern "C"
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT
-#endif
-#if \
-  !defined(__cplusplus) && ( \
-      (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L)) || \
-      JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(c_static_assert) || \
-      JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(6,0,0) || \
-      JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0) || \
-      defined(_Static_assert) \
-    )
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message) _Static_assert(expr, message)
-#elif \
-  (defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(16,0,0) || \
-  (defined(__cplusplus) && JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8,3,0))
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message) JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(static_assert(expr, message))
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif
+#if !defined(__cplusplus) &&                                                   \
+    ((defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L)) ||           \
+     JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(c_static_assert) ||                               \
+     JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) ||                                 \
+     JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || defined(_Static_assert))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message) _Static_assert(expr, message)
+#elif (defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)) ||                    \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(16, 0, 0) ||                                \
+    (defined(__cplusplus) && JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(8, 3, 0))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message)                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(                           \
+      static_assert(expr, message))
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr) (const_cast<T>(expr))
-#elif \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wcast-qual") || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,6,0) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr) (__extension__ ({ \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL \
-        ((T) (expr)); \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP \
-    }))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr) (const_cast<T>(expr))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wcast-qual") ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 6, 0) ||                                  \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr)                                        \
+  (__extension__({                                                             \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL((T)(expr));                       \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP                                                 \
+  }))
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr) ((T) (expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr) ((T)(expr))
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST(T, expr) (reinterpret_cast<T>(expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST(T, expr) (reinterpret_cast<T>(expr))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST(T, expr) (*((T*) &(expr)))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST(T, expr) (*((T *)&(expr)))
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr) (static_cast<T>(expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr) (static_cast<T>(expr))
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr) ((T) (expr))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr) ((T)(expr))
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr) static_cast<T>(expr)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr) static_cast<T>(expr)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr) (expr)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr) (expr)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NULL)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_NULL
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NULL
 #endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-    #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(nullptr)
-    #elif defined(NULL)
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL NULL
-    #else
-        #define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void*, 0)
-    #endif
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL                                                       \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(nullptr)
+#elif defined(NULL)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL NULL
+#else
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void *, 0)
+#endif
 #elif defined(NULL)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL NULL
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL NULL
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL ((void*) 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL ((void *)0)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-pragmas")
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message msg) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#elif \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,4,0) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message msg)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(5,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(_CRI message msg)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                  \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message msg)                                              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 4, 0) ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message msg)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(5, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(_CRI message msg)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-pragmas")
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(clang warning msg) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#elif \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4,8,0) || \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(18,4,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(GCC warning msg)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg)                                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                  \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                               \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(clang warning msg)                                        \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) ||                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 4, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(GCC warning msg)
+#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(diagnose_if)
-#  if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wgcc-compat")
-#    define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH \
-    _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wgcc-compat\"") \
-    __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), #expr, "error"))) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#    define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr,msg) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH \
-    _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wgcc-compat\"") \
-    __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), msg, "error"))) \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#  else
-#    define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr) __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), #expr, "error")))
-#    define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr,msg) __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), msg, "error")))
-#  endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wgcc-compat")
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr)                                              \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                  \
+  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wgcc-compat\"")                         \
+      __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), #expr, "error")))                    \
+          JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr, msg)                                     \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                  \
+  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wgcc-compat\"")                         \
+      __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), msg, "error")))                      \
+          JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#else
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr)                                              \
+  __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), #expr, "error")))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr, msg)                                     \
+  __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), msg, "error")))
+#endif
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr,msg)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr, msg)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS
 #endif
 #if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(flag_enum)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS __attribute__((__flag_enum__))
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS __attribute__((__flag_enum__))
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(19,0,0)
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST(T, expr) (__extension__ ({ \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH \
-        _Pragma("warning(disable:188)") \
-        ((T) (expr)); \
-        JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP \
-    }))
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST
+#endif
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(19, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST(T, expr)                                        \
+  (__extension__({                                                             \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                \
+    _Pragma("warning(disable:188)")((T)(expr));                                \
+    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP                                                 \
+  }))
 #else
-#  define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST(T, expr) JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST(T, expr) JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES
 #endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19,0,23918) && !JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(20,0,0)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES __declspec(empty_bases)
+#if JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19, 0, 23918) &&                            \
+    !JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(20, 0, 0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES __declspec(empty_bases)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES
 #endif
 
 /* Remaining macros are deprecated. */
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK
 #endif
 #if defined(__clang__)
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) (0)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
 #else
-    #define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major,minor,patch)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)           \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)                             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)                         \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE(feature) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION
 #endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION(extension)                             \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
 #endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
+#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)                    \
+  JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
 
 #if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING)
-    #undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING
+#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING
 #endif
 #define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING(warning) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning)
 
 #endif /* !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION) || (JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION < X) */
 
-
 // This file contains all internal macro definitions
-// You MUST include macro_unscope.hpp at the end of json.hpp to undef all of them
+// You MUST include macro_unscope.hpp at the end of json.hpp to undef all of
+// them
 
 // exclude unsupported compilers
 #if !defined(JSON_SKIP_UNSUPPORTED_COMPILER_CHECK)
-    #if defined(__clang__)
-        #if (__clang_major__ * 10000 + __clang_minor__ * 100 + __clang_patchlevel__) < 30400
-            #error "unsupported Clang version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
-        #endif
-    #elif defined(__GNUC__) && !(defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER))
-        #if (__GNUC__ * 10000 + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__) < 40800
-            #error "unsupported GCC version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
-        #endif
-    #endif
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#if (__clang_major__ * 10000 + __clang_minor__ * 100 + __clang_patchlevel__) < \
+    30400
+#error                                                                         \
+    "unsupported Clang version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
+#endif
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !(defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER))
+#if (__GNUC__ * 10000 + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__) < 40800
+#error                                                                         \
+    "unsupported GCC version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
+#endif
+#endif
 #endif
 
 // C++ language standard detection
-#if (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201703L) || (defined(_HAS_CXX17) && _HAS_CXX17 == 1) // fix for issue #464
-    #define JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-    #define JSON_HAS_CPP_14
-#elif (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201402L) || (defined(_HAS_CXX14) && _HAS_CXX14 == 1)
-    #define JSON_HAS_CPP_14
+#if (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201703L) ||                        \
+    (defined(_HAS_CXX17) && _HAS_CXX17 == 1) // fix for issue #464
+#define JSON_HAS_CPP_17
+#define JSON_HAS_CPP_14
+#elif (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201402L) ||                      \
+    (defined(_HAS_CXX14) && _HAS_CXX14 == 1)
+#define JSON_HAS_CPP_14
 #endif
 
 // disable float-equal warnings on GCC/clang
 #if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
-    #pragma GCC diagnostic push
-    #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
 #endif
 
 // disable documentation warnings on clang
 #if defined(__clang__)
-    #pragma GCC diagnostic push
-    #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation"
 #endif
 
 // allow to disable exceptions
-#if (defined(__cpp_exceptions) || defined(__EXCEPTIONS) || defined(_CPPUNWIND)) && !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
-    #define JSON_THROW(exception) throw exception
-    #define JSON_TRY try
-    #define JSON_CATCH(exception) catch(exception)
-    #define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(exception) catch(exception)
+#if (defined(__cpp_exceptions) || defined(__EXCEPTIONS) ||                     \
+     defined(_CPPUNWIND)) &&                                                   \
+    !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
+#define JSON_THROW(exception) throw exception
+#define JSON_TRY try
+#define JSON_CATCH(exception) catch (exception)
+#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(exception) catch (exception)
 #else
-    #include <cstdlib>
-    #define JSON_THROW(exception) std::abort()
-    #define JSON_TRY if(true)
-    #define JSON_CATCH(exception) if(false)
-    #define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(exception) if(false)
+#include <cstdlib>
+#define JSON_THROW(exception) std::abort()
+#define JSON_TRY if (true)
+#define JSON_CATCH(exception) if (false)
+#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(exception) if (false)
 #endif
 
 // override exception macros
 #if defined(JSON_THROW_USER)
-    #undef JSON_THROW
-    #define JSON_THROW JSON_THROW_USER
+#undef JSON_THROW
+#define JSON_THROW JSON_THROW_USER
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_TRY_USER)
-    #undef JSON_TRY
-    #define JSON_TRY JSON_TRY_USER
+#undef JSON_TRY
+#define JSON_TRY JSON_TRY_USER
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_CATCH_USER)
-    #undef JSON_CATCH
-    #define JSON_CATCH JSON_CATCH_USER
-    #undef JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH
-    #define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH JSON_CATCH_USER
+#undef JSON_CATCH
+#define JSON_CATCH JSON_CATCH_USER
+#undef JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH
+#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH JSON_CATCH_USER
 #endif
 #if defined(JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH_USER)
-    #undef JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH
-    #define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH_USER
+#undef JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH
+#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH_USER
 #endif
 
 /*!
@@ -1782,53 +1928,50 @@ JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
 @def NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM
 @since version 3.4.0
 */
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(ENUM_TYPE, ...)                                            \
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>                                                            \
-    inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const ENUM_TYPE& e)                                   \
-    {                                                                                           \
-        static_assert(std::is_enum<ENUM_TYPE>::value, #ENUM_TYPE " must be an enum!");          \
-        static const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> m[] = __VA_ARGS__;                     \
-        auto it = std::find_if(std::begin(m), std::end(m),                                      \
-                               [e](const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType>& ej_pair) -> bool  \
-        {                                                                                       \
-            return ej_pair.first == e;                                                          \
-        });                                                                                     \
-        j = ((it != std::end(m)) ? it : std::begin(m))->second;                                 \
-    }                                                                                           \
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>                                                            \
-    inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ENUM_TYPE& e)                                 \
-    {                                                                                           \
-        static_assert(std::is_enum<ENUM_TYPE>::value, #ENUM_TYPE " must be an enum!");          \
-        static const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> m[] = __VA_ARGS__;                     \
-        auto it = std::find_if(std::begin(m), std::end(m),                                      \
-                               [&j](const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType>& ej_pair) -> bool \
-        {                                                                                       \
-            return ej_pair.second == j;                                                         \
-        });                                                                                     \
-        e = ((it != std::end(m)) ? it : std::begin(m))->first;                                  \
-    }
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(ENUM_TYPE, ...)                           \
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>                                            \
+  inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const ENUM_TYPE &e) {                  \
+    static_assert(std::is_enum<ENUM_TYPE>::value,                              \
+                  #ENUM_TYPE " must be an enum!");                             \
+    static const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> m[] = __VA_ARGS__;        \
+    auto it = std::find_if(                                                    \
+        std::begin(m), std::end(m),                                            \
+        [e](const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> &ej_pair) -> bool {      \
+          return ej_pair.first == e;                                           \
+        });                                                                    \
+    j = ((it != std::end(m)) ? it : std::begin(m))->second;                    \
+  }                                                                            \
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>                                            \
+  inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ENUM_TYPE &e) {                \
+    static_assert(std::is_enum<ENUM_TYPE>::value,                              \
+                  #ENUM_TYPE " must be an enum!");                             \
+    static const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> m[] = __VA_ARGS__;        \
+    auto it = std::find_if(                                                    \
+        std::begin(m), std::end(m),                                            \
+        [&j](const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> &ej_pair) -> bool {     \
+          return ej_pair.second == j;                                          \
+        });                                                                    \
+    e = ((it != std::end(m)) ? it : std::begin(m))->first;                     \
+  }
 
 // Ugly macros to avoid uglier copy-paste when specializing basic_json. They
 // may be removed in the future once the class is split.
 
-#define NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION                                \
-    template<template<typename, typename, typename...> class ObjectType,   \
-             template<typename, typename...> class ArrayType,              \
-             class StringType, class BooleanType, class NumberIntegerType, \
-             class NumberUnsignedType, class NumberFloatType,              \
-             template<typename> class AllocatorType,                       \
-             template<typename, typename = void> class JSONSerializer>
-
-#define NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL                                            \
-    basic_json<ObjectType, ArrayType, StringType, BooleanType,             \
-    NumberIntegerType, NumberUnsignedType, NumberFloatType,                \
-    AllocatorType, JSONSerializer>
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
+#define NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION                                    \
+  template <template <typename, typename, typename...> class ObjectType,       \
+            template <typename, typename...> class ArrayType,                  \
+            class StringType, class BooleanType, class NumberIntegerType,      \
+            class NumberUnsignedType, class NumberFloatType,                   \
+            template <typename> class AllocatorType,                           \
+            template <typename, typename = void> class JSONSerializer>
+
+#define NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL                                                \
+  basic_json<ObjectType, ArrayType, StringType, BooleanType,                   \
+             NumberIntegerType, NumberUnsignedType, NumberFloatType,           \
+             AllocatorType, JSONSerializer>
+
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
 ////////////////
 // exceptions //
 ////////////////
@@ -1861,31 +2004,26 @@ caught.,exception}
 
 @since version 3.0.0
 */
-class exception : public std::exception
-{
-  public:
-    /// returns the explanatory string
-    JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-    const char* what() const noexcept override
-    {
-        return m.what();
-    }
-
-    /// the id of the exception
-    const int id;
-
-  protected:
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    exception(int id_, const char* what_arg) : id(id_), m(what_arg) {}
-
-    static std::string name(const std::string& ename, int id_)
-    {
-        return "[json.exception." + ename + "." + std::to_string(id_) + "] ";
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// an exception object as storage for error messages
-    std::runtime_error m;
+class exception : public std::exception {
+public:
+  /// returns the explanatory string
+  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+  const char *what() const noexcept override { return m.what(); }
+
+  /// the id of the exception
+  const int id;
+
+protected:
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  exception(int id_, const char *what_arg) : id(id_), m(what_arg) {}
+
+  static std::string name(const std::string &ename, int id_) {
+    return "[json.exception." + ename + "." + std::to_string(id_) + "] ";
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// an exception object as storage for error messages
+  std::runtime_error m;
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -1902,19 +2040,44 @@ Exceptions have ids 1xx.
 
 name / id                      | example message | description
 ------------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------
-json.exception.parse_error.101 | parse error at 2: unexpected end of input; expected string literal | This error indicates a syntax error while deserializing a JSON text. The error message describes that an unexpected token (character) was encountered, and the member @a byte indicates the error position.
-json.exception.parse_error.102 | parse error at 14: missing or wrong low surrogate | JSON uses the `\uxxxx` format to describe Unicode characters. Code points above above 0xFFFF are split into two `\uxxxx` entries ("surrogate pairs"). This error indicates that the surrogate pair is incomplete or contains an invalid code point.
-json.exception.parse_error.103 | parse error: code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid | Unicode supports code points up to 0x10FFFF. Code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid.
-json.exception.parse_error.104 | parse error: JSON patch must be an array of objects | [RFC 6902](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902) requires a JSON Patch document to be a JSON document that represents an array of objects.
-json.exception.parse_error.105 | parse error: operation must have string member 'op' | An operation of a JSON Patch document must contain exactly one "op" member, whose value indicates the operation to perform. Its value must be one of "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or "test"; other values are errors.
-json.exception.parse_error.106 | parse error: array index '01' must not begin with '0' | An array index in a JSON Pointer ([RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) may be `0` or any number without a leading `0`.
-json.exception.parse_error.107 | parse error: JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/' - was: 'foo' | A JSON Pointer must be a Unicode string containing a sequence of zero or more reference tokens, each prefixed by a `/` character.
-json.exception.parse_error.108 | parse error: escape character '~' must be followed with '0' or '1' | In a JSON Pointer, only `~0` and `~1` are valid escape sequences.
-json.exception.parse_error.109 | parse error: array index 'one' is not a number | A JSON Pointer array index must be a number.
-json.exception.parse_error.110 | parse error at 1: cannot read 2 bytes from vector | When parsing CBOR or MessagePack, the byte vector ends before the complete value has been read.
-json.exception.parse_error.112 | parse error at 1: error reading CBOR; last byte: 0xF8 | Not all types of CBOR or MessagePack are supported. This exception occurs if an unsupported byte was read.
-json.exception.parse_error.113 | parse error at 2: expected a CBOR string; last byte: 0x98 | While parsing a map key, a value that is not a string has been read.
-json.exception.parse_error.114 | parse error: Unsupported BSON record type 0x0F | The parsing of the corresponding BSON record type is not implemented (yet).
+json.exception.parse_error.101 | parse error at 2: unexpected end of input;
+expected string literal | This error indicates a syntax error while
+deserializing a JSON text. The error message describes that an unexpected token
+(character) was encountered, and the member @a byte indicates the error
+position. json.exception.parse_error.102 | parse error at 14: missing or wrong
+low surrogate | JSON uses the `\uxxxx` format to describe Unicode characters.
+Code points above above 0xFFFF are split into two `\uxxxx` entries ("surrogate
+pairs"). This error indicates that the surrogate pair is incomplete or contains
+an invalid code point. json.exception.parse_error.103 | parse error: code points
+above 0x10FFFF are invalid | Unicode supports code points up to 0x10FFFF. Code
+points above 0x10FFFF are invalid. json.exception.parse_error.104 | parse error:
+JSON patch must be an array of objects | [RFC
+6902](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902) requires a JSON Patch document to be
+a JSON document that represents an array of objects.
+json.exception.parse_error.105 | parse error: operation must have string member
+'op' | An operation of a JSON Patch document must contain exactly one "op"
+member, whose value indicates the operation to perform. Its value must be one of
+"add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or "test"; other values are errors.
+json.exception.parse_error.106 | parse error: array index '01' must not begin
+with '0' | An array index in a JSON Pointer ([RFC
+6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) may be `0` or any number without a
+leading `0`. json.exception.parse_error.107 | parse error: JSON pointer must be
+empty or begin with '/' - was: 'foo' | A JSON Pointer must be a Unicode string
+containing a sequence of zero or more reference tokens, each prefixed by a `/`
+character. json.exception.parse_error.108 | parse error: escape character '~'
+must be followed with '0' or '1' | In a JSON Pointer, only `~0` and `~1` are
+valid escape sequences. json.exception.parse_error.109 | parse error: array
+index 'one' is not a number | A JSON Pointer array index must be a number.
+json.exception.parse_error.110 | parse error at 1: cannot read 2 bytes from
+vector | When parsing CBOR or MessagePack, the byte vector ends before the
+complete value has been read. json.exception.parse_error.112 | parse error at 1:
+error reading CBOR; last byte: 0xF8 | Not all types of CBOR or MessagePack are
+supported. This exception occurs if an unsupported byte was read.
+json.exception.parse_error.113 | parse error at 2: expected a CBOR string; last
+byte: 0x98 | While parsing a map key, a value that is not a string has been
+read. json.exception.parse_error.114 | parse error: Unsupported BSON record type
+0x0F | The parsing of the corresponding BSON record type is not implemented
+(yet).
 
 @note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and n+1
       is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file. This also
@@ -1927,58 +2090,57 @@ caught.,parse_error}
 @sa - @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
 @sa - @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                     a wrong type
-@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
+@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined
+range
 @sa - @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors
 
 @since version 3.0.0
 */
-class parse_error : public exception
-{
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @brief create a parse error exception
-    @param[in] id_       the id of the exception
-    @param[in] pos       the position where the error occurred (or with
-                         chars_read_total=0 if the position cannot be
-                         determined)
-    @param[in] what_arg  the explanatory string
-    @return parse_error object
-    */
-    static parse_error create(int id_, const position_t& pos, const std::string& what_arg)
-    {
-        std::string w = exception::name("parse_error", id_) + "parse error" +
-                        position_string(pos) + ": " + what_arg;
-        return parse_error(id_, pos.chars_read_total, w.c_str());
-    }
-
-    static parse_error create(int id_, std::size_t byte_, const std::string& what_arg)
-    {
-        std::string w = exception::name("parse_error", id_) + "parse error" +
-                        (byte_ != 0 ? (" at byte " + std::to_string(byte_)) : "") +
-                        ": " + what_arg;
-        return parse_error(id_, byte_, w.c_str());
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief byte index of the parse error
-
-    The byte index of the last read character in the input file.
-
-    @note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and
-          n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file.
-          This also holds true when reading a byte vector (CBOR or MessagePack).
-    */
-    const std::size_t byte;
-
-  private:
-    parse_error(int id_, std::size_t byte_, const char* what_arg)
-        : exception(id_, what_arg), byte(byte_) {}
-
-    static std::string position_string(const position_t& pos)
-    {
-        return " at line " + std::to_string(pos.lines_read + 1) +
-               ", column " + std::to_string(pos.chars_read_current_line);
-    }
+class parse_error : public exception {
+public:
+  /*!
+  @brief create a parse error exception
+  @param[in] id_       the id of the exception
+  @param[in] pos       the position where the error occurred (or with
+                       chars_read_total=0 if the position cannot be
+                       determined)
+  @param[in] what_arg  the explanatory string
+  @return parse_error object
+  */
+  static parse_error create(int id_, const position_t &pos,
+                            const std::string &what_arg) {
+    std::string w = exception::name("parse_error", id_) + "parse error" +
+                    position_string(pos) + ": " + what_arg;
+    return parse_error(id_, pos.chars_read_total, w.c_str());
+  }
+
+  static parse_error create(int id_, std::size_t byte_,
+                            const std::string &what_arg) {
+    std::string w = exception::name("parse_error", id_) + "parse error" +
+                    (byte_ != 0 ? (" at byte " + std::to_string(byte_)) : "") +
+                    ": " + what_arg;
+    return parse_error(id_, byte_, w.c_str());
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief byte index of the parse error
+
+  The byte index of the last read character in the input file.
+
+  @note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and
+        n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file.
+        This also holds true when reading a byte vector (CBOR or MessagePack).
+  */
+  const std::size_t byte;
+
+private:
+  parse_error(int id_, std::size_t byte_, const char *what_arg)
+      : exception(id_, what_arg), byte(byte_) {}
+
+  static std::string position_string(const position_t &pos) {
+    return " at line " + std::to_string(pos.lines_read + 1) + ", column " +
+           std::to_string(pos.chars_read_current_line);
+  }
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -1990,21 +2152,52 @@ the expected semantics.
 Exceptions have ids 2xx.
 
 name / id                           | example message | description
------------------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.201 | iterators are not compatible | The iterators passed to constructor @ref basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.202 | iterator does not fit current value | In an erase or insert function, the passed iterator @a pos does not belong to the JSON value for which the function was called. It hence does not define a valid position for the deletion/insertion.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.203 | iterators do not fit current value | Either iterator passed to function @ref erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) does not belong to the JSON value from which values shall be erased. It hence does not define a valid range to delete values from.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.204 | iterators out of range | When an iterator range for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to a constructor or an erase function, this range has to be exactly (@ref begin(), @ref end()), because this is the only way the single stored value is expressed. All other ranges are invalid.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.205 | iterator out of range | When an iterator for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to an erase function, the iterator has to be the @ref begin() iterator, because it is the only way to address the stored value. All other iterators are invalid.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.206 | cannot construct with iterators from null | The iterators passed to constructor @ref basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) belong to a JSON null value and hence to not define a valid range.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.207 | cannot use key() for non-object iterators | The key() member function can only be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because other types do not have a concept of a key.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.208 | cannot use operator[] for object iterators | The operator[] to specify a concrete offset cannot be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.209 | cannot use offsets with object iterators | The offset operators (+, -, +=, -=) cannot be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.210 | iterators do not fit | The iterator range passed to the insert function are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.211 | passed iterators may not belong to container | The iterator range passed to the insert function must not be a subrange of the container to insert to.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.212 | cannot compare iterators of different containers | When two iterators are compared, they must belong to the same container.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.213 | cannot compare order of object iterators | The order of object iterators cannot be compared, because JSON objects are unordered.
-json.exception.invalid_iterator.214 | cannot get value | Cannot get value for iterator: Either the iterator belongs to a null value or it is an iterator to a primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but the iterator is different to @ref begin().
+----------------------------------- | --------------- |
+------------------------- json.exception.invalid_iterator.201 | iterators are
+not compatible | The iterators passed to constructor @ref basic_json(InputIT
+first, InputIT last) are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same
+container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.202 | iterator does not fit current value | In
+an erase or insert function, the passed iterator @a pos does not belong to the
+JSON value for which the function was called. It hence does not define a valid
+position for the deletion/insertion. json.exception.invalid_iterator.203 |
+iterators do not fit current value | Either iterator passed to function @ref
+erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) does not belong to the JSON value
+from which values shall be erased. It hence does not define a valid range to
+delete values from. json.exception.invalid_iterator.204 | iterators out of range
+| When an iterator range for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is
+passed to a constructor or an erase function, this range has to be exactly (@ref
+begin(), @ref end()), because this is the only way the single stored value is
+expressed. All other ranges are invalid. json.exception.invalid_iterator.205 |
+iterator out of range | When an iterator for a primitive type (number, boolean,
+or string) is passed to an erase function, the iterator has to be the @ref
+begin() iterator, because it is the only way to address the stored value. All
+other iterators are invalid. json.exception.invalid_iterator.206 | cannot
+construct with iterators from null | The iterators passed to constructor @ref
+basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) belong to a JSON null value and hence to
+not define a valid range. json.exception.invalid_iterator.207 | cannot use key()
+for non-object iterators | The key() member function can only be used on
+iterators belonging to a JSON object, because other types do not have a concept
+of a key. json.exception.invalid_iterator.208 | cannot use operator[] for object
+iterators | The operator[] to specify a concrete offset cannot be used on
+iterators belonging to a JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.209 | cannot use offsets with object iterators |
+The offset operators (+, -, +=, -=) cannot be used on iterators belonging to a
+JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.210 | iterators do not fit | The iterator range
+passed to the insert function are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to
+the same container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.211 | passed iterators may not belong to
+container | The iterator range passed to the insert function must not be a
+subrange of the container to insert to. json.exception.invalid_iterator.212 |
+cannot compare iterators of different containers | When two iterators are
+compared, they must belong to the same container.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.213 | cannot compare order of object iterators |
+The order of object iterators cannot be compared, because JSON objects are
+unordered. json.exception.invalid_iterator.214 | cannot get value | Cannot get
+value for iterator: Either the iterator belongs to a null value or it is an
+iterator to a primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but the iterator is
+different to @ref begin().
 
 @liveexample{The following code shows how an `invalid_iterator` exception can be
 caught.,invalid_iterator}
@@ -2013,24 +2206,22 @@ caught.,invalid_iterator}
 @sa - @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
 @sa - @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                     a wrong type
-@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
+@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined
+range
 @sa - @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors
 
 @since version 3.0.0
 */
-class invalid_iterator : public exception
-{
-  public:
-    static invalid_iterator create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg)
-    {
-        std::string w = exception::name("invalid_iterator", id_) + what_arg;
-        return invalid_iterator(id_, w.c_str());
-    }
-
-  private:
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    invalid_iterator(int id_, const char* what_arg)
-        : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
+class invalid_iterator : public exception {
+public:
+  static invalid_iterator create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg) {
+    std::string w = exception::name("invalid_iterator", id_) + what_arg;
+    return invalid_iterator(id_, w.c_str());
+  }
+
+private:
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  invalid_iterator(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -2043,23 +2234,50 @@ Exceptions have ids 3xx.
 
 name / id                     | example message | description
 ----------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
-json.exception.type_error.301 | cannot create object from initializer list | To create an object from an initializer list, the initializer list must consist only of a list of pairs whose first element is a string. When this constraint is violated, an array is created instead.
-json.exception.type_error.302 | type must be object, but is array | During implicit or explicit value conversion, the JSON type must be compatible to the target type. For instance, a JSON string can only be converted into string types, but not into numbers or boolean types.
-json.exception.type_error.303 | incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is object | To retrieve a reference to a value stored in a @ref basic_json object with @ref get_ref, the type of the reference must match the value type. For instance, for a JSON array, the @a ReferenceType must be @ref array_t &.
-json.exception.type_error.304 | cannot use at() with string | The @ref at() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.305 | cannot use operator[] with string | The @ref operator[] member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.306 | cannot use value() with string | The @ref value() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.307 | cannot use erase() with string | The @ref erase() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.308 | cannot use push_back() with string | The @ref push_back() and @ref operator+= member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.309 | cannot use insert() with | The @ref insert() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.310 | cannot use swap() with number | The @ref swap() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.311 | cannot use emplace_back() with string | The @ref emplace_back() member function can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.312 | cannot use update() with string | The @ref update() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
-json.exception.type_error.313 | invalid value to unflatten | The @ref unflatten function converts an object whose keys are JSON Pointers back into an arbitrary nested JSON value. The JSON Pointers must not overlap, because then the resulting value would not be well defined.
-json.exception.type_error.314 | only objects can be unflattened | The @ref unflatten function only works for an object whose keys are JSON Pointers.
-json.exception.type_error.315 | values in object must be primitive | The @ref unflatten function only works for an object whose keys are JSON Pointers and whose values are primitive.
-json.exception.type_error.316 | invalid UTF-8 byte at index 10: 0x7E | The @ref dump function only works with UTF-8 encoded strings; that is, if you assign a `std::string` to a JSON value, make sure it is UTF-8 encoded. |
-json.exception.type_error.317 | JSON value cannot be serialized to requested format | The dynamic type of the object cannot be represented in the requested serialization format (e.g. a raw `true` or `null` JSON object cannot be serialized to BSON) |
+json.exception.type_error.301 | cannot create object from initializer list | To
+create an object from an initializer list, the initializer list must consist
+only of a list of pairs whose first element is a string. When this constraint is
+violated, an array is created instead. json.exception.type_error.302 | type must
+be object, but is array | During implicit or explicit value conversion, the JSON
+type must be compatible to the target type. For instance, a JSON string can only
+be converted into string types, but not into numbers or boolean types.
+json.exception.type_error.303 | incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual
+type is object | To retrieve a reference to a value stored in a @ref basic_json
+object with @ref get_ref, the type of the reference must match the value type.
+For instance, for a JSON array, the @a ReferenceType must be @ref array_t &.
+json.exception.type_error.304 | cannot use at() with string | The @ref at()
+member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.305 | cannot use operator[] with string | The @ref
+operator[] member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.306 | cannot use value() with string | The @ref
+value() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.307 | cannot use erase() with string | The @ref
+erase() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.308 | cannot use push_back() with string | The @ref
+push_back() and @ref operator+= member functions can only be executed for
+certain JSON types. json.exception.type_error.309 | cannot use insert() with |
+The @ref insert() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.310 | cannot use swap() with number | The @ref swap()
+member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.311 | cannot use emplace_back() with string | The @ref
+emplace_back() member function can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.312 | cannot use update() with string | The @ref
+update() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.313 | invalid value to unflatten | The @ref unflatten
+function converts an object whose keys are JSON Pointers back into an arbitrary
+nested JSON value. The JSON Pointers must not overlap, because then the
+resulting value would not be well defined. json.exception.type_error.314 | only
+objects can be unflattened | The @ref unflatten function only works for an
+object whose keys are JSON Pointers. json.exception.type_error.315 | values in
+object must be primitive | The @ref unflatten function only works for an object
+whose keys are JSON Pointers and whose values are primitive.
+json.exception.type_error.316 | invalid UTF-8 byte at index 10: 0x7E | The @ref
+dump function only works with UTF-8 encoded strings; that is, if you assign a
+`std::string` to a JSON value, make sure it is UTF-8 encoded. |
+json.exception.type_error.317 | JSON value cannot be serialized to requested
+format | The dynamic type of the object cannot be represented in the requested
+serialization format (e.g. a raw `true` or `null` JSON object cannot be
+serialized to BSON) |
 
 @liveexample{The following code shows how a `type_error` exception can be
 caught.,type_error}
@@ -2067,23 +2285,22 @@ caught.,type_error}
 @sa - @ref exception for the base class of the library exceptions
 @sa - @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
 @sa - @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
-@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
+@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined
+range
 @sa - @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors
 
 @since version 3.0.0
 */
-class type_error : public exception
-{
-  public:
-    static type_error create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg)
-    {
-        std::string w = exception::name("type_error", id_) + what_arg;
-        return type_error(id_, w.c_str());
-    }
-
-  private:
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    type_error(int id_, const char* what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
+class type_error : public exception {
+public:
+  static type_error create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg) {
+    std::string w = exception::name("type_error", id_) + what_arg;
+    return type_error(id_, w.c_str());
+  }
+
+private:
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  type_error(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -2097,15 +2314,26 @@ Exceptions have ids 4xx.
 
 name / id                       | example message | description
 ------------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
-json.exception.out_of_range.401 | array index 3 is out of range | The provided array index @a i is larger than @a size-1.
-json.exception.out_of_range.402 | array index '-' (3) is out of range | The special array index `-` in a JSON Pointer never describes a valid element of the array, but the index past the end. That is, it can only be used to add elements at this position, but not to read it.
-json.exception.out_of_range.403 | key 'foo' not found | The provided key was not found in the JSON object.
-json.exception.out_of_range.404 | unresolved reference token 'foo' | A reference token in a JSON Pointer could not be resolved.
-json.exception.out_of_range.405 | JSON pointer has no parent | The JSON Patch operations 'remove' and 'add' can not be applied to the root element of the JSON value.
-json.exception.out_of_range.406 | number overflow parsing '10E1000' | A parsed number could not be stored as without changing it to NaN or INF.
-json.exception.out_of_range.407 | number overflow serializing '9223372036854775808' | UBJSON and BSON only support integer numbers up to 9223372036854775807. |
-json.exception.out_of_range.408 | excessive array size: 8658170730974374167 | The size (following `#`) of an UBJSON array or object exceeds the maximal capacity. |
-json.exception.out_of_range.409 | BSON key cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte 2) | Key identifiers to be serialized to BSON cannot contain code point U+0000, since the key is stored as zero-terminated c-string |
+json.exception.out_of_range.401 | array index 3 is out of range | The provided
+array index @a i is larger than @a size-1. json.exception.out_of_range.402 |
+array index '-' (3) is out of range | The special array index `-` in a JSON
+Pointer never describes a valid element of the array, but the index past the
+end. That is, it can only be used to add elements at this position, but not to
+read it. json.exception.out_of_range.403 | key 'foo' not found | The provided
+key was not found in the JSON object. json.exception.out_of_range.404 |
+unresolved reference token 'foo' | A reference token in a JSON Pointer could not
+be resolved. json.exception.out_of_range.405 | JSON pointer has no parent | The
+JSON Patch operations 'remove' and 'add' can not be applied to the root element
+of the JSON value. json.exception.out_of_range.406 | number overflow parsing
+'10E1000' | A parsed number could not be stored as without changing it to NaN or
+INF. json.exception.out_of_range.407 | number overflow serializing
+'9223372036854775808' | UBJSON and BSON only support integer numbers up to
+9223372036854775807. | json.exception.out_of_range.408 | excessive array size:
+8658170730974374167 | The size (following `#`) of an UBJSON array or object
+exceeds the maximal capacity. | json.exception.out_of_range.409 | BSON key
+cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte 2) | Key identifiers to be serialized
+to BSON cannot contain code point U+0000, since the key is stored as
+zero-terminated c-string |
 
 @liveexample{The following code shows how an `out_of_range` exception can be
 caught.,out_of_range}
@@ -2119,18 +2347,16 @@ caught.,out_of_range}
 
 @since version 3.0.0
 */
-class out_of_range : public exception
-{
-  public:
-    static out_of_range create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg)
-    {
-        std::string w = exception::name("out_of_range", id_) + what_arg;
-        return out_of_range(id_, w.c_str());
-    }
-
-  private:
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    out_of_range(int id_, const char* what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
+class out_of_range : public exception {
+public:
+  static out_of_range create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg) {
+    std::string w = exception::name("out_of_range", id_) + what_arg;
+    return out_of_range(id_, w.c_str());
+  }
+
+private:
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  out_of_range(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -2143,175 +2369,145 @@ Exceptions have ids 5xx.
 
 name / id                      | example message | description
 ------------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------
-json.exception.other_error.501 | unsuccessful: {"op":"test","path":"/baz", "value":"bar"} | A JSON Patch operation 'test' failed. The unsuccessful operation is also printed.
+json.exception.other_error.501 | unsuccessful: {"op":"test","path":"/baz",
+"value":"bar"} | A JSON Patch operation 'test' failed. The unsuccessful
+operation is also printed.
 
 @sa - @ref exception for the base class of the library exceptions
 @sa - @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
 @sa - @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
 @sa - @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                     a wrong type
-@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
+@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined
+range
 
 @liveexample{The following code shows how an `other_error` exception can be
 caught.,other_error}
 
 @since version 3.0.0
 */
-class other_error : public exception
-{
-  public:
-    static other_error create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg)
-    {
-        std::string w = exception::name("other_error", id_) + what_arg;
-        return other_error(id_, w.c_str());
-    }
-
-  private:
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    other_error(int id_, const char* what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
+class other_error : public exception {
+public:
+  static other_error create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg) {
+    std::string w = exception::name("other_error", id_) + what_arg;
+    return other_error(id_, w.c_str());
+  }
+
+private:
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  other_error(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
 };
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
 
-
-#include <ciso646> // not
-#include <cstddef> // size_t
+#include <ciso646>     // not
+#include <cstddef>     // size_t
 #include <type_traits> // conditional, enable_if, false_type, integral_constant, is_constructible, is_integral, is_same, remove_cv, remove_reference, true_type
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
 // alias templates to reduce boilerplate
-template<bool B, typename T = void>
+template <bool B, typename T = void>
 using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
 
-template<typename T>
-using uncvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using uncvref_t =
+    typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type;
 
 // implementation of C++14 index_sequence and affiliates
 // source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/32223343
-template<std::size_t... Ints>
-struct index_sequence
-{
-    using type = index_sequence;
-    using value_type = std::size_t;
-    static constexpr std::size_t size() noexcept
-    {
-        return sizeof...(Ints);
-    }
+template <std::size_t... Ints> struct index_sequence {
+  using type = index_sequence;
+  using value_type = std::size_t;
+  static constexpr std::size_t size() noexcept { return sizeof...(Ints); }
 };
 
-template<class Sequence1, class Sequence2>
-struct merge_and_renumber;
+template <class Sequence1, class Sequence2> struct merge_and_renumber;
 
-template<std::size_t... I1, std::size_t... I2>
+template <std::size_t... I1, std::size_t... I2>
 struct merge_and_renumber<index_sequence<I1...>, index_sequence<I2...>>
-        : index_sequence < I1..., (sizeof...(I1) + I2)... > {};
+    : index_sequence<I1..., (sizeof...(I1) + I2)...> {};
 
-template<std::size_t N>
+template <std::size_t N>
 struct make_index_sequence
-    : merge_and_renumber < typename make_index_sequence < N / 2 >::type,
-      typename make_index_sequence < N - N / 2 >::type > {};
+    : merge_and_renumber<typename make_index_sequence<N / 2>::type,
+                         typename make_index_sequence<N - N / 2>::type> {};
 
-template<> struct make_index_sequence<0> : index_sequence<> {};
-template<> struct make_index_sequence<1> : index_sequence<0> {};
+template <> struct make_index_sequence<0> : index_sequence<> {};
+template <> struct make_index_sequence<1> : index_sequence<0> {};
 
-template<typename... Ts>
+template <typename... Ts>
 using index_sequence_for = make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>;
 
 // dispatch utility (taken from ranges-v3)
-template<unsigned N> struct priority_tag : priority_tag < N - 1 > {};
-template<> struct priority_tag<0> {};
+template <unsigned N> struct priority_tag : priority_tag<N - 1> {};
+template <> struct priority_tag<0> {};
 
 // taken from ranges-v3
-template<typename T>
-struct static_const
-{
-    static constexpr T value{};
-};
+template <typename T> struct static_const { static constexpr T value{}; };
 
-template<typename T>
-constexpr T static_const<T>::value;
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+template <typename T> constexpr T static_const<T>::value;
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
 
-
 #include <ciso646> // not
-#include <limits> // numeric_limits
+#include <limits>  // numeric_limits
 #include <type_traits> // false_type, is_constructible, is_integral, is_same, true_type
 #include <utility> // declval
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iterator_traits.hpp>
 
-
 #include <iterator> // random_access_iterator_tag
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/void_t.hpp>
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-template <typename ...Ts> struct make_void
-{
-    using type = void;
-};
-template <typename ...Ts> using void_t = typename make_void<Ts...>::type;
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+template <typename... Ts> struct make_void { using type = void; };
+template <typename... Ts> using void_t = typename make_void<Ts...>::type;
 } // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-template <typename It, typename = void>
-struct iterator_types {};
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+template <typename It, typename = void> struct iterator_types {};
 
 template <typename It>
-struct iterator_types <
-    It,
-    void_t<typename It::difference_type, typename It::value_type, typename It::pointer,
-    typename It::reference, typename It::iterator_category >>
-{
-    using difference_type = typename It::difference_type;
-    using value_type = typename It::value_type;
-    using pointer = typename It::pointer;
-    using reference = typename It::reference;
-    using iterator_category = typename It::iterator_category;
+struct iterator_types<
+    It, void_t<typename It::difference_type, typename It::value_type,
+               typename It::pointer, typename It::reference,
+               typename It::iterator_category>> {
+  using difference_type = typename It::difference_type;
+  using value_type = typename It::value_type;
+  using pointer = typename It::pointer;
+  using reference = typename It::reference;
+  using iterator_category = typename It::iterator_category;
 };
 
-// This is required as some compilers implement std::iterator_traits in a way that
-// doesn't work with SFINAE. See https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1341.
-template <typename T, typename = void>
-struct iterator_traits
-{
-};
+// This is required as some compilers implement std::iterator_traits in a way
+// that doesn't work with SFINAE. See
+// https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1341.
+template <typename T, typename = void> struct iterator_traits {};
 
 template <typename T>
-struct iterator_traits < T, enable_if_t < !std::is_pointer<T>::value >>
-            : iterator_types<T>
-{
-};
+struct iterator_traits<T, enable_if_t<!std::is_pointer<T>::value>>
+    : iterator_types<T> {};
 
 template <typename T>
-struct iterator_traits<T*, enable_if_t<std::is_object<T>::value>>
-{
-    using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;
-    using value_type = T;
-    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
-    using pointer = T*;
-    using reference = T&;
+struct iterator_traits<T *, enable_if_t<std::is_object<T>::value>> {
+  using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type = T;
+  using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = T *;
+  using reference = T &;
 };
 } // namespace detail
 } // namespace nlohmann
@@ -2322,42 +2518,33 @@ struct iterator_traits<T*, enable_if_t<std::is_object<T>::value>>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/detected.hpp>
 
-
 #include <type_traits>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/void_t.hpp>
 
-
 // http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental/is_detected
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-struct nonesuch
-{
-    nonesuch() = delete;
-    ~nonesuch() = delete;
-    nonesuch(nonesuch const&) = delete;
-    nonesuch(nonesuch const&&) = delete;
-    void operator=(nonesuch const&) = delete;
-    void operator=(nonesuch&&) = delete;
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+struct nonesuch {
+  nonesuch() = delete;
+  ~nonesuch() = delete;
+  nonesuch(nonesuch const &) = delete;
+  nonesuch(nonesuch const &&) = delete;
+  void operator=(nonesuch const &) = delete;
+  void operator=(nonesuch &&) = delete;
 };
 
-template <class Default,
-          class AlwaysVoid,
-          template <class...> class Op,
+template <class Default, class AlwaysVoid, template <class...> class Op,
           class... Args>
-struct detector
-{
-    using value_t = std::false_type;
-    using type = Default;
+struct detector {
+  using value_t = std::false_type;
+  using type = Default;
 };
 
 template <class Default, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-struct detector<Default, void_t<Op<Args...>>, Op, Args...>
-{
-    using value_t = std::true_type;
-    using type = Op<Args...>;
+struct detector<Default, void_t<Op<Args...>>, Op, Args...> {
+  using value_t = std::true_type;
+  using type = Op<Args...>;
 };
 
 template <template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
@@ -2378,26 +2565,25 @@ using is_detected_exact = std::is_same<Expected, detected_t<Op, Args...>>;
 template <class To, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
 using is_detected_convertible =
     std::is_convertible<detected_t<Op, Args...>, To>;
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp>
 #ifndef INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_FWD_HPP_
 #define INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_FWD_HPP_
 
 #include <cstdint> // int64_t, uint64_t
-#include <map> // map
-#include <memory> // allocator
-#include <string> // string
-#include <vector> // vector
+#include <map>     // map
+#include <memory>  // allocator
+#include <string>  // string
+#include <vector>  // vector
 
 /*!
 @brief namespace for Niels Lohmann
 @see https://github.com/nlohmann
 @since version 1.0.0
 */
-namespace nlohmann
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
 /*!
 @brief default JSONSerializer template argument
 
@@ -2405,19 +2591,18 @@ This serializer ignores the template arguments and uses ADL
 ([argument-dependent lookup](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl))
 for serialization.
 */
-template<typename T = void, typename SFINAE = void>
-struct adl_serializer;
-
-template<template<typename U, typename V, typename... Args> class ObjectType =
-         std::map,
-         template<typename U, typename... Args> class ArrayType = std::vector,
-         class StringType = std::string, class BooleanType = bool,
-         class NumberIntegerType = std::int64_t,
-         class NumberUnsignedType = std::uint64_t,
-         class NumberFloatType = double,
-         template<typename U> class AllocatorType = std::allocator,
-         template<typename T, typename SFINAE = void> class JSONSerializer =
-         adl_serializer>
+template <typename T = void, typename SFINAE = void> struct adl_serializer;
+
+template <template <typename U, typename V, typename... Args> class ObjectType =
+              std::map,
+          template <typename U, typename... Args> class ArrayType = std::vector,
+          class StringType = std::string, class BooleanType = bool,
+          class NumberIntegerType = std::int64_t,
+          class NumberUnsignedType = std::uint64_t,
+          class NumberFloatType = double,
+          template <typename U> class AllocatorType = std::allocator,
+          template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void> class JSONSerializer =
+              adl_serializer>
 class basic_json;
 
 /*!
@@ -2431,8 +2616,7 @@ within a JSON document. It can be used with functions `at` and
 
 @since version 2.0.0
 */
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class json_pointer;
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_pointer;
 
 /*!
 @brief default JSON class
@@ -2443,13 +2627,11 @@ uses the standard template types.
 @since version 1.0.0
 */
 using json = basic_json<>;
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-#endif  // INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_FWD_HPP_
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
+#endif // INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_FWD_HPP_
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
 /*!
 @brief detail namespace with internal helper functions
 
@@ -2458,8 +2640,7 @@ implementations of some @ref basic_json methods, and meta-programming helpers.
 
 @since version 2.1.0
 */
-namespace detail
-{
+namespace detail {
 /////////////
 // helpers //
 /////////////
@@ -2470,10 +2651,10 @@ namespace detail
 // The only exceptions are in the 'aliases for detected' section
 // (i.e. those of the form: decltype(T::member_function(std::declval<T>())))
 //
-// In this case, T has to be properly CV-qualified to constraint the function arguments
-// (e.g. to_json(BasicJsonType&, const T&))
+// In this case, T has to be properly CV-qualified to constraint the function
+// arguments (e.g. to_json(BasicJsonType&, const T&))
 
-template<typename> struct is_basic_json : std::false_type {};
+template <typename> struct is_basic_json : std::false_type {};
 
 NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
 struct is_basic_json<NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL> : std::true_type {};
@@ -2482,29 +2663,21 @@ struct is_basic_json<NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL> : std::true_type {};
 // aliases for detected //
 //////////////////////////
 
-template <typename T>
-using mapped_type_t = typename T::mapped_type;
+template <typename T> using mapped_type_t = typename T::mapped_type;
 
-template <typename T>
-using key_type_t = typename T::key_type;
+template <typename T> using key_type_t = typename T::key_type;
 
-template <typename T>
-using value_type_t = typename T::value_type;
+template <typename T> using value_type_t = typename T::value_type;
 
-template <typename T>
-using difference_type_t = typename T::difference_type;
+template <typename T> using difference_type_t = typename T::difference_type;
 
-template <typename T>
-using pointer_t = typename T::pointer;
+template <typename T> using pointer_t = typename T::pointer;
 
-template <typename T>
-using reference_t = typename T::reference;
+template <typename T> using reference_t = typename T::reference;
 
-template <typename T>
-using iterator_category_t = typename T::iterator_category;
+template <typename T> using iterator_category_t = typename T::iterator_category;
 
-template <typename T>
-using iterator_t = typename T::iterator;
+template <typename T> using iterator_t = typename T::iterator;
 
 template <typename T, typename... Args>
 using to_json_function = decltype(T::to_json(std::declval<Args>()...));
@@ -2521,13 +2694,12 @@ struct has_from_json : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
 struct has_from_json<BasicJsonType, T,
-           enable_if_t<not is_basic_json<T>::value>>
-{
-    using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
+                     enable_if_t<not is_basic_json<T>::value>> {
+  using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
 
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        is_detected_exact<void, from_json_function, serializer,
-        const BasicJsonType&, T&>::value;
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      is_detected_exact<void, from_json_function, serializer,
+                        const BasicJsonType &, T &>::value;
 };
 
 // This trait checks if JSONSerializer<T>::from_json(json const&) exists
@@ -2535,32 +2707,31 @@ struct has_from_json<BasicJsonType, T,
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename = void>
 struct has_non_default_from_json : std::false_type {};
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct has_non_default_from_json<BasicJsonType, T, enable_if_t<not is_basic_json<T>::value>>
-{
-    using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+struct has_non_default_from_json<BasicJsonType, T,
+                                 enable_if_t<not is_basic_json<T>::value>> {
+  using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
 
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        is_detected_exact<T, from_json_function, serializer,
-        const BasicJsonType&>::value;
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      is_detected_exact<T, from_json_function, serializer,
+                        const BasicJsonType &>::value;
 };
 
 // This trait checks if BasicJsonType::json_serializer<T>::to_json exists
-// Do not evaluate the trait when T is a basic_json type, to avoid template instantiation infinite recursion.
+// Do not evaluate the trait when T is a basic_json type, to avoid template
+// instantiation infinite recursion.
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename = void>
 struct has_to_json : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct has_to_json<BasicJsonType, T, enable_if_t<not is_basic_json<T>::value>>
-{
-    using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
+struct has_to_json<BasicJsonType, T, enable_if_t<not is_basic_json<T>::value>> {
+  using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
 
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        is_detected_exact<void, to_json_function, serializer, BasicJsonType&,
-        T>::value;
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      is_detected_exact<void, to_json_function, serializer, BasicJsonType &,
+                        T>::value;
 };
 
-
 ///////////////////
 // is_ functions //
 ///////////////////
@@ -2568,19 +2739,17 @@ struct has_to_json<BasicJsonType, T, enable_if_t<not is_basic_json<T>::value>>
 template <typename T, typename = void>
 struct is_iterator_traits : std::false_type {};
 
-template <typename T>
-struct is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<T>>
-{
-  private:
-    using traits = iterator_traits<T>;
-
-  public:
-    static constexpr auto value =
-        is_detected<value_type_t, traits>::value &&
-        is_detected<difference_type_t, traits>::value &&
-        is_detected<pointer_t, traits>::value &&
-        is_detected<iterator_category_t, traits>::value &&
-        is_detected<reference_t, traits>::value;
+template <typename T> struct is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<T>> {
+private:
+  using traits = iterator_traits<T>;
+
+public:
+  static constexpr auto value =
+      is_detected<value_type_t, traits>::value &&
+      is_detected<difference_type_t, traits>::value &&
+      is_detected<pointer_t, traits>::value &&
+      is_detected<iterator_category_t, traits>::value &&
+      is_detected<reference_t, traits>::value;
 };
 
 // source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/37193089/4116453
@@ -2596,20 +2765,19 @@ template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
 struct is_compatible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType>
-struct is_compatible_object_type_impl <
+struct is_compatible_object_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType,
     enable_if_t<is_detected<mapped_type_t, CompatibleObjectType>::value and
-    is_detected<key_type_t, CompatibleObjectType>::value >>
-{
+                is_detected<key_type_t, CompatibleObjectType>::value>> {
 
-    using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
+  using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
 
-    // macOS's is_constructible does not play well with nonesuch...
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        std::is_constructible<typename object_t::key_type,
-        typename CompatibleObjectType::key_type>::value and
-        std::is_constructible<typename object_t::mapped_type,
-        typename CompatibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value;
+  // macOS's is_constructible does not play well with nonesuch...
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      std::is_constructible<typename object_t::key_type,
+                            typename CompatibleObjectType::key_type>::value and
+      std::is_constructible<typename object_t::mapped_type,
+                            typename CompatibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType>
@@ -2621,46 +2789,44 @@ template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType,
 struct is_constructible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType>
-struct is_constructible_object_type_impl <
+struct is_constructible_object_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, ConstructibleObjectType,
     enable_if_t<is_detected<mapped_type_t, ConstructibleObjectType>::value and
-    is_detected<key_type_t, ConstructibleObjectType>::value >>
-{
-    using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        (std::is_default_constructible<ConstructibleObjectType>::value and
-         (std::is_move_assignable<ConstructibleObjectType>::value or
-          std::is_copy_assignable<ConstructibleObjectType>::value) and
-         (std::is_constructible<typename ConstructibleObjectType::key_type,
-          typename object_t::key_type>::value and
-          std::is_same <
-          typename object_t::mapped_type,
-          typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type >::value)) or
-        (has_from_json<BasicJsonType,
-         typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value or
-         has_non_default_from_json <
-         BasicJsonType,
-         typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type >::value);
+                is_detected<key_type_t, ConstructibleObjectType>::value>> {
+  using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
+
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      (std::is_default_constructible<ConstructibleObjectType>::value and
+       (std::is_move_assignable<ConstructibleObjectType>::value or
+        std::is_copy_assignable<ConstructibleObjectType>::value) and
+       (std::is_constructible<typename ConstructibleObjectType::key_type,
+                              typename object_t::key_type>::value and
+        std::is_same<typename object_t::mapped_type,
+                     typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value)) or
+      (has_from_json<BasicJsonType,
+                     typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value or
+       has_non_default_from_json<
+           BasicJsonType,
+           typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value);
 };
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType>
 struct is_constructible_object_type
     : is_constructible_object_type_impl<BasicJsonType,
-      ConstructibleObjectType> {};
+                                        ConstructibleObjectType> {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleStringType,
           typename = void>
 struct is_compatible_string_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleStringType>
-struct is_compatible_string_type_impl <
+struct is_compatible_string_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, CompatibleStringType,
     enable_if_t<is_detected_exact<typename BasicJsonType::string_t::value_type,
-    value_type_t, CompatibleStringType>::value >>
-{
-    static constexpr auto value =
-        std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, CompatibleStringType>::value;
+                                  value_type_t, CompatibleStringType>::value>> {
+  static constexpr auto value =
+      std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
+                            CompatibleStringType>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleStringType>
@@ -2672,123 +2838,122 @@ template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleStringType,
 struct is_constructible_string_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleStringType>
-struct is_constructible_string_type_impl <
+struct is_constructible_string_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, ConstructibleStringType,
-    enable_if_t<is_detected_exact<typename BasicJsonType::string_t::value_type,
-    value_type_t, ConstructibleStringType>::value >>
-{
-    static constexpr auto value =
-        std::is_constructible<ConstructibleStringType,
-        typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value;
+    enable_if_t<
+        is_detected_exact<typename BasicJsonType::string_t::value_type,
+                          value_type_t, ConstructibleStringType>::value>> {
+  static constexpr auto value =
+      std::is_constructible<ConstructibleStringType,
+                            typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleStringType>
 struct is_constructible_string_type
-    : is_constructible_string_type_impl<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleStringType> {};
+    : is_constructible_string_type_impl<BasicJsonType,
+                                        ConstructibleStringType> {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType, typename = void>
 struct is_compatible_array_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
-struct is_compatible_array_type_impl <
+struct is_compatible_array_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType,
-    enable_if_t<is_detected<value_type_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
-    is_detected<iterator_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
-// This is needed because json_reverse_iterator has a ::iterator type...
-// Therefore it is detected as a CompatibleArrayType.
-// The real fix would be to have an Iterable concept.
-    not is_iterator_traits<
-    iterator_traits<CompatibleArrayType>>::value >>
-{
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType,
-        typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>::value;
+    enable_if_t<
+        is_detected<value_type_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
+        is_detected<iterator_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
+        // This is needed because json_reverse_iterator has a ::iterator type...
+        // Therefore it is detected as a CompatibleArrayType.
+        // The real fix would be to have an Iterable concept.
+        not is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<CompatibleArrayType>>::value>> {
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType,
+                            typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
 struct is_compatible_array_type
     : is_compatible_array_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType> {};
 
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType, typename = void>
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType,
+          typename = void>
 struct is_constructible_array_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
-struct is_constructible_array_type_impl <
+struct is_constructible_array_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType,
     enable_if_t<std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType,
-    typename BasicJsonType::value_type>::value >>
-            : std::true_type {};
+                             typename BasicJsonType::value_type>::value>>
+    : std::true_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
-struct is_constructible_array_type_impl <
+struct is_constructible_array_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType,
     enable_if_t<not std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType,
-    typename BasicJsonType::value_type>::value and
-    std::is_default_constructible<ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
-(std::is_move_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType>::value or
- std::is_copy_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType>::value) and
-is_detected<value_type_t, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
-is_detected<iterator_t, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
-is_complete_type<
-detected_t<value_type_t, ConstructibleArrayType>>::value >>
-{
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        // This is needed because json_reverse_iterator has a ::iterator type,
-        // furthermore, std::back_insert_iterator (and other iterators) have a
-        // base class `iterator`... Therefore it is detected as a
-        // ConstructibleArrayType. The real fix would be to have an Iterable
-        // concept.
-        not is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<ConstructibleArrayType>>::value and
-
-        (std::is_same<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type,
-         typename BasicJsonType::array_t::value_type>::value or
-         has_from_json<BasicJsonType,
-         typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>::value or
-         has_non_default_from_json <
-         BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type >::value);
+                                 typename BasicJsonType::value_type>::value and
+                std::is_default_constructible<ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
+                (std::is_move_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType>::value or
+                 std::is_copy_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType>::value) and
+                is_detected<value_type_t, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
+                is_detected<iterator_t, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
+                is_complete_type<
+                    detected_t<value_type_t, ConstructibleArrayType>>::value>> {
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      // This is needed because json_reverse_iterator has a ::iterator type,
+      // furthermore, std::back_insert_iterator (and other iterators) have a
+      // base class `iterator`... Therefore it is detected as a
+      // ConstructibleArrayType. The real fix would be to have an Iterable
+      // concept.
+      not is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<ConstructibleArrayType>>::value and
+
+      (std::is_same<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type,
+                    typename BasicJsonType::array_t::value_type>::value or
+       has_from_json<BasicJsonType,
+                     typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>::value or
+       has_non_default_from_json<
+           BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>::value);
 };
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
 struct is_constructible_array_type
-    : is_constructible_array_type_impl<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType> {};
+    : is_constructible_array_type_impl<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType> {
+};
 
 template <typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
           typename = void>
 struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
-struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl <
+struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl<
     RealIntegerType, CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
     enable_if_t<std::is_integral<RealIntegerType>::value and
-    std::is_integral<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
-    not std::is_same<bool, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value >>
-{
-    // is there an assert somewhere on overflows?
-    using RealLimits = std::numeric_limits<RealIntegerType>;
-    using CompatibleLimits = std::numeric_limits<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>;
-
-    static constexpr auto value =
-        std::is_constructible<RealIntegerType,
-        CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
-        CompatibleLimits::is_integer and
-        RealLimits::is_signed == CompatibleLimits::is_signed;
+                std::is_integral<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
+                not std::is_same<bool, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value>> {
+  // is there an assert somewhere on overflows?
+  using RealLimits = std::numeric_limits<RealIntegerType>;
+  using CompatibleLimits = std::numeric_limits<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>;
+
+  static constexpr auto value =
+      std::is_constructible<RealIntegerType,
+                            CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
+      CompatibleLimits::is_integer and
+      RealLimits::is_signed == CompatibleLimits::is_signed;
 };
 
 template <typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
 struct is_compatible_integer_type
     : is_compatible_integer_type_impl<RealIntegerType,
-      CompatibleNumberIntegerType> {};
+                                      CompatibleNumberIntegerType> {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType, typename = void>
-struct is_compatible_type_impl: std::false_type {};
+struct is_compatible_type_impl : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType>
-struct is_compatible_type_impl <
+struct is_compatible_type_impl<
     BasicJsonType, CompatibleType,
-    enable_if_t<is_complete_type<CompatibleType>::value >>
-{
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        has_to_json<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType>::value;
+    enable_if_t<is_complete_type<CompatibleType>::value>> {
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      has_to_json<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType>
@@ -2796,33 +2961,31 @@ struct is_compatible_type
     : is_compatible_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType> {};
 
 // https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/conjunction
-template<class...> struct conjunction : std::true_type { };
-template<class B1> struct conjunction<B1> : B1 { };
-template<class B1, class... Bn>
+template <class...> struct conjunction : std::true_type {};
+template <class B1> struct conjunction<B1> : B1 {};
+template <class B1, class... Bn>
 struct conjunction<B1, Bn...>
-: std::conditional<bool(B1::value), conjunction<Bn...>, B1>::type {};
+    : std::conditional<bool(B1::value), conjunction<Bn...>, B1>::type {};
 
 template <typename T1, typename T2>
 struct is_constructible_tuple : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename T1, typename... Args>
-struct is_constructible_tuple<T1, std::tuple<Args...>> : conjunction<std::is_constructible<T1, Args>...> {};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+struct is_constructible_tuple<T1, std::tuple<Args...>>
+    : conjunction<std::is_constructible<T1, Args>...> {};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-
-#include <array> // array
+#include <array>   // array
 #include <ciso646> // and
 #include <cstddef> // size_t
 #include <cstdint> // uint8_t
-#include <string> // string
+#include <string>  // string
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
 ///////////////////////////
 // JSON type enumeration //
 ///////////////////////////
@@ -2851,17 +3014,16 @@ value with the default value for a given type
 
 @since version 1.0.0
 */
-enum class value_t : std::uint8_t
-{
-    null,             ///< null value
-    object,           ///< object (unordered set of name/value pairs)
-    array,            ///< array (ordered collection of values)
-    string,           ///< string value
-    boolean,          ///< boolean value
-    number_integer,   ///< number value (signed integer)
-    number_unsigned,  ///< number value (unsigned integer)
-    number_float,     ///< number value (floating-point)
-    discarded         ///< discarded by the the parser callback function
+enum class value_t : std::uint8_t {
+  null,            ///< null value
+  object,          ///< object (unordered set of name/value pairs)
+  array,           ///< array (ordered collection of values)
+  string,          ///< string value
+  boolean,         ///< boolean value
+  number_integer,  ///< number value (signed integer)
+  number_unsigned, ///< number value (unsigned integer)
+  number_float,    ///< number value (floating-point)
+  discarded        ///< discarded by the the parser callback function
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -2874,581 +3036,548 @@ Returns an ordering that is similar to Python:
 
 @since version 1.0.0
 */
-inline bool operator<(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs) noexcept
-{
-    static constexpr std::array<std::uint8_t, 8> order = {{
-            0 /* null */, 3 /* object */, 4 /* array */, 5 /* string */,
-            1 /* boolean */, 2 /* integer */, 2 /* unsigned */, 2 /* float */
-        }
-    };
-
-    const auto l_index = static_cast<std::size_t>(lhs);
-    const auto r_index = static_cast<std::size_t>(rhs);
-    return l_index < order.size() and r_index < order.size() and order[l_index] < order[r_index];
+inline bool operator<(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs) noexcept {
+  static constexpr std::array<std::uint8_t, 8> order = {{
+      0 /* null */, 3 /* object */, 4 /* array */, 5 /* string */,
+      1 /* boolean */, 2 /* integer */, 2 /* unsigned */, 2 /* float */
+  }};
+
+  const auto l_index = static_cast<std::size_t>(lhs);
+  const auto r_index = static_cast<std::size_t>(rhs);
+  return l_index < order.size() and r_index < order.size() and
+         order[l_index] < order[r_index];
 }
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename std::nullptr_t& n)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_null()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be null, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
-    n = nullptr;
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename std::nullptr_t &n) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_null())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be null, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+  n = nullptr;
 }
 
 // overloads for basic_json template parameters
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
-                     not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
-                     int> = 0>
-void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
-{
-    switch (static_cast<value_t>(j))
-    {
-        case value_t::number_unsigned:
-        {
-            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t*>());
-            break;
-        }
-        case value_t::number_integer:
-        {
-            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t*>());
-            break;
-        }
-        case value_t::number_float:
-        {
-            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t*>());
-            break;
-        }
-
-        default:
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be number, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
+template <
+    typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
+    enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
+                    not std::is_same<ArithmeticType,
+                                     typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType &j, ArithmeticType &val) {
+  switch (static_cast<value_t>(j)) {
+  case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+        *j.template get_ptr<
+            const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t *>());
+    break;
+  }
+  case value_t::number_integer: {
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+        *j.template get_ptr<
+            const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t *>());
+    break;
+  }
+  case value_t::number_float: {
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+        *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t *>());
+    break;
+  }
+
+  default:
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be number, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t& b)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_boolean()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be boolean, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
-    b = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>();
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t &b) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_boolean())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be boolean, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+  b = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t *>();
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t& s)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_string()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be string, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
-    s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t &s) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_string())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be string, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+  s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t *>();
 }
 
-template <
-    typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleStringType,
-    enable_if_t <
-        is_constructible_string_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleStringType>::value and
-        not std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
-                         ConstructibleStringType>::value,
-        int > = 0 >
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleStringType& s)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_string()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be string, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleStringType,
+          enable_if_t<is_constructible_string_type<
+                          BasicJsonType, ConstructibleStringType>::value and
+                          not std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
+                                           ConstructibleStringType>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleStringType &s) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_string())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be string, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
 
-    s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+  s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t *>();
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t& val)
-{
-    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j,
+               typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t &val) {
+  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t& val)
-{
-    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j,
+               typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t &val) {
+  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t& val)
-{
-    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j,
+               typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t &val) {
+  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumType,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_enum<EnumType>::value, int> = 0>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, EnumType& e)
-{
-    typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type val;
-    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
-    e = static_cast<EnumType>(val);
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumType,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_enum<EnumType>::value, int> = 0>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, EnumType &e) {
+  typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type val;
+  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+  e = static_cast<EnumType>(val);
 }
 
 // forward_list doesn't have an insert method
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename Allocator,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator>& l)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
-    l.clear();
-    std::transform(j.rbegin(), j.rend(),
-                   std::front_inserter(l), [](const BasicJsonType & i)
-    {
-        return i.template get<T>();
-    });
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename Allocator,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator> &l) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+  l.clear();
+  std::transform(j.rbegin(), j.rend(), std::front_inserter(l),
+                 [](const BasicJsonType &i) { return i.template get<T>(); });
 }
 
 // valarray doesn't have an insert method
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::valarray<T>& l)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
-    l.resize(j.size());
-    std::copy(j.begin(), j.end(), std::begin(l));
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::valarray<T> &l) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+  l.resize(j.size());
+  std::copy(j.begin(), j.end(), std::begin(l));
 }
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
-auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T (&arr)[N])
--> decltype(j.template get<T>(), void())
-{
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
-    {
-        arr[i] = j.at(i).template get<T>();
-    }
+auto from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, T (&arr)[N])
+    -> decltype(j.template get<T>(), void()) {
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+    arr[i] = j.at(i).template get<T>();
+  }
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t& arr, priority_tag<3> /*unused*/)
-{
-    arr = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j,
+                          typename BasicJsonType::array_t &arr,
+                          priority_tag<3> /*unused*/) {
+  arr = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t *>();
 }
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
-auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, std::array<T, N>& arr,
+auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, std::array<T, N> &arr,
                           priority_tag<2> /*unused*/)
--> decltype(j.template get<T>(), void())
-{
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
-    {
-        arr[i] = j.at(i).template get<T>();
-    }
+    -> decltype(j.template get<T>(), void()) {
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+    arr[i] = j.at(i).template get<T>();
+  }
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
-auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr, priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
--> decltype(
-    arr.reserve(std::declval<typename ConstructibleArrayType::size_type>()),
-    j.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>(),
-    void())
-{
-    using std::end;
-
-    ConstructibleArrayType ret;
-    ret.reserve(j.size());
-    std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(),
-                   std::inserter(ret, end(ret)), [](const BasicJsonType & i)
-    {
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
+auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleArrayType &arr,
+                          priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
+    -> decltype(
+        arr.reserve(std::declval<typename ConstructibleArrayType::size_type>()),
+        j.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>(), void()) {
+  using std::end;
+
+  ConstructibleArrayType ret;
+  ret.reserve(j.size());
+  std::transform(
+      j.begin(), j.end(), std::inserter(ret, end(ret)),
+      [](const BasicJsonType &i) {
         // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
         // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
         return i.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>();
-    });
-    arr = std::move(ret);
+      });
+  arr = std::move(ret);
 }
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
-void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr,
-                          priority_tag<0> /*unused*/)
-{
-    using std::end;
-
-    ConstructibleArrayType ret;
-    std::transform(
-        j.begin(), j.end(), std::inserter(ret, end(ret)),
-        [](const BasicJsonType & i)
-    {
+void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleArrayType &arr,
+                          priority_tag<0> /*unused*/) {
+  using std::end;
+
+  ConstructibleArrayType ret;
+  std::transform(
+      j.begin(), j.end(), std::inserter(ret, end(ret)),
+      [](const BasicJsonType &i) {
         // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
         // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
         return i.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>();
-    });
-    arr = std::move(ret);
+      });
+  arr = std::move(ret);
 }
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType,
-          enable_if_t <
-              is_constructible_array_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
-              not is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
-              not is_constructible_string_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
-              not is_basic_json<ConstructibleArrayType>::value,
-              int > = 0 >
-
-auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr)
--> decltype(from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<3> {}),
-j.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>(),
-void())
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
-                                      std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
+          enable_if_t<is_constructible_array_type<
+                          BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
+                          not is_constructible_object_type<
+                              BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
+                          not is_constructible_string_type<
+                              BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value and
+                          not is_basic_json<ConstructibleArrayType>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
 
-    from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<3> {});
-}
+auto from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleArrayType &arr)
+    -> decltype(from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<3>{}),
+                j.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>(),
+                void()) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType,
-         enable_if_t<is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& obj)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_object()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be object, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
+  from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<3>{});
+}
 
-    ConstructibleObjectType ret;
-    auto inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>();
-    using value_type = typename ConstructibleObjectType::value_type;
-    std::transform(
-        inner_object->begin(), inner_object->end(),
-        std::inserter(ret, ret.begin()),
-        [](typename BasicJsonType::object_t::value_type const & p)
-    {
-        return value_type(p.first, p.second.template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>());
-    });
-    obj = std::move(ret);
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType,
+          enable_if_t<is_constructible_object_type<
+                          BasicJsonType, ConstructibleObjectType>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleObjectType &obj) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_object())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be object, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+
+  ConstructibleObjectType ret;
+  auto inner_object =
+      j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t *>();
+  using value_type = typename ConstructibleObjectType::value_type;
+  std::transform(
+      inner_object->begin(), inner_object->end(),
+      std::inserter(ret, ret.begin()),
+      [](typename BasicJsonType::object_t::value_type const &p) {
+        return value_type(
+            p.first,
+            p.second
+                .template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>());
+      });
+  obj = std::move(ret);
 }
 
 // overload for arithmetic types, not chosen for basic_json template arguments
 // (BooleanType, etc..); note: Is it really necessary to provide explicit
 // overloads for boolean_t etc. in case of a custom BooleanType which is not
 // an arithmetic type?
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
-         enable_if_t <
-             std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
-             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>::value and
-             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>::value and
-             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>::value and
-             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
-             int> = 0>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
-{
-    switch (static_cast<value_t>(j))
-    {
-        case value_t::number_unsigned:
-        {
-            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t*>());
-            break;
-        }
-        case value_t::number_integer:
-        {
-            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t*>());
-            break;
-        }
-        case value_t::number_float:
-        {
-            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t*>());
-            break;
-        }
-        case value_t::boolean:
-        {
-            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>());
-            break;
-        }
-
-        default:
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be number, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
+template <
+    typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
+    enable_if_t<
+        std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
+            not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::
+                                                 number_unsigned_t>::value and
+            not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::
+                                                 number_integer_t>::value and
+            not std::is_same<ArithmeticType,
+                             typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>::value and
+            not std::is_same<ArithmeticType,
+                             typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+        int> = 0>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ArithmeticType &val) {
+  switch (static_cast<value_t>(j)) {
+  case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+        *j.template get_ptr<
+            const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t *>());
+    break;
+  }
+  case value_t::number_integer: {
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+        *j.template get_ptr<
+            const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t *>());
+    break;
+  }
+  case value_t::number_float: {
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+        *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t *>());
+    break;
+  }
+  case value_t::boolean: {
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+        *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t *>());
+    break;
+  }
+
+  default:
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be number, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename A1, typename A2>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::pair<A1, A2>& p)
-{
-    p = {j.at(0).template get<A1>(), j.at(1).template get<A2>()};
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename A1, typename A2>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::pair<A1, A2> &p) {
+  p = {j.at(0).template get<A1>(), j.at(1).template get<A2>()};
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Idx>
-void from_json_tuple_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, Tuple& t, index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/)
-{
-    t = std::make_tuple(j.at(Idx).template get<typename std::tuple_element<Idx, Tuple>::type>()...);
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Idx>
+void from_json_tuple_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, Tuple &t,
+                          index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/) {
+  t = std::make_tuple(
+      j.at(Idx)
+          .template get<typename std::tuple_element<Idx, Tuple>::type>()...);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename... Args>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::tuple<Args...>& t)
-{
-    from_json_tuple_impl(j, t, index_sequence_for<Args...> {});
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename... Args>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::tuple<Args...> &t) {
+  from_json_tuple_impl(j, t, index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
 }
 
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Compare, typename Allocator,
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value,
+          typename Compare, typename Allocator,
           typename = enable_if_t<not std::is_constructible<
-                                     typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key>::value>>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator>& m)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
-    m.clear();
-    for (const auto& p : j)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not p.is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " + std::string(p.type_name())));
-        }
-        m.emplace(p.at(0).template get<Key>(), p.at(1).template get<Value>());
-    }
+              typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key>::value>>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j,
+               std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator> &m) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+  m.clear();
+  for (const auto &p : j) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not p.is_array())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
+                                             std::string(p.type_name())));
+    }
+    m.emplace(p.at(0).template get<Key>(), p.at(1).template get<Value>());
+  }
 }
 
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Hash, typename KeyEqual, typename Allocator,
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Hash,
+          typename KeyEqual, typename Allocator,
           typename = enable_if_t<not std::is_constructible<
-                                     typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key>::value>>
-void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::unordered_map<Key, Value, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator>& m)
-{
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array()))
-    {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-    }
-    m.clear();
-    for (const auto& p : j)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not p.is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " + std::string(p.type_name())));
-        }
-        m.emplace(p.at(0).template get<Key>(), p.at(1).template get<Value>());
-    }
+              typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key>::value>>
+void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j,
+               std::unordered_map<Key, Value, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator> &m) {
+  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_array())) {
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
+                                           std::string(j.type_name())));
+  }
+  m.clear();
+  for (const auto &p : j) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not p.is_array())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be array, but is " +
+                                             std::string(p.type_name())));
+    }
+    m.emplace(p.at(0).template get<Key>(), p.at(1).template get<Value>());
+  }
 }
 
-struct from_json_fn
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-    auto operator()(const BasicJsonType& j, T& val) const
-    noexcept(noexcept(from_json(j, val)))
-    -> decltype(from_json(j, val), void())
-    {
-        return from_json(j, val);
-    }
+struct from_json_fn {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+  auto operator()(const BasicJsonType &j, T &val) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(from_json(j, val)))
+          -> decltype(from_json(j, val), void()) {
+    return from_json(j, val);
+  }
 };
-}  // namespace detail
+} // namespace detail
 
 /// namespace to hold default `from_json` function
 /// to see why this is required:
 /// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2015/n4381.html
-namespace
-{
-constexpr const auto& from_json = detail::static_const<detail::from_json_fn>::value;
+namespace {
+constexpr const auto &from_json =
+    detail::static_const<detail::from_json_fn>::value;
 } // namespace
 } // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_json.hpp>
 
-
 #include <algorithm> // copy
-#include <ciso646> // or, and, not
-#include <iterator> // begin, end
-#include <string> // string
-#include <tuple> // tuple, get
+#include <ciso646>   // or, and, not
+#include <iterator>  // begin, end
+#include <string>    // string
+#include <tuple>     // tuple, get
 #include <type_traits> // is_same, is_constructible, is_floating_point, is_enum, underlying_type
-#include <utility> // move, forward, declval, pair
+#include <utility>  // move, forward, declval, pair
 #include <valarray> // valarray
-#include <vector> // vector
+#include <vector>   // vector
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
 
-
-#include <cstddef> // size_t
+#include <cstddef>  // size_t
 #include <iterator> // input_iterator_tag
-#include <string> // string, to_string
-#include <tuple> // tuple_size, get, tuple_element
+#include <string>   // string, to_string
+#include <tuple>    // tuple_size, get, tuple_element
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-template<typename string_type>
-void int_to_string( string_type& target, std::size_t value )
-{
-    target = std::to_string(value);
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+template <typename string_type>
+void int_to_string(string_type &target, std::size_t value) {
+  target = std::to_string(value);
 }
-template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy_value
-{
-  public:
-    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-    using value_type = iteration_proxy_value;
-    using pointer = value_type * ;
-    using reference = value_type & ;
-    using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
-    using string_type = typename std::remove_cv< typename std::remove_reference<decltype( std::declval<IteratorType>().key() ) >::type >::type;
-
-  private:
-    /// the iterator
-    IteratorType anchor;
-    /// an index for arrays (used to create key names)
-    std::size_t array_index = 0;
-    /// last stringified array index
-    mutable std::size_t array_index_last = 0;
-    /// a string representation of the array index
-    mutable string_type array_index_str = "0";
-    /// an empty string (to return a reference for primitive values)
-    const string_type empty_str = "";
-
-  public:
-    explicit iteration_proxy_value(IteratorType it) noexcept : anchor(it) {}
-
-    /// dereference operator (needed for range-based for)
-    iteration_proxy_value& operator*()
-    {
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /// increment operator (needed for range-based for)
-    iteration_proxy_value& operator++()
-    {
-        ++anchor;
-        ++array_index;
-
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /// equality operator (needed for InputIterator)
-    bool operator==(const iteration_proxy_value& o) const
-    {
-        return anchor == o.anchor;
-    }
-
-    /// inequality operator (needed for range-based for)
-    bool operator!=(const iteration_proxy_value& o) const
-    {
-        return anchor != o.anchor;
-    }
-
-    /// return key of the iterator
-    const string_type& key() const
-    {
-        assert(anchor.m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (anchor.m_object->type())
-        {
-            // use integer array index as key
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                if (array_index != array_index_last)
-                {
-                    int_to_string( array_index_str, array_index );
-                    array_index_last = array_index;
-                }
-                return array_index_str;
-            }
-
-            // use key from the object
-            case value_t::object:
-                return anchor.key();
-
-            // use an empty key for all primitive types
-            default:
-                return empty_str;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// return value of the iterator
-    typename IteratorType::reference value() const
-    {
-        return anchor.value();
-    }
+template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy_value {
+public:
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using value_type = iteration_proxy_value;
+  using pointer = value_type *;
+  using reference = value_type &;
+  using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
+  using string_type =
+      typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<decltype(
+          std::declval<IteratorType>().key())>::type>::type;
+
+private:
+  /// the iterator
+  IteratorType anchor;
+  /// an index for arrays (used to create key names)
+  std::size_t array_index = 0;
+  /// last stringified array index
+  mutable std::size_t array_index_last = 0;
+  /// a string representation of the array index
+  mutable string_type array_index_str = "0";
+  /// an empty string (to return a reference for primitive values)
+  const string_type empty_str = "";
+
+public:
+  explicit iteration_proxy_value(IteratorType it) noexcept : anchor(it) {}
+
+  /// dereference operator (needed for range-based for)
+  iteration_proxy_value &operator*() { return *this; }
+
+  /// increment operator (needed for range-based for)
+  iteration_proxy_value &operator++() {
+    ++anchor;
+    ++array_index;
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /// equality operator (needed for InputIterator)
+  bool operator==(const iteration_proxy_value &o) const {
+    return anchor == o.anchor;
+  }
+
+  /// inequality operator (needed for range-based for)
+  bool operator!=(const iteration_proxy_value &o) const {
+    return anchor != o.anchor;
+  }
+
+  /// return key of the iterator
+  const string_type &key() const {
+    assert(anchor.m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (anchor.m_object->type()) {
+    // use integer array index as key
+    case value_t::array: {
+      if (array_index != array_index_last) {
+        int_to_string(array_index_str, array_index);
+        array_index_last = array_index;
+      }
+      return array_index_str;
+    }
+
+    // use key from the object
+    case value_t::object:
+      return anchor.key();
+
+    // use an empty key for all primitive types
+    default:
+      return empty_str;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// return value of the iterator
+  typename IteratorType::reference value() const { return anchor.value(); }
 };
 
 /// proxy class for the items() function
-template<typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy
-{
-  private:
-    /// the container to iterate
-    typename IteratorType::reference container;
-
-  public:
-    /// construct iteration proxy from a container
-    explicit iteration_proxy(typename IteratorType::reference cont) noexcept
-        : container(cont) {}
-
-    /// return iterator begin (needed for range-based for)
-    iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> begin() noexcept
-    {
-        return iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>(container.begin());
-    }
-
-    /// return iterator end (needed for range-based for)
-    iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> end() noexcept
-    {
-        return iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>(container.end());
-    }
+template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy {
+private:
+  /// the container to iterate
+  typename IteratorType::reference container;
+
+public:
+  /// construct iteration proxy from a container
+  explicit iteration_proxy(typename IteratorType::reference cont) noexcept
+      : container(cont) {}
+
+  /// return iterator begin (needed for range-based for)
+  iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> begin() noexcept {
+    return iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>(container.begin());
+  }
+
+  /// return iterator end (needed for range-based for)
+  iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> end() noexcept {
+    return iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>(container.end());
+  }
 };
 // Structured Bindings Support
 // For further reference see https://blog.tartanllama.xyz/structured-bindings/
 // And see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1391
 template <std::size_t N, typename IteratorType, enable_if_t<N == 0, int> = 0>
-auto get(const nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>& i) -> decltype(i.key())
-{
-    return i.key();
+auto get(const nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> &i)
+    -> decltype(i.key()) {
+  return i.key();
 }
 // Structured Bindings Support
 // For further reference see https://blog.tartanllama.xyz/structured-bindings/
 // And see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1391
 template <std::size_t N, typename IteratorType, enable_if_t<N == 1, int> = 0>
-auto get(const nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>& i) -> decltype(i.value())
-{
-    return i.value();
+auto get(const nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> &i)
+    -> decltype(i.value()) {
+  return i.value();
 }
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // The Addition to the STD Namespace is required to add
 // Structured Bindings Support to the iteration_proxy_value class
 // For further reference see https://blog.tartanllama.xyz/structured-bindings/
 // And see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1391
-namespace std
-{
+namespace std {
 #if defined(__clang__)
-    // Fix: https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1401
-    #pragma clang diagnostic push
-    #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmismatched-tags"
+// Fix: https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1401
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmismatched-tags"
 #endif
 template <typename IteratorType>
 class tuple_size<::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>>
-            : public std::integral_constant<std::size_t, 2> {};
+    : public std::integral_constant<std::size_t, 2> {};
 
 template <std::size_t N, typename IteratorType>
-class tuple_element<N, ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType >>
-{
-  public:
-    using type = decltype(
-                     get<N>(std::declval <
-                            ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType >> ()));
+class tuple_element<N,
+                    ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>> {
+public:
+  using type = decltype(get<N>(
+      std::declval<::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>>()));
 };
 #if defined(__clang__)
-    #pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
 #endif
 } // namespace std
 
@@ -3458,381 +3587,368 @@ class tuple_element<N, ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType >>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
 //////////////////
 // constructors //
 //////////////////
 
-template<value_t> struct external_constructor;
+template <value_t> struct external_constructor;
 
-template<>
-struct external_constructor<value_t::boolean>
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t b) noexcept
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::boolean;
-        j.m_value = b;
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::boolean> {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t b) noexcept {
+    j.m_type = value_t::boolean;
+    j.m_value = b;
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
 };
 
-template<>
-struct external_constructor<value_t::string>
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t& s)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::string;
-        j.m_value = s;
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t&& s)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::string;
-        j.m_value = std::move(s);
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::string> {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        const typename BasicJsonType::string_t &s) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::string;
+    j.m_value = s;
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        typename BasicJsonType::string_t &&s) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::string;
+    j.m_value = std::move(s);
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <
+      typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleStringType,
+      enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleStringType,
+                                   typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value,
+                  int> = 0>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleStringType &str) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::string;
+    j.m_value.string = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::string_t>(str);
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+};
 
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleStringType,
-             enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleStringType, typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value,
-                         int> = 0>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleStringType& str)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::string;
-        j.m_value.string = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::string_t>(str);
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::number_float> {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t val) noexcept {
+    j.m_type = value_t::number_float;
+    j.m_value = val;
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
 };
 
-template<>
-struct external_constructor<value_t::number_float>
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t val) noexcept
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::number_float;
-        j.m_value = val;
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned> {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void
+  construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+            typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t val) noexcept {
+    j.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
+    j.m_value = val;
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
 };
 
-template<>
-struct external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t val) noexcept
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
-        j.m_value = val;
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::number_integer> {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t val) noexcept {
+    j.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
+    j.m_value = val;
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
 };
 
-template<>
-struct external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t val) noexcept
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
-        j.m_value = val;
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::array> {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        const typename BasicJsonType::array_t &arr) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::array;
+    j.m_value = arr;
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        typename BasicJsonType::array_t &&arr) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::array;
+    j.m_value = std::move(arr);
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <
+      typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
+      enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType,
+                                   typename BasicJsonType::array_t>::value,
+                  int> = 0>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleArrayType &arr) {
+    using std::begin;
+    using std::end;
+    j.m_type = value_t::array;
+    j.m_value.array = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::array_t>(
+        begin(arr), end(arr));
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const std::vector<bool> &arr) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::array;
+    j.m_value = value_t::array;
+    j.m_value.array->reserve(arr.size());
+    for (const bool x : arr) {
+      j.m_value.array->push_back(x);
+    }
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
+            enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const std::valarray<T> &arr) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::array;
+    j.m_value = value_t::array;
+    j.m_value.array->resize(arr.size());
+    if (arr.size() > 0) {
+      std::copy(std::begin(arr), std::end(arr), j.m_value.array->begin());
+    }
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
 };
 
-template<>
-struct external_constructor<value_t::array>
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& arr)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::array;
-        j.m_value = arr;
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::object> {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &obj) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::object;
+    j.m_value = obj;
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j,
+                        typename BasicJsonType::object_t &&obj) {
+    j.m_type = value_t::object;
+    j.m_value = std::move(obj);
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  template <
+      typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
+      enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleObjectType,
+                                   typename BasicJsonType::object_t>::value,
+                  int> = 0>
+  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleObjectType &obj) {
+    using std::begin;
+    using std::end;
 
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t&& arr)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::array;
-        j.m_value = std::move(arr);
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
-             enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::array_t>::value,
-                         int> = 0>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleArrayType& arr)
-    {
-        using std::begin;
-        using std::end;
-        j.m_type = value_t::array;
-        j.m_value.array = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::array_t>(begin(arr), end(arr));
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const std::vector<bool>& arr)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::array;
-        j.m_value = value_t::array;
-        j.m_value.array->reserve(arr.size());
-        for (const bool x : arr)
-        {
-            j.m_value.array->push_back(x);
-        }
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
-             enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const std::valarray<T>& arr)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::array;
-        j.m_value = value_t::array;
-        j.m_value.array->resize(arr.size());
-        if (arr.size() > 0)
-        {
-            std::copy(std::begin(arr), std::end(arr), j.m_value.array->begin());
-        }
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
-};
-
-template<>
-struct external_constructor<value_t::object>
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& obj)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::object;
-        j.m_value = obj;
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t&& obj)
-    {
-        j.m_type = value_t::object;
-        j.m_value = std::move(obj);
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
-             enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleObjectType, typename BasicJsonType::object_t>::value, int> = 0>
-    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleObjectType& obj)
-    {
-        using std::begin;
-        using std::end;
-
-        j.m_type = value_t::object;
-        j.m_value.object = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::object_t>(begin(obj), end(obj));
-        j.assert_invariant();
-    }
+    j.m_type = value_t::object;
+    j.m_value.object = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::object_t>(
+        begin(obj), end(obj));
+    j.assert_invariant();
+  }
 };
 
 /////////////
 // to_json //
 /////////////
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, T b) noexcept
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, b);
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, T b) noexcept {
+  external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, b);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleString,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, CompatibleString>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleString& s)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, s);
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleString,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
+                                            CompatibleString>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleString &s) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, s);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t&& s)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, std::move(s));
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t &&s) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, std::move(s));
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename FloatType,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<FloatType>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, FloatType val) noexcept
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::number_float>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>(val));
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename FloatType,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<FloatType>::value, int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, FloatType val) noexcept {
+  external_constructor<value_t::number_float>::construct(
+      j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>(val));
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberUnsignedType,
-         enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType val) noexcept
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>(val));
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberUnsignedType,
+          enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<
+                          typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t,
+                          CompatibleNumberUnsignedType>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType val) noexcept {
+  external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>::construct(
+      j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>(val));
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
-         enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleNumberIntegerType val) noexcept
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>(val));
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
+          enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<
+                          typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t,
+                          CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleNumberIntegerType val) noexcept {
+  external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(
+      j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>(val));
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumType,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_enum<EnumType>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, EnumType e) noexcept
-{
-    using underlying_type = typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type;
-    external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j, static_cast<underlying_type>(e));
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumType,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_enum<EnumType>::value, int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, EnumType e) noexcept {
+  using underlying_type = typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type;
+  external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(
+      j, static_cast<underlying_type>(e));
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::vector<bool>& e)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, e);
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std::vector<bool> &e) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, e);
 }
 
 template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
           enable_if_t<is_compatible_array_type<BasicJsonType,
-                      CompatibleArrayType>::value and
-                      not is_compatible_object_type<
-                          BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
-                      not is_compatible_string_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
-                      not is_basic_json<CompatibleArrayType>::value,
+                                               CompatibleArrayType>::value and
+                          not is_compatible_object_type<
+                              BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
+                          not is_compatible_string_type<
+                              BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
+                          not is_basic_json<CompatibleArrayType>::value,
                       int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleArrayType& arr)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleArrayType &arr) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
-         enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::valarray<T>& arr)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std::valarray<T> &arr) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t&& arr)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t &&arr) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
-         enable_if_t<is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType>::value and not is_basic_json<CompatibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleObjectType& obj)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, obj);
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
+          enable_if_t<is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType,
+                                                CompatibleObjectType>::value and
+                          not is_basic_json<CompatibleObjectType>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleObjectType &obj) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, obj);
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t&& obj)
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, std::move(obj));
+template <typename BasicJsonType>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t &&obj) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, std::move(obj));
 }
 
 template <
     typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N,
     enable_if_t<not std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
-                const T(&)[N]>::value,
-                int> = 0 >
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T(&arr)[N])
-{
-    external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
+                                          const T (&)[N]>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const T (&arr)[N]) {
+  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
 }
 
-template < typename BasicJsonType, typename T1, typename T2, enable_if_t < std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T1>::value&& std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T2>::value, int > = 0 >
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::pair<T1, T2>& p)
-{
-    j = { p.first, p.second };
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T1, typename T2,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T1>::value &&
+                          std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T2>::value,
+                      int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std::pair<T1, T2> &p) {
+  j = {p.first, p.second};
 }
 
 // for https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1134
-template < typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
-           enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, iteration_proxy_value<typename BasicJsonType::iterator>>::value, int> = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T& b)
-{
-    j = { {b.key(), b.value()} };
+template <
+    typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
+    enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, iteration_proxy_value<
+                                    typename BasicJsonType::iterator>>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const T &b) {
+  j = {{b.key(), b.value()}};
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Idx>
-void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/)
-{
-    j = { std::get<Idx>(t)... };
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Idx>
+void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType &j, const Tuple &t,
+                        index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/) {
+  j = {std::get<Idx>(t)...};
 }
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<is_constructible_tuple<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int > = 0>
-void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T& t)
-{
-    to_json_tuple_impl(j, t, make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value> {});
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
+          enable_if_t<is_constructible_tuple<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const T &t) {
+  to_json_tuple_impl(j, t, make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value>{});
 }
 
-struct to_json_fn
-{
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-    auto operator()(BasicJsonType& j, T&& val) const noexcept(noexcept(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))))
-    -> decltype(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val)), void())
-    {
-        return to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val));
-    }
+struct to_json_fn {
+  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+  auto operator()(BasicJsonType &j, T &&val) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))))
+          -> decltype(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val)), void()) {
+    return to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val));
+  }
 };
-}  // namespace detail
+} // namespace detail
 
 /// namespace to hold default `to_json` function
-namespace
-{
-constexpr const auto& to_json = detail::static_const<detail::to_json_fn>::value;
+namespace {
+constexpr const auto &to_json = detail::static_const<detail::to_json_fn>::value;
 } // namespace
 } // namespace nlohmann
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-
-template<typename, typename>
-struct adl_serializer
-{
-    /*!
-    @brief convert a JSON value to any value type
-
-    This function is usually called by the `get()` function of the
-    @ref basic_json class (either explicit or via conversion operators).
-
-    @param[in] j        JSON value to read from
-    @param[in,out] val  value to write to
-    */
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
-    static auto from_json(BasicJsonType&& j, ValueType& val) noexcept(
-        noexcept(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val)))
-    -> decltype(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val), void())
-    {
-        ::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief convert any value type to a JSON value
-
-    This function is usually called by the constructors of the @ref basic_json
-    class.
-
-    @param[in,out] j  JSON value to write to
-    @param[in] val    value to read from
-    */
-    template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
-    static auto to_json(BasicJsonType& j, ValueType&& val) noexcept(
-        noexcept(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val))))
-    -> decltype(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val)), void())
-    {
-        ::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val));
-    }
+namespace nlohmann {
+
+template <typename, typename> struct adl_serializer {
+  /*!
+  @brief convert a JSON value to any value type
+
+  This function is usually called by the `get()` function of the
+  @ref basic_json class (either explicit or via conversion operators).
+
+  @param[in] j        JSON value to read from
+  @param[in,out] val  value to write to
+  */
+  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
+  static auto from_json(BasicJsonType &&j, ValueType &val) noexcept(
+      noexcept(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val)))
+      -> decltype(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val),
+                  void()) {
+    ::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief convert any value type to a JSON value
+
+  This function is usually called by the constructors of the @ref basic_json
+  class.
+
+  @param[in,out] j  JSON value to write to
+  @param[in] val    value to read from
+  */
+  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
+  static auto to_json(BasicJsonType &j, ValueType &&val) noexcept(
+      noexcept(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val))))
+      -> decltype(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val)),
+                  void()) {
+    ::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val));
+  }
 };
 
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/from_json.hpp>
 
@@ -3842,35 +3958,33 @@ struct adl_serializer
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp>
 
-
 #include <algorithm> // generate_n
-#include <array> // array
-#include <cassert> // assert
-#include <cmath> // ldexp
-#include <cstddef> // size_t
-#include <cstdint> // uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t
-#include <cstdio> // snprintf
-#include <cstring> // memcpy
-#include <iterator> // back_inserter
-#include <limits> // numeric_limits
-#include <string> // char_traits, string
-#include <utility> // make_pair, move
+#include <array>     // array
+#include <cassert>   // assert
+#include <cmath>     // ldexp
+#include <cstddef>   // size_t
+#include <cstdint>   // uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t
+#include <cstdio>    // snprintf
+#include <cstring>   // memcpy
+#include <iterator>  // back_inserter
+#include <limits>    // numeric_limits
+#include <string>    // char_traits, string
+#include <utility>   // make_pair, move
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
 
-
-#include <array> // array
+#include <array>   // array
 #include <cassert> // assert
 #include <cstddef> // size_t
-#include <cstdio> //FILE *
+#include <cstdio>  //FILE *
 #include <cstring> // strlen
 #include <istream> // istream
 #include <iterator> // begin, end, iterator_traits, random_access_iterator_tag, distance, next
-#include <memory> // shared_ptr, make_shared, addressof
+#include <memory>  // shared_ptr, make_shared, addressof
 #include <numeric> // accumulate
-#include <string> // string, char_traits
+#include <string>  // string, char_traits
 #include <type_traits> // enable_if, is_base_of, is_pointer, is_integral, remove_pointer
 #include <utility> // pair, declval
 
@@ -3878,11 +3992,8 @@ struct adl_serializer
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
 /// the supported input formats
 enum class input_format_t { json, cbor, msgpack, ubjson, bson };
 
@@ -3901,46 +4012,40 @@ unsigned char), plus an EOF value outside that range, specified by the value
 of the function std::char_traits<char>::eof(). This value is typically -1, but
 could be any arbitrary value which is not a valid char value.
 */
-struct input_adapter_protocol
-{
-    /// get a character [0,255] or std::char_traits<char>::eof().
-    virtual std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() = 0;
-    virtual ~input_adapter_protocol() = default;
+struct input_adapter_protocol {
+  /// get a character [0,255] or std::char_traits<char>::eof().
+  virtual std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() = 0;
+  virtual ~input_adapter_protocol() = default;
 };
 
 /// a type to simplify interfaces
 using input_adapter_t = std::shared_ptr<input_adapter_protocol>;
 
 /*!
-Input adapter for stdio file access. This adapter read only 1 byte and do not use any
- buffer. This adapter is a very low level adapter.
+Input adapter for stdio file access. This adapter read only 1 byte and do not
+use any buffer. This adapter is a very low level adapter.
 */
-class file_input_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol
-{
-  public:
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    explicit file_input_adapter(std::FILE* f)  noexcept
-        : m_file(f)
-    {}
-
-    // make class move-only
-    file_input_adapter(const file_input_adapter&) = delete;
-    file_input_adapter(file_input_adapter&&) = default;
-    file_input_adapter& operator=(const file_input_adapter&) = delete;
-    file_input_adapter& operator=(file_input_adapter&&) = default;
-    ~file_input_adapter() override = default;
-
-    std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept override
-    {
-        return std::fgetc(m_file);
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// the file pointer to read from
-    std::FILE* m_file;
+class file_input_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol {
+public:
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  explicit file_input_adapter(std::FILE *f) noexcept : m_file(f) {}
+
+  // make class move-only
+  file_input_adapter(const file_input_adapter &) = delete;
+  file_input_adapter(file_input_adapter &&) = default;
+  file_input_adapter &operator=(const file_input_adapter &) = delete;
+  file_input_adapter &operator=(file_input_adapter &&) = default;
+  ~file_input_adapter() override = default;
+
+  std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept override {
+    return std::fgetc(m_file);
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// the file pointer to read from
+  std::FILE *m_file;
 };
 
-
 /*!
 Input adapter for a (caching) istream. Ignores a UFT Byte Order Mark at
 beginning of input. Does not support changing the underlying std::streambuf
@@ -3950,376 +4055,350 @@ characters following those used in parsing the JSON input.  Clears the
 std::istream flags; any input errors (e.g., EOF) will be detected by the first
 subsequent call for input from the std::istream.
 */
-class input_stream_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol
-{
-  public:
-    ~input_stream_adapter() override
-    {
-        // clear stream flags; we use underlying streambuf I/O, do not
-        // maintain ifstream flags, except eof
-        is.clear(is.rdstate() & std::ios::eofbit);
-    }
-
-    explicit input_stream_adapter(std::istream& i)
-        : is(i), sb(*i.rdbuf())
-    {}
-
-    // delete because of pointer members
-    input_stream_adapter(const input_stream_adapter&) = delete;
-    input_stream_adapter& operator=(input_stream_adapter&) = delete;
-    input_stream_adapter(input_stream_adapter&&) = delete;
-    input_stream_adapter& operator=(input_stream_adapter&&) = delete;
-
-    // std::istream/std::streambuf use std::char_traits<char>::to_int_type, to
-    // ensure that std::char_traits<char>::eof() and the character 0xFF do not
-    // end up as the same value, eg. 0xFFFFFFFF.
-    std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() override
-    {
-        auto res = sb.sbumpc();
-        // set eof manually, as we don't use the istream interface.
-        if (res == EOF)
-        {
-            is.clear(is.rdstate() | std::ios::eofbit);
-        }
-        return res;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// the associated input stream
-    std::istream& is;
-    std::streambuf& sb;
+class input_stream_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol {
+public:
+  ~input_stream_adapter() override {
+    // clear stream flags; we use underlying streambuf I/O, do not
+    // maintain ifstream flags, except eof
+    is.clear(is.rdstate() & std::ios::eofbit);
+  }
+
+  explicit input_stream_adapter(std::istream &i) : is(i), sb(*i.rdbuf()) {}
+
+  // delete because of pointer members
+  input_stream_adapter(const input_stream_adapter &) = delete;
+  input_stream_adapter &operator=(input_stream_adapter &) = delete;
+  input_stream_adapter(input_stream_adapter &&) = delete;
+  input_stream_adapter &operator=(input_stream_adapter &&) = delete;
+
+  // std::istream/std::streambuf use std::char_traits<char>::to_int_type, to
+  // ensure that std::char_traits<char>::eof() and the character 0xFF do not
+  // end up as the same value, eg. 0xFFFFFFFF.
+  std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() override {
+    auto res = sb.sbumpc();
+    // set eof manually, as we don't use the istream interface.
+    if (res == EOF) {
+      is.clear(is.rdstate() | std::ios::eofbit);
+    }
+    return res;
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// the associated input stream
+  std::istream &is;
+  std::streambuf &sb;
 };
 
 /// input adapter for buffer input
-class input_buffer_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol
-{
-  public:
-    input_buffer_adapter(const char* b, const std::size_t l) noexcept
-        : cursor(b), limit(b == nullptr ? nullptr : (b + l))
-    {}
-
-    // delete because of pointer members
-    input_buffer_adapter(const input_buffer_adapter&) = delete;
-    input_buffer_adapter& operator=(input_buffer_adapter&) = delete;
-    input_buffer_adapter(input_buffer_adapter&&) = delete;
-    input_buffer_adapter& operator=(input_buffer_adapter&&) = delete;
-    ~input_buffer_adapter() override = default;
-
-    std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept override
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(cursor < limit))
-        {
-            assert(cursor != nullptr and limit != nullptr);
-            return std::char_traits<char>::to_int_type(*(cursor++));
-        }
-
-        return std::char_traits<char>::eof();
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// pointer to the current character
-    const char* cursor;
-    /// pointer past the last character
-    const char* const limit;
+class input_buffer_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol {
+public:
+  input_buffer_adapter(const char *b, const std::size_t l) noexcept
+      : cursor(b), limit(b == nullptr ? nullptr : (b + l)) {}
+
+  // delete because of pointer members
+  input_buffer_adapter(const input_buffer_adapter &) = delete;
+  input_buffer_adapter &operator=(input_buffer_adapter &) = delete;
+  input_buffer_adapter(input_buffer_adapter &&) = delete;
+  input_buffer_adapter &operator=(input_buffer_adapter &&) = delete;
+  ~input_buffer_adapter() override = default;
+
+  std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept override {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(cursor < limit)) {
+      assert(cursor != nullptr and limit != nullptr);
+      return std::char_traits<char>::to_int_type(*(cursor++));
+    }
+
+    return std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// pointer to the current character
+  const char *cursor;
+  /// pointer past the last character
+  const char *const limit;
 };
 
-template<typename WideStringType, size_t T>
-struct wide_string_input_helper
-{
-    // UTF-32
-    static void fill_buffer(const WideStringType& str,
-                            size_t& current_wchar,
-                            std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4>& utf8_bytes,
-                            size_t& utf8_bytes_index,
-                            size_t& utf8_bytes_filled)
-    {
-        utf8_bytes_index = 0;
-
-        if (current_wchar == str.size())
-        {
-            utf8_bytes[0] = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
-            utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // get the current character
-            const auto wc = static_cast<unsigned int>(str[current_wchar++]);
-
-            // UTF-32 to UTF-8 encoding
-            if (wc < 0x80)
-            {
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-            }
-            else if (wc <= 0x7FF)
-            {
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xC0u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x1Fu));
-                utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 2;
-            }
-            else if (wc <= 0xFFFF)
-            {
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xE0u | ((wc >> 12u) & 0x0Fu));
-                utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 3;
-            }
-            else if (wc <= 0x10FFFF)
-            {
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | ((wc >> 18u) & 0x07u));
-                utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((wc >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                // unknown character
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+template <typename WideStringType, size_t T> struct wide_string_input_helper {
+  // UTF-32
+  static void
+  fill_buffer(const WideStringType &str, size_t &current_wchar,
+              std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4> &utf8_bytes,
+              size_t &utf8_bytes_index, size_t &utf8_bytes_filled) {
+    utf8_bytes_index = 0;
+
+    if (current_wchar == str.size()) {
+      utf8_bytes[0] = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+      utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
+    } else {
+      // get the current character
+      const auto wc = static_cast<unsigned int>(str[current_wchar++]);
+
+      // UTF-32 to UTF-8 encoding
+      if (wc < 0x80) {
+        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
+      } else if (wc <= 0x7FF) {
+        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0xC0u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x1Fu));
+        utf8_bytes[1] =
+            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 2;
+      } else if (wc <= 0xFFFF) {
+        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0xE0u | ((wc >> 12u) & 0x0Fu));
+        utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0x80u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes[2] =
+            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 3;
+      } else if (wc <= 0x10FFFF) {
+        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0xF0u | ((wc >> 18u) & 0x07u));
+        utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0x80u | ((wc >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0x80u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes[3] =
+            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
+      } else {
+        // unknown character
+        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
 };
 
-template<typename WideStringType>
-struct wide_string_input_helper<WideStringType, 2>
-{
-    // UTF-16
-    static void fill_buffer(const WideStringType& str,
-                            size_t& current_wchar,
-                            std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4>& utf8_bytes,
-                            size_t& utf8_bytes_index,
-                            size_t& utf8_bytes_filled)
-    {
-        utf8_bytes_index = 0;
-
-        if (current_wchar == str.size())
-        {
-            utf8_bytes[0] = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
-            utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // get the current character
-            const auto wc = static_cast<unsigned int>(str[current_wchar++]);
-
-            // UTF-16 to UTF-8 encoding
-            if (wc < 0x80)
-            {
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-            }
-            else if (wc <= 0x7FF)
-            {
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xC0u | ((wc >> 6u)));
-                utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 2;
-            }
-            else if (0xD800 > wc or wc >= 0xE000)
-            {
-                utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xE0u | ((wc >> 12u)));
-                utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
-                utf8_bytes_filled = 3;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                if (current_wchar < str.size())
-                {
-                    const auto wc2 = static_cast<unsigned int>(str[current_wchar++]);
-                    const auto charcode = 0x10000u + (((wc & 0x3FFu) << 10u) | (wc2 & 0x3FFu));
-                    utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | (charcode >> 18u));
-                    utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
-                    utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-                    utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (charcode & 0x3Fu));
-                    utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // unknown character
-                    ++current_wchar;
-                    utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-                    utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
+template <typename WideStringType>
+struct wide_string_input_helper<WideStringType, 2> {
+  // UTF-16
+  static void
+  fill_buffer(const WideStringType &str, size_t &current_wchar,
+              std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4> &utf8_bytes,
+              size_t &utf8_bytes_index, size_t &utf8_bytes_filled) {
+    utf8_bytes_index = 0;
+
+    if (current_wchar == str.size()) {
+      utf8_bytes[0] = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+      utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
+    } else {
+      // get the current character
+      const auto wc = static_cast<unsigned int>(str[current_wchar++]);
+
+      // UTF-16 to UTF-8 encoding
+      if (wc < 0x80) {
+        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
+      } else if (wc <= 0x7FF) {
+        utf8_bytes[0] =
+            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xC0u | ((wc >> 6u)));
+        utf8_bytes[1] =
+            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 2;
+      } else if (0xD800 > wc or wc >= 0xE000) {
+        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0xE0u | ((wc >> 12u)));
+        utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+            0x80u | ((wc >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes[2] =
+            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (wc & 0x3Fu));
+        utf8_bytes_filled = 3;
+      } else {
+        if (current_wchar < str.size()) {
+          const auto wc2 = static_cast<unsigned int>(str[current_wchar++]);
+          const auto charcode =
+              0x10000u + (((wc & 0x3FFu) << 10u) | (wc2 & 0x3FFu));
+          utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+              0xF0u | (charcode >> 18u));
+          utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+              0x80u | ((charcode >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
+          utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+              0x80u | ((charcode >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+          utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(
+              0x80u | (charcode & 0x3Fu));
+          utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
+        } else {
+          // unknown character
+          ++current_wchar;
+          utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
+          utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
 };
 
-template<typename WideStringType>
-class wide_string_input_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol
-{
-  public:
-    explicit wide_string_input_adapter(const WideStringType& w) noexcept
-        : str(w)
-    {}
-
-    std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept override
-    {
-        // check if buffer needs to be filled
-        if (utf8_bytes_index == utf8_bytes_filled)
-        {
-            fill_buffer<sizeof(typename WideStringType::value_type)>();
+template <typename WideStringType>
+class wide_string_input_adapter : public input_adapter_protocol {
+public:
+  explicit wide_string_input_adapter(const WideStringType &w) noexcept
+      : str(w) {}
 
-            assert(utf8_bytes_filled > 0);
-            assert(utf8_bytes_index == 0);
-        }
+  std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept override {
+    // check if buffer needs to be filled
+    if (utf8_bytes_index == utf8_bytes_filled) {
+      fill_buffer<sizeof(typename WideStringType::value_type)>();
 
-        // use buffer
-        assert(utf8_bytes_filled > 0);
-        assert(utf8_bytes_index < utf8_bytes_filled);
-        return utf8_bytes[utf8_bytes_index++];
+      assert(utf8_bytes_filled > 0);
+      assert(utf8_bytes_index == 0);
     }
 
-  private:
-    template<size_t T>
-    void fill_buffer()
-    {
-        wide_string_input_helper<WideStringType, T>::fill_buffer(str, current_wchar, utf8_bytes, utf8_bytes_index, utf8_bytes_filled);
-    }
+    // use buffer
+    assert(utf8_bytes_filled > 0);
+    assert(utf8_bytes_index < utf8_bytes_filled);
+    return utf8_bytes[utf8_bytes_index++];
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <size_t T> void fill_buffer() {
+    wide_string_input_helper<WideStringType, T>::fill_buffer(
+        str, current_wchar, utf8_bytes, utf8_bytes_index, utf8_bytes_filled);
+  }
 
-    /// the wstring to process
-    const WideStringType& str;
+  /// the wstring to process
+  const WideStringType &str;
 
-    /// index of the current wchar in str
-    std::size_t current_wchar = 0;
+  /// index of the current wchar in str
+  std::size_t current_wchar = 0;
 
-    /// a buffer for UTF-8 bytes
-    std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4> utf8_bytes = {{0, 0, 0, 0}};
+  /// a buffer for UTF-8 bytes
+  std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4> utf8_bytes = {{0, 0, 0, 0}};
 
-    /// index to the utf8_codes array for the next valid byte
-    std::size_t utf8_bytes_index = 0;
-    /// number of valid bytes in the utf8_codes array
-    std::size_t utf8_bytes_filled = 0;
+  /// index to the utf8_codes array for the next valid byte
+  std::size_t utf8_bytes_index = 0;
+  /// number of valid bytes in the utf8_codes array
+  std::size_t utf8_bytes_filled = 0;
 };
 
-class input_adapter
-{
-  public:
-    // native support
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    input_adapter(std::FILE* file)
-        : ia(std::make_shared<file_input_adapter>(file)) {}
-    /// input adapter for input stream
-    input_adapter(std::istream& i)
-        : ia(std::make_shared<input_stream_adapter>(i)) {}
-
-    /// input adapter for input stream
-    input_adapter(std::istream&& i)
-        : ia(std::make_shared<input_stream_adapter>(i)) {}
-
-    input_adapter(const std::wstring& ws)
-        : ia(std::make_shared<wide_string_input_adapter<std::wstring>>(ws)) {}
-
-    input_adapter(const std::u16string& ws)
-        : ia(std::make_shared<wide_string_input_adapter<std::u16string>>(ws)) {}
-
-    input_adapter(const std::u32string& ws)
-        : ia(std::make_shared<wide_string_input_adapter<std::u32string>>(ws)) {}
-
-    /// input adapter for buffer
-    template<typename CharT,
-             typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_pointer<CharT>::value and
-                 std::is_integral<typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value and
-                 sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1,
-                 int>::type = 0>
-    input_adapter(CharT b, std::size_t l)
-        : ia(std::make_shared<input_buffer_adapter>(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b), l)) {}
-
-    // derived support
-
-    /// input adapter for string literal
-    template<typename CharT,
-             typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_pointer<CharT>::value and
-                 std::is_integral<typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value and
-                 sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1,
-                 int>::type = 0>
-    input_adapter(CharT b)
-        : input_adapter(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b),
-                        std::strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b))) {}
-
-    /// input adapter for iterator range with contiguous storage
-    template<class IteratorType,
-             typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_same<typename iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value,
-                 int>::type = 0>
-    input_adapter(IteratorType first, IteratorType last)
-    {
+class input_adapter {
+public:
+  // native support
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  input_adapter(std::FILE *file)
+      : ia(std::make_shared<file_input_adapter>(file)) {}
+  /// input adapter for input stream
+  input_adapter(std::istream &i)
+      : ia(std::make_shared<input_stream_adapter>(i)) {}
+
+  /// input adapter for input stream
+  input_adapter(std::istream &&i)
+      : ia(std::make_shared<input_stream_adapter>(i)) {}
+
+  input_adapter(const std::wstring &ws)
+      : ia(std::make_shared<wide_string_input_adapter<std::wstring>>(ws)) {}
+
+  input_adapter(const std::u16string &ws)
+      : ia(std::make_shared<wide_string_input_adapter<std::u16string>>(ws)) {}
+
+  input_adapter(const std::u32string &ws)
+      : ia(std::make_shared<wide_string_input_adapter<std::u32string>>(ws)) {}
+
+  /// input adapter for buffer
+  template <typename CharT,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_pointer<CharT>::value and
+                    std::is_integral<
+                        typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value and
+                    sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1,
+                int>::type = 0>
+  input_adapter(CharT b, std::size_t l)
+      : ia(std::make_shared<input_buffer_adapter>(
+            reinterpret_cast<const char *>(b), l)) {}
+
+  // derived support
+
+  /// input adapter for string literal
+  template <typename CharT,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_pointer<CharT>::value and
+                    std::is_integral<
+                        typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value and
+                    sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1,
+                int>::type = 0>
+  input_adapter(CharT b)
+      : input_adapter(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(b),
+                      std::strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(b))) {}
+
+  /// input adapter for iterator range with contiguous storage
+  template <class IteratorType,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_same<
+                    typename iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category,
+                    std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value,
+                int>::type = 0>
+  input_adapter(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-        // assertion to check that the iterator range is indeed contiguous,
-        // see http://stackoverflow.com/a/35008842/266378 for more discussion
-        const auto is_contiguous = std::accumulate(
-                                       first, last, std::pair<bool, int>(true, 0),
-                                       [&first](std::pair<bool, int> res, decltype(*first) val)
-        {
-            res.first &= (val == *(std::next(std::addressof(*first), res.second++)));
-            return res;
-        }).first;
-        assert(is_contiguous);
-#endif
-
-        // assertion to check that each element is 1 byte long
-        static_assert(
-            sizeof(typename iterator_traits<IteratorType>::value_type) == 1,
-            "each element in the iterator range must have the size of 1 byte");
-
-        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(first, last));
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(len > 0))
-        {
-            // there is at least one element: use the address of first
-            ia = std::make_shared<input_buffer_adapter>(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&(*first)), len);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // the address of first cannot be used: use nullptr
-            ia = std::make_shared<input_buffer_adapter>(nullptr, len);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// input adapter for array
-    template<class T, std::size_t N>
-    input_adapter(T (&array)[N])
-        : input_adapter(std::begin(array), std::end(array)) {}
-
-    /// input adapter for contiguous container
-    template<class ContiguousContainer, typename
-             std::enable_if<not std::is_pointer<ContiguousContainer>::value and
-                            std::is_base_of<std::random_access_iterator_tag, typename iterator_traits<decltype(std::begin(std::declval<ContiguousContainer const>()))>::iterator_category>::value,
-                            int>::type = 0>
-    input_adapter(const ContiguousContainer& c)
-        : input_adapter(std::begin(c), std::end(c)) {}
-
-    operator input_adapter_t()
-    {
-        return ia;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// the actual adapter
-    input_adapter_t ia = nullptr;
+    // assertion to check that the iterator range is indeed contiguous,
+    // see http://stackoverflow.com/a/35008842/266378 for more discussion
+    const auto is_contiguous =
+        std::accumulate(
+            first, last, std::pair<bool, int>(true, 0),
+            [&first](std::pair<bool, int> res, decltype(*first) val) {
+              res.first &=
+                  (val == *(std::next(std::addressof(*first), res.second++)));
+              return res;
+            })
+            .first;
+    assert(is_contiguous);
+#endif
+
+    // assertion to check that each element is 1 byte long
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(typename iterator_traits<IteratorType>::value_type) == 1,
+        "each element in the iterator range must have the size of 1 byte");
+
+    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(first, last));
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(len > 0)) {
+      // there is at least one element: use the address of first
+      ia = std::make_shared<input_buffer_adapter>(
+          reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&(*first)), len);
+    } else {
+      // the address of first cannot be used: use nullptr
+      ia = std::make_shared<input_buffer_adapter>(nullptr, len);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// input adapter for array
+  template <class T, std::size_t N>
+  input_adapter(T (&array)[N])
+      : input_adapter(std::begin(array), std::end(array)) {}
+
+  /// input adapter for contiguous container
+  template <
+      class ContiguousContainer,
+      typename std::enable_if<
+          not std::is_pointer<ContiguousContainer>::value and
+              std::is_base_of<std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                              typename iterator_traits<decltype(std::begin(
+                                  std::declval<ContiguousContainer const>()))>::
+                                  iterator_category>::value,
+          int>::type = 0>
+  input_adapter(const ContiguousContainer &c)
+      : input_adapter(std::begin(c), std::end(c)) {}
+
+  operator input_adapter_t() { return ia; }
+
+private:
+  /// the actual adapter
+  input_adapter_t ia = nullptr;
 };
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp>
 
-
 #include <cassert> // assert
 #include <cstddef>
-#include <string> // string
+#include <string>  // string
 #include <utility> // move
-#include <vector> // vector
+#include <vector>  // vector
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
+namespace nlohmann {
 
 /*!
 @brief SAX interface
@@ -4329,114 +4408,109 @@ Each function is called in different situations while the input is parsed. The
 boolean return value informs the parser whether to continue processing the
 input.
 */
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-struct json_sax
-{
-    /// type for (signed) integers
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    /// type for unsigned integers
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    /// type for floating-point numbers
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    /// type for strings
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a null value was read
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    */
-    virtual bool null() = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a boolean value was read
-    @param[in] val  boolean value
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    */
-    virtual bool boolean(bool val) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief an integer number was read
-    @param[in] val  integer value
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    */
-    virtual bool number_integer(number_integer_t val) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief an unsigned integer number was read
-    @param[in] val  unsigned integer value
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    */
-    virtual bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief an floating-point number was read
-    @param[in] val  floating-point value
-    @param[in] s    raw token value
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    */
-    virtual bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t& s) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a string was read
-    @param[in] val  string value
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    @note It is safe to move the passed string.
-    */
-    virtual bool string(string_t& val) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief the beginning of an object was read
-    @param[in] elements  number of object elements or -1 if unknown
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    @note binary formats may report the number of elements
-    */
-    virtual bool start_object(std::size_t elements) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief an object key was read
-    @param[in] val  object key
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    @note It is safe to move the passed string.
-    */
-    virtual bool key(string_t& val) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief the end of an object was read
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    */
-    virtual bool end_object() = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief the beginning of an array was read
-    @param[in] elements  number of array elements or -1 if unknown
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    @note binary formats may report the number of elements
-    */
-    virtual bool start_array(std::size_t elements) = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief the end of an array was read
-    @return whether parsing should proceed
-    */
-    virtual bool end_array() = 0;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a parse error occurred
-    @param[in] position    the position in the input where the error occurs
-    @param[in] last_token  the last read token
-    @param[in] ex          an exception object describing the error
-    @return whether parsing should proceed (must return false)
-    */
-    virtual bool parse_error(std::size_t position,
-                             const std::string& last_token,
-                             const detail::exception& ex) = 0;
-
-    virtual ~json_sax() = default;
+template <typename BasicJsonType> struct json_sax {
+  /// type for (signed) integers
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  /// type for unsigned integers
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  /// type for floating-point numbers
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  /// type for strings
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief a null value was read
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  */
+  virtual bool null() = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief a boolean value was read
+  @param[in] val  boolean value
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  */
+  virtual bool boolean(bool val) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief an integer number was read
+  @param[in] val  integer value
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  */
+  virtual bool number_integer(number_integer_t val) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief an unsigned integer number was read
+  @param[in] val  unsigned integer value
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  */
+  virtual bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief an floating-point number was read
+  @param[in] val  floating-point value
+  @param[in] s    raw token value
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  */
+  virtual bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t &s) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief a string was read
+  @param[in] val  string value
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  @note It is safe to move the passed string.
+  */
+  virtual bool string(string_t &val) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief the beginning of an object was read
+  @param[in] elements  number of object elements or -1 if unknown
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  @note binary formats may report the number of elements
+  */
+  virtual bool start_object(std::size_t elements) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief an object key was read
+  @param[in] val  object key
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  @note It is safe to move the passed string.
+  */
+  virtual bool key(string_t &val) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief the end of an object was read
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  */
+  virtual bool end_object() = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief the beginning of an array was read
+  @param[in] elements  number of array elements or -1 if unknown
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  @note binary formats may report the number of elements
+  */
+  virtual bool start_array(std::size_t elements) = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief the end of an array was read
+  @return whether parsing should proceed
+  */
+  virtual bool end_array() = 0;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief a parse error occurred
+  @param[in] position    the position in the input where the error occurs
+  @param[in] last_token  the last read token
+  @param[in] ex          an exception object describing the error
+  @return whether parsing should proceed (must return false)
+  */
+  virtual bool parse_error(std::size_t position, const std::string &last_token,
+                           const detail::exception &ex) = 0;
+
+  virtual ~json_sax() = default;
 };
 
-
-namespace detail
-{
+namespace detail {
 /*!
 @brief SAX implementation to create a JSON value from SAX events
 
@@ -4450,18161 +4524,17099 @@ constructor contains the parsed value.
 
 @tparam BasicJsonType  the JSON type
 */
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class json_sax_dom_parser
-{
-  public:
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in, out] r  reference to a JSON value that is manipulated while
-                       parsing
-    @param[in] allow_exceptions_  whether parse errors yield exceptions
-    */
-    explicit json_sax_dom_parser(BasicJsonType& r, const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
-        : root(r), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_)
-    {}
-
-    // make class move-only
-    json_sax_dom_parser(const json_sax_dom_parser&) = delete;
-    json_sax_dom_parser(json_sax_dom_parser&&) = default;
-    json_sax_dom_parser& operator=(const json_sax_dom_parser&) = delete;
-    json_sax_dom_parser& operator=(json_sax_dom_parser&&) = default;
-    ~json_sax_dom_parser() = default;
-
-    bool null()
-    {
-        handle_value(nullptr);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool boolean(bool val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_sax_dom_parser {
+public:
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in, out] r  reference to a JSON value that is manipulated while
+                     parsing
+  @param[in] allow_exceptions_  whether parse errors yield exceptions
+  */
+  explicit json_sax_dom_parser(BasicJsonType &r,
+                               const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
+      : root(r), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_) {}
+
+  // make class move-only
+  json_sax_dom_parser(const json_sax_dom_parser &) = delete;
+  json_sax_dom_parser(json_sax_dom_parser &&) = default;
+  json_sax_dom_parser &operator=(const json_sax_dom_parser &) = delete;
+  json_sax_dom_parser &operator=(json_sax_dom_parser &&) = default;
+  ~json_sax_dom_parser() = default;
+
+  bool null() {
+    handle_value(nullptr);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool boolean(bool val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool number_integer(number_integer_t val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t & /*unused*/) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool string(string_t &val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool start_object(std::size_t len) {
+    ref_stack.push_back(handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::object));
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and
+                             len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, "excessive object size: " +
+                                               std::to_string(len)));
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool key(string_t &val) {
+    // add null at given key and store the reference for later
+    object_element = &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.object->operator[](val));
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool end_object() {
+    ref_stack.pop_back();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool start_array(std::size_t len) {
+    ref_stack.push_back(handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::array));
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and
+                             len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, "excessive array size: " +
+                                               std::to_string(len)));
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool end_array() {
+    ref_stack.pop_back();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string & /*unused*/,
+                   const detail::exception &ex) {
+    errored = true;
+    if (allow_exceptions) {
+      // determine the proper exception type from the id
+      switch ((ex.id / 100) % 100) {
+      case 1:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::parse_error *>(&ex));
+      case 4:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::out_of_range *>(&ex));
+      // LCOV_EXCL_START
+      case 2:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::invalid_iterator *>(&ex));
+      case 3:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::type_error *>(&ex));
+      case 5:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::other_error *>(&ex));
+      default:
+        assert(false);
+        // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  constexpr bool is_errored() const { return errored; }
+
+private:
+  /*!
+  @invariant If the ref stack is empty, then the passed value will be the new
+             root.
+  @invariant If the ref stack contains a value, then it is an array or an
+             object to which we can add elements
+  */
+  template <typename Value>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL BasicJsonType *handle_value(Value &&v) {
+    if (ref_stack.empty()) {
+      root = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
+      return &root;
+    }
+
+    assert(ref_stack.back()->is_array() or ref_stack.back()->is_object());
+
+    if (ref_stack.back()->is_array()) {
+      ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Value>(v));
+      return &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->back());
+    }
+
+    assert(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
+    assert(object_element);
+    *object_element = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
+    return object_element;
+  }
+
+  /// the parsed JSON value
+  BasicJsonType &root;
+  /// stack to model hierarchy of values
+  std::vector<BasicJsonType *> ref_stack{};
+  /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
+  BasicJsonType *object_element = nullptr;
+  /// whether a syntax error occurred
+  bool errored = false;
+  /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
+  const bool allow_exceptions = true;
+};
 
-    bool number_integer(number_integer_t val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_sax_dom_callback_parser {
+public:
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+  using parser_callback_t = typename BasicJsonType::parser_callback_t;
+  using parse_event_t = typename BasicJsonType::parse_event_t;
+
+  json_sax_dom_callback_parser(BasicJsonType &r, const parser_callback_t cb,
+                               const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
+      : root(r), callback(cb), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_) {
+    keep_stack.push_back(true);
+  }
+
+  // make class move-only
+  json_sax_dom_callback_parser(const json_sax_dom_callback_parser &) = delete;
+  json_sax_dom_callback_parser(json_sax_dom_callback_parser &&) = default;
+  json_sax_dom_callback_parser &
+  operator=(const json_sax_dom_callback_parser &) = delete;
+  json_sax_dom_callback_parser &
+  operator=(json_sax_dom_callback_parser &&) = default;
+  ~json_sax_dom_callback_parser() = default;
+
+  bool null() {
+    handle_value(nullptr);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool boolean(bool val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool number_integer(number_integer_t val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t & /*unused*/) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool string(string_t &val) {
+    handle_value(val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool start_object(std::size_t len) {
+    // check callback for object start
+    const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()),
+                               parse_event_t::object_start, discarded);
+    keep_stack.push_back(keep);
+
+    auto val = handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::object, true);
+    ref_stack.push_back(val.second);
+
+    // check object limit
+    if (ref_stack.back() and
+        JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and
+                             len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, "excessive object size: " +
+                                               std::to_string(len)));
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool key(string_t &val) {
+    BasicJsonType k = BasicJsonType(val);
+
+    // check callback for key
+    const bool keep =
+        callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::key, k);
+    key_keep_stack.push_back(keep);
+
+    // add discarded value at given key and store the reference for later
+    if (keep and ref_stack.back()) {
+      object_element =
+          &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.object->operator[](val) = discarded);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool end_object() {
+    if (ref_stack.back() and
+        not callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1,
+                     parse_event_t::object_end, *ref_stack.back())) {
+      // discard object
+      *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
+    }
+
+    assert(not ref_stack.empty());
+    assert(not keep_stack.empty());
+    ref_stack.pop_back();
+    keep_stack.pop_back();
+
+    if (not ref_stack.empty() and ref_stack.back() and
+        ref_stack.back()->is_object()) {
+      // remove discarded value
+      for (auto it = ref_stack.back()->begin(); it != ref_stack.back()->end();
+           ++it) {
+        if (it->is_discarded()) {
+          ref_stack.back()->erase(it);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool start_array(std::size_t len) {
+    const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()),
+                               parse_event_t::array_start, discarded);
+    keep_stack.push_back(keep);
+
+    auto val = handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::array, true);
+    ref_stack.push_back(val.second);
+
+    // check array limit
+    if (ref_stack.back() and
+        JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and
+                             len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, "excessive array size: " +
+                                               std::to_string(len)));
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool end_array() {
+    bool keep = true;
+
+    if (ref_stack.back()) {
+      keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1,
+                      parse_event_t::array_end, *ref_stack.back());
+      if (not keep) {
+        // discard array
+        *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(not ref_stack.empty());
+    assert(not keep_stack.empty());
+    ref_stack.pop_back();
+    keep_stack.pop_back();
+
+    // remove discarded value
+    if (not keep and not ref_stack.empty() and ref_stack.back()->is_array()) {
+      ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->pop_back();
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string & /*unused*/,
+                   const detail::exception &ex) {
+    errored = true;
+    if (allow_exceptions) {
+      // determine the proper exception type from the id
+      switch ((ex.id / 100) % 100) {
+      case 1:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::parse_error *>(&ex));
+      case 4:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::out_of_range *>(&ex));
+      // LCOV_EXCL_START
+      case 2:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::invalid_iterator *>(&ex));
+      case 3:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::type_error *>(&ex));
+      case 5:
+        JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::other_error *>(&ex));
+      default:
+        assert(false);
+        // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  constexpr bool is_errored() const { return errored; }
+
+private:
+  /*!
+  @param[in] v  value to add to the JSON value we build during parsing
+  @param[in] skip_callback  whether we should skip calling the callback
+             function; this is required after start_array() and
+             start_object() SAX events, because otherwise we would call the
+             callback function with an empty array or object, respectively.
+
+  @invariant If the ref stack is empty, then the passed value will be the new
+             root.
+  @invariant If the ref stack contains a value, then it is an array or an
+             object to which we can add elements
+
+  @return pair of boolean (whether value should be kept) and pointer (to the
+          passed value in the ref_stack hierarchy; nullptr if not kept)
+  */
+  template <typename Value>
+  std::pair<bool, BasicJsonType *>
+  handle_value(Value &&v, const bool skip_callback = false) {
+    assert(not keep_stack.empty());
+
+    // do not handle this value if we know it would be added to a discarded
+    // container
+    if (not keep_stack.back()) {
+      return {false, nullptr};
+    }
+
+    // create value
+    auto value = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
+
+    // check callback
+    const bool keep =
+        skip_callback or callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()),
+                                  parse_event_t::value, value);
+
+    // do not handle this value if we just learnt it shall be discarded
+    if (not keep) {
+      return {false, nullptr};
+    }
+
+    if (ref_stack.empty()) {
+      root = std::move(value);
+      return {true, &root};
+    }
+
+    // skip this value if we already decided to skip the parent
+    // (https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/971#issuecomment-413678360)
+    if (not ref_stack.back()) {
+      return {false, nullptr};
+    }
+
+    // we now only expect arrays and objects
+    assert(ref_stack.back()->is_array() or ref_stack.back()->is_object());
+
+    // array
+    if (ref_stack.back()->is_array()) {
+      ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->push_back(std::move(value));
+      return {true, &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->back())};
+    }
+
+    // object
+    assert(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
+    // check if we should store an element for the current key
+    assert(not key_keep_stack.empty());
+    const bool store_element = key_keep_stack.back();
+    key_keep_stack.pop_back();
+
+    if (not store_element) {
+      return {false, nullptr};
+    }
+
+    assert(object_element);
+    *object_element = std::move(value);
+    return {true, object_element};
+  }
+
+  /// the parsed JSON value
+  BasicJsonType &root;
+  /// stack to model hierarchy of values
+  std::vector<BasicJsonType *> ref_stack{};
+  /// stack to manage which values to keep
+  std::vector<bool> keep_stack{};
+  /// stack to manage which object keys to keep
+  std::vector<bool> key_keep_stack{};
+  /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
+  BasicJsonType *object_element = nullptr;
+  /// whether a syntax error occurred
+  bool errored = false;
+  /// callback function
+  const parser_callback_t callback = nullptr;
+  /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
+  const bool allow_exceptions = true;
+  /// a discarded value for the callback
+  BasicJsonType discarded = BasicJsonType::value_t::discarded;
+};
 
-    bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_sax_acceptor {
+public:
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
 
-    bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t& /*unused*/)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+  bool null() { return true; }
 
-    bool string(string_t& val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+  bool boolean(bool /*unused*/) { return true; }
 
-    bool start_object(std::size_t len)
-    {
-        ref_stack.push_back(handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::object));
+  bool number_integer(number_integer_t /*unused*/) { return true; }
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408,
-                                            "excessive object size: " + std::to_string(len)));
-        }
+  bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t /*unused*/) { return true; }
 
-        return true;
-    }
+  bool number_float(number_float_t /*unused*/, const string_t & /*unused*/) {
+    return true;
+  }
 
-    bool key(string_t& val)
-    {
-        // add null at given key and store the reference for later
-        object_element = &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.object->operator[](val));
-        return true;
-    }
+  bool string(string_t & /*unused*/) { return true; }
 
-    bool end_object()
-    {
-        ref_stack.pop_back();
-        return true;
-    }
+  bool start_object(std::size_t /*unused*/ = std::size_t(-1)) { return true; }
 
-    bool start_array(std::size_t len)
-    {
-        ref_stack.push_back(handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::array));
+  bool key(string_t & /*unused*/) { return true; }
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408,
-                                            "excessive array size: " + std::to_string(len)));
-        }
+  bool end_object() { return true; }
 
-        return true;
-    }
+  bool start_array(std::size_t /*unused*/ = std::size_t(-1)) { return true; }
 
-    bool end_array()
-    {
-        ref_stack.pop_back();
-        return true;
-    }
+  bool end_array() { return true; }
 
-    bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string& /*unused*/,
-                     const detail::exception& ex)
-    {
-        errored = true;
-        if (allow_exceptions)
-        {
-            // determine the proper exception type from the id
-            switch ((ex.id / 100) % 100)
-            {
-                case 1:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::parse_error*>(&ex));
-                case 4:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::out_of_range*>(&ex));
-                // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                case 2:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::invalid_iterator*>(&ex));
-                case 3:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::type_error*>(&ex));
-                case 5:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::other_error*>(&ex));
-                default:
-                    assert(false);
-                    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
+  bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string & /*unused*/,
+                   const detail::exception & /*unused*/) {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace detail
 
-    constexpr bool is_errored() const
-    {
-        return errored;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /*!
-    @invariant If the ref stack is empty, then the passed value will be the new
-               root.
-    @invariant If the ref stack contains a value, then it is an array or an
-               object to which we can add elements
-    */
-    template<typename Value>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-    BasicJsonType* handle_value(Value&& v)
-    {
-        if (ref_stack.empty())
-        {
-            root = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
-            return &root;
-        }
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-        assert(ref_stack.back()->is_array() or ref_stack.back()->is_object());
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-        if (ref_stack.back()->is_array())
-        {
-            ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Value>(v));
-            return &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->back());
-        }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/is_sax.hpp>
 
-        assert(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-        assert(object_element);
-        *object_element = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
-        return object_element;
-    }
-
-    /// the parsed JSON value
-    BasicJsonType& root;
-    /// stack to model hierarchy of values
-    std::vector<BasicJsonType*> ref_stack {};
-    /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
-    BasicJsonType* object_element = nullptr;
-    /// whether a syntax error occurred
-    bool errored = false;
-    /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
-    const bool allow_exceptions = true;
-};
+#include <cstdint> // size_t
+#include <string>  // string
+#include <utility> // declval
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
-{
-  public:
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-    using parser_callback_t = typename BasicJsonType::parser_callback_t;
-    using parse_event_t = typename BasicJsonType::parse_event_t;
-
-    json_sax_dom_callback_parser(BasicJsonType& r,
-                                 const parser_callback_t cb,
-                                 const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
-        : root(r), callback(cb), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_)
-    {
-        keep_stack.push_back(true);
-    }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/detected.hpp>
 
-    // make class move-only
-    json_sax_dom_callback_parser(const json_sax_dom_callback_parser&) = delete;
-    json_sax_dom_callback_parser(json_sax_dom_callback_parser&&) = default;
-    json_sax_dom_callback_parser& operator=(const json_sax_dom_callback_parser&) = delete;
-    json_sax_dom_callback_parser& operator=(json_sax_dom_callback_parser&&) = default;
-    ~json_sax_dom_callback_parser() = default;
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
 
-    bool null()
-    {
-        handle_value(nullptr);
-        return true;
-    }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T>
+using null_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().null());
 
-    bool boolean(bool val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename T>
+using boolean_function_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T &>().boolean(std::declval<bool>()));
 
-    bool number_integer(number_integer_t val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename T, typename Integer>
+using number_integer_function_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T &>().number_integer(std::declval<Integer>()));
 
-    bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename T, typename Unsigned>
+using number_unsigned_function_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T &>().number_unsigned(std::declval<Unsigned>()));
 
-    bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t& /*unused*/)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename T, typename Float, typename String>
+using number_float_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().number_float(
+    std::declval<Float>(), std::declval<const String &>()));
 
-    bool string(string_t& val)
-    {
-        handle_value(val);
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename T, typename String>
+using string_function_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T &>().string(std::declval<String &>()));
 
-    bool start_object(std::size_t len)
-    {
-        // check callback for object start
-        const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::object_start, discarded);
-        keep_stack.push_back(keep);
+template <typename T>
+using start_object_function_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T &>().start_object(std::declval<std::size_t>()));
 
-        auto val = handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::object, true);
-        ref_stack.push_back(val.second);
+template <typename T, typename String>
+using key_function_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T &>().key(std::declval<String &>()));
 
-        // check object limit
-        if (ref_stack.back() and JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, "excessive object size: " + std::to_string(len)));
-        }
+template <typename T>
+using end_object_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().end_object());
 
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename T>
+using start_array_function_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T &>().start_array(std::declval<std::size_t>()));
 
-    bool key(string_t& val)
-    {
-        BasicJsonType k = BasicJsonType(val);
+template <typename T>
+using end_array_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().end_array());
+
+template <typename T, typename Exception>
+using parse_error_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().parse_error(
+    std::declval<std::size_t>(), std::declval<const std::string &>(),
+    std::declval<const Exception &>()));
+
+template <typename SAX, typename BasicJsonType> struct is_sax {
+private:
+  static_assert(is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value,
+                "BasicJsonType must be of type basic_json<...>");
+
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+  using exception_t = typename BasicJsonType::exception;
+
+public:
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      is_detected_exact<bool, null_function_t, SAX>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, number_integer_function_t, SAX,
+                        number_integer_t>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, number_unsigned_function_t, SAX,
+                        number_unsigned_t>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, number_float_function_t, SAX, number_float_t,
+                        string_t>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, string_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, start_object_function_t, SAX>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, key_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, end_object_function_t, SAX>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, start_array_function_t, SAX>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, end_array_function_t, SAX>::value &&
+      is_detected_exact<bool, parse_error_function_t, SAX, exception_t>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename SAX, typename BasicJsonType> struct is_sax_static_asserts {
+private:
+  static_assert(is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value,
+                "BasicJsonType must be of type basic_json<...>");
+
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+  using exception_t = typename BasicJsonType::exception;
+
+public:
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, null_function_t, SAX>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool null()");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool boolean(bool)");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool boolean(bool)");
+  static_assert(
+      is_detected_exact<bool, number_integer_function_t, SAX,
+                        number_integer_t>::value,
+      "Missing/invalid function: bool number_integer(number_integer_t)");
+  static_assert(
+      is_detected_exact<bool, number_unsigned_function_t, SAX,
+                        number_unsigned_t>::value,
+      "Missing/invalid function: bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t)");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, number_float_function_t, SAX,
+                                  number_float_t, string_t>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool number_float(number_float_t, "
+                "const string_t&)");
+  static_assert(
+      is_detected_exact<bool, string_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value,
+      "Missing/invalid function: bool string(string_t&)");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, start_object_function_t, SAX>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool start_object(std::size_t)");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, key_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool key(string_t&)");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, end_object_function_t, SAX>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool end_object()");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, start_array_function_t, SAX>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool start_array(std::size_t)");
+  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, end_array_function_t, SAX>::value,
+                "Missing/invalid function: bool end_array()");
+  static_assert(
+      is_detected_exact<bool, parse_error_function_t, SAX, exception_t>::value,
+      "Missing/invalid function: bool parse_error(std::size_t, const "
+      "std::string&, const exception&)");
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-        // check callback for key
-        const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::key, k);
-        key_keep_stack.push_back(keep);
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-        // add discarded value at given key and store the reference for later
-        if (keep and ref_stack.back())
-        {
-            object_element = &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.object->operator[](val) = discarded);
-        }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+///////////////////
+// binary reader //
+///////////////////
 
+/*!
+@brief deserialization of CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON values
+*/
+template <typename BasicJsonType,
+          typename SAX = json_sax_dom_parser<BasicJsonType>>
+class binary_reader {
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+  using json_sax_t = SAX;
+
+public:
+  /*!
+  @brief create a binary reader
+
+  @param[in] adapter  input adapter to read from
+  */
+  explicit binary_reader(input_adapter_t adapter) : ia(std::move(adapter)) {
+    (void)detail::is_sax_static_asserts<SAX, BasicJsonType>{};
+    assert(ia);
+  }
+
+  // make class move-only
+  binary_reader(const binary_reader &) = delete;
+  binary_reader(binary_reader &&) = default;
+  binary_reader &operator=(const binary_reader &) = delete;
+  binary_reader &operator=(binary_reader &&) = default;
+  ~binary_reader() = default;
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] format  the binary format to parse
+  @param[in] sax_    a SAX event processor
+  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed completed
+
+  @return
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  bool sax_parse(const input_format_t format, json_sax_t *sax_,
+                 const bool strict = true) {
+    sax = sax_;
+    bool result = false;
+
+    switch (format) {
+    case input_format_t::bson:
+      result = parse_bson_internal();
+      break;
+
+    case input_format_t::cbor:
+      result = parse_cbor_internal();
+      break;
+
+    case input_format_t::msgpack:
+      result = parse_msgpack_internal();
+      break;
+
+    case input_format_t::ubjson:
+      result = parse_ubjson_internal();
+      break;
+
+    default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    }
+
+    // strict mode: next byte must be EOF
+    if (result and strict) {
+      if (format == input_format_t::ubjson) {
+        get_ignore_noop();
+      } else {
+        get();
+      }
+
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char>::eof())) {
+        return sax->parse_error(
+            chars_read, get_token_string(),
+            parse_error::create(
+                110, chars_read,
+                exception_message(format,
+                                  "expected end of input; last byte: 0x" +
+                                      get_token_string(),
+                                  "value")));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief determine system byte order
+
+  @return true if and only if system's byte order is little endian
+
+  @note from http://stackoverflow.com/a/1001328/266378
+  */
+  static constexpr bool little_endianess(int num = 1) noexcept {
+    return *reinterpret_cast<char *>(&num) == 1;
+  }
+
+private:
+  //////////
+  // BSON //
+  //////////
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Reads in a BSON-object and passes it to the SAX-parser.
+  @return whether a valid BSON-value was passed to the SAX parser
+  */
+  bool parse_bson_internal() {
+    std::int32_t document_size;
+    get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, document_size);
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(std::size_t(-1)))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_bson_element_list(/*is_array*/ false))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return sax->end_object();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Parses a C-style string from the BSON input.
+  @param[in, out] result  A reference to the string variable where the read
+                          string is to be stored.
+  @return `true` if the \x00-byte indicating the end of the string was
+           encountered before the EOF; false` indicates an unexpected EOF.
+  */
+  bool get_bson_cstr(string_t &result) {
+    auto out = std::back_inserter(result);
+    while (true) {
+      get();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::bson, "cstring"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (current == 0x00) {
         return true;
+      }
+      *out++ = static_cast<char>(current);
     }
 
-    bool end_object()
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Parses a zero-terminated string of length @a len from the BSON
+         input.
+  @param[in] len  The length (including the zero-byte at the end) of the
+                  string to be read.
+  @param[in, out] result  A reference to the string variable where the read
+                          string is to be stored.
+  @tparam NumberType The type of the length @a len
+  @pre len >= 1
+  @return `true` if the string was successfully parsed
+  */
+  template <typename NumberType>
+  bool get_bson_string(const NumberType len, string_t &result) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len < 1)) {
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(
+              112, chars_read,
+              exception_message(input_format_t::bson,
+                                "string length must be at least 1, is " +
+                                    std::to_string(len),
+                                "string")));
+    }
+
+    return get_string(input_format_t::bson, len - static_cast<NumberType>(1),
+                      result) and
+           get() != std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Read a BSON document element of the given @a element_type.
+  @param[in] element_type The BSON element type, c.f.
+  http://bsonspec.org/spec.html
+  @param[in] element_type_parse_position The position in the input stream,
+             where the `element_type` was read.
+  @warning Not all BSON element types are supported yet. An unsupported
+           @a element_type will give rise to a parse_error.114:
+           Unsupported BSON record type 0x...
+  @return whether a valid BSON-object/array was passed to the SAX parser
+  */
+  bool
+  parse_bson_element_internal(const int element_type,
+                              const std::size_t element_type_parse_position) {
+    switch (element_type) {
+    case 0x01: // double
     {
-        if (ref_stack.back() and not callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1, parse_event_t::object_end, *ref_stack.back()))
-        {
-            // discard object
-            *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
-        }
+      double number;
+      return get_number<double, true>(input_format_t::bson, number) and
+             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
+    }
 
-        assert(not ref_stack.empty());
-        assert(not keep_stack.empty());
-        ref_stack.pop_back();
-        keep_stack.pop_back();
+    case 0x02: // string
+    {
+      std::int32_t len;
+      string_t value;
+      return get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, len) and
+             get_bson_string(len, value) and sax->string(value);
+    }
 
-        if (not ref_stack.empty() and ref_stack.back() and ref_stack.back()->is_object())
-        {
-            // remove discarded value
-            for (auto it = ref_stack.back()->begin(); it != ref_stack.back()->end(); ++it)
-            {
-                if (it->is_discarded())
-                {
-                    ref_stack.back()->erase(it);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+    case 0x03: // object
+    {
+      return parse_bson_internal();
+    }
 
-        return true;
+    case 0x04: // array
+    {
+      return parse_bson_array();
     }
 
-    bool start_array(std::size_t len)
+    case 0x08: // boolean
     {
-        const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::array_start, discarded);
-        keep_stack.push_back(keep);
+      return sax->boolean(get() != 0);
+    }
 
-        auto val = handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::array, true);
-        ref_stack.push_back(val.second);
+    case 0x0A: // null
+    {
+      return sax->null();
+    }
 
-        // check array limit
-        if (ref_stack.back() and JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != std::size_t(-1) and len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, "excessive array size: " + std::to_string(len)));
-        }
+    case 0x10: // int32
+    {
+      std::int32_t value;
+      return get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, value) and
+             sax->number_integer(value);
+    }
 
-        return true;
+    case 0x12: // int64
+    {
+      std::int64_t value;
+      return get_number<std::int64_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, value) and
+             sax->number_integer(value);
     }
 
-    bool end_array()
+    default: // anything else not supported (yet)
     {
-        bool keep = true;
+      std::array<char, 3> cr{{}};
+      (std::snprintf)(cr.data(), cr.size(), "%.2hhX",
+                      static_cast<unsigned char>(element_type));
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          element_type_parse_position, std::string(cr.data()),
+          parse_error::create(114, element_type_parse_position,
+                              "Unsupported BSON record type 0x" +
+                                  std::string(cr.data())));
+    }
+    }
+  }
 
-        if (ref_stack.back())
-        {
-            keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1, parse_event_t::array_end, *ref_stack.back());
-            if (not keep)
-            {
-                // discard array
-                *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
-            }
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief Read a BSON element list (as specified in the BSON-spec)
 
-        assert(not ref_stack.empty());
-        assert(not keep_stack.empty());
-        ref_stack.pop_back();
-        keep_stack.pop_back();
+  The same binary layout is used for objects and arrays, hence it must be
+  indicated with the argument @a is_array which one is expected
+  (true --> array, false --> object).
 
-        // remove discarded value
-        if (not keep and not ref_stack.empty() and ref_stack.back()->is_array())
-        {
-            ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->pop_back();
-        }
+  @param[in] is_array Determines if the element list being read is to be
+                      treated as an object (@a is_array == false), or as an
+                      array (@a is_array == true).
+  @return whether a valid BSON-object/array was passed to the SAX parser
+  */
+  bool parse_bson_element_list(const bool is_array) {
+    string_t key;
+    while (int element_type = get()) {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::bson, "element list"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-        return true;
-    }
+      const std::size_t element_type_parse_position = chars_read;
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_bson_cstr(key))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-    bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string& /*unused*/,
-                     const detail::exception& ex)
-    {
-        errored = true;
-        if (allow_exceptions)
-        {
-            // determine the proper exception type from the id
-            switch ((ex.id / 100) % 100)
-            {
-                case 1:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::parse_error*>(&ex));
-                case 4:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::out_of_range*>(&ex));
-                // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                case 2:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::invalid_iterator*>(&ex));
-                case 3:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::type_error*>(&ex));
-                case 5:
-                    JSON_THROW(*static_cast<const detail::other_error*>(&ex));
-                default:
-                    assert(false);
-                    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-            }
-        }
+      if (not is_array and not sax->key(key)) {
         return false;
+      }
+
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_bson_element_internal(
+              element_type, element_type_parse_position))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // get_bson_cstr only appends
+      key.clear();
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Reads an array from the BSON input and passes it to the SAX-parser.
+  @return whether a valid BSON-array was passed to the SAX parser
+  */
+  bool parse_bson_array() {
+    std::int32_t document_size;
+    get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, document_size);
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(std::size_t(-1)))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_bson_element_list(/*is_array*/ true))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return sax->end_array();
+  }
+
+  //////////
+  // CBOR //
+  //////////
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
+                       input (true, default) or whether the last read
+                       character should be considered instead
+
+  @return whether a valid CBOR value was passed to the SAX parser
+  */
+  bool parse_cbor_internal(const bool get_char = true) {
+    switch (get_char ? get() : current) {
+    // EOF
+    case std::char_traits<char>::eof():
+      return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "value");
+
+    // Integer 0x00..0x17 (0..23)
+    case 0x00:
+    case 0x01:
+    case 0x02:
+    case 0x03:
+    case 0x04:
+    case 0x05:
+    case 0x06:
+    case 0x07:
+    case 0x08:
+    case 0x09:
+    case 0x0A:
+    case 0x0B:
+    case 0x0C:
+    case 0x0D:
+    case 0x0E:
+    case 0x0F:
+    case 0x10:
+    case 0x11:
+    case 0x12:
+    case 0x13:
+    case 0x14:
+    case 0x15:
+    case 0x16:
+    case 0x17:
+      return sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(current));
+
+    case 0x18: // Unsigned integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint8_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
+    }
+
+    case 0x19: // Unsigned integer (two-byte uint16_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint16_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
+    }
+
+    case 0x1A: // Unsigned integer (four-byte uint32_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint32_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
+    }
+
+    case 0x1B: // Unsigned integer (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint64_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
+    }
+
+    // Negative integer -1-0x00..-1-0x17 (-1..-24)
+    case 0x20:
+    case 0x21:
+    case 0x22:
+    case 0x23:
+    case 0x24:
+    case 0x25:
+    case 0x26:
+    case 0x27:
+    case 0x28:
+    case 0x29:
+    case 0x2A:
+    case 0x2B:
+    case 0x2C:
+    case 0x2D:
+    case 0x2E:
+    case 0x2F:
+    case 0x30:
+    case 0x31:
+    case 0x32:
+    case 0x33:
+    case 0x34:
+    case 0x35:
+    case 0x36:
+    case 0x37:
+      return sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - current));
+
+    case 0x38: // Negative integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint8_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
+    }
+
+    case 0x39: // Negative integer -1-n (two-byte uint16_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint16_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
+    }
+
+    case 0x3A: // Negative integer -1-n (four-byte uint32_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint32_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
+    }
+
+    case 0x3B: // Negative integer -1-n (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
+    {
+      std::uint64_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) -
+                                 static_cast<number_integer_t>(number));
+    }
+
+    // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
+    case 0x60:
+    case 0x61:
+    case 0x62:
+    case 0x63:
+    case 0x64:
+    case 0x65:
+    case 0x66:
+    case 0x67:
+    case 0x68:
+    case 0x69:
+    case 0x6A:
+    case 0x6B:
+    case 0x6C:
+    case 0x6D:
+    case 0x6E:
+    case 0x6F:
+    case 0x70:
+    case 0x71:
+    case 0x72:
+    case 0x73:
+    case 0x74:
+    case 0x75:
+    case 0x76:
+    case 0x77:
+    case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
+    case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
+    case 0x7A: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
+    case 0x7B: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
+    case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
+    {
+      string_t s;
+      return get_cbor_string(s) and sax->string(s);
+    }
+
+    // array (0x00..0x17 data items follow)
+    case 0x80:
+    case 0x81:
+    case 0x82:
+    case 0x83:
+    case 0x84:
+    case 0x85:
+    case 0x86:
+    case 0x87:
+    case 0x88:
+    case 0x89:
+    case 0x8A:
+    case 0x8B:
+    case 0x8C:
+    case 0x8D:
+    case 0x8E:
+    case 0x8F:
+    case 0x90:
+    case 0x91:
+    case 0x92:
+    case 0x93:
+    case 0x94:
+    case 0x95:
+    case 0x96:
+    case 0x97:
+      return get_cbor_array(
+          static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
+
+    case 0x98: // array (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
+    {
+      std::uint8_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
+
+    case 0x99: // array (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
+    {
+      std::uint16_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
+
+    case 0x9A: // array (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
+    {
+      std::uint32_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
+
+    case 0x9B: // array (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
+    {
+      std::uint64_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
+
+    case 0x9F: // array (indefinite length)
+      return get_cbor_array(std::size_t(-1));
+
+    // map (0x00..0x17 pairs of data items follow)
+    case 0xA0:
+    case 0xA1:
+    case 0xA2:
+    case 0xA3:
+    case 0xA4:
+    case 0xA5:
+    case 0xA6:
+    case 0xA7:
+    case 0xA8:
+    case 0xA9:
+    case 0xAA:
+    case 0xAB:
+    case 0xAC:
+    case 0xAD:
+    case 0xAE:
+    case 0xAF:
+    case 0xB0:
+    case 0xB1:
+    case 0xB2:
+    case 0xB3:
+    case 0xB4:
+    case 0xB5:
+    case 0xB6:
+    case 0xB7:
+      return get_cbor_object(
+          static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
+
+    case 0xB8: // map (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
+    {
+      std::uint8_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
     }
 
-    constexpr bool is_errored() const
+    case 0xB9: // map (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
     {
-        return errored;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /*!
-    @param[in] v  value to add to the JSON value we build during parsing
-    @param[in] skip_callback  whether we should skip calling the callback
-               function; this is required after start_array() and
-               start_object() SAX events, because otherwise we would call the
-               callback function with an empty array or object, respectively.
-
-    @invariant If the ref stack is empty, then the passed value will be the new
-               root.
-    @invariant If the ref stack contains a value, then it is an array or an
-               object to which we can add elements
-
-    @return pair of boolean (whether value should be kept) and pointer (to the
-            passed value in the ref_stack hierarchy; nullptr if not kept)
-    */
-    template<typename Value>
-    std::pair<bool, BasicJsonType*> handle_value(Value&& v, const bool skip_callback = false)
+      std::uint16_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
+
+    case 0xBA: // map (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
     {
-        assert(not keep_stack.empty());
+      std::uint32_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
 
-        // do not handle this value if we know it would be added to a discarded
-        // container
-        if (not keep_stack.back())
-        {
-            return {false, nullptr};
-        }
+    case 0xBB: // map (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
+    {
+      std::uint64_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
 
-        // create value
-        auto value = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
+    case 0xBF: // map (indefinite length)
+      return get_cbor_object(std::size_t(-1));
 
-        // check callback
-        const bool keep = skip_callback or callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::value, value);
+    case 0xF4: // false
+      return sax->boolean(false);
 
-        // do not handle this value if we just learnt it shall be discarded
-        if (not keep)
-        {
-            return {false, nullptr};
-        }
+    case 0xF5: // true
+      return sax->boolean(true);
 
-        if (ref_stack.empty())
-        {
-            root = std::move(value);
-            return {true, &root};
-        }
+    case 0xF6: // null
+      return sax->null();
 
-        // skip this value if we already decided to skip the parent
-        // (https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/971#issuecomment-413678360)
-        if (not ref_stack.back())
-        {
-            return {false, nullptr};
+    case 0xF9: // Half-Precision Float (two-byte IEEE 754)
+    {
+      const int byte1_raw = get();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "number"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      const int byte2_raw = get();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "number"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      const auto byte1 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte1_raw);
+      const auto byte2 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte2_raw);
+
+      // code from RFC 7049, Appendix D, Figure 3:
+      // As half-precision floating-point numbers were only added
+      // to IEEE 754 in 2008, today's programming platforms often
+      // still only have limited support for them. It is very
+      // easy to include at least decoding support for them even
+      // without such support. An example of a small decoder for
+      // half-precision floating-point numbers in the C language
+      // is shown in Fig. 3.
+      const auto half = static_cast<unsigned int>((byte1 << 8u) + byte2);
+      const double val = [&half] {
+        const int exp = (half >> 10u) & 0x1Fu;
+        const unsigned int mant = half & 0x3FFu;
+        assert(0 <= exp and exp <= 32);
+        assert(mant <= 1024);
+        switch (exp) {
+        case 0:
+          return std::ldexp(mant, -24);
+        case 31:
+          return (mant == 0) ? std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()
+                             : std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+        default:
+          return std::ldexp(mant + 1024, exp - 25);
         }
+      }();
+      return sax->number_float((half & 0x8000u) != 0
+                                   ? static_cast<number_float_t>(-val)
+                                   : static_cast<number_float_t>(val),
+                               "");
+    }
 
-        // we now only expect arrays and objects
-        assert(ref_stack.back()->is_array() or ref_stack.back()->is_object());
+    case 0xFA: // Single-Precision Float (four-byte IEEE 754)
+    {
+      float number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
+    }
 
-        // array
-        if (ref_stack.back()->is_array())
-        {
-            ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->push_back(std::move(value));
-            return {true, &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->back())};
-        }
+    case 0xFB: // Double-Precision Float (eight-byte IEEE 754)
+    {
+      double number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and
+             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
+    }
 
-        // object
-        assert(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-        // check if we should store an element for the current key
-        assert(not key_keep_stack.empty());
-        const bool store_element = key_keep_stack.back();
-        key_keep_stack.pop_back();
+    default: // anything else (0xFF is handled inside the other types)
+    {
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(112, chars_read,
+                              exception_message(input_format_t::cbor,
+                                                "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token,
+                                                "value")));
+    }
+    }
+  }
 
-        if (not store_element)
-        {
-            return {false, nullptr};
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief reads a CBOR string
 
-        assert(object_element);
-        *object_element = std::move(value);
-        return {true, object_element};
-    }
-
-    /// the parsed JSON value
-    BasicJsonType& root;
-    /// stack to model hierarchy of values
-    std::vector<BasicJsonType*> ref_stack {};
-    /// stack to manage which values to keep
-    std::vector<bool> keep_stack {};
-    /// stack to manage which object keys to keep
-    std::vector<bool> key_keep_stack {};
-    /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
-    BasicJsonType* object_element = nullptr;
-    /// whether a syntax error occurred
-    bool errored = false;
-    /// callback function
-    const parser_callback_t callback = nullptr;
-    /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
-    const bool allow_exceptions = true;
-    /// a discarded value for the callback
-    BasicJsonType discarded = BasicJsonType::value_t::discarded;
-};
+  This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
+  string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
+  Additionally, CBOR's strings with indefinite lengths are supported.
 
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class json_sax_acceptor
-{
-  public:
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+  @param[out] result  created string
+
+  @return whether string creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_cbor_string(string_t &result) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+            not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "string"))) {
+      return false;
+    }
 
-    bool null()
+    switch (current) {
+    // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
+    case 0x60:
+    case 0x61:
+    case 0x62:
+    case 0x63:
+    case 0x64:
+    case 0x65:
+    case 0x66:
+    case 0x67:
+    case 0x68:
+    case 0x69:
+    case 0x6A:
+    case 0x6B:
+    case 0x6C:
+    case 0x6D:
+    case 0x6E:
+    case 0x6F:
+    case 0x70:
+    case 0x71:
+    case 0x72:
+    case 0x73:
+    case 0x74:
+    case 0x75:
+    case 0x76:
+    case 0x77: {
+      return get_string(input_format_t::cbor,
+                        static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu, result);
+    }
+
+    case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint8_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
     }
 
-    bool boolean(bool /*unused*/)
+    case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint16_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
     }
 
-    bool number_integer(number_integer_t /*unused*/)
+    case 0x7A: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint32_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
     }
 
-    bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t /*unused*/)
+    case 0x7B: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint64_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
     }
 
-    bool number_float(number_float_t /*unused*/, const string_t& /*unused*/)
+    case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
     {
-        return true;
+      while (get() != 0xFF) {
+        string_t chunk;
+        if (not get_cbor_string(chunk)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        result.append(chunk);
+      }
+      return true;
     }
 
-    bool string(string_t& /*unused*/)
+    default: {
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(
+              113, chars_read,
+              exception_message(input_format_t::cbor,
+                                "expected length specification (0x60-0x7B) or "
+                                "indefinite string type (0x7F); last byte: 0x" +
+                                    last_token,
+                                "string")));
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] len  the length of the array or std::size_t(-1) for an
+                  array of indefinite size
+  @return whether array creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_cbor_array(const std::size_t len) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(len))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (len != std::size_t(-1)) {
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal())) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      while (get() != 0xFF) {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal(false))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return sax->end_array();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] len  the length of the object or std::size_t(-1) for an
+                  object of indefinite size
+  @return whether object creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_cbor_object(const std::size_t len) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(len))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    string_t key;
+    if (len != std::size_t(-1)) {
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        get();
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_cbor_string(key) or
+                                 not sax->key(key))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal())) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        key.clear();
+      }
+    } else {
+      while (get() != 0xFF) {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_cbor_string(key) or
+                                 not sax->key(key))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal())) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        key.clear();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return sax->end_object();
+  }
+
+  /////////////
+  // MsgPack //
+  /////////////
+
+  /*!
+  @return whether a valid MessagePack value was passed to the SAX parser
+  */
+  bool parse_msgpack_internal() {
+    switch (get()) {
+    // EOF
+    case std::char_traits<char>::eof():
+      return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::msgpack, "value");
+
+    // positive fixint
+    case 0x00:
+    case 0x01:
+    case 0x02:
+    case 0x03:
+    case 0x04:
+    case 0x05:
+    case 0x06:
+    case 0x07:
+    case 0x08:
+    case 0x09:
+    case 0x0A:
+    case 0x0B:
+    case 0x0C:
+    case 0x0D:
+    case 0x0E:
+    case 0x0F:
+    case 0x10:
+    case 0x11:
+    case 0x12:
+    case 0x13:
+    case 0x14:
+    case 0x15:
+    case 0x16:
+    case 0x17:
+    case 0x18:
+    case 0x19:
+    case 0x1A:
+    case 0x1B:
+    case 0x1C:
+    case 0x1D:
+    case 0x1E:
+    case 0x1F:
+    case 0x20:
+    case 0x21:
+    case 0x22:
+    case 0x23:
+    case 0x24:
+    case 0x25:
+    case 0x26:
+    case 0x27:
+    case 0x28:
+    case 0x29:
+    case 0x2A:
+    case 0x2B:
+    case 0x2C:
+    case 0x2D:
+    case 0x2E:
+    case 0x2F:
+    case 0x30:
+    case 0x31:
+    case 0x32:
+    case 0x33:
+    case 0x34:
+    case 0x35:
+    case 0x36:
+    case 0x37:
+    case 0x38:
+    case 0x39:
+    case 0x3A:
+    case 0x3B:
+    case 0x3C:
+    case 0x3D:
+    case 0x3E:
+    case 0x3F:
+    case 0x40:
+    case 0x41:
+    case 0x42:
+    case 0x43:
+    case 0x44:
+    case 0x45:
+    case 0x46:
+    case 0x47:
+    case 0x48:
+    case 0x49:
+    case 0x4A:
+    case 0x4B:
+    case 0x4C:
+    case 0x4D:
+    case 0x4E:
+    case 0x4F:
+    case 0x50:
+    case 0x51:
+    case 0x52:
+    case 0x53:
+    case 0x54:
+    case 0x55:
+    case 0x56:
+    case 0x57:
+    case 0x58:
+    case 0x59:
+    case 0x5A:
+    case 0x5B:
+    case 0x5C:
+    case 0x5D:
+    case 0x5E:
+    case 0x5F:
+    case 0x60:
+    case 0x61:
+    case 0x62:
+    case 0x63:
+    case 0x64:
+    case 0x65:
+    case 0x66:
+    case 0x67:
+    case 0x68:
+    case 0x69:
+    case 0x6A:
+    case 0x6B:
+    case 0x6C:
+    case 0x6D:
+    case 0x6E:
+    case 0x6F:
+    case 0x70:
+    case 0x71:
+    case 0x72:
+    case 0x73:
+    case 0x74:
+    case 0x75:
+    case 0x76:
+    case 0x77:
+    case 0x78:
+    case 0x79:
+    case 0x7A:
+    case 0x7B:
+    case 0x7C:
+    case 0x7D:
+    case 0x7E:
+    case 0x7F:
+      return sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(current));
+
+    // fixmap
+    case 0x80:
+    case 0x81:
+    case 0x82:
+    case 0x83:
+    case 0x84:
+    case 0x85:
+    case 0x86:
+    case 0x87:
+    case 0x88:
+    case 0x89:
+    case 0x8A:
+    case 0x8B:
+    case 0x8C:
+    case 0x8D:
+    case 0x8E:
+    case 0x8F:
+      return get_msgpack_object(
+          static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x0Fu));
+
+    // fixarray
+    case 0x90:
+    case 0x91:
+    case 0x92:
+    case 0x93:
+    case 0x94:
+    case 0x95:
+    case 0x96:
+    case 0x97:
+    case 0x98:
+    case 0x99:
+    case 0x9A:
+    case 0x9B:
+    case 0x9C:
+    case 0x9D:
+    case 0x9E:
+    case 0x9F:
+      return get_msgpack_array(
+          static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x0Fu));
+
+    // fixstr
+    case 0xA0:
+    case 0xA1:
+    case 0xA2:
+    case 0xA3:
+    case 0xA4:
+    case 0xA5:
+    case 0xA6:
+    case 0xA7:
+    case 0xA8:
+    case 0xA9:
+    case 0xAA:
+    case 0xAB:
+    case 0xAC:
+    case 0xAD:
+    case 0xAE:
+    case 0xAF:
+    case 0xB0:
+    case 0xB1:
+    case 0xB2:
+    case 0xB3:
+    case 0xB4:
+    case 0xB5:
+    case 0xB6:
+    case 0xB7:
+    case 0xB8:
+    case 0xB9:
+    case 0xBA:
+    case 0xBB:
+    case 0xBC:
+    case 0xBD:
+    case 0xBE:
+    case 0xBF:
+    case 0xD9: // str 8
+    case 0xDA: // str 16
+    case 0xDB: // str 32
+    {
+      string_t s;
+      return get_msgpack_string(s) and sax->string(s);
+    }
+
+    case 0xC0: // nil
+      return sax->null();
+
+    case 0xC2: // false
+      return sax->boolean(false);
+
+    case 0xC3: // true
+      return sax->boolean(true);
+
+    case 0xCA: // float 32
     {
-        return true;
+      float number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
     }
 
-    bool start_object(std::size_t  /*unused*/ = std::size_t(-1))
+    case 0xCB: // float 64
     {
-        return true;
+      double number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
     }
 
-    bool key(string_t& /*unused*/)
+    case 0xCC: // uint 8
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint8_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
     }
 
-    bool end_object()
+    case 0xCD: // uint 16
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint16_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
     }
 
-    bool start_array(std::size_t  /*unused*/ = std::size_t(-1))
+    case 0xCE: // uint 32
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint32_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
     }
 
-    bool end_array()
+    case 0xCF: // uint 64
     {
-        return true;
+      std::uint64_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
     }
 
-    bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string& /*unused*/, const detail::exception& /*unused*/)
+    case 0xD0: // int 8
     {
-        return false;
+      std::int8_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
     }
-};
-}  // namespace detail
 
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+    case 0xD1: // int 16
+    {
+      std::int16_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
+    }
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
+    case 0xD2: // int 32
+    {
+      std::int32_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
+    }
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/is_sax.hpp>
+    case 0xD3: // int 64
+    {
+      std::int64_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
+    }
 
+    case 0xDC: // array 16
+    {
+      std::uint16_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and
+             get_msgpack_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
 
-#include <cstdint> // size_t
-#include <utility> // declval
-#include <string> // string
+    case 0xDD: // array 32
+    {
+      std::uint32_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and
+             get_msgpack_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/detected.hpp>
+    case 0xDE: // map 16
+    {
+      std::uint16_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and
+             get_msgpack_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
+    case 0xDF: // map 32
+    {
+      std::uint32_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and
+             get_msgpack_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+    }
 
+    // negative fixint
+    case 0xE0:
+    case 0xE1:
+    case 0xE2:
+    case 0xE3:
+    case 0xE4:
+    case 0xE5:
+    case 0xE6:
+    case 0xE7:
+    case 0xE8:
+    case 0xE9:
+    case 0xEA:
+    case 0xEB:
+    case 0xEC:
+    case 0xED:
+    case 0xEE:
+    case 0xEF:
+    case 0xF0:
+    case 0xF1:
+    case 0xF2:
+    case 0xF3:
+    case 0xF4:
+    case 0xF5:
+    case 0xF6:
+    case 0xF7:
+    case 0xF8:
+    case 0xF9:
+    case 0xFA:
+    case 0xFB:
+    case 0xFC:
+    case 0xFD:
+    case 0xFE:
+    case 0xFF:
+      return sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(current));
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-template <typename T>
-using null_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().null());
+    default: // anything else
+    {
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(112, chars_read,
+                              exception_message(input_format_t::msgpack,
+                                                "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token,
+                                                "value")));
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief reads a MessagePack string
+
+  This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
+  string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
+
+  @param[out] result  created string
+
+  @return whether string creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_msgpack_string(string_t &result) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+            not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::msgpack, "string"))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    switch (current) {
+    // fixstr
+    case 0xA0:
+    case 0xA1:
+    case 0xA2:
+    case 0xA3:
+    case 0xA4:
+    case 0xA5:
+    case 0xA6:
+    case 0xA7:
+    case 0xA8:
+    case 0xA9:
+    case 0xAA:
+    case 0xAB:
+    case 0xAC:
+    case 0xAD:
+    case 0xAE:
+    case 0xAF:
+    case 0xB0:
+    case 0xB1:
+    case 0xB2:
+    case 0xB3:
+    case 0xB4:
+    case 0xB5:
+    case 0xB6:
+    case 0xB7:
+    case 0xB8:
+    case 0xB9:
+    case 0xBA:
+    case 0xBB:
+    case 0xBC:
+    case 0xBD:
+    case 0xBE:
+    case 0xBF: {
+      return get_string(input_format_t::msgpack,
+                        static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu, result);
+    }
+
+    case 0xD9: // str 8
+    {
+      std::uint8_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
+    }
+
+    case 0xDA: // str 16
+    {
+      std::uint16_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
+    }
+
+    case 0xDB: // str 32
+    {
+      std::uint32_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(
+              113, chars_read,
+              exception_message(input_format_t::msgpack,
+                                "expected length specification (0xA0-0xBF, "
+                                "0xD9-0xDB); last byte: 0x" +
+                                    last_token,
+                                "string")));
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] len  the length of the array
+  @return whether array creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_msgpack_array(const std::size_t len) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(len))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_msgpack_internal())) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
 
-template <typename T>
-using boolean_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>().boolean(std::declval<bool>()));
+    return sax->end_array();
+  }
 
-template <typename T, typename Integer>
-using number_integer_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>().number_integer(std::declval<Integer>()));
+  /*!
+  @param[in] len  the length of the object
+  @return whether object creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_msgpack_object(const std::size_t len) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(len))) {
+      return false;
+    }
 
-template <typename T, typename Unsigned>
-using number_unsigned_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>().number_unsigned(std::declval<Unsigned>()));
+    string_t key;
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+      get();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_msgpack_string(key) or
+                               not sax->key(key))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-template <typename T, typename Float, typename String>
-using number_float_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().number_float(
-                                    std::declval<Float>(), std::declval<const String&>()));
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_msgpack_internal())) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      key.clear();
+    }
 
-template <typename T, typename String>
-using string_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>().string(std::declval<String&>()));
+    return sax->end_object();
+  }
 
-template <typename T>
-using start_object_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>().start_object(std::declval<std::size_t>()));
+  ////////////
+  // UBJSON //
+  ////////////
 
-template <typename T, typename String>
-using key_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>().key(std::declval<String&>()));
+  /*!
+  @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
+                       input (true, default) or whether the last read
+                       character should be considered instead
 
-template <typename T>
-using end_object_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().end_object());
+  @return whether a valid UBJSON value was passed to the SAX parser
+  */
+  bool parse_ubjson_internal(const bool get_char = true) {
+    return get_ubjson_value(get_char ? get_ignore_noop() : current);
+  }
 
-template <typename T>
-using start_array_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>().start_array(std::declval<std::size_t>()));
+  /*!
+  @brief reads a UBJSON string
 
-template <typename T>
-using end_array_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().end_array());
+  This function is either called after reading the 'S' byte explicitly
+  indicating a string, or in case of an object key where the 'S' byte can be
+  left out.
 
-template <typename T, typename Exception>
-using parse_error_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().parse_error(
-        std::declval<std::size_t>(), std::declval<const std::string&>(),
-        std::declval<const Exception&>()));
+  @param[out] result   created string
+  @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
+                       input (true, default) or whether the last read
+                       character should be considered instead
 
-template <typename SAX, typename BasicJsonType>
-struct is_sax
-{
-  private:
-    static_assert(is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value,
-                  "BasicJsonType must be of type basic_json<...>");
-
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-    using exception_t = typename BasicJsonType::exception;
-
-  public:
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        is_detected_exact<bool, null_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, number_integer_function_t, SAX,
-        number_integer_t>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, number_unsigned_function_t, SAX,
-        number_unsigned_t>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, number_float_function_t, SAX, number_float_t,
-        string_t>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, string_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, start_object_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, key_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, end_object_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, start_array_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, end_array_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-        is_detected_exact<bool, parse_error_function_t, SAX, exception_t>::value;
-};
+  @return whether string creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_ubjson_string(string_t &result, const bool get_char = true) {
+    if (get_char) {
+      get(); // TODO(niels): may we ignore N here?
+    }
 
-template <typename SAX, typename BasicJsonType>
-struct is_sax_static_asserts
-{
-  private:
-    static_assert(is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value,
-                  "BasicJsonType must be of type basic_json<...>");
-
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-    using exception_t = typename BasicJsonType::exception;
-
-  public:
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, null_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool null()");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool boolean(bool)");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool boolean(bool)");
-    static_assert(
-        is_detected_exact<bool, number_integer_function_t, SAX,
-        number_integer_t>::value,
-        "Missing/invalid function: bool number_integer(number_integer_t)");
-    static_assert(
-        is_detected_exact<bool, number_unsigned_function_t, SAX,
-        number_unsigned_t>::value,
-        "Missing/invalid function: bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t)");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, number_float_function_t, SAX,
-                  number_float_t, string_t>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool number_float(number_float_t, const string_t&)");
-    static_assert(
-        is_detected_exact<bool, string_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value,
-        "Missing/invalid function: bool string(string_t&)");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, start_object_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool start_object(std::size_t)");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, key_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool key(string_t&)");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, end_object_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool end_object()");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, start_array_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool start_array(std::size_t)");
-    static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, end_array_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                  "Missing/invalid function: bool end_array()");
-    static_assert(
-        is_detected_exact<bool, parse_error_function_t, SAX, exception_t>::value,
-        "Missing/invalid function: bool parse_error(std::size_t, const "
-        "std::string&, const exception&)");
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+            not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "value"))) {
+      return false;
+    }
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
+    switch (current) {
+    case 'U': {
+      std::uint8_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
+    }
 
+    case 'i': {
+      std::int8_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
+    }
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-///////////////////
-// binary reader //
-///////////////////
+    case 'I': {
+      std::int16_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
+    }
 
-/*!
-@brief deserialization of CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON values
-*/
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename SAX = json_sax_dom_parser<BasicJsonType>>
-class binary_reader
-{
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-    using json_sax_t = SAX;
-
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @brief create a binary reader
-
-    @param[in] adapter  input adapter to read from
-    */
-    explicit binary_reader(input_adapter_t adapter) : ia(std::move(adapter))
-    {
-        (void)detail::is_sax_static_asserts<SAX, BasicJsonType> {};
-        assert(ia);
-    }
-
-    // make class move-only
-    binary_reader(const binary_reader&) = delete;
-    binary_reader(binary_reader&&) = default;
-    binary_reader& operator=(const binary_reader&) = delete;
-    binary_reader& operator=(binary_reader&&) = default;
-    ~binary_reader() = default;
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] format  the binary format to parse
-    @param[in] sax_    a SAX event processor
-    @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed completed
-
-    @return
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    bool sax_parse(const input_format_t format,
-                   json_sax_t* sax_,
-                   const bool strict = true)
-    {
-        sax = sax_;
-        bool result = false;
+    case 'l': {
+      std::int32_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
+    }
 
-        switch (format)
-        {
-            case input_format_t::bson:
-                result = parse_bson_internal();
-                break;
+    case 'L': {
+      std::int64_t len;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and
+             get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
+    }
 
-            case input_format_t::cbor:
-                result = parse_cbor_internal();
-                break;
+    default:
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(
+              113, chars_read,
+              exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson,
+                                "expected length type specification (U, i, I, "
+                                "l, L); last byte: 0x" +
+                                    last_token,
+                                "string")));
+    }
+  }
 
-            case input_format_t::msgpack:
-                result = parse_msgpack_internal();
-                break;
+  /*!
+  @param[out] result  determined size
+  @return whether size determination completed
+  */
+  bool get_ubjson_size_value(std::size_t &result) {
+    switch (get_ignore_noop()) {
+    case 'U': {
+      std::uint8_t number;
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
+      return true;
+    }
 
-            case input_format_t::ubjson:
-                result = parse_ubjson_internal();
-                break;
+    case 'i': {
+      std::int8_t number;
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
+      return true;
+    }
 
-            default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        }
+    case 'I': {
+      std::int16_t number;
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
+      return true;
+    }
 
-        // strict mode: next byte must be EOF
-        if (result and strict)
-        {
-            if (format == input_format_t::ubjson)
-            {
-                get_ignore_noop();
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                get();
-            }
+    case 'l': {
+      std::int32_t number;
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
+      return true;
+    }
 
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char>::eof()))
-            {
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(),
-                                        parse_error::create(110, chars_read, exception_message(format, "expected end of input; last byte: 0x" + get_token_string(), "value")));
-            }
-        }
+    case 'L': {
+      std::int64_t number;
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
+      return true;
+    }
 
-        return result;
+    default: {
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(
+              113, chars_read,
+              exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson,
+                                "expected length type specification (U, i, I, "
+                                "l, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" +
+                                    last_token,
+                                "size")));
+    }
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief determine system byte order
+  /*!
+  @brief determine the type and size for a container
 
-    @return true if and only if system's byte order is little endian
+  In the optimized UBJSON format, a type and a size can be provided to allow
+  for a more compact representation.
 
-    @note from http://stackoverflow.com/a/1001328/266378
-    */
-    static constexpr bool little_endianess(int num = 1) noexcept
-    {
-        return *reinterpret_cast<char*>(&num) == 1;
-    }
+  @param[out] result  pair of the size and the type
 
-  private:
-    //////////
-    // BSON //
-    //////////
+  @return whether pair creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_ubjson_size_type(std::pair<std::size_t, int> &result) {
+    result.first = string_t::npos; // size
+    result.second = 0;             // type
 
-    /*!
-    @brief Reads in a BSON-object and passes it to the SAX-parser.
-    @return whether a valid BSON-value was passed to the SAX parser
-    */
-    bool parse_bson_internal()
-    {
-        std::int32_t document_size;
-        get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, document_size);
+    get_ignore_noop();
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(std::size_t(-1))))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
+    if (current == '$') {
+      result.second = get(); // must not ignore 'N', because 'N' maybe the type
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "type"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_bson_element_list(/*is_array*/false)))
-        {
-            return false;
+      get_ignore_noop();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current != '#')) {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "value"))) {
+          return false;
         }
+        auto last_token = get_token_string();
+        return sax->parse_error(
+            chars_read, last_token,
+            parse_error::create(
+                112, chars_read,
+                exception_message(
+                    input_format_t::ubjson,
+                    "expected '#' after type information; last byte: 0x" +
+                        last_token,
+                    "size")));
+      }
 
-        return sax->end_object();
+      return get_ubjson_size_value(result.first);
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief Parses a C-style string from the BSON input.
-    @param[in, out] result  A reference to the string variable where the read
-                            string is to be stored.
-    @return `true` if the \x00-byte indicating the end of the string was
-             encountered before the EOF; false` indicates an unexpected EOF.
-    */
-    bool get_bson_cstr(string_t& result)
-    {
-        auto out = std::back_inserter(result);
-        while (true)
-        {
-            get();
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::bson, "cstring")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (current == 0x00)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-            *out++ = static_cast<char>(current);
-        }
-
-        return true;
+    if (current == '#') {
+      return get_ubjson_size_value(result.first);
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief Parses a zero-terminated string of length @a len from the BSON
-           input.
-    @param[in] len  The length (including the zero-byte at the end) of the
-                    string to be read.
-    @param[in, out] result  A reference to the string variable where the read
-                            string is to be stored.
-    @tparam NumberType The type of the length @a len
-    @pre len >= 1
-    @return `true` if the string was successfully parsed
-    */
-    template<typename NumberType>
-    bool get_bson_string(const NumberType len, string_t& result)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len < 1))
-        {
-            auto last_token = get_token_string();
-            return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::bson, "string length must be at least 1, is " + std::to_string(len), "string")));
-        }
+    return true;
+  }
 
-        return get_string(input_format_t::bson, len - static_cast<NumberType>(1), result) and get() != std::char_traits<char>::eof();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Read a BSON document element of the given @a element_type.
-    @param[in] element_type The BSON element type, c.f. http://bsonspec.org/spec.html
-    @param[in] element_type_parse_position The position in the input stream,
-               where the `element_type` was read.
-    @warning Not all BSON element types are supported yet. An unsupported
-             @a element_type will give rise to a parse_error.114:
-             Unsupported BSON record type 0x...
-    @return whether a valid BSON-object/array was passed to the SAX parser
-    */
-    bool parse_bson_element_internal(const int element_type,
-                                     const std::size_t element_type_parse_position)
-    {
-        switch (element_type)
-        {
-            case 0x01: // double
-            {
-                double number;
-                return get_number<double, true>(input_format_t::bson, number) and sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-            }
+  /*!
+  @param prefix  the previously read or set type prefix
+  @return whether value creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_ubjson_value(const int prefix) {
+    switch (prefix) {
+    case std::char_traits<char>::eof(): // EOF
+      return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "value");
 
-            case 0x02: // string
-            {
-                std::int32_t len;
-                string_t value;
-                return get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, len) and get_bson_string(len, value) and sax->string(value);
-            }
+    case 'T': // true
+      return sax->boolean(true);
+    case 'F': // false
+      return sax->boolean(false);
 
-            case 0x03: // object
-            {
-                return parse_bson_internal();
-            }
+    case 'Z': // null
+      return sax->null();
 
-            case 0x04: // array
-            {
-                return parse_bson_array();
-            }
+    case 'U': {
+      std::uint8_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and
+             sax->number_unsigned(number);
+    }
 
-            case 0x08: // boolean
-            {
-                return sax->boolean(get() != 0);
-            }
+    case 'i': {
+      std::int8_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
+    }
 
-            case 0x0A: // null
-            {
-                return sax->null();
-            }
+    case 'I': {
+      std::int16_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
+    }
 
-            case 0x10: // int32
-            {
-                std::int32_t value;
-                return get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, value) and sax->number_integer(value);
-            }
+    case 'l': {
+      std::int32_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
+    }
 
-            case 0x12: // int64
-            {
-                std::int64_t value;
-                return get_number<std::int64_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, value) and sax->number_integer(value);
-            }
+    case 'L': {
+      std::int64_t number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and
+             sax->number_integer(number);
+    }
 
-            default: // anything else not supported (yet)
-            {
-                std::array<char, 3> cr{{}};
-                (std::snprintf)(cr.data(), cr.size(), "%.2hhX", static_cast<unsigned char>(element_type));
-                return sax->parse_error(element_type_parse_position, std::string(cr.data()), parse_error::create(114, element_type_parse_position, "Unsupported BSON record type 0x" + std::string(cr.data())));
-            }
-        }
+    case 'd': {
+      float number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and
+             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief Read a BSON element list (as specified in the BSON-spec)
+    case 'D': {
+      double number;
+      return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and
+             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
+    }
 
-    The same binary layout is used for objects and arrays, hence it must be
-    indicated with the argument @a is_array which one is expected
-    (true --> array, false --> object).
+    case 'C': // char
+    {
+      get();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+              not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "char"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current > 127)) {
+        auto last_token = get_token_string();
+        return sax->parse_error(
+            chars_read, last_token,
+            parse_error::create(
+                113, chars_read,
+                exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson,
+                                  "byte after 'C' must be in range 0x00..0x7F; "
+                                  "last byte: 0x" +
+                                      last_token,
+                                  "char")));
+      }
+      string_t s(1, static_cast<char>(current));
+      return sax->string(s);
+    }
 
-    @param[in] is_array Determines if the element list being read is to be
-                        treated as an object (@a is_array == false), or as an
-                        array (@a is_array == true).
-    @return whether a valid BSON-object/array was passed to the SAX parser
-    */
-    bool parse_bson_element_list(const bool is_array)
+    case 'S': // string
     {
-        string_t key;
-        while (int element_type = get())
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::bson, "element list")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+      string_t s;
+      return get_ubjson_string(s) and sax->string(s);
+    }
 
-            const std::size_t element_type_parse_position = chars_read;
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_bson_cstr(key)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+    case '[': // array
+      return get_ubjson_array();
 
-            if (not is_array and not sax->key(key))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+    case '{': // object
+      return get_ubjson_object();
+
+    default: // anything else
+    {
+      auto last_token = get_token_string();
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, last_token,
+          parse_error::create(112, chars_read,
+                              exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson,
+                                                "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token,
+                                                "value")));
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return whether array creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_ubjson_array() {
+    std::pair<std::size_t, int> size_and_type;
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_size_type(size_and_type))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (size_and_type.first != string_t::npos) {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(size_and_type.first))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_bson_element_internal(element_type, element_type_parse_position)))
-            {
-                return false;
+      if (size_and_type.second != 0) {
+        if (size_and_type.second != 'N') {
+          for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
+            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                    not get_ubjson_value(size_and_type.second))) {
+              return false;
             }
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal())) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(std::size_t(-1)))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-            // get_bson_cstr only appends
-            key.clear();
+      while (current != ']') {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal(false))) {
+          return false;
         }
+        get_ignore_noop();
+      }
+    }
 
-        return true;
+    return sax->end_array();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return whether object creation completed
+  */
+  bool get_ubjson_object() {
+    std::pair<std::size_t, int> size_and_type;
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_size_type(size_and_type))) {
+      return false;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief Reads an array from the BSON input and passes it to the SAX-parser.
-    @return whether a valid BSON-array was passed to the SAX parser
-    */
-    bool parse_bson_array()
-    {
-        std::int32_t document_size;
-        get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, document_size);
+    string_t key;
+    if (size_and_type.first != string_t::npos) {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(size_and_type.first))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(std::size_t(-1))))
-        {
+      if (size_and_type.second != 0) {
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_string(key) or
+                                   not sax->key(key))) {
             return false;
+          }
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                  not get_ubjson_value(size_and_type.second))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          key.clear();
         }
-
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_bson_element_list(/*is_array*/true)))
-        {
+      } else {
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_string(key) or
+                                   not sax->key(key))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal())) {
             return false;
+          }
+          key.clear();
         }
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(std::size_t(-1)))) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-        return sax->end_array();
-    }
+      while (current != '}') {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_string(key, false) or
+                                 not sax->key(key))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal())) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        get_ignore_noop();
+        key.clear();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return sax->end_object();
+  }
+
+  ///////////////////////
+  // Utility functions //
+  ///////////////////////
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get next character from the input
+
+  This function provides the interface to the used input adapter. It does
+  not throw in case the input reached EOF, but returns a -'ve valued
+  `std::char_traits<char>::eof()` in that case.
+
+  @return character read from the input
+  */
+  int get() {
+    ++chars_read;
+    return current = ia->get_character();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return character read from the input after ignoring all 'N' entries
+  */
+  int get_ignore_noop() {
+    do {
+      get();
+    } while (current == 'N');
+
+    return current;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  @brief read a number from the input
+
+  @tparam NumberType the type of the number
+  @param[in] format   the current format (for diagnostics)
+  @param[out] result  number of type @a NumberType
+
+  @return whether conversion completed
+
+  @note This function needs to respect the system's endianess, because
+        bytes in CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON are stored in network order
+        (big endian) and therefore need reordering on little endian systems.
+  */
+  template <typename NumberType, bool InputIsLittleEndian = false>
+  bool get_number(const input_format_t format, NumberType &result) {
+    // step 1: read input into array with system's byte order
+    std::array<std::uint8_t, sizeof(NumberType)> vec;
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(NumberType); ++i) {
+      get();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(format, "number"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // reverse byte order prior to conversion if necessary
+      if (is_little_endian != InputIsLittleEndian) {
+        vec[sizeof(NumberType) - i - 1] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(current);
+      } else {
+        vec[i] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(current); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      }
+    }
+
+    // step 2: convert array into number of type T and return
+    std::memcpy(&result, vec.data(), sizeof(NumberType));
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a string by reading characters from the input
+
+  @tparam NumberType the type of the number
+  @param[in] format the current format (for diagnostics)
+  @param[in] len number of characters to read
+  @param[out] result string created by reading @a len bytes
+
+  @return whether string creation completed
+
+  @note We can not reserve @a len bytes for the result, because @a len
+        may be too large. Usually, @ref unexpect_eof() detects the end of
+        the input before we run out of string memory.
+  */
+  template <typename NumberType>
+  bool get_string(const input_format_t format, const NumberType len,
+                  string_t &result) {
+    bool success = true;
+    std::generate_n(
+        std::back_inserter(result), len, [this, &success, &format]() {
+          get();
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(format, "string"))) {
+            success = false;
+          }
+          return static_cast<char>(current);
+        });
+    return success;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] format   the current format (for diagnostics)
+  @param[in] context  further context information (for diagnostics)
+  @return whether the last read character is not EOF
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  bool unexpect_eof(const input_format_t format, const char *context) const {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current == std::char_traits<char>::eof())) {
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          chars_read, "<end of file>",
+          parse_error::create(
+              110, chars_read,
+              exception_message(format, "unexpected end of input", context)));
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return a string representation of the last read byte
+  */
+  std::string get_token_string() const {
+    std::array<char, 3> cr{{}};
+    (std::snprintf)(cr.data(), cr.size(), "%.2hhX",
+                    static_cast<unsigned char>(current));
+    return std::string{cr.data()};
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] format   the current format
+  @param[in] detail   a detailed error message
+  @param[in] context  further context information
+  @return a message string to use in the parse_error exceptions
+  */
+  std::string exception_message(const input_format_t format,
+                                const std::string &detail,
+                                const std::string &context) const {
+    std::string error_msg = "syntax error while parsing ";
+
+    switch (format) {
+    case input_format_t::cbor:
+      error_msg += "CBOR";
+      break;
+
+    case input_format_t::msgpack:
+      error_msg += "MessagePack";
+      break;
+
+    case input_format_t::ubjson:
+      error_msg += "UBJSON";
+      break;
+
+    case input_format_t::bson:
+      error_msg += "BSON";
+      break;
+
+    default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    }
+
+    return error_msg + " " + context + ": " + detail;
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// input adapter
+  input_adapter_t ia = nullptr;
+
+  /// the current character
+  int current = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+
+  /// the number of characters read
+  std::size_t chars_read = 0;
+
+  /// whether we can assume little endianess
+  const bool is_little_endian = little_endianess();
+
+  /// the SAX parser
+  json_sax_t *sax = nullptr;
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-    //////////
-    // CBOR //
-    //////////
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
-                         input (true, default) or whether the last read
-                         character should be considered instead
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp>
 
-    @return whether a valid CBOR value was passed to the SAX parser
-    */
-    bool parse_cbor_internal(const bool get_char = true)
-    {
-        switch (get_char ? get() : current)
-        {
-            // EOF
-            case std::char_traits<char>::eof():
-                return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "value");
-
-            // Integer 0x00..0x17 (0..23)
-            case 0x00:
-            case 0x01:
-            case 0x02:
-            case 0x03:
-            case 0x04:
-            case 0x05:
-            case 0x06:
-            case 0x07:
-            case 0x08:
-            case 0x09:
-            case 0x0A:
-            case 0x0B:
-            case 0x0C:
-            case 0x0D:
-            case 0x0E:
-            case 0x0F:
-            case 0x10:
-            case 0x11:
-            case 0x12:
-            case 0x13:
-            case 0x14:
-            case 0x15:
-            case 0x16:
-            case 0x17:
-                return sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(current));
-
-            case 0x18: // Unsigned integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint8_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+#include <array>            // array
+#include <clocale>          // localeconv
+#include <cstddef>          // size_t
+#include <cstdio>           // snprintf
+#include <cstdlib>          // strtof, strtod, strtold, strtoll, strtoull
+#include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
+#include <string>           // char_traits, string
+#include <utility>          // move
+#include <vector>           // vector
 
-            case 0x19: // Unsigned integer (two-byte uint16_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint16_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
 
-            case 0x1A: // Unsigned integer (four-byte uint32_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint32_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/position_t.hpp>
 
-            case 0x1B: // Unsigned integer (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint64_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-            // Negative integer -1-0x00..-1-0x17 (-1..-24)
-            case 0x20:
-            case 0x21:
-            case 0x22:
-            case 0x23:
-            case 0x24:
-            case 0x25:
-            case 0x26:
-            case 0x27:
-            case 0x28:
-            case 0x29:
-            case 0x2A:
-            case 0x2B:
-            case 0x2C:
-            case 0x2D:
-            case 0x2E:
-            case 0x2F:
-            case 0x30:
-            case 0x31:
-            case 0x32:
-            case 0x33:
-            case 0x34:
-            case 0x35:
-            case 0x36:
-            case 0x37:
-                return sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - current));
-
-            case 0x38: // Negative integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint8_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
-            }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+///////////
+// lexer //
+///////////
 
-            case 0x39: // Negative integer -1-n (two-byte uint16_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint16_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
-            }
+/*!
+@brief lexical analysis
 
-            case 0x3A: // Negative integer -1-n (four-byte uint32_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint32_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
-            }
+This class organizes the lexical analysis during JSON deserialization.
+*/
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class lexer {
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+
+public:
+  /// token types for the parser
+  enum class token_type {
+    uninitialized,  ///< indicating the scanner is uninitialized
+    literal_true,   ///< the `true` literal
+    literal_false,  ///< the `false` literal
+    literal_null,   ///< the `null` literal
+    value_string,   ///< a string -- use get_string() for actual value
+    value_unsigned, ///< an unsigned integer -- use get_number_unsigned() for
+                    ///< actual value
+    value_integer,  ///< a signed integer -- use get_number_integer() for actual
+                    ///< value
+    value_float,    ///< an floating point number -- use get_number_float() for
+                    ///< actual value
+    begin_array,    ///< the character for array begin `[`
+    begin_object,   ///< the character for object begin `{`
+    end_array,      ///< the character for array end `]`
+    end_object,     ///< the character for object end `}`
+    name_separator, ///< the name separator `:`
+    value_separator, ///< the value separator `,`
+    parse_error,     ///< indicating a parse error
+    end_of_input,    ///< indicating the end of the input buffer
+    literal_or_value ///< a literal or the begin of a value (only for
+                     ///< diagnostics)
+  };
+
+  /// return name of values of type token_type (only used for errors)
+  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+  JSON_HEDLEY_CONST
+  static const char *token_type_name(const token_type t) noexcept {
+    switch (t) {
+    case token_type::uninitialized:
+      return "<uninitialized>";
+    case token_type::literal_true:
+      return "true literal";
+    case token_type::literal_false:
+      return "false literal";
+    case token_type::literal_null:
+      return "null literal";
+    case token_type::value_string:
+      return "string literal";
+    case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned:
+    case lexer::token_type::value_integer:
+    case lexer::token_type::value_float:
+      return "number literal";
+    case token_type::begin_array:
+      return "'['";
+    case token_type::begin_object:
+      return "'{'";
+    case token_type::end_array:
+      return "']'";
+    case token_type::end_object:
+      return "'}'";
+    case token_type::name_separator:
+      return "':'";
+    case token_type::value_separator:
+      return "','";
+    case token_type::parse_error:
+      return "<parse error>";
+    case token_type::end_of_input:
+      return "end of input";
+    case token_type::literal_or_value:
+      return "'[', '{', or a literal";
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    default: // catch non-enum values
+      return "unknown token";
+      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+    }
+  }
+
+  explicit lexer(detail::input_adapter_t &&adapter)
+      : ia(std::move(adapter)), decimal_point_char(get_decimal_point()) {}
+
+  // delete because of pointer members
+  lexer(const lexer &) = delete;
+  lexer(lexer &&) = delete;
+  lexer &operator=(lexer &) = delete;
+  lexer &operator=(lexer &&) = delete;
+  ~lexer() = default;
+
+private:
+  /////////////////////
+  // locales
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /// return the locale-dependent decimal point
+  JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
+  static char get_decimal_point() noexcept {
+    const auto loc = localeconv();
+    assert(loc != nullptr);
+    return (loc->decimal_point == nullptr) ? '.' : *(loc->decimal_point);
+  }
+
+  /////////////////////
+  // scan functions
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get codepoint from 4 hex characters following `\u`
+
+  For input "\u c1 c2 c3 c4" the codepoint is:
+    (c1 * 0x1000) + (c2 * 0x0100) + (c3 * 0x0010) + c4
+  = (c1 << 12) + (c2 << 8) + (c3 << 4) + (c4 << 0)
+
+  Furthermore, the possible characters '0'..'9', 'A'..'F', and 'a'..'f'
+  must be converted to the integers 0x0..0x9, 0xA..0xF, 0xA..0xF, resp. The
+  conversion is done by subtracting the offset (0x30, 0x37, and 0x57)
+  between the ASCII value of the character and the desired integer value.
+
+  @return codepoint (0x0000..0xFFFF) or -1 in case of an error (e.g. EOF or
+          non-hex character)
+  */
+  int get_codepoint() {
+    // this function only makes sense after reading `\u`
+    assert(current == 'u');
+    int codepoint = 0;
+
+    const auto factors = {12u, 8u, 4u, 0u};
+    for (const auto factor : factors) {
+      get();
+
+      if (current >= '0' and current <= '9') {
+        codepoint += static_cast<int>(
+            (static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x30u) << factor);
+      } else if (current >= 'A' and current <= 'F') {
+        codepoint += static_cast<int>(
+            (static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x37u) << factor);
+      } else if (current >= 'a' and current <= 'f') {
+        codepoint += static_cast<int>(
+            (static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x57u) << factor);
+      } else {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(0x0000 <= codepoint and codepoint <= 0xFFFF);
+    return codepoint;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief check if the next byte(s) are inside a given range
+
+  Adds the current byte and, for each passed range, reads a new byte and
+  checks if it is inside the range. If a violation was detected, set up an
+  error message and return false. Otherwise, return true.
+
+  @param[in] ranges  list of integers; interpreted as list of pairs of
+                     inclusive lower and upper bound, respectively
+
+  @pre The passed list @a ranges must have 2, 4, or 6 elements; that is,
+       1, 2, or 3 pairs. This precondition is enforced by an assertion.
+
+  @return true if and only if no range violation was detected
+  */
+  bool next_byte_in_range(std::initializer_list<int> ranges) {
+    assert(ranges.size() == 2 or ranges.size() == 4 or ranges.size() == 6);
+    add(current);
+
+    for (auto range = ranges.begin(); range != ranges.end(); ++range) {
+      get();
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(*range <= current and current <= *(++range))) {
+        add(current);
+      } else {
+        error_message = "invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte";
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief scan a string literal
+
+  This function scans a string according to Sect. 7 of RFC 7159. While
+  scanning, bytes are escaped and copied into buffer token_buffer. Then the
+  function returns successfully, token_buffer is *not* null-terminated (as it
+  may contain \0 bytes), and token_buffer.size() is the number of bytes in the
+  string.
+
+  @return token_type::value_string if string could be successfully scanned,
+          token_type::parse_error otherwise
+
+  @note In case of errors, variable error_message contains a textual
+        description.
+  */
+  token_type scan_string() {
+    // reset token_buffer (ignore opening quote)
+    reset();
+
+    // we entered the function by reading an open quote
+    assert(current == '\"');
+
+    while (true) {
+      // get next character
+      switch (get()) {
+      // end of file while parsing string
+      case std::char_traits<char>::eof(): {
+        error_message = "invalid string: missing closing quote";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      // closing quote
+      case '\"': {
+        return token_type::value_string;
+      }
+
+      // escapes
+      case '\\': {
+        switch (get()) {
+        // quotation mark
+        case '\"':
+          add('\"');
+          break;
+        // reverse solidus
+        case '\\':
+          add('\\');
+          break;
+        // solidus
+        case '/':
+          add('/');
+          break;
+        // backspace
+        case 'b':
+          add('\b');
+          break;
+        // form feed
+        case 'f':
+          add('\f');
+          break;
+        // line feed
+        case 'n':
+          add('\n');
+          break;
+        // carriage return
+        case 'r':
+          add('\r');
+          break;
+        // tab
+        case 't':
+          add('\t');
+          break;
+
+        // unicode escapes
+        case 'u': {
+          const int codepoint1 = get_codepoint();
+          int codepoint = codepoint1; // start with codepoint1
+
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(codepoint1 == -1)) {
+            error_message =
+                "invalid string: '\\u' must be followed by 4 hex digits";
+            return token_type::parse_error;
+          }
 
-            case 0x3B: // Negative integer -1-n (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
-            {
-                std::uint64_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1)
-                        - static_cast<number_integer_t>(number));
-            }
+          // check if code point is a high surrogate
+          if (0xD800 <= codepoint1 and codepoint1 <= 0xDBFF) {
+            // expect next \uxxxx entry
+            if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(get() == '\\' and get() == 'u')) {
+              const int codepoint2 = get_codepoint();
 
-            // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
-            case 0x60:
-            case 0x61:
-            case 0x62:
-            case 0x63:
-            case 0x64:
-            case 0x65:
-            case 0x66:
-            case 0x67:
-            case 0x68:
-            case 0x69:
-            case 0x6A:
-            case 0x6B:
-            case 0x6C:
-            case 0x6D:
-            case 0x6E:
-            case 0x6F:
-            case 0x70:
-            case 0x71:
-            case 0x72:
-            case 0x73:
-            case 0x74:
-            case 0x75:
-            case 0x76:
-            case 0x77:
-            case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-            case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-            case 0x7A: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-            case 0x7B: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-            case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
-            {
-                string_t s;
-                return get_cbor_string(s) and sax->string(s);
-            }
+              if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(codepoint2 == -1)) {
+                error_message =
+                    "invalid string: '\\u' must be followed by 4 hex digits";
+                return token_type::parse_error;
+              }
+
+              // check if codepoint2 is a low surrogate
+              if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(0xDC00 <= codepoint2 and
+                                     codepoint2 <= 0xDFFF)) {
+                // overwrite codepoint
+                codepoint = static_cast<int>(
+                    // high surrogate occupies the most significant 22 bits
+                    (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint1) << 10u)
+                    // low surrogate occupies the least significant 15 bits
+                    + static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint2)
+                    // there is still the 0xD800, 0xDC00 and 0x10000 noise
+                    // in the result so we have to subtract with:
+                    // (0xD800 << 10) + DC00 - 0x10000 = 0x35FDC00
+                    - 0x35FDC00u);
+              } else {
+                error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+DC00..U+DFFF must "
+                                "be followed by U+DC00..U+DFFF";
+                return token_type::parse_error;
+              }
+            } else {
+              error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+DC00..U+DFFF must "
+                              "be followed by U+DC00..U+DFFF";
+              return token_type::parse_error;
+            }
+          } else {
+            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(0xDC00 <= codepoint1 and
+                                     codepoint1 <= 0xDFFF)) {
+              error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+DC00..U+DFFF must "
+                              "follow U+D800..U+DBFF";
+              return token_type::parse_error;
+            }
+          }
+
+          // result of the above calculation yields a proper codepoint
+          assert(0x00 <= codepoint and codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+
+          // translate codepoint into bytes
+          if (codepoint < 0x80) {
+            // 1-byte characters: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII)
+            add(codepoint);
+          } else if (codepoint <= 0x7FF) {
+            // 2-byte characters: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
+            add(static_cast<int>(0xC0u |
+                                 (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u)));
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
+          } else if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
+            // 3-byte characters: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0xE0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 12u)));
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0x80u |
+                ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu)));
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
+          } else {
+            // 4-byte characters: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0xF0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 18u)));
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0x80u |
+                ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 12u) & 0x3Fu)));
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0x80u |
+                ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu)));
+            add(static_cast<int>(
+                0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
+          }
+
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // other characters after escape
+        default:
+          error_message = "invalid string: forbidden character after backslash";
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // invalid control characters
+      case 0x00: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0000 (NUL) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0000";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x01: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0001 (SOH) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0001";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x02: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0002 (STX) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0002";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x03: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0003 (ETX) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0003";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x04: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0004 (EOT) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0004";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x05: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0005 (ENQ) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0005";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x06: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0006 (ACK) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0006";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x07: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0007 (BEL) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0007";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x08: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0008 (BS) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u0008 or \\b";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x09: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0009 (HT) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u0009 or \\t";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x0A: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000A (LF) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u000A or \\n";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x0B: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000B (VT) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u000B";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x0C: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000C (FF) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u000C or \\f";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x0D: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000D (CR) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u000D or \\r";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x0E: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000E (SO) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u000E";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x0F: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000F (SI) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u000F";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x10: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0010 (DLE) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0010";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x11: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0011 (DC1) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0011";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x12: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0012 (DC2) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0012";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x13: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0013 (DC3) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0013";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x14: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0014 (DC4) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0014";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x15: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0015 (NAK) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0015";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x16: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0016 (SYN) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0016";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x17: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0017 (ETB) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0017";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x18: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0018 (CAN) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u0018";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x19: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0019 (EM) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u0019";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x1A: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001A (SUB) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u001A";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x1B: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001B (ESC) must "
+                        "be escaped to \\u001B";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x1C: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001C (FS) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u001C";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x1D: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001D (GS) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u001D";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x1E: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001E (RS) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u001E";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      case 0x1F: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001F (US) must be "
+                        "escaped to \\u001F";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+
+      // U+0020..U+007F (except U+0022 (quote) and U+005C (backspace))
+      case 0x20:
+      case 0x21:
+      case 0x23:
+      case 0x24:
+      case 0x25:
+      case 0x26:
+      case 0x27:
+      case 0x28:
+      case 0x29:
+      case 0x2A:
+      case 0x2B:
+      case 0x2C:
+      case 0x2D:
+      case 0x2E:
+      case 0x2F:
+      case 0x30:
+      case 0x31:
+      case 0x32:
+      case 0x33:
+      case 0x34:
+      case 0x35:
+      case 0x36:
+      case 0x37:
+      case 0x38:
+      case 0x39:
+      case 0x3A:
+      case 0x3B:
+      case 0x3C:
+      case 0x3D:
+      case 0x3E:
+      case 0x3F:
+      case 0x40:
+      case 0x41:
+      case 0x42:
+      case 0x43:
+      case 0x44:
+      case 0x45:
+      case 0x46:
+      case 0x47:
+      case 0x48:
+      case 0x49:
+      case 0x4A:
+      case 0x4B:
+      case 0x4C:
+      case 0x4D:
+      case 0x4E:
+      case 0x4F:
+      case 0x50:
+      case 0x51:
+      case 0x52:
+      case 0x53:
+      case 0x54:
+      case 0x55:
+      case 0x56:
+      case 0x57:
+      case 0x58:
+      case 0x59:
+      case 0x5A:
+      case 0x5B:
+      case 0x5D:
+      case 0x5E:
+      case 0x5F:
+      case 0x60:
+      case 0x61:
+      case 0x62:
+      case 0x63:
+      case 0x64:
+      case 0x65:
+      case 0x66:
+      case 0x67:
+      case 0x68:
+      case 0x69:
+      case 0x6A:
+      case 0x6B:
+      case 0x6C:
+      case 0x6D:
+      case 0x6E:
+      case 0x6F:
+      case 0x70:
+      case 0x71:
+      case 0x72:
+      case 0x73:
+      case 0x74:
+      case 0x75:
+      case 0x76:
+      case 0x77:
+      case 0x78:
+      case 0x79:
+      case 0x7A:
+      case 0x7B:
+      case 0x7C:
+      case 0x7D:
+      case 0x7E:
+      case 0x7F: {
+        add(current);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // U+0080..U+07FF: bytes C2..DF 80..BF
+      case 0xC2:
+      case 0xC3:
+      case 0xC4:
+      case 0xC5:
+      case 0xC6:
+      case 0xC7:
+      case 0xC8:
+      case 0xC9:
+      case 0xCA:
+      case 0xCB:
+      case 0xCC:
+      case 0xCD:
+      case 0xCE:
+      case 0xCF:
+      case 0xD0:
+      case 0xD1:
+      case 0xD2:
+      case 0xD3:
+      case 0xD4:
+      case 0xD5:
+      case 0xD6:
+      case 0xD7:
+      case 0xD8:
+      case 0xD9:
+      case 0xDA:
+      case 0xDB:
+      case 0xDC:
+      case 0xDD:
+      case 0xDE:
+      case 0xDF: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF}))) {
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // U+0800..U+0FFF: bytes E0 A0..BF 80..BF
+      case 0xE0: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                not(next_byte_in_range({0xA0, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // U+1000..U+CFFF: bytes E1..EC 80..BF 80..BF
+      // U+E000..U+FFFF: bytes EE..EF 80..BF 80..BF
+      case 0xE1:
+      case 0xE2:
+      case 0xE3:
+      case 0xE4:
+      case 0xE5:
+      case 0xE6:
+      case 0xE7:
+      case 0xE8:
+      case 0xE9:
+      case 0xEA:
+      case 0xEB:
+      case 0xEC:
+      case 0xEE:
+      case 0xEF: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                not(next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // U+D000..U+D7FF: bytes ED 80..9F 80..BF
+      case 0xED: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                not(next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0x9F, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // U+10000..U+3FFFF F0 90..BF 80..BF 80..BF
+      case 0xF0: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(
+                next_byte_in_range({0x90, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // U+40000..U+FFFFF F1..F3 80..BF 80..BF 80..BF
+      case 0xF1:
+      case 0xF2:
+      case 0xF3: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(
+                next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // U+100000..U+10FFFF F4 80..8F 80..BF 80..BF
+      case 0xF4: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(
+                next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0x8F, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
+          return token_type::parse_error;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // remaining bytes (80..C1 and F5..FF) are ill-formed
+      default: {
+        error_message = "invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  static void strtof(float &f, const char *str, char **endptr) noexcept {
+    f = std::strtof(str, endptr);
+  }
+
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  static void strtof(double &f, const char *str, char **endptr) noexcept {
+    f = std::strtod(str, endptr);
+  }
+
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  static void strtof(long double &f, const char *str, char **endptr) noexcept {
+    f = std::strtold(str, endptr);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief scan a number literal
+
+  This function scans a string according to Sect. 6 of RFC 7159.
+
+  The function is realized with a deterministic finite state machine derived
+  from the grammar described in RFC 7159. Starting in state "init", the
+  input is read and used to determined the next state. Only state "done"
+  accepts the number. State "error" is a trap state to model errors. In the
+  table below, "anything" means any character but the ones listed before.
+
+  state    | 0        | 1-9      | e E      | +       | -       | .        |
+  anything
+  ---------|----------|----------|----------|---------|---------|----------|-----------
+  init     | zero     | any1     | [error]  | [error] | minus   | [error]  |
+  [error] minus    | zero     | any1     | [error]  | [error] | [error] |
+  [error]  | [error] zero     | done     | done     | exponent | done    | done
+  | decimal1 | done any1     | any1     | any1     | exponent | done    | done
+  | decimal1 | done decimal1 | decimal2 | [error]  | [error]  | [error] |
+  [error] | [error]  | [error] decimal2 | decimal2 | decimal2 | exponent | done
+  | done    | done     | done exponent | any2     | any2     | [error]  | sign
+  | sign    | [error]  | [error] sign     | any2     | any2     | [error]  |
+  [error] | [error] | [error]  | [error] any2     | any2     | any2     | done
+  | done    | done    | done     | done
+
+  The state machine is realized with one label per state (prefixed with
+  "scan_number_") and `goto` statements between them. The state machine
+  contains cycles, but any cycle can be left when EOF is read. Therefore,
+  the function is guaranteed to terminate.
+
+  During scanning, the read bytes are stored in token_buffer. This string is
+  then converted to a signed integer, an unsigned integer, or a
+  floating-point number.
+
+  @return token_type::value_unsigned, token_type::value_integer, or
+          token_type::value_float if number could be successfully scanned,
+          token_type::parse_error otherwise
+
+  @note The scanner is independent of the current locale. Internally, the
+        locale's decimal point is used instead of `.` to work with the
+        locale-dependent converters.
+  */
+  token_type scan_number() // lgtm [cpp/use-of-goto]
+  {
+    // reset token_buffer to store the number's bytes
+    reset();
+
+    // the type of the parsed number; initially set to unsigned; will be
+    // changed if minus sign, decimal point or exponent is read
+    token_type number_type = token_type::value_unsigned;
+
+    // state (init): we just found out we need to scan a number
+    switch (current) {
+    case '-': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_minus;
+    }
+
+    case '0': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_zero;
+    }
+
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_any1;
+    }
+
+    // all other characters are rejected outside scan_number()
+    default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    }
+
+  scan_number_minus:
+    // state: we just parsed a leading minus sign
+    number_type = token_type::value_integer;
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '0': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_zero;
+    }
+
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_any1;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after '-'";
+      return token_type::parse_error;
+    }
+    }
+
+  scan_number_zero:
+    // state: we just parse a zero (maybe with a leading minus sign)
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '.': {
+      add(decimal_point_char);
+      goto scan_number_decimal1;
+    }
+
+    case 'e':
+    case 'E': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_exponent;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      goto scan_number_done;
+    }
+
+  scan_number_any1:
+    // state: we just parsed a number 0-9 (maybe with a leading minus sign)
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_any1;
+    }
+
+    case '.': {
+      add(decimal_point_char);
+      goto scan_number_decimal1;
+    }
+
+    case 'e':
+    case 'E': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_exponent;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      goto scan_number_done;
+    }
+
+  scan_number_decimal1:
+    // state: we just parsed a decimal point
+    number_type = token_type::value_float;
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_decimal2;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after '.'";
+      return token_type::parse_error;
+    }
+    }
+
+  scan_number_decimal2:
+    // we just parsed at least one number after a decimal point
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_decimal2;
+    }
 
-            // array (0x00..0x17 data items follow)
-            case 0x80:
-            case 0x81:
-            case 0x82:
-            case 0x83:
-            case 0x84:
-            case 0x85:
-            case 0x86:
-            case 0x87:
-            case 0x88:
-            case 0x89:
-            case 0x8A:
-            case 0x8B:
-            case 0x8C:
-            case 0x8D:
-            case 0x8E:
-            case 0x8F:
-            case 0x90:
-            case 0x91:
-            case 0x92:
-            case 0x93:
-            case 0x94:
-            case 0x95:
-            case 0x96:
-            case 0x97:
-                return get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
-
-            case 0x98: // array (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-            {
-                std::uint8_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+    case 'e':
+    case 'E': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_exponent;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      goto scan_number_done;
+    }
+
+  scan_number_exponent:
+    // we just parsed an exponent
+    number_type = token_type::value_float;
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '+':
+    case '-': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_sign;
+    }
+
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_any2;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      error_message =
+          "invalid number; expected '+', '-', or digit after exponent";
+      return token_type::parse_error;
+    }
+    }
+
+  scan_number_sign:
+    // we just parsed an exponent sign
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_any2;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after exponent sign";
+      return token_type::parse_error;
+    }
+    }
+
+  scan_number_any2:
+    // we just parsed a number after the exponent or exponent sign
+    switch (get()) {
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      add(current);
+      goto scan_number_any2;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      goto scan_number_done;
+    }
+
+  scan_number_done:
+    // unget the character after the number (we only read it to know that
+    // we are done scanning a number)
+    unget();
+
+    char *endptr = nullptr;
+    errno = 0;
+
+    // try to parse integers first and fall back to floats
+    if (number_type == token_type::value_unsigned) {
+      const auto x = std::strtoull(token_buffer.data(), &endptr, 10);
 
-            case 0x99: // array (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint16_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+      // we checked the number format before
+      assert(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
+
+      if (errno == 0) {
+        value_unsigned = static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(x);
+        if (value_unsigned == x) {
+          return token_type::value_unsigned;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (number_type == token_type::value_integer) {
+      const auto x = std::strtoll(token_buffer.data(), &endptr, 10);
+
+      // we checked the number format before
+      assert(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
+
+      if (errno == 0) {
+        value_integer = static_cast<number_integer_t>(x);
+        if (value_integer == x) {
+          return token_type::value_integer;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // this code is reached if we parse a floating-point number or if an
+    // integer conversion above failed
+    strtof(value_float, token_buffer.data(), &endptr);
+
+    // we checked the number format before
+    assert(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
+
+    return token_type::value_float;
+  }
 
-            case 0x9A: // array (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint32_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+  /*!
+  @param[in] literal_text  the literal text to expect
+  @param[in] length        the length of the passed literal text
+  @param[in] return_type   the token type to return on success
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  token_type scan_literal(const char *literal_text, const std::size_t length,
+                          token_type return_type) {
+    assert(current == literal_text[0]);
+    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < length; ++i) {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get() != literal_text[i])) {
+        error_message = "invalid literal";
+        return token_type::parse_error;
+      }
+    }
+    return return_type;
+  }
+
+  /////////////////////
+  // input management
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /// reset token_buffer; current character is beginning of token
+  void reset() noexcept {
+    token_buffer.clear();
+    token_string.clear();
+    token_string.push_back(std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(current));
+  }
+
+  /*
+  @brief get next character from the input
+
+  This function provides the interface to the used input adapter. It does
+  not throw in case the input reached EOF, but returns a
+  `std::char_traits<char>::eof()` in that case.  Stores the scanned characters
+  for use in error messages.
+
+  @return character read from the input
+  */
+  std::char_traits<char>::int_type get() {
+    ++position.chars_read_total;
+    ++position.chars_read_current_line;
+
+    if (next_unget) {
+      // just reset the next_unget variable and work with current
+      next_unget = false;
+    } else {
+      current = ia->get_character();
+    }
 
-            case 0x9B: // array (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint64_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char>::eof())) {
+      token_string.push_back(std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(current));
+    }
+
+    if (current == '\n') {
+      ++position.lines_read;
+      position.chars_read_current_line = 0;
+    }
+
+    return current;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief unget current character (read it again on next get)
+
+  We implement unget by setting variable next_unget to true. The input is not
+  changed - we just simulate ungetting by modifying chars_read_total,
+  chars_read_current_line, and token_string. The next call to get() will
+  behave as if the unget character is read again.
+  */
+  void unget() {
+    next_unget = true;
+
+    --position.chars_read_total;
+
+    // in case we "unget" a newline, we have to also decrement the lines_read
+    if (position.chars_read_current_line == 0) {
+      if (position.lines_read > 0) {
+        --position.lines_read;
+      }
+    } else {
+      --position.chars_read_current_line;
+    }
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char>::eof())) {
+      assert(not token_string.empty());
+      token_string.pop_back();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// add a character to token_buffer
+  void add(int c) {
+    token_buffer.push_back(std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(c));
+  }
+
+public:
+  /////////////////////
+  // value getters
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /// return integer value
+  constexpr number_integer_t get_number_integer() const noexcept {
+    return value_integer;
+  }
+
+  /// return unsigned integer value
+  constexpr number_unsigned_t get_number_unsigned() const noexcept {
+    return value_unsigned;
+  }
+
+  /// return floating-point value
+  constexpr number_float_t get_number_float() const noexcept {
+    return value_float;
+  }
+
+  /// return current string value (implicitly resets the token; useful only
+  /// once)
+  string_t &get_string() { return token_buffer; }
+
+  /////////////////////
+  // diagnostics
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /// return position of last read token
+  constexpr position_t get_position() const noexcept { return position; }
+
+  /// return the last read token (for errors only).  Will never contain EOF
+  /// (an arbitrary value that is not a valid char value, often -1), because
+  /// 255 may legitimately occur.  May contain NUL, which should be escaped.
+  std::string get_token_string() const {
+    // escape control characters
+    std::string result;
+    for (const auto c : token_string) {
+      if ('\x00' <= c and c <= '\x1F') {
+        // escape control characters
+        std::array<char, 9> cs{{}};
+        (std::snprintf)(cs.data(), cs.size(), "<U+%.4X>",
+                        static_cast<unsigned char>(c));
+        result += cs.data();
+      } else {
+        // add character as is
+        result.push_back(c);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /// return syntax error message
+  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+  constexpr const char *get_error_message() const noexcept {
+    return error_message;
+  }
+
+  /////////////////////
+  // actual scanner
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /*!
+  @brief skip the UTF-8 byte order mark
+  @return true iff there is no BOM or the correct BOM has been skipped
+  */
+  bool skip_bom() {
+    if (get() == 0xEF) {
+      // check if we completely parse the BOM
+      return get() == 0xBB and get() == 0xBF;
+    }
+
+    // the first character is not the beginning of the BOM; unget it to
+    // process is later
+    unget();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  token_type scan() {
+    // initially, skip the BOM
+    if (position.chars_read_total == 0 and not skip_bom()) {
+      error_message = "invalid BOM; must be 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF if given";
+      return token_type::parse_error;
+    }
+
+    // read next character and ignore whitespace
+    do {
+      get();
+    } while (current == ' ' or current == '\t' or current == '\n' or
+             current == '\r');
+
+    switch (current) {
+    // structural characters
+    case '[':
+      return token_type::begin_array;
+    case ']':
+      return token_type::end_array;
+    case '{':
+      return token_type::begin_object;
+    case '}':
+      return token_type::end_object;
+    case ':':
+      return token_type::name_separator;
+    case ',':
+      return token_type::value_separator;
+
+    // literals
+    case 't':
+      return scan_literal("true", 4, token_type::literal_true);
+    case 'f':
+      return scan_literal("false", 5, token_type::literal_false);
+    case 'n':
+      return scan_literal("null", 4, token_type::literal_null);
+
+    // string
+    case '\"':
+      return scan_string();
+
+    // number
+    case '-':
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9':
+      return scan_number();
+
+    // end of input (the null byte is needed when parsing from
+    // string literals)
+    case '\0':
+    case std::char_traits<char>::eof():
+      return token_type::end_of_input;
+
+    // error
+    default:
+      error_message = "invalid literal";
+      return token_type::parse_error;
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// input adapter
+  detail::input_adapter_t ia = nullptr;
+
+  /// the current character
+  std::char_traits<char>::int_type current = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+
+  /// whether the next get() call should just return current
+  bool next_unget = false;
+
+  /// the start position of the current token
+  position_t position{};
+
+  /// raw input token string (for error messages)
+  std::vector<char> token_string{};
+
+  /// buffer for variable-length tokens (numbers, strings)
+  string_t token_buffer{};
+
+  /// a description of occurred lexer errors
+  const char *error_message = "";
+
+  // number values
+  number_integer_t value_integer = 0;
+  number_unsigned_t value_unsigned = 0;
+  number_float_t value_float = 0;
+
+  /// the decimal point
+  const char decimal_point_char = '.';
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-            case 0x9F: // array (indefinite length)
-                return get_cbor_array(std::size_t(-1));
-
-            // map (0x00..0x17 pairs of data items follow)
-            case 0xA0:
-            case 0xA1:
-            case 0xA2:
-            case 0xA3:
-            case 0xA4:
-            case 0xA5:
-            case 0xA6:
-            case 0xA7:
-            case 0xA8:
-            case 0xA9:
-            case 0xAA:
-            case 0xAB:
-            case 0xAC:
-            case 0xAD:
-            case 0xAE:
-            case 0xAF:
-            case 0xB0:
-            case 0xB1:
-            case 0xB2:
-            case 0xB3:
-            case 0xB4:
-            case 0xB5:
-            case 0xB6:
-            case 0xB7:
-                return get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
-
-            case 0xB8: // map (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-            {
-                std::uint8_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/parser.hpp>
 
-            case 0xB9: // map (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint16_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+#include <cassert>    // assert
+#include <cmath>      // isfinite
+#include <cstdint>    // uint8_t
+#include <functional> // function
+#include <string>     // string
+#include <utility>    // move
+#include <vector>     // vector
 
-            case 0xBA: // map (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint32_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 
-            case 0xBB: // map (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint64_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
 
-            case 0xBF: // map (indefinite length)
-                return get_cbor_object(std::size_t(-1));
-
-            case 0xF4: // false
-                return sax->boolean(false);
-
-            case 0xF5: // true
-                return sax->boolean(true);
-
-            case 0xF6: // null
-                return sax->null();
-
-            case 0xF9: // Half-Precision Float (two-byte IEEE 754)
-            {
-                const int byte1_raw = get();
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "number")))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                const int byte2_raw = get();
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "number")))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                const auto byte1 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte1_raw);
-                const auto byte2 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte2_raw);
-
-                // code from RFC 7049, Appendix D, Figure 3:
-                // As half-precision floating-point numbers were only added
-                // to IEEE 754 in 2008, today's programming platforms often
-                // still only have limited support for them. It is very
-                // easy to include at least decoding support for them even
-                // without such support. An example of a small decoder for
-                // half-precision floating-point numbers in the C language
-                // is shown in Fig. 3.
-                const auto half = static_cast<unsigned int>((byte1 << 8u) + byte2);
-                const double val = [&half]
-                {
-                    const int exp = (half >> 10u) & 0x1Fu;
-                    const unsigned int mant = half & 0x3FFu;
-                    assert(0 <= exp and exp <= 32);
-                    assert(mant <= 1024);
-                    switch (exp)
-                    {
-                        case 0:
-                            return std::ldexp(mant, -24);
-                        case 31:
-                            return (mant == 0)
-                            ? std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()
-                            : std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
-                        default:
-                            return std::ldexp(mant + 1024, exp - 25);
-                    }
-                }();
-                return sax->number_float((half & 0x8000u) != 0
-                                         ? static_cast<number_float_t>(-val)
-                                         : static_cast<number_float_t>(val), "");
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp>
 
-            case 0xFA: // Single-Precision Float (four-byte IEEE 754)
-            {
-                float number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp>
 
-            case 0xFB: // Double-Precision Float (eight-byte IEEE 754)
-            {
-                double number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) and sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-            default: // anything else (0xFF is handled inside the other types)
-            {
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::cbor, "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token, "value")));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/is_sax.hpp>
 
-    /*!
-    @brief reads a CBOR string
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-    This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
-    Additionally, CBOR's strings with indefinite lengths are supported.
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+////////////
+// parser //
+////////////
 
-    @param[out] result  created string
+/*!
+@brief syntax analysis
 
-    @return whether string creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_cbor_string(string_t& result)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "string")))
-        {
+This class implements a recursive decent parser.
+*/
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class parser {
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+  using lexer_t = lexer<BasicJsonType>;
+  using token_type = typename lexer_t::token_type;
+
+public:
+  enum class parse_event_t : uint8_t {
+    /// the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object
+    object_start,
+    /// the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object
+    object_end,
+    /// the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array
+    array_start,
+    /// the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array
+    array_end,
+    /// the parser read a key of a value in an object
+    key,
+    /// the parser finished reading a JSON value
+    value
+  };
+
+  using parser_callback_t = std::function<bool(int depth, parse_event_t event,
+                                               BasicJsonType &parsed)>;
+
+  /// a parser reading from an input adapter
+  explicit parser(detail::input_adapter_t &&adapter,
+                  const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
+                  const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
+      : callback(cb), m_lexer(std::move(adapter)),
+        allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_) {
+    // read first token
+    get_token();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief public parser interface
+
+  @param[in] strict      whether to expect the last token to be EOF
+  @param[in,out] result  parsed JSON value
+
+  @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+  @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+  @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+  */
+  void parse(const bool strict, BasicJsonType &result) {
+    if (callback) {
+      json_sax_dom_callback_parser<BasicJsonType> sdp(result, callback,
+                                                      allow_exceptions);
+      sax_parse_internal(&sdp);
+      result.assert_invariant();
+
+      // in strict mode, input must be completely read
+      if (strict and (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input)) {
+        sdp.parse_error(
+            m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+            parse_error::create(
+                101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value")));
+      }
+
+      // in case of an error, return discarded value
+      if (sdp.is_errored()) {
+        result = value_t::discarded;
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // set top-level value to null if it was discarded by the callback
+      // function
+      if (result.is_discarded()) {
+        result = nullptr;
+      }
+    } else {
+      json_sax_dom_parser<BasicJsonType> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+      sax_parse_internal(&sdp);
+      result.assert_invariant();
+
+      // in strict mode, input must be completely read
+      if (strict and (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input)) {
+        sdp.parse_error(
+            m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+            parse_error::create(
+                101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value")));
+      }
+
+      // in case of an error, return discarded value
+      if (sdp.is_errored()) {
+        result = value_t::discarded;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief public accept interface
+
+  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the last token to be EOF
+  @return whether the input is a proper JSON text
+  */
+  bool accept(const bool strict = true) {
+    json_sax_acceptor<BasicJsonType> sax_acceptor;
+    return sax_parse(&sax_acceptor, strict);
+  }
+
+  template <typename SAX>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  bool sax_parse(SAX *sax, const bool strict = true) {
+    (void)detail::is_sax_static_asserts<SAX, BasicJsonType>{};
+    const bool result = sax_parse_internal(sax);
+
+    // strict mode: next byte must be EOF
+    if (result and strict and (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input)) {
+      return sax->parse_error(
+          m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+          parse_error::create(
+              101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+              exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value")));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <typename SAX>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  bool sax_parse_internal(SAX *sax) {
+    // stack to remember the hierarchy of structured values we are parsing
+    // true = array; false = object
+    std::vector<bool> states;
+    // value to avoid a goto (see comment where set to true)
+    bool skip_to_state_evaluation = false;
+
+    while (true) {
+      if (not skip_to_state_evaluation) {
+        // invariant: get_token() was called before each iteration
+        switch (last_token) {
+        case token_type::begin_object: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(std::size_t(-1)))) {
             return false;
-        }
+          }
 
-        switch (current)
-        {
-            // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
-            case 0x60:
-            case 0x61:
-            case 0x62:
-            case 0x63:
-            case 0x64:
-            case 0x65:
-            case 0x66:
-            case 0x67:
-            case 0x68:
-            case 0x69:
-            case 0x6A:
-            case 0x6B:
-            case 0x6C:
-            case 0x6D:
-            case 0x6E:
-            case 0x6F:
-            case 0x70:
-            case 0x71:
-            case 0x72:
-            case 0x73:
-            case 0x74:
-            case 0x75:
-            case 0x76:
-            case 0x77:
-            {
-                return get_string(input_format_t::cbor, static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu, result);
+          // closing } -> we are done
+          if (get_token() == token_type::end_object) {
+            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_object())) {
+              return false;
             }
+            break;
+          }
+
+          // parse key
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(last_token != token_type::value_string)) {
+            return sax->parse_error(
+                m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+                parse_error::create(
+                    101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                    exception_message(token_type::value_string, "object key")));
+          }
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->key(m_lexer.get_string()))) {
+            return false;
+          }
 
-            case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-            {
-                std::uint8_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-            }
+          // parse separator (:)
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::name_separator)) {
+            return sax->parse_error(
+                m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+                parse_error::create(
+                    101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                    exception_message(token_type::name_separator,
+                                      "object separator")));
+          }
 
-            case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint16_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-            }
+          // remember we are now inside an object
+          states.push_back(false);
 
-            case 0x7A: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint32_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-            }
+          // parse values
+          get_token();
+          continue;
+        }
 
-            case 0x7B: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-            {
-                std::uint64_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) and get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-            }
+        case token_type::begin_array: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(std::size_t(-1)))) {
+            return false;
+          }
 
-            case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
-            {
-                while (get() != 0xFF)
-                {
-                    string_t chunk;
-                    if (not get_cbor_string(chunk))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                    result.append(chunk);
-                }
-                return true;
+          // closing ] -> we are done
+          if (get_token() == token_type::end_array) {
+            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_array())) {
+              return false;
             }
+            break;
+          }
 
-            default:
-            {
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::cbor, "expected length specification (0x60-0x7B) or indefinite string type (0x7F); last byte: 0x" + last_token, "string")));
-            }
+          // remember we are now inside an array
+          states.push_back(true);
+
+          // parse values (no need to call get_token)
+          continue;
         }
-    }
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] len  the length of the array or std::size_t(-1) for an
-                    array of indefinite size
-    @return whether array creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_cbor_array(const std::size_t len)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(len)))
-        {
+        case token_type::value_float: {
+          const auto res = m_lexer.get_number_float();
+
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not std::isfinite(res))) {
+            return sax->parse_error(
+                m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+                out_of_range::create(406, "number overflow parsing '" +
+                                              m_lexer.get_token_string() +
+                                              "'"));
+          }
+
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                  not sax->number_float(res, m_lexer.get_string()))) {
             return false;
+          }
+
+          break;
         }
 
-        if (len != std::size_t(-1))
-        {
-            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal()))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
+        case token_type::literal_false: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->boolean(false))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          break;
         }
-        else
-        {
-            while (get() != 0xFF)
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal(false)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
+
+        case token_type::literal_null: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->null())) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          break;
         }
 
-        return sax->end_array();
-    }
+        case token_type::literal_true: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->boolean(true))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] len  the length of the object or std::size_t(-1) for an
-                    object of indefinite size
-    @return whether object creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_cbor_object(const std::size_t len)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(len)))
-        {
+        case token_type::value_integer: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                  not sax->number_integer(m_lexer.get_number_integer()))) {
             return false;
+          }
+          break;
         }
 
-        string_t key;
-        if (len != std::size_t(-1))
-        {
-            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
-            {
-                get();
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_cbor_string(key) or not sax->key(key)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal()))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                key.clear();
-            }
+        case token_type::value_string: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->string(m_lexer.get_string()))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+
+        case token_type::value_unsigned: {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(
+                  not sax->number_unsigned(m_lexer.get_number_unsigned()))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+
+        case token_type::parse_error: {
+          // using "uninitialized" to avoid "expected" message
+          return sax->parse_error(
+              m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+              parse_error::create(
+                  101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                  exception_message(token_type::uninitialized, "value")));
         }
-        else
+
+        default: // the last token was unexpected
         {
-            while (get() != 0xFF)
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_cbor_string(key) or not sax->key(key)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_cbor_internal()))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                key.clear();
-            }
+          return sax->parse_error(
+              m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+              parse_error::create(
+                  101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                  exception_message(token_type::literal_or_value, "value")));
         }
+        }
+      } else {
+        skip_to_state_evaluation = false;
+      }
 
-        return sax->end_object();
-    }
+      // we reached this line after we successfully parsed a value
+      if (states.empty()) {
+        // empty stack: we reached the end of the hierarchy: done
+        return true;
+      }
 
-    /////////////
-    // MsgPack //
-    /////////////
+      if (states.back()) // array
+      {
+        // comma -> next value
+        if (get_token() == token_type::value_separator) {
+          // parse a new value
+          get_token();
+          continue;
+        }
 
-    /*!
-    @return whether a valid MessagePack value was passed to the SAX parser
-    */
-    bool parse_msgpack_internal()
-    {
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            // EOF
-            case std::char_traits<char>::eof():
-                return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::msgpack, "value");
-
-            // positive fixint
-            case 0x00:
-            case 0x01:
-            case 0x02:
-            case 0x03:
-            case 0x04:
-            case 0x05:
-            case 0x06:
-            case 0x07:
-            case 0x08:
-            case 0x09:
-            case 0x0A:
-            case 0x0B:
-            case 0x0C:
-            case 0x0D:
-            case 0x0E:
-            case 0x0F:
-            case 0x10:
-            case 0x11:
-            case 0x12:
-            case 0x13:
-            case 0x14:
-            case 0x15:
-            case 0x16:
-            case 0x17:
-            case 0x18:
-            case 0x19:
-            case 0x1A:
-            case 0x1B:
-            case 0x1C:
-            case 0x1D:
-            case 0x1E:
-            case 0x1F:
-            case 0x20:
-            case 0x21:
-            case 0x22:
-            case 0x23:
-            case 0x24:
-            case 0x25:
-            case 0x26:
-            case 0x27:
-            case 0x28:
-            case 0x29:
-            case 0x2A:
-            case 0x2B:
-            case 0x2C:
-            case 0x2D:
-            case 0x2E:
-            case 0x2F:
-            case 0x30:
-            case 0x31:
-            case 0x32:
-            case 0x33:
-            case 0x34:
-            case 0x35:
-            case 0x36:
-            case 0x37:
-            case 0x38:
-            case 0x39:
-            case 0x3A:
-            case 0x3B:
-            case 0x3C:
-            case 0x3D:
-            case 0x3E:
-            case 0x3F:
-            case 0x40:
-            case 0x41:
-            case 0x42:
-            case 0x43:
-            case 0x44:
-            case 0x45:
-            case 0x46:
-            case 0x47:
-            case 0x48:
-            case 0x49:
-            case 0x4A:
-            case 0x4B:
-            case 0x4C:
-            case 0x4D:
-            case 0x4E:
-            case 0x4F:
-            case 0x50:
-            case 0x51:
-            case 0x52:
-            case 0x53:
-            case 0x54:
-            case 0x55:
-            case 0x56:
-            case 0x57:
-            case 0x58:
-            case 0x59:
-            case 0x5A:
-            case 0x5B:
-            case 0x5C:
-            case 0x5D:
-            case 0x5E:
-            case 0x5F:
-            case 0x60:
-            case 0x61:
-            case 0x62:
-            case 0x63:
-            case 0x64:
-            case 0x65:
-            case 0x66:
-            case 0x67:
-            case 0x68:
-            case 0x69:
-            case 0x6A:
-            case 0x6B:
-            case 0x6C:
-            case 0x6D:
-            case 0x6E:
-            case 0x6F:
-            case 0x70:
-            case 0x71:
-            case 0x72:
-            case 0x73:
-            case 0x74:
-            case 0x75:
-            case 0x76:
-            case 0x77:
-            case 0x78:
-            case 0x79:
-            case 0x7A:
-            case 0x7B:
-            case 0x7C:
-            case 0x7D:
-            case 0x7E:
-            case 0x7F:
-                return sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(current));
-
-            // fixmap
-            case 0x80:
-            case 0x81:
-            case 0x82:
-            case 0x83:
-            case 0x84:
-            case 0x85:
-            case 0x86:
-            case 0x87:
-            case 0x88:
-            case 0x89:
-            case 0x8A:
-            case 0x8B:
-            case 0x8C:
-            case 0x8D:
-            case 0x8E:
-            case 0x8F:
-                return get_msgpack_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x0Fu));
-
-            // fixarray
-            case 0x90:
-            case 0x91:
-            case 0x92:
-            case 0x93:
-            case 0x94:
-            case 0x95:
-            case 0x96:
-            case 0x97:
-            case 0x98:
-            case 0x99:
-            case 0x9A:
-            case 0x9B:
-            case 0x9C:
-            case 0x9D:
-            case 0x9E:
-            case 0x9F:
-                return get_msgpack_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x0Fu));
-
-            // fixstr
-            case 0xA0:
-            case 0xA1:
-            case 0xA2:
-            case 0xA3:
-            case 0xA4:
-            case 0xA5:
-            case 0xA6:
-            case 0xA7:
-            case 0xA8:
-            case 0xA9:
-            case 0xAA:
-            case 0xAB:
-            case 0xAC:
-            case 0xAD:
-            case 0xAE:
-            case 0xAF:
-            case 0xB0:
-            case 0xB1:
-            case 0xB2:
-            case 0xB3:
-            case 0xB4:
-            case 0xB5:
-            case 0xB6:
-            case 0xB7:
-            case 0xB8:
-            case 0xB9:
-            case 0xBA:
-            case 0xBB:
-            case 0xBC:
-            case 0xBD:
-            case 0xBE:
-            case 0xBF:
-            case 0xD9: // str 8
-            case 0xDA: // str 16
-            case 0xDB: // str 32
-            {
-                string_t s;
-                return get_msgpack_string(s) and sax->string(s);
-            }
+        // closing ]
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(last_token == token_type::end_array)) {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_array())) {
+            return false;
+          }
+
+          // We are done with this array. Before we can parse a
+          // new value, we need to evaluate the new state first.
+          // By setting skip_to_state_evaluation to false, we
+          // are effectively jumping to the beginning of this if.
+          assert(not states.empty());
+          states.pop_back();
+          skip_to_state_evaluation = true;
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        return sax->parse_error(
+            m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+            parse_error::create(
+                101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                exception_message(token_type::end_array, "array")));
+      } else // object
+      {
+        // comma -> next value
+        if (get_token() == token_type::value_separator) {
+          // parse key
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::value_string)) {
+            return sax->parse_error(
+                m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+                parse_error::create(
+                    101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                    exception_message(token_type::value_string, "object key")));
+          }
+
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->key(m_lexer.get_string()))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+
+          // parse separator (:)
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::name_separator)) {
+            return sax->parse_error(
+                m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+                parse_error::create(
+                    101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                    exception_message(token_type::name_separator,
+                                      "object separator")));
+          }
+
+          // parse values
+          get_token();
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // closing }
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(last_token == token_type::end_object)) {
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_object())) {
+            return false;
+          }
 
-            case 0xC0: // nil
-                return sax->null();
+          // We are done with this object. Before we can parse a
+          // new value, we need to evaluate the new state first.
+          // By setting skip_to_state_evaluation to false, we
+          // are effectively jumping to the beginning of this if.
+          assert(not states.empty());
+          states.pop_back();
+          skip_to_state_evaluation = true;
+          continue;
+        }
 
-            case 0xC2: // false
-                return sax->boolean(false);
+        return sax->parse_error(
+            m_lexer.get_position(), m_lexer.get_token_string(),
+            parse_error::create(
+                101, m_lexer.get_position(),
+                exception_message(token_type::end_object, "object")));
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
-            case 0xC3: // true
-                return sax->boolean(true);
+  /// get next token from lexer
+  token_type get_token() { return last_token = m_lexer.scan(); }
 
-            case 0xCA: // float 32
-            {
-                float number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-            }
+  std::string exception_message(const token_type expected,
+                                const std::string &context) {
+    std::string error_msg = "syntax error ";
 
-            case 0xCB: // float 64
-            {
-                double number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-            }
+    if (not context.empty()) {
+      error_msg += "while parsing " + context + " ";
+    }
 
-            case 0xCC: // uint 8
-            {
-                std::uint8_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+    error_msg += "- ";
 
-            case 0xCD: // uint 16
-            {
-                std::uint16_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+    if (last_token == token_type::parse_error) {
+      error_msg += std::string(m_lexer.get_error_message()) + "; last read: '" +
+                   m_lexer.get_token_string() + "'";
+    } else {
+      error_msg +=
+          "unexpected " + std::string(lexer_t::token_type_name(last_token));
+    }
 
-            case 0xCE: // uint 32
-            {
-                std::uint32_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+    if (expected != token_type::uninitialized) {
+      error_msg +=
+          "; expected " + std::string(lexer_t::token_type_name(expected));
+    }
 
-            case 0xCF: // uint 64
-            {
-                std::uint64_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+    return error_msg;
+  }
 
-            case 0xD0: // int 8
-            {
-                std::int8_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+private:
+  /// callback function
+  const parser_callback_t callback = nullptr;
+  /// the type of the last read token
+  token_type last_token = token_type::uninitialized;
+  /// the lexer
+  lexer_t m_lexer;
+  /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
+  const bool allow_exceptions = true;
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-            case 0xD1: // int 16
-            {
-                std::int16_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/internal_iterator.hpp>
 
-            case 0xD2: // int 32
-            {
-                std::int32_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
 
-            case 0xD3: // int 64
-            {
-                std::int64_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+#include <cstddef> // ptrdiff_t
+#include <limits>  // numeric_limits
 
-            case 0xDC: // array 16
-            {
-                std::uint16_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and get_msgpack_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+/*
+@brief an iterator for primitive JSON types
 
-            case 0xDD: // array 32
-            {
-                std::uint32_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and get_msgpack_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+This class models an iterator for primitive JSON types (boolean, number,
+string). It's only purpose is to allow the iterator/const_iterator classes
+to "iterate" over primitive values. Internally, the iterator is modeled by
+a `difference_type` variable. Value begin_value (`0`) models the begin,
+end_value (`1`) models past the end.
+*/
+class primitive_iterator_t {
+private:
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  static constexpr difference_type begin_value = 0;
+  static constexpr difference_type end_value = begin_value + 1;
+
+  /// iterator as signed integer type
+  difference_type m_it = (std::numeric_limits<std::ptrdiff_t>::min)();
+
+public:
+  constexpr difference_type get_value() const noexcept { return m_it; }
+
+  /// set iterator to a defined beginning
+  void set_begin() noexcept { m_it = begin_value; }
+
+  /// set iterator to a defined past the end
+  void set_end() noexcept { m_it = end_value; }
+
+  /// return whether the iterator can be dereferenced
+  constexpr bool is_begin() const noexcept { return m_it == begin_value; }
+
+  /// return whether the iterator is at end
+  constexpr bool is_end() const noexcept { return m_it == end_value; }
+
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(primitive_iterator_t lhs,
+                                   primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs.m_it == rhs.m_it;
+  }
+
+  friend constexpr bool operator<(primitive_iterator_t lhs,
+                                  primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs.m_it < rhs.m_it;
+  }
+
+  primitive_iterator_t operator+(difference_type n) noexcept {
+    auto result = *this;
+    result += n;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  friend constexpr difference_type
+  operator-(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs.m_it - rhs.m_it;
+  }
+
+  primitive_iterator_t &operator++() noexcept {
+    ++m_it;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  primitive_iterator_t const operator++(int) noexcept {
+    auto result = *this;
+    ++m_it;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  primitive_iterator_t &operator--() noexcept {
+    --m_it;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  primitive_iterator_t const operator--(int) noexcept {
+    auto result = *this;
+    --m_it;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  primitive_iterator_t &operator+=(difference_type n) noexcept {
+    m_it += n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  primitive_iterator_t &operator-=(difference_type n) noexcept {
+    m_it -= n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-            case 0xDE: // map 16
-            {
-                std::uint16_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and get_msgpack_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+/*!
+@brief an iterator value
 
-            case 0xDF: // map 32
-            {
-                std::uint32_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and get_msgpack_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-            }
+@note This structure could easily be a union, but MSVC currently does not allow
+unions members with complex constructors, see
+https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/105.
+*/
+template <typename BasicJsonType> struct internal_iterator {
+  /// iterator for JSON objects
+  typename BasicJsonType::object_t::iterator object_iterator{};
+  /// iterator for JSON arrays
+  typename BasicJsonType::array_t::iterator array_iterator{};
+  /// generic iterator for all other types
+  primitive_iterator_t primitive_iterator{};
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-            // negative fixint
-            case 0xE0:
-            case 0xE1:
-            case 0xE2:
-            case 0xE3:
-            case 0xE4:
-            case 0xE5:
-            case 0xE6:
-            case 0xE7:
-            case 0xE8:
-            case 0xE9:
-            case 0xEA:
-            case 0xEB:
-            case 0xEC:
-            case 0xED:
-            case 0xEE:
-            case 0xEF:
-            case 0xF0:
-            case 0xF1:
-            case 0xF2:
-            case 0xF3:
-            case 0xF4:
-            case 0xF5:
-            case 0xF6:
-            case 0xF7:
-            case 0xF8:
-            case 0xF9:
-            case 0xFA:
-            case 0xFB:
-            case 0xFC:
-            case 0xFD:
-            case 0xFE:
-            case 0xFF:
-                return sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(current));
-
-            default: // anything else
-            {
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::msgpack, "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token, "value")));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iter_impl.hpp>
 
-    /*!
-    @brief reads a MessagePack string
+#include <ciso646>  // not
+#include <iterator> // iterator, random_access_iterator_tag, bidirectional_iterator_tag, advance, next
+#include <type_traits> // conditional, is_const, remove_const
 
-    This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 
-    @param[out] result  created string
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/internal_iterator.hpp>
 
-    @return whether string creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_msgpack_string(string_t& result)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::msgpack, "string")))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
 
-        switch (current)
-        {
-            // fixstr
-            case 0xA0:
-            case 0xA1:
-            case 0xA2:
-            case 0xA3:
-            case 0xA4:
-            case 0xA5:
-            case 0xA6:
-            case 0xA7:
-            case 0xA8:
-            case 0xA9:
-            case 0xAA:
-            case 0xAB:
-            case 0xAC:
-            case 0xAD:
-            case 0xAE:
-            case 0xAF:
-            case 0xB0:
-            case 0xB1:
-            case 0xB2:
-            case 0xB3:
-            case 0xB4:
-            case 0xB5:
-            case 0xB6:
-            case 0xB7:
-            case 0xB8:
-            case 0xB9:
-            case 0xBA:
-            case 0xBB:
-            case 0xBC:
-            case 0xBD:
-            case 0xBE:
-            case 0xBF:
-            {
-                return get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu, result);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-            case 0xD9: // str 8
-            {
-                std::uint8_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
 
-            case 0xDA: // str 16
-            {
-                std::uint16_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
 
-            case 0xDB: // str 32
-            {
-                std::uint32_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) and get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-            default:
-            {
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::msgpack, "expected length specification (0xA0-0xBF, 0xD9-0xDB); last byte: 0x" + last_token, "string")));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+// forward declare, to be able to friend it later on
+template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy;
+template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy_value;
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] len  the length of the array
-    @return whether array creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_msgpack_array(const std::size_t len)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(len)))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
+/*!
+@brief a template for a bidirectional iterator for the @ref basic_json class
+This class implements a both iterators (iterator and const_iterator) for the
+@ref basic_json class.
+@note An iterator is called *initialized* when a pointer to a JSON value has
+      been set (e.g., by a constructor or a copy assignment). If the iterator is
+      default-constructed, it is *uninitialized* and most methods are undefined.
+      **The library uses assertions to detect calls on uninitialized
+iterators.**
+@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
+-
+[BidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator):
+  The iterator that can be moved can be moved in both directions (i.e.
+  incremented and decremented).
+@since version 1.0.0, simplified in version 2.0.9, change to bidirectional
+       iterators in version 3.0.0 (see
+https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/593)
+*/
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class iter_impl {
+  /// allow basic_json to access private members
+  friend iter_impl<
+      typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
+                                typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type,
+                                const BasicJsonType>::type>;
+  friend BasicJsonType;
+  friend iteration_proxy<iter_impl>;
+  friend iteration_proxy_value<iter_impl>;
+
+  using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
+  using array_t = typename BasicJsonType::array_t;
+  // make sure BasicJsonType is basic_json or const basic_json
+  static_assert(
+      is_basic_json<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type>::value,
+      "iter_impl only accepts (const) basic_json");
+
+public:
+  /// The std::iterator class template (used as a base class to provide
+  /// typedefs) is deprecated in C++17. The C++ Standard has never required
+  /// user-defined iterators to derive from std::iterator. A user-defined
+  /// iterator should provide publicly accessible typedefs named
+  /// iterator_category, value_type, difference_type, pointer, and reference.
+  /// Note that value_type is required to be non-const, even for constant
+  /// iterators.
+  using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+
+  /// the type of the values when the iterator is dereferenced
+  using value_type = typename BasicJsonType::value_type;
+  /// a type to represent differences between iterators
+  using difference_type = typename BasicJsonType::difference_type;
+  /// defines a pointer to the type iterated over (value_type)
+  using pointer =
+      typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
+                                typename BasicJsonType::const_pointer,
+                                typename BasicJsonType::pointer>::type;
+  /// defines a reference to the type iterated over (value_type)
+  using reference =
+      typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
+                                typename BasicJsonType::const_reference,
+                                typename BasicJsonType::reference>::type;
+
+  /// default constructor
+  iter_impl() = default;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief constructor for a given JSON instance
+  @param[in] object  pointer to a JSON object for this iterator
+  @pre object != nullptr
+  @post The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  explicit iter_impl(pointer object) noexcept : m_object(object) {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      m_it.object_iterator = typename object_t::iterator();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      m_it.array_iterator = typename array_t::iterator();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      m_it.primitive_iterator = primitive_iterator_t();
+      break;
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @note The conventional copy constructor and copy assignment are implicitly
+        defined. Combined with the following converting constructor and
+        assignment, they support: (1) copy from iterator to iterator, (2)
+        copy from const iterator to const iterator, and (3) conversion from
+        iterator to const iterator. However conversion from const iterator
+        to iterator is not defined.
+  */
+
+  /*!
+  @brief const copy constructor
+  @param[in] other const iterator to copy from
+  @note This copy constructor had to be defined explicitly to circumvent a bug
+        occurring on msvc v19.0 compiler (VS 2015) debug build. For more
+        information refer to: https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1608
+  */
+  iter_impl(const iter_impl<const BasicJsonType> &other) noexcept
+      : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it) {}
+
+  /*!
+  @brief converting assignment
+  @param[in] other const iterator to copy from
+  @return const/non-const iterator
+  @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
+  */
+  iter_impl &operator=(const iter_impl<const BasicJsonType> &other) noexcept {
+    m_object = other.m_object;
+    m_it = other.m_it;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief converting constructor
+  @param[in] other  non-const iterator to copy from
+  @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
+  */
+  iter_impl(const iter_impl<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type>
+                &other) noexcept
+      : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it) {}
+
+  /*!
+  @brief converting assignment
+  @param[in] other  non-const iterator to copy from
+  @return const/non-const iterator
+  @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
+  */
+  iter_impl &
+  operator=(const iter_impl<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type>
+                &other) noexcept {
+    m_object = other.m_object;
+    m_it = other.m_it;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+private:
+  /*!
+  @brief set the iterator to the first value
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  void set_begin() noexcept {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->begin();
+      break;
+    }
 
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_msgpack_internal()))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
+    case value_t::array: {
+      m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->begin();
+      break;
+    }
 
-        return sax->end_array();
+    case value_t::null: {
+      // set to end so begin()==end() is true: null is empty
+      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] len  the length of the object
-    @return whether object creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_msgpack_object(const std::size_t len)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(len)))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        string_t key;
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
-        {
-            get();
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_msgpack_string(key) or not sax->key(key)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+    default: {
+      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_begin();
+      break;
+    }
+    }
+  }
 
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_msgpack_internal()))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            key.clear();
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief set the iterator past the last value
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  void set_end() noexcept {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->end();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->end();
+      break;
+    }
 
-        return sax->end_object();
+    default: {
+      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
+      break;
+    }
     }
+  }
 
-    ////////////
-    // UBJSON //
-    ////////////
+public:
+  /*!
+  @brief return a reference to the value pointed to by the iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  reference operator*() const {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
-                         input (true, default) or whether the last read
-                         character should be considered instead
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
+      return m_it.object_iterator->second;
+    }
 
-    @return whether a valid UBJSON value was passed to the SAX parser
-    */
-    bool parse_ubjson_internal(const bool get_char = true)
-    {
-        return get_ubjson_value(get_char ? get_ignore_noop() : current);
+    case value_t::array: {
+      assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
+      return *m_it.array_iterator;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief reads a UBJSON string
+    case value_t::null:
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
 
-    This function is either called after reading the 'S' byte explicitly
-    indicating a string, or in case of an object key where the 'S' byte can be
-    left out.
+    default: {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())) {
+        return *m_object;
+      }
 
-    @param[out] result   created string
-    @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
-                         input (true, default) or whether the last read
-                         character should be considered instead
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
+    }
+    }
+  }
 
-    @return whether string creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_ubjson_string(string_t& result, const bool get_char = true)
-    {
-        if (get_char)
-        {
-            get();  // TODO(niels): may we ignore N here?
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief dereference the iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  pointer operator->() const {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "value")))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
+      return &(m_it.object_iterator->second);
+    }
 
-        switch (current)
-        {
-            case 'U':
-            {
-                std::uint8_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
-            }
+    case value_t::array: {
+      assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
+      return &*m_it.array_iterator;
+    }
 
-            case 'i':
-            {
-                std::int8_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
-            }
+    default: {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())) {
+        return m_object;
+      }
 
-            case 'I':
-            {
-                std::int16_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
-            }
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
+    }
+    }
+  }
 
-            case 'l':
-            {
-                std::int32_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief post-increment (it++)
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl const operator++(int) {
+    auto result = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return result;
+  }
 
-            case 'L':
-            {
-                std::int64_t len;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, len) and get_string(input_format_t::ubjson, len, result);
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief pre-increment (++it)
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl &operator++() {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
 
-            default:
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson, "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L); last byte: 0x" + last_token, "string")));
-        }
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, 1);
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @param[out] result  determined size
-    @return whether size determination completed
-    */
-    bool get_ubjson_size_value(std::size_t& result)
-    {
-        switch (get_ignore_noop())
-        {
-            case 'U':
-            {
-                std::uint8_t number;
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-                return true;
-            }
+    case value_t::array: {
+      std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, 1);
+      break;
+    }
 
-            case 'i':
-            {
-                std::int8_t number;
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-                return true;
-            }
+    default: {
+      ++m_it.primitive_iterator;
+      break;
+    }
+    }
 
-            case 'I':
-            {
-                std::int16_t number;
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-                return true;
-            }
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-            case 'l':
-            {
-                std::int32_t number;
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-                return true;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief post-decrement (it--)
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl const operator--(int) {
+    auto result = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return result;
+  }
 
-            case 'L':
-            {
-                std::int64_t number;
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-                return true;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief pre-decrement (--it)
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl &operator--() {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
 
-            default:
-            {
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson, "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" + last_token, "size")));
-            }
-        }
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, -1);
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief determine the type and size for a container
-
-    In the optimized UBJSON format, a type and a size can be provided to allow
-    for a more compact representation.
-
-    @param[out] result  pair of the size and the type
+    case value_t::array: {
+      std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, -1);
+      break;
+    }
 
-    @return whether pair creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_ubjson_size_type(std::pair<std::size_t, int>& result)
-    {
-        result.first = string_t::npos; // size
-        result.second = 0; // type
+    default: {
+      --m_it.primitive_iterator;
+      break;
+    }
+    }
 
-        get_ignore_noop();
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-        if (current == '$')
-        {
-            result.second = get();  // must not ignore 'N', because 'N' maybe the type
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "type")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief  comparison: equal
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  bool operator==(const iter_impl &other) const {
+    // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_object != other.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
+    }
 
-            get_ignore_noop();
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current != '#'))
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "value")))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson, "expected '#' after type information; last byte: 0x" + last_token, "size")));
-            }
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
 
-            return get_ubjson_size_value(result.first);
-        }
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object:
+      return (m_it.object_iterator == other.m_it.object_iterator);
 
-        if (current == '#')
-        {
-            return get_ubjson_size_value(result.first);
-        }
+    case value_t::array:
+      return (m_it.array_iterator == other.m_it.array_iterator);
 
-        return true;
+    default:
+      return (m_it.primitive_iterator == other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
     }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  comparison: not equal
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  bool operator!=(const iter_impl &other) const {
+    return not operator==(other);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  comparison: smaller
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  bool operator<(const iter_impl &other) const {
+    // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_object != other.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
+    }
+
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object:
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          213, "cannot compare order of object iterators"));
+
+    case value_t::array:
+      return (m_it.array_iterator < other.m_it.array_iterator);
+
+    default:
+      return (m_it.primitive_iterator < other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  comparison: less than or equal
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  bool operator<=(const iter_impl &other) const {
+    return not other.operator<(*this);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  comparison: greater than
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  bool operator>(const iter_impl &other) const { return not operator<=(other); }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  comparison: greater than or equal
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  bool operator>=(const iter_impl &other) const { return not operator<(other); }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  add to iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl &operator+=(difference_type i) {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object:
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, i);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      m_it.primitive_iterator += i;
+      break;
+    }
+    }
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  subtract from iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl &operator-=(difference_type i) { return operator+=(-i); }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  add to iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl operator+(difference_type i) const {
+    auto result = *this;
+    result += i;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  addition of distance and iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  friend iter_impl operator+(difference_type i, const iter_impl &it) {
+    auto result = it;
+    result += i;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  subtract from iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  iter_impl operator-(difference_type i) const {
+    auto result = *this;
+    result -= i;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  return difference
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  difference_type operator-(const iter_impl &other) const {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object:
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
+
+    case value_t::array:
+      return m_it.array_iterator - other.m_it.array_iterator;
+
+    default:
+      return m_it.primitive_iterator - other.m_it.primitive_iterator;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  access to successor
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    switch (m_object->m_type) {
+    case value_t::object:
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          208, "cannot use operator[] for object iterators"));
+
+    case value_t::array:
+      return *std::next(m_it.array_iterator, n);
+
+    case value_t::null:
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
+
+    default: {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.get_value() == -n)) {
+        return *m_object;
+      }
+
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  return the key of an object iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  const typename object_t::key_type &key() const {
+    assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_object->is_object())) {
+      return m_it.object_iterator->first;
+    }
+
+    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+        207, "cannot use key() for non-object iterators"));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief  return the value of an iterator
+  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+  */
+  reference value() const { return operator*(); }
+
+private:
+  /// associated JSON instance
+  pointer m_object = nullptr;
+  /// the actual iterator of the associated instance
+  internal_iterator<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type> m_it{};
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-    /*!
-    @param prefix  the previously read or set type prefix
-    @return whether value creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_ubjson_value(const int prefix)
-    {
-        switch (prefix)
-        {
-            case std::char_traits<char>::eof():  // EOF
-                return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "value");
-
-            case 'T':  // true
-                return sax->boolean(true);
-            case 'F':  // false
-                return sax->boolean(false);
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
 
-            case 'Z':  // null
-                return sax->null();
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/json_reverse_iterator.hpp>
 
-            case 'U':
-            {
-                std::uint8_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and sax->number_unsigned(number);
-            }
+#include <cstddef>  // ptrdiff_t
+#include <iterator> // reverse_iterator
+#include <utility>  // declval
 
-            case 'i':
-            {
-                std::int8_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+//////////////////////
+// reverse_iterator //
+//////////////////////
 
-            case 'I':
-            {
-                std::int16_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+/*!
+@brief a template for a reverse iterator class
 
-            case 'l':
-            {
-                std::int32_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+@tparam Base the base iterator type to reverse. Valid types are @ref
+iterator (to create @ref reverse_iterator) and @ref const_iterator (to
+create @ref const_reverse_iterator).
 
-            case 'L':
-            {
-                std::int64_t number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and sax->number_integer(number);
-            }
+@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
+-
+[BidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator):
+  The iterator that can be moved can be moved in both directions (i.e.
+  incremented and decremented).
+- [OutputIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/OutputIterator):
+  It is possible to write to the pointed-to element (only if @a Base is
+  @ref iterator).
 
-            case 'd':
-            {
-                float number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-            }
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+template <typename Base>
+class json_reverse_iterator : public std::reverse_iterator<Base> {
+public:
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  /// shortcut to the reverse iterator adapter
+  using base_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<Base>;
+  /// the reference type for the pointed-to element
+  using reference = typename Base::reference;
+
+  /// create reverse iterator from iterator
+  explicit json_reverse_iterator(
+      const typename base_iterator::iterator_type &it) noexcept
+      : base_iterator(it) {}
+
+  /// create reverse iterator from base class
+  explicit json_reverse_iterator(const base_iterator &it) noexcept
+      : base_iterator(it) {}
+
+  /// post-increment (it++)
+  json_reverse_iterator const operator++(int) {
+    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator++(1));
+  }
+
+  /// pre-increment (++it)
+  json_reverse_iterator &operator++() {
+    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator &>(base_iterator::operator++());
+  }
+
+  /// post-decrement (it--)
+  json_reverse_iterator const operator--(int) {
+    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator--(1));
+  }
+
+  /// pre-decrement (--it)
+  json_reverse_iterator &operator--() {
+    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator &>(base_iterator::operator--());
+  }
+
+  /// add to iterator
+  json_reverse_iterator &operator+=(difference_type i) {
+    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator &>(base_iterator::operator+=(i));
+  }
+
+  /// add to iterator
+  json_reverse_iterator operator+(difference_type i) const {
+    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator+(i));
+  }
+
+  /// subtract from iterator
+  json_reverse_iterator operator-(difference_type i) const {
+    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator-(i));
+  }
+
+  /// return difference
+  difference_type operator-(const json_reverse_iterator &other) const {
+    return base_iterator(*this) - base_iterator(other);
+  }
+
+  /// access to successor
+  reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+    return *(this->operator+(n));
+  }
+
+  /// return the key of an object iterator
+  auto key() const -> decltype(std::declval<Base>().key()) {
+    auto it = --this->base();
+    return it.key();
+  }
+
+  /// return the value of an iterator
+  reference value() const {
+    auto it = --this->base();
+    return it.operator*();
+  }
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-            case 'D':
-            {
-                double number;
-                return get_number(input_format_t::ubjson, number) and sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
 
-            case 'C':  // char
-            {
-                get();
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(input_format_t::ubjson, "char")))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current > 127))
-                {
-                    auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                    return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson, "byte after 'C' must be in range 0x00..0x7F; last byte: 0x" + last_token, "char")));
-                }
-                string_t s(1, static_cast<char>(current));
-                return sax->string(s);
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/json_pointer.hpp>
 
-            case 'S':  // string
-            {
-                string_t s;
-                return get_ubjson_string(s) and sax->string(s);
-            }
+#include <algorithm> // all_of
+#include <cassert>   // assert
+#include <cctype>    // isdigit
+#include <numeric>   // accumulate
+#include <string>    // string
+#include <utility>   // move
+#include <vector>    // vector
 
-            case '[':  // array
-                return get_ubjson_array();
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 
-            case '{':  // object
-                return get_ubjson_object();
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-            default: // anything else
-            {
-                auto last_token = get_token_string();
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format_t::ubjson, "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token, "value")));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-    /*!
-    @return whether array creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_ubjson_array()
-    {
-        std::pair<std::size_t, int> size_and_type;
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_size_type(size_and_type)))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
+namespace nlohmann {
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_pointer {
+  // allow basic_json to access private members
+  NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
+  friend class basic_json;
 
-        if (size_and_type.first != string_t::npos)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(size_and_type.first)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+public:
+  /*!
+  @brief create JSON pointer
 
-            if (size_and_type.second != 0)
-            {
-                if (size_and_type.second != 'N')
-                {
-                    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i)
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_value(size_and_type.second)))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i)
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal()))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(std::size_t(-1))))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+  Create a JSON pointer according to the syntax described in
+  [Section 3 of RFC6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901#section-3).
 
-            while (current != ']')
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal(false)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                get_ignore_noop();
-            }
-        }
+  @param[in] s  string representing the JSON pointer; if omitted, the empty
+                string is assumed which references the whole JSON value
 
-        return sax->end_array();
-    }
+  @throw parse_error.107 if the given JSON pointer @a s is nonempty and does
+                         not begin with a slash (`/`); see example below
 
-    /*!
-    @return whether object creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_ubjson_object()
-    {
-        std::pair<std::size_t, int> size_and_type;
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_size_type(size_and_type)))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
+  @throw parse_error.108 if a tilde (`~`) in the given JSON pointer @a s is
+  not followed by `0` (representing `~`) or `1` (representing `/`); see
+  example below
 
-        string_t key;
-        if (size_and_type.first != string_t::npos)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(size_and_type.first)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+  @liveexample{The example shows the construction several valid JSON pointers
+  as well as the exceptional behavior.,json_pointer}
 
-            if (size_and_type.second != 0)
-            {
-                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i)
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_string(key) or not sax->key(key)))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_value(size_and_type.second)))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                    key.clear();
-                }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i)
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_string(key) or not sax->key(key)))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal()))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                    key.clear();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(std::size_t(-1))))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  explicit json_pointer(const std::string &s = "")
+      : reference_tokens(split(s)) {}
 
-            while (current != '}')
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not get_ubjson_string(key, false) or not sax->key(key)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not parse_ubjson_internal()))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                get_ignore_noop();
-                key.clear();
-            }
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief return a string representation of the JSON pointer
 
-        return sax->end_object();
-    }
+  @invariant For each JSON pointer `ptr`, it holds:
+  @code {.cpp}
+  ptr == json_pointer(ptr.to_string());
+  @endcode
 
-    ///////////////////////
-    // Utility functions //
-    ///////////////////////
+  @return a string representation of the JSON pointer
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get next character from the input
+  @liveexample{The example shows the result of
+  `to_string`.,json_pointer__to_string}
 
-    This function provides the interface to the used input adapter. It does
-    not throw in case the input reached EOF, but returns a -'ve valued
-    `std::char_traits<char>::eof()` in that case.
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  std::string to_string() const {
+    return std::accumulate(reference_tokens.begin(), reference_tokens.end(),
+                           std::string{},
+                           [](const std::string &a, const std::string &b) {
+                             return a + "/" + escape(b);
+                           });
+  }
 
-    @return character read from the input
-    */
-    int get()
-    {
-        ++chars_read;
-        return current = ia->get_character();
-    }
+  /// @copydoc to_string()
+  operator std::string() const { return to_string(); }
 
-    /*!
-    @return character read from the input after ignoring all 'N' entries
-    */
-    int get_ignore_noop()
-    {
-        do
-        {
-            get();
-        }
-        while (current == 'N');
+  /*!
+  @brief append another JSON pointer at the end of this JSON pointer
 
-        return current;
-    }
+  @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to append
+  @return JSON pointer with @a ptr appended
 
-    /*
-    @brief read a number from the input
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of
+  `operator/=`.,json_pointer__operator_add}
 
-    @tparam NumberType the type of the number
-    @param[in] format   the current format (for diagnostics)
-    @param[out] result  number of type @a NumberType
+  @complexity Linear in the length of @a ptr.
 
-    @return whether conversion completed
+  @sa @ref operator/=(std::string) to append a reference token
+  @sa @ref operator/=(std::size_t) to append an array index
+  @sa @ref operator/(const json_pointer&, const json_pointer&) for a binary
+  operator
 
-    @note This function needs to respect the system's endianess, because
-          bytes in CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON are stored in network order
-          (big endian) and therefore need reordering on little endian systems.
-    */
-    template<typename NumberType, bool InputIsLittleEndian = false>
-    bool get_number(const input_format_t format, NumberType& result)
-    {
-        // step 1: read input into array with system's byte order
-        std::array<std::uint8_t, sizeof(NumberType)> vec;
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(NumberType); ++i)
-        {
-            get();
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(format, "number")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  json_pointer &operator/=(const json_pointer &ptr) {
+    reference_tokens.insert(reference_tokens.end(),
+                            ptr.reference_tokens.begin(),
+                            ptr.reference_tokens.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-            // reverse byte order prior to conversion if necessary
-            if (is_little_endian != InputIsLittleEndian)
-            {
-                vec[sizeof(NumberType) - i - 1] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(current);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                vec[i] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(current); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-            }
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief append an unescaped reference token at the end of this JSON pointer
 
-        // step 2: convert array into number of type T and return
-        std::memcpy(&result, vec.data(), sizeof(NumberType));
-        return true;
-    }
+  @param[in] token  reference token to append
+  @return JSON pointer with @a token appended without escaping @a token
 
-    /*!
-    @brief create a string by reading characters from the input
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of
+  `operator/=`.,json_pointer__operator_add}
 
-    @tparam NumberType the type of the number
-    @param[in] format the current format (for diagnostics)
-    @param[in] len number of characters to read
-    @param[out] result string created by reading @a len bytes
+  @complexity Amortized constant.
 
-    @return whether string creation completed
+  @sa @ref operator/=(const json_pointer&) to append a JSON pointer
+  @sa @ref operator/=(std::size_t) to append an array index
+  @sa @ref operator/(const json_pointer&, std::size_t) for a binary operator
 
-    @note We can not reserve @a len bytes for the result, because @a len
-          may be too large. Usually, @ref unexpect_eof() detects the end of
-          the input before we run out of string memory.
-    */
-    template<typename NumberType>
-    bool get_string(const input_format_t format,
-                    const NumberType len,
-                    string_t& result)
-    {
-        bool success = true;
-        std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(result), len, [this, &success, &format]()
-        {
-            get();
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not unexpect_eof(format, "string")))
-            {
-                success = false;
-            }
-            return static_cast<char>(current);
-        });
-        return success;
-    }
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  json_pointer &operator/=(std::string token) {
+    push_back(std::move(token));
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] format   the current format (for diagnostics)
-    @param[in] context  further context information (for diagnostics)
-    @return whether the last read character is not EOF
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    bool unexpect_eof(const input_format_t format, const char* context) const
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current == std::char_traits<char>::eof()))
-        {
-            return sax->parse_error(chars_read, "<end of file>",
-                                    parse_error::create(110, chars_read, exception_message(format, "unexpected end of input", context)));
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
+  /*!
+  @brief append an array index at the end of this JSON pointer
 
-    /*!
-    @return a string representation of the last read byte
-    */
-    std::string get_token_string() const
-    {
-        std::array<char, 3> cr{{}};
-        (std::snprintf)(cr.data(), cr.size(), "%.2hhX", static_cast<unsigned char>(current));
-        return std::string{cr.data()};
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] format   the current format
-    @param[in] detail   a detailed error message
-    @param[in] context  further context information
-    @return a message string to use in the parse_error exceptions
-    */
-    std::string exception_message(const input_format_t format,
-                                  const std::string& detail,
-                                  const std::string& context) const
-    {
-        std::string error_msg = "syntax error while parsing ";
+  @param[in] array_index  array index to append
+  @return JSON pointer with @a array_index appended
 
-        switch (format)
-        {
-            case input_format_t::cbor:
-                error_msg += "CBOR";
-                break;
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of
+  `operator/=`.,json_pointer__operator_add}
 
-            case input_format_t::msgpack:
-                error_msg += "MessagePack";
-                break;
+  @complexity Amortized constant.
 
-            case input_format_t::ubjson:
-                error_msg += "UBJSON";
-                break;
+  @sa @ref operator/=(const json_pointer&) to append a JSON pointer
+  @sa @ref operator/=(std::string) to append a reference token
+  @sa @ref operator/(const json_pointer&, std::string) for a binary operator
 
-            case input_format_t::bson:
-                error_msg += "BSON";
-                break;
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  json_pointer &operator/=(std::size_t array_index) {
+    return *this /= std::to_string(array_index);
+  }
 
-            default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the right JSON pointer at the
+  end of the left JSON pointer
 
-        return error_msg + " " + context + ": " + detail;
-    }
+  @param[in] lhs  JSON pointer
+  @param[in] rhs  JSON pointer
+  @return a new JSON pointer with @a rhs appended to @a lhs
 
-  private:
-    /// input adapter
-    input_adapter_t ia = nullptr;
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of
+  `operator/`.,json_pointer__operator_add_binary}
 
-    /// the current character
-    int current = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+  @complexity Linear in the length of @a lhs and @a rhs.
 
-    /// the number of characters read
-    std::size_t chars_read = 0;
+  @sa @ref operator/=(const json_pointer&) to append a JSON pointer
 
-    /// whether we can assume little endianess
-    const bool is_little_endian = little_endianess();
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer &lhs,
+                                const json_pointer &rhs) {
+    return json_pointer(lhs) /= rhs;
+  }
 
-    /// the SAX parser
-    json_sax_t* sax = nullptr;
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+  /*!
+  @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the unescaped token at the end
+  of the JSON pointer
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
+  @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer
+  @param[in] token  reference token
+  @return a new JSON pointer with unescaped @a token appended to @a ptr
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp>
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of
+  `operator/`.,json_pointer__operator_add_binary}
 
+  @complexity Linear in the length of @a ptr.
 
-#include <array> // array
-#include <clocale> // localeconv
-#include <cstddef> // size_t
-#include <cstdio> // snprintf
-#include <cstdlib> // strtof, strtod, strtold, strtoll, strtoull
-#include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
-#include <string> // char_traits, string
-#include <utility> // move
-#include <vector> // vector
+  @sa @ref operator/=(std::string) to append a reference token
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer &ptr, std::string token) {
+    return json_pointer(ptr) /= std::move(token);
+  }
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/position_t.hpp>
+  /*!
+  @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the array-index-token at the end
+  of the JSON pointer
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
+  @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer
+  @param[in] array_index  array index
+  @return a new JSON pointer with @a array_index appended to @a ptr
 
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of
+  `operator/`.,json_pointer__operator_add_binary}
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-///////////
-// lexer //
-///////////
+  @complexity Linear in the length of @a ptr.
 
-/*!
-@brief lexical analysis
+  @sa @ref operator/=(std::size_t) to append an array index
 
-This class organizes the lexical analysis during JSON deserialization.
-*/
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class lexer
-{
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-
-  public:
-    /// token types for the parser
-    enum class token_type
-    {
-        uninitialized,    ///< indicating the scanner is uninitialized
-        literal_true,     ///< the `true` literal
-        literal_false,    ///< the `false` literal
-        literal_null,     ///< the `null` literal
-        value_string,     ///< a string -- use get_string() for actual value
-        value_unsigned,   ///< an unsigned integer -- use get_number_unsigned() for actual value
-        value_integer,    ///< a signed integer -- use get_number_integer() for actual value
-        value_float,      ///< an floating point number -- use get_number_float() for actual value
-        begin_array,      ///< the character for array begin `[`
-        begin_object,     ///< the character for object begin `{`
-        end_array,        ///< the character for array end `]`
-        end_object,       ///< the character for object end `}`
-        name_separator,   ///< the name separator `:`
-        value_separator,  ///< the value separator `,`
-        parse_error,      ///< indicating a parse error
-        end_of_input,     ///< indicating the end of the input buffer
-        literal_or_value  ///< a literal or the begin of a value (only for diagnostics)
-    };
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer &ptr,
+                                std::size_t array_index) {
+    return json_pointer(ptr) /= array_index;
+  }
 
-    /// return name of values of type token_type (only used for errors)
-    JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-    JSON_HEDLEY_CONST
-    static const char* token_type_name(const token_type t) noexcept
-    {
-        switch (t)
-        {
-            case token_type::uninitialized:
-                return "<uninitialized>";
-            case token_type::literal_true:
-                return "true literal";
-            case token_type::literal_false:
-                return "false literal";
-            case token_type::literal_null:
-                return "null literal";
-            case token_type::value_string:
-                return "string literal";
-            case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned:
-            case lexer::token_type::value_integer:
-            case lexer::token_type::value_float:
-                return "number literal";
-            case token_type::begin_array:
-                return "'['";
-            case token_type::begin_object:
-                return "'{'";
-            case token_type::end_array:
-                return "']'";
-            case token_type::end_object:
-                return "'}'";
-            case token_type::name_separator:
-                return "':'";
-            case token_type::value_separator:
-                return "','";
-            case token_type::parse_error:
-                return "<parse error>";
-            case token_type::end_of_input:
-                return "end of input";
-            case token_type::literal_or_value:
-                return "'[', '{', or a literal";
-            // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            default: // catch non-enum values
-                return "unknown token";
-                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-        }
-    }
+  /*!
+  @brief returns the parent of this JSON pointer
 
-    explicit lexer(detail::input_adapter_t&& adapter)
-        : ia(std::move(adapter)), decimal_point_char(get_decimal_point()) {}
+  @return parent of this JSON pointer; in case this JSON pointer is the root,
+          the root itself is returned
 
-    // delete because of pointer members
-    lexer(const lexer&) = delete;
-    lexer(lexer&&) = delete;
-    lexer& operator=(lexer&) = delete;
-    lexer& operator=(lexer&&) = delete;
-    ~lexer() = default;
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer.
 
-  private:
-    /////////////////////
-    // locales
-    /////////////////////
+  @liveexample{The example shows the result of `parent_pointer` for different
+  JSON Pointers.,json_pointer__parent_pointer}
 
-    /// return the locale-dependent decimal point
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
-    static char get_decimal_point() noexcept
-    {
-        const auto loc = localeconv();
-        assert(loc != nullptr);
-        return (loc->decimal_point == nullptr) ? '.' : *(loc->decimal_point);
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  json_pointer parent_pointer() const {
+    if (empty()) {
+      return *this;
     }
 
-    /////////////////////
-    // scan functions
-    /////////////////////
-
-    /*!
-    @brief get codepoint from 4 hex characters following `\u`
+    json_pointer res = *this;
+    res.pop_back();
+    return res;
+  }
 
-    For input "\u c1 c2 c3 c4" the codepoint is:
-      (c1 * 0x1000) + (c2 * 0x0100) + (c3 * 0x0010) + c4
-    = (c1 << 12) + (c2 << 8) + (c3 << 4) + (c4 << 0)
+  /*!
+  @brief remove last reference token
 
-    Furthermore, the possible characters '0'..'9', 'A'..'F', and 'a'..'f'
-    must be converted to the integers 0x0..0x9, 0xA..0xF, 0xA..0xF, resp. The
-    conversion is done by subtracting the offset (0x30, 0x37, and 0x57)
-    between the ASCII value of the character and the desired integer value.
+  @pre not `empty()`
 
-    @return codepoint (0x0000..0xFFFF) or -1 in case of an error (e.g. EOF or
-            non-hex character)
-    */
-    int get_codepoint()
-    {
-        // this function only makes sense after reading `\u`
-        assert(current == 'u');
-        int codepoint = 0;
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of
+  `pop_back`.,json_pointer__pop_back}
 
-        const auto factors = { 12u, 8u, 4u, 0u };
-        for (const auto factor : factors)
-        {
-            get();
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-            if (current >= '0' and current <= '9')
-            {
-                codepoint += static_cast<int>((static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x30u) << factor);
-            }
-            else if (current >= 'A' and current <= 'F')
-            {
-                codepoint += static_cast<int>((static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x37u) << factor);
-            }
-            else if (current >= 'a' and current <= 'f')
-            {
-                codepoint += static_cast<int>((static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x57u) << factor);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
+  @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent
 
-        assert(0x0000 <= codepoint and codepoint <= 0xFFFF);
-        return codepoint;
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  void pop_back() {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty())) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief check if the next byte(s) are inside a given range
+    reference_tokens.pop_back();
+  }
 
-    Adds the current byte and, for each passed range, reads a new byte and
-    checks if it is inside the range. If a violation was detected, set up an
-    error message and return false. Otherwise, return true.
+  /*!
+  @brief return last reference token
 
-    @param[in] ranges  list of integers; interpreted as list of pairs of
-                       inclusive lower and upper bound, respectively
+  @pre not `empty()`
+  @return last reference token
 
-    @pre The passed list @a ranges must have 2, 4, or 6 elements; that is,
-         1, 2, or 3 pairs. This precondition is enforced by an assertion.
+  @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `back`.,json_pointer__back}
 
-    @return true if and only if no range violation was detected
-    */
-    bool next_byte_in_range(std::initializer_list<int> ranges)
-    {
-        assert(ranges.size() == 2 or ranges.size() == 4 or ranges.size() == 6);
-        add(current);
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-        for (auto range = ranges.begin(); range != ranges.end(); ++range)
-        {
-            get();
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(*range <= current and current <= *(++range)))
-            {
-                add(current);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                error_message = "invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte";
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
+  @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent
 
-        return true;
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  const std::string &back() const {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty())) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief scan a string literal
+    return reference_tokens.back();
+  }
 
-    This function scans a string according to Sect. 7 of RFC 7159. While
-    scanning, bytes are escaped and copied into buffer token_buffer. Then the
-    function returns successfully, token_buffer is *not* null-terminated (as it
-    may contain \0 bytes), and token_buffer.size() is the number of bytes in the
-    string.
+  /*!
+  @brief append an unescaped token at the end of the reference pointer
 
-    @return token_type::value_string if string could be successfully scanned,
-            token_type::parse_error otherwise
-
-    @note In case of errors, variable error_message contains a textual
-          description.
-    */
-    token_type scan_string()
-    {
-        // reset token_buffer (ignore opening quote)
-        reset();
+  @param[in] token  token to add
 
-        // we entered the function by reading an open quote
-        assert(current == '\"');
+  @complexity Amortized constant.
 
-        while (true)
-        {
-            // get next character
-            switch (get())
-            {
-                // end of file while parsing string
-                case std::char_traits<char>::eof():
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: missing closing quote";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                // closing quote
-                case '\"':
-                {
-                    return token_type::value_string;
-                }
-
-                // escapes
-                case '\\':
-                {
-                    switch (get())
-                    {
-                        // quotation mark
-                        case '\"':
-                            add('\"');
-                            break;
-                        // reverse solidus
-                        case '\\':
-                            add('\\');
-                            break;
-                        // solidus
-                        case '/':
-                            add('/');
-                            break;
-                        // backspace
-                        case 'b':
-                            add('\b');
-                            break;
-                        // form feed
-                        case 'f':
-                            add('\f');
-                            break;
-                        // line feed
-                        case 'n':
-                            add('\n');
-                            break;
-                        // carriage return
-                        case 'r':
-                            add('\r');
-                            break;
-                        // tab
-                        case 't':
-                            add('\t');
-                            break;
-
-                        // unicode escapes
-                        case 'u':
-                        {
-                            const int codepoint1 = get_codepoint();
-                            int codepoint = codepoint1; // start with codepoint1
-
-                            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(codepoint1 == -1))
-                            {
-                                error_message = "invalid string: '\\u' must be followed by 4 hex digits";
-                                return token_type::parse_error;
-                            }
-
-                            // check if code point is a high surrogate
-                            if (0xD800 <= codepoint1 and codepoint1 <= 0xDBFF)
-                            {
-                                // expect next \uxxxx entry
-                                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(get() == '\\' and get() == 'u'))
-                                {
-                                    const int codepoint2 = get_codepoint();
-
-                                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(codepoint2 == -1))
-                                    {
-                                        error_message = "invalid string: '\\u' must be followed by 4 hex digits";
-                                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                                    }
-
-                                    // check if codepoint2 is a low surrogate
-                                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(0xDC00 <= codepoint2 and codepoint2 <= 0xDFFF))
-                                    {
-                                        // overwrite codepoint
-                                        codepoint = static_cast<int>(
-                                                        // high surrogate occupies the most significant 22 bits
-                                                        (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint1) << 10u)
-                                                        // low surrogate occupies the least significant 15 bits
-                                                        + static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint2)
-                                                        // there is still the 0xD800, 0xDC00 and 0x10000 noise
-                                                        // in the result so we have to subtract with:
-                                                        // (0xD800 << 10) + DC00 - 0x10000 = 0x35FDC00
-                                                        - 0x35FDC00u);
-                                    }
-                                    else
-                                    {
-                                        error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+DC00..U+DFFF must be followed by U+DC00..U+DFFF";
-                                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                else
-                                {
-                                    error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+DC00..U+DFFF must be followed by U+DC00..U+DFFF";
-                                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else
-                            {
-                                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(0xDC00 <= codepoint1 and codepoint1 <= 0xDFFF))
-                                {
-                                    error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+DC00..U+DFFF must follow U+D800..U+DBFF";
-                                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                                }
-                            }
-
-                            // result of the above calculation yields a proper codepoint
-                            assert(0x00 <= codepoint and codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
-
-                            // translate codepoint into bytes
-                            if (codepoint < 0x80)
-                            {
-                                // 1-byte characters: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII)
-                                add(codepoint);
-                            }
-                            else if (codepoint <= 0x7FF)
-                            {
-                                // 2-byte characters: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0xC0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u)));
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
-                            }
-                            else if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF)
-                            {
-                                // 3-byte characters: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0xE0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 12u)));
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu)));
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
-                            }
-                            else
-                            {
-                                // 4-byte characters: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0xF0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 18u)));
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 12u) & 0x3Fu)));
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu)));
-                                add(static_cast<int>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
-                            }
-
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        // other characters after escape
-                        default:
-                            error_message = "invalid string: forbidden character after backslash";
-                            return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // invalid control characters
-                case 0x00:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0000 (NUL) must be escaped to \\u0000";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x01:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0001 (SOH) must be escaped to \\u0001";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x02:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0002 (STX) must be escaped to \\u0002";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x03:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0003 (ETX) must be escaped to \\u0003";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x04:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0004 (EOT) must be escaped to \\u0004";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x05:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0005 (ENQ) must be escaped to \\u0005";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x06:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0006 (ACK) must be escaped to \\u0006";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x07:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0007 (BEL) must be escaped to \\u0007";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x08:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0008 (BS) must be escaped to \\u0008 or \\b";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x09:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0009 (HT) must be escaped to \\u0009 or \\t";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x0A:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000A (LF) must be escaped to \\u000A or \\n";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x0B:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000B (VT) must be escaped to \\u000B";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x0C:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000C (FF) must be escaped to \\u000C or \\f";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x0D:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000D (CR) must be escaped to \\u000D or \\r";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x0E:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000E (SO) must be escaped to \\u000E";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x0F:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000F (SI) must be escaped to \\u000F";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x10:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0010 (DLE) must be escaped to \\u0010";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x11:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0011 (DC1) must be escaped to \\u0011";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x12:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0012 (DC2) must be escaped to \\u0012";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x13:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0013 (DC3) must be escaped to \\u0013";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x14:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0014 (DC4) must be escaped to \\u0014";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x15:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0015 (NAK) must be escaped to \\u0015";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x16:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0016 (SYN) must be escaped to \\u0016";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x17:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0017 (ETB) must be escaped to \\u0017";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x18:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0018 (CAN) must be escaped to \\u0018";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x19:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0019 (EM) must be escaped to \\u0019";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x1A:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001A (SUB) must be escaped to \\u001A";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x1B:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001B (ESC) must be escaped to \\u001B";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x1C:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001C (FS) must be escaped to \\u001C";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x1D:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001D (GS) must be escaped to \\u001D";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x1E:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001E (RS) must be escaped to \\u001E";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                case 0x1F:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001F (US) must be escaped to \\u001F";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-
-                // U+0020..U+007F (except U+0022 (quote) and U+005C (backspace))
-                case 0x20:
-                case 0x21:
-                case 0x23:
-                case 0x24:
-                case 0x25:
-                case 0x26:
-                case 0x27:
-                case 0x28:
-                case 0x29:
-                case 0x2A:
-                case 0x2B:
-                case 0x2C:
-                case 0x2D:
-                case 0x2E:
-                case 0x2F:
-                case 0x30:
-                case 0x31:
-                case 0x32:
-                case 0x33:
-                case 0x34:
-                case 0x35:
-                case 0x36:
-                case 0x37:
-                case 0x38:
-                case 0x39:
-                case 0x3A:
-                case 0x3B:
-                case 0x3C:
-                case 0x3D:
-                case 0x3E:
-                case 0x3F:
-                case 0x40:
-                case 0x41:
-                case 0x42:
-                case 0x43:
-                case 0x44:
-                case 0x45:
-                case 0x46:
-                case 0x47:
-                case 0x48:
-                case 0x49:
-                case 0x4A:
-                case 0x4B:
-                case 0x4C:
-                case 0x4D:
-                case 0x4E:
-                case 0x4F:
-                case 0x50:
-                case 0x51:
-                case 0x52:
-                case 0x53:
-                case 0x54:
-                case 0x55:
-                case 0x56:
-                case 0x57:
-                case 0x58:
-                case 0x59:
-                case 0x5A:
-                case 0x5B:
-                case 0x5D:
-                case 0x5E:
-                case 0x5F:
-                case 0x60:
-                case 0x61:
-                case 0x62:
-                case 0x63:
-                case 0x64:
-                case 0x65:
-                case 0x66:
-                case 0x67:
-                case 0x68:
-                case 0x69:
-                case 0x6A:
-                case 0x6B:
-                case 0x6C:
-                case 0x6D:
-                case 0x6E:
-                case 0x6F:
-                case 0x70:
-                case 0x71:
-                case 0x72:
-                case 0x73:
-                case 0x74:
-                case 0x75:
-                case 0x76:
-                case 0x77:
-                case 0x78:
-                case 0x79:
-                case 0x7A:
-                case 0x7B:
-                case 0x7C:
-                case 0x7D:
-                case 0x7E:
-                case 0x7F:
-                {
-                    add(current);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // U+0080..U+07FF: bytes C2..DF 80..BF
-                case 0xC2:
-                case 0xC3:
-                case 0xC4:
-                case 0xC5:
-                case 0xC6:
-                case 0xC7:
-                case 0xC8:
-                case 0xC9:
-                case 0xCA:
-                case 0xCB:
-                case 0xCC:
-                case 0xCD:
-                case 0xCE:
-                case 0xCF:
-                case 0xD0:
-                case 0xD1:
-                case 0xD2:
-                case 0xD3:
-                case 0xD4:
-                case 0xD5:
-                case 0xD6:
-                case 0xD7:
-                case 0xD8:
-                case 0xD9:
-                case 0xDA:
-                case 0xDB:
-                case 0xDC:
-                case 0xDD:
-                case 0xDE:
-                case 0xDF:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF})))
-                    {
-                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // U+0800..U+0FFF: bytes E0 A0..BF 80..BF
-                case 0xE0:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not (next_byte_in_range({0xA0, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF}))))
-                    {
-                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // U+1000..U+CFFF: bytes E1..EC 80..BF 80..BF
-                // U+E000..U+FFFF: bytes EE..EF 80..BF 80..BF
-                case 0xE1:
-                case 0xE2:
-                case 0xE3:
-                case 0xE4:
-                case 0xE5:
-                case 0xE6:
-                case 0xE7:
-                case 0xE8:
-                case 0xE9:
-                case 0xEA:
-                case 0xEB:
-                case 0xEC:
-                case 0xEE:
-                case 0xEF:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not (next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF}))))
-                    {
-                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // U+D000..U+D7FF: bytes ED 80..9F 80..BF
-                case 0xED:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not (next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0x9F, 0x80, 0xBF}))))
-                    {
-                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // U+10000..U+3FFFF F0 90..BF 80..BF 80..BF
-                case 0xF0:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not (next_byte_in_range({0x90, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF}))))
-                    {
-                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // U+40000..U+FFFFF F1..F3 80..BF 80..BF 80..BF
-                case 0xF1:
-                case 0xF2:
-                case 0xF3:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not (next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF}))))
-                    {
-                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // U+100000..U+10FFFF F4 80..8F 80..BF 80..BF
-                case 0xF4:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not (next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0x8F, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF}))))
-                    {
-                        return token_type::parse_error;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // remaining bytes (80..C1 and F5..FF) are ill-formed
-                default:
-                {
-                    error_message = "invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte";
-                    return token_type::parse_error;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
+  @liveexample{The example shows the result of `push_back` for different
+  JSON Pointers.,json_pointer__push_back}
 
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    static void strtof(float& f, const char* str, char** endptr) noexcept
-    {
-        f = std::strtof(str, endptr);
-    }
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  void push_back(const std::string &token) {
+    reference_tokens.push_back(token);
+  }
 
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    static void strtof(double& f, const char* str, char** endptr) noexcept
-    {
-        f = std::strtod(str, endptr);
-    }
+  /// @copydoc push_back(const std::string&)
+  void push_back(std::string &&token) {
+    reference_tokens.push_back(std::move(token));
+  }
 
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    static void strtof(long double& f, const char* str, char** endptr) noexcept
-    {
-        f = std::strtold(str, endptr);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief scan a number literal
-
-    This function scans a string according to Sect. 6 of RFC 7159.
-
-    The function is realized with a deterministic finite state machine derived
-    from the grammar described in RFC 7159. Starting in state "init", the
-    input is read and used to determined the next state. Only state "done"
-    accepts the number. State "error" is a trap state to model errors. In the
-    table below, "anything" means any character but the ones listed before.
-
-    state    | 0        | 1-9      | e E      | +       | -       | .        | anything
-    ---------|----------|----------|----------|---------|---------|----------|-----------
-    init     | zero     | any1     | [error]  | [error] | minus   | [error]  | [error]
-    minus    | zero     | any1     | [error]  | [error] | [error] | [error]  | [error]
-    zero     | done     | done     | exponent | done    | done    | decimal1 | done
-    any1     | any1     | any1     | exponent | done    | done    | decimal1 | done
-    decimal1 | decimal2 | [error]  | [error]  | [error] | [error] | [error]  | [error]
-    decimal2 | decimal2 | decimal2 | exponent | done    | done    | done     | done
-    exponent | any2     | any2     | [error]  | sign    | sign    | [error]  | [error]
-    sign     | any2     | any2     | [error]  | [error] | [error] | [error]  | [error]
-    any2     | any2     | any2     | done     | done    | done    | done     | done
-
-    The state machine is realized with one label per state (prefixed with
-    "scan_number_") and `goto` statements between them. The state machine
-    contains cycles, but any cycle can be left when EOF is read. Therefore,
-    the function is guaranteed to terminate.
-
-    During scanning, the read bytes are stored in token_buffer. This string is
-    then converted to a signed integer, an unsigned integer, or a
-    floating-point number.
-
-    @return token_type::value_unsigned, token_type::value_integer, or
-            token_type::value_float if number could be successfully scanned,
-            token_type::parse_error otherwise
-
-    @note The scanner is independent of the current locale. Internally, the
-          locale's decimal point is used instead of `.` to work with the
-          locale-dependent converters.
-    */
-    token_type scan_number()  // lgtm [cpp/use-of-goto]
-    {
-        // reset token_buffer to store the number's bytes
-        reset();
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether pointer points to the root document
 
-        // the type of the parsed number; initially set to unsigned; will be
-        // changed if minus sign, decimal point or exponent is read
-        token_type number_type = token_type::value_unsigned;
+  @return true iff the JSON pointer points to the root document
 
-        // state (init): we just found out we need to scan a number
-        switch (current)
-        {
-            case '-':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_minus;
-            }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-            case '0':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_zero;
-            }
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
 
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_any1;
-            }
+  @liveexample{The example shows the result of `empty` for different JSON
+  Pointers.,json_pointer__empty}
 
-            // all other characters are rejected outside scan_number()
-            default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        }
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  bool empty() const noexcept { return reference_tokens.empty(); }
 
-scan_number_minus:
-        // state: we just parsed a leading minus sign
-        number_type = token_type::value_integer;
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '0':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_zero;
-            }
+private:
+  /*!
+  @param[in] s  reference token to be converted into an array index
 
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_any1;
-            }
+  @return integer representation of @a s
 
-            default:
-            {
-                error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after '-'";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-            }
-        }
+  @throw out_of_range.404 if string @a s could not be converted to an integer
+  */
+  static int array_index(const std::string &s) {
+    std::size_t processed_chars = 0;
+    const int res = std::stoi(s, &processed_chars);
 
-scan_number_zero:
-        // state: we just parse a zero (maybe with a leading minus sign)
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '.':
-            {
-                add(decimal_point_char);
-                goto scan_number_decimal1;
-            }
+    // check if the string was completely read
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(processed_chars != s.size())) {
+      JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+          404, "unresolved reference token '" + s + "'"));
+    }
 
-            case 'e':
-            case 'E':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_exponent;
-            }
+    return res;
+  }
 
-            default:
-                goto scan_number_done;
-        }
+  json_pointer top() const {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty())) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
+    }
 
-scan_number_any1:
-        // state: we just parsed a number 0-9 (maybe with a leading minus sign)
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '0':
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_any1;
-            }
+    json_pointer result = *this;
+    result.reference_tokens = {reference_tokens[0]};
+    return result;
+  }
 
-            case '.':
-            {
-                add(decimal_point_char);
-                goto scan_number_decimal1;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief create and return a reference to the pointed to value
 
-            case 'e':
-            case 'E':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_exponent;
-            }
+  @complexity Linear in the number of reference tokens.
 
-            default:
-                goto scan_number_done;
-        }
+  @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
+  @throw type_error.313 if value cannot be unflattened
+  */
+  BasicJsonType &get_and_create(BasicJsonType &j) const {
+    using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
+    auto result = &j;
 
-scan_number_decimal1:
-        // state: we just parsed a decimal point
-        number_type = token_type::value_float;
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '0':
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_decimal2;
-            }
+    // in case no reference tokens exist, return a reference to the JSON value
+    // j which will be overwritten by a primitive value
+    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+      switch (result->type()) {
+      case detail::value_t::null: {
+        if (reference_token == "0") {
+          // start a new array if reference token is 0
+          result = &result->operator[](0);
+        } else {
+          // start a new object otherwise
+          result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case detail::value_t::object: {
+        // create an entry in the object
+        result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case detail::value_t::array: {
+        // create an entry in the array
+        JSON_TRY {
+          result = &result->operator[](
+              static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
+        }
+        JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument &) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /*
+      The following code is only reached if there exists a reference
+      token _and_ the current value is primitive. In this case, we have
+      an error situation, because primitive values may only occur as
+      single value; that is, with an empty list of reference tokens.
+      */
+      default:
+        JSON_THROW(
+            detail::type_error::create(313, "invalid value to unflatten"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return *result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief return a reference to the pointed to value
+
+  @note This version does not throw if a value is not present, but tries to
+        create nested values instead. For instance, calling this function
+        with pointer `"/this/that"` on a null value is equivalent to calling
+        `operator[]("this").operator[]("that")` on that value, effectively
+        changing the null value to an object.
+
+  @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
+
+  @return reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON pointer
+
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer.
+
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+  */
+  BasicJsonType &get_unchecked(BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
+    using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
+    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+      // convert null values to arrays or objects before continuing
+      if (ptr->is_null()) {
+        // check if reference token is a number
+        const bool nums =
+            std::all_of(reference_token.begin(), reference_token.end(),
+                        [](const unsigned char x) { return std::isdigit(x); });
+
+        // change value to array for numbers or "-" or to object otherwise
+        *ptr = (nums or reference_token == "-") ? detail::value_t::array
+                                                : detail::value_t::object;
+      }
+
+      switch (ptr->type()) {
+      case detail::value_t::object: {
+        // use unchecked object access
+        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case detail::value_t::array: {
+        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and
+                                 reference_token[0] == '0')) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              106, 0,
+              "array index '" + reference_token + "' must not begin with '0'"));
+        }
+
+        if (reference_token == "-") {
+          // explicitly treat "-" as index beyond the end
+          ptr = &ptr->operator[](ptr->m_value.array->size());
+        } else {
+          // convert array index to number; unchecked access
+          JSON_TRY {
+            ptr = &ptr->operator[](
+                static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
+          }
+          JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument &) {
+            JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+                109, 0,
+                "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+            404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return *ptr;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+  */
+  BasicJsonType &get_checked(BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
+    using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
+    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+      switch (ptr->type()) {
+      case detail::value_t::object: {
+        // note: at performs range check
+        ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case detail::value_t::array: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
+          // "-" always fails the range check
+          JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+              402, "array index '-' (" +
+                       std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
+                       ") is out of range"));
+        }
+
+        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and
+                                 reference_token[0] == '0')) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              106, 0,
+              "array index '" + reference_token + "' must not begin with '0'"));
+        }
+
+        // note: at performs range check
+        JSON_TRY {
+          ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
+        }
+        JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument &) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+            404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return *ptr;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief return a const reference to the pointed to value
+
+  @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
+
+  @return const reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON
+  pointer
+
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+  */
+  const BasicJsonType &get_unchecked(const BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
+    using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
+    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+      switch (ptr->type()) {
+      case detail::value_t::object: {
+        // use unchecked object access
+        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case detail::value_t::array: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
+          // "-" cannot be used for const access
+          JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+              402, "array index '-' (" +
+                       std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
+                       ") is out of range"));
+        }
+
+        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and
+                                 reference_token[0] == '0')) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              106, 0,
+              "array index '" + reference_token + "' must not begin with '0'"));
+        }
+
+        // use unchecked array access
+        JSON_TRY {
+          ptr = &ptr->operator[](
+              static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
+        }
+        JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument &) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+            404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return *ptr;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+  */
+  const BasicJsonType &get_checked(const BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
+    using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
+    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+      switch (ptr->type()) {
+      case detail::value_t::object: {
+        // note: at performs range check
+        ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case detail::value_t::array: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
+          // "-" always fails the range check
+          JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+              402, "array index '-' (" +
+                       std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
+                       ") is out of range"));
+        }
+
+        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and
+                                 reference_token[0] == '0')) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              106, 0,
+              "array index '" + reference_token + "' must not begin with '0'"));
+        }
+
+        // note: at performs range check
+        JSON_TRY {
+          ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
+        }
+        JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument &) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
+            404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return *ptr;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  */
+  bool contains(const BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
+    using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
+    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+      switch (ptr->type()) {
+      case detail::value_t::object: {
+        if (not ptr->contains(reference_token)) {
+          // we did not find the key in the object
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case detail::value_t::array: {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
+          // "-" always fails the range check
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and
+                                 reference_token[0] == '0')) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              106, 0,
+              "array index '" + reference_token + "' must not begin with '0'"));
+        }
+
+        JSON_TRY {
+          const auto idx = static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token));
+          if (idx >= ptr->size()) {
+            // index out of range
+            return false;
+          }
 
-            default:
-            {
-                error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after '.'";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-            }
+          ptr = &ptr->operator[](idx);
+          break;
+        }
+        JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument &) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
         }
+        break;
+      }
 
-scan_number_decimal2:
-        // we just parsed at least one number after a decimal point
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '0':
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_decimal2;
-            }
+      default: {
+        // we do not expect primitive values if there is still a
+        // reference token to process
+        return false;
+      }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // no reference token left means we found a primitive value
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief split the string input to reference tokens
+
+  @note This function is only called by the json_pointer constructor.
+        All exceptions below are documented there.
+
+  @throw parse_error.107  if the pointer is not empty or begins with '/'
+  @throw parse_error.108  if character '~' is not followed by '0' or '1'
+  */
+  static std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string &reference_string) {
+    std::vector<std::string> result;
+
+    // special case: empty reference string -> no reference tokens
+    if (reference_string.empty()) {
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    // check if nonempty reference string begins with slash
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_string[0] != '/')) {
+      JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+          107, 1,
+          "JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/' - was: '" +
+              reference_string + "'"));
+    }
+
+    // extract the reference tokens:
+    // - slash: position of the last read slash (or end of string)
+    // - start: position after the previous slash
+    for (
+        // search for the first slash after the first character
+        std::size_t slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', 1),
+                    // set the beginning of the first reference token
+        start = 1;
+        // we can stop if start == 0 (if slash == std::string::npos)
+        start != 0;
+        // set the beginning of the next reference token
+        // (will eventually be 0 if slash == std::string::npos)
+        start = (slash == std::string::npos) ? 0 : slash + 1,
+                    // find next slash
+        slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', start)) {
+      // use the text between the beginning of the reference token
+      // (start) and the last slash (slash).
+      auto reference_token = reference_string.substr(start, slash - start);
+
+      // check reference tokens are properly escaped
+      for (std::size_t pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~');
+           pos != std::string::npos;
+           pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~', pos + 1)) {
+        assert(reference_token[pos] == '~');
+
+        // ~ must be followed by 0 or 1
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos == reference_token.size() - 1 or
+                                 (reference_token[pos + 1] != '0' and
+                                  reference_token[pos + 1] != '1'))) {
+          JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
+              108, 0, "escape character '~' must be followed with '0' or '1'"));
+        }
+      }
+
+      // finally, store the reference token
+      unescape(reference_token);
+      result.push_back(reference_token);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief replace all occurrences of a substring by another string
+
+  @param[in,out] s  the string to manipulate; changed so that all
+                 occurrences of @a f are replaced with @a t
+  @param[in]     f  the substring to replace with @a t
+  @param[in]     t  the string to replace @a f
+
+  @pre The search string @a f must not be empty. **This precondition is
+  enforced with an assertion.**
+
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  static void replace_substring(std::string &s, const std::string &f,
+                                const std::string &t) {
+    assert(not f.empty());
+    for (auto pos = s.find(f);            // find first occurrence of f
+         pos != std::string::npos;        // make sure f was found
+         s.replace(pos, f.size(), t),     // replace with t, and
+         pos = s.find(f, pos + t.size())) // find next occurrence of f
+    {
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// escape "~" to "~0" and "/" to "~1"
+  static std::string escape(std::string s) {
+    replace_substring(s, "~", "~0");
+    replace_substring(s, "/", "~1");
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  /// unescape "~1" to tilde and "~0" to slash (order is important!)
+  static void unescape(std::string &s) {
+    replace_substring(s, "~1", "/");
+    replace_substring(s, "~0", "~");
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] reference_string  the reference string to the current value
+  @param[in] value             the value to consider
+  @param[in,out] result        the result object to insert values to
+
+  @note Empty objects or arrays are flattened to `null`.
+  */
+  static void flatten(const std::string &reference_string,
+                      const BasicJsonType &value, BasicJsonType &result) {
+    switch (value.type()) {
+    case detail::value_t::array: {
+      if (value.m_value.array->empty()) {
+        // flatten empty array as null
+        result[reference_string] = nullptr;
+      } else {
+        // iterate array and use index as reference string
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < value.m_value.array->size(); ++i) {
+          flatten(reference_string + "/" + std::to_string(i),
+                  value.m_value.array->operator[](i), result);
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case detail::value_t::object: {
+      if (value.m_value.object->empty()) {
+        // flatten empty object as null
+        result[reference_string] = nullptr;
+      } else {
+        // iterate object and use keys as reference string
+        for (const auto &element : *value.m_value.object) {
+          flatten(reference_string + "/" + escape(element.first),
+                  element.second, result);
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      // add primitive value with its reference string
+      result[reference_string] = value;
+      break;
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] value  flattened JSON
+
+  @return unflattened JSON
+
+  @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
+  @throw type_error.314  if value is not an object
+  @throw type_error.315  if object values are not primitive
+  @throw type_error.313  if value cannot be unflattened
+  */
+  static BasicJsonType unflatten(const BasicJsonType &value) {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not value.is_object())) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          detail::type_error::create(314, "only objects can be unflattened"));
+    }
+
+    BasicJsonType result;
+
+    // iterate the JSON object values
+    for (const auto &element : *value.m_value.object) {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not element.second.is_primitive())) {
+        JSON_THROW(detail::type_error::create(
+            315, "values in object must be primitive"));
+      }
+
+      // assign value to reference pointed to by JSON pointer; Note that if
+      // the JSON pointer is "" (i.e., points to the whole value), function
+      // get_and_create returns a reference to result itself. An assignment
+      // will then create a primitive value.
+      json_pointer(element.first).get_and_create(result) = element.second;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief compares two JSON pointers for equality
+
+  @param[in] lhs  JSON pointer to compare
+  @param[in] rhs  JSON pointer to compare
+  @return whether @a lhs is equal to @a rhs
+
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  */
+  friend bool operator==(json_pointer const &lhs,
+                         json_pointer const &rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs.reference_tokens == rhs.reference_tokens;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief compares two JSON pointers for inequality
+
+  @param[in] lhs  JSON pointer to compare
+  @param[in] rhs  JSON pointer to compare
+  @return whether @a lhs is not equal @a rhs
+
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  */
+  friend bool operator!=(json_pointer const &lhs,
+                         json_pointer const &rhs) noexcept {
+    return not(lhs == rhs);
+  }
 
-            case 'e':
-            case 'E':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_exponent;
-            }
+  /// the reference tokens
+  std::vector<std::string> reference_tokens;
+};
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-            default:
-                goto scan_number_done;
-        }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/json_ref.hpp>
 
-scan_number_exponent:
-        // we just parsed an exponent
-        number_type = token_type::value_float;
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '+':
-            case '-':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_sign;
-            }
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <utility>
 
-            case '0':
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_any2;
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
 
-            default:
-            {
-                error_message =
-                    "invalid number; expected '+', '-', or digit after exponent";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-            }
-        }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_ref {
+public:
+  using value_type = BasicJsonType;
+
+  json_ref(value_type &&value)
+      : owned_value(std::move(value)), value_ref(&owned_value),
+        is_rvalue(true) {}
+
+  json_ref(const value_type &value)
+      : value_ref(const_cast<value_type *>(&value)), is_rvalue(false) {}
+
+  json_ref(std::initializer_list<json_ref> init)
+      : owned_value(init), value_ref(&owned_value), is_rvalue(true) {}
+
+  template <
+      class... Args,
+      enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<value_type, Args...>::value, int> = 0>
+  json_ref(Args &&...args)
+      : owned_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...), value_ref(&owned_value),
+        is_rvalue(true) {}
+
+  // class should be movable only
+  json_ref(json_ref &&) = default;
+  json_ref(const json_ref &) = delete;
+  json_ref &operator=(const json_ref &) = delete;
+  json_ref &operator=(json_ref &&) = delete;
+  ~json_ref() = default;
+
+  value_type moved_or_copied() const {
+    if (is_rvalue) {
+      return std::move(*value_ref);
+    }
+    return *value_ref;
+  }
+
+  value_type const &operator*() const {
+    return *static_cast<value_type const *>(value_ref);
+  }
+
+  value_type const *operator->() const {
+    return static_cast<value_type const *>(value_ref);
+  }
+
+private:
+  mutable value_type owned_value = nullptr;
+  value_type *value_ref = nullptr;
+  const bool is_rvalue;
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-scan_number_sign:
-        // we just parsed an exponent sign
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '0':
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_any2;
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-            default:
-            {
-                error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after exponent sign";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-            }
-        }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
 
-scan_number_any2:
-        // we just parsed a number after the exponent or exponent sign
-        switch (get())
-        {
-            case '0':
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-            {
-                add(current);
-                goto scan_number_any2;
-            }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
 
-            default:
-                goto scan_number_done;
-        }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp>
 
-scan_number_done:
-        // unget the character after the number (we only read it to know that
-        // we are done scanning a number)
-        unget();
+#include <algorithm> // reverse
+#include <array>     // array
+#include <cstdint>   // uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t
+#include <cstring>   // memcpy
+#include <limits>    // numeric_limits
+#include <string>    // string
 
-        char* endptr = nullptr;
-        errno = 0;
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp>
 
-        // try to parse integers first and fall back to floats
-        if (number_type == token_type::value_unsigned)
-        {
-            const auto x = std::strtoull(token_buffer.data(), &endptr, 10);
-
-            // we checked the number format before
-            assert(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
-
-            if (errno == 0)
-            {
-                value_unsigned = static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(x);
-                if (value_unsigned == x)
-                {
-                    return token_type::value_unsigned;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else if (number_type == token_type::value_integer)
-        {
-            const auto x = std::strtoll(token_buffer.data(), &endptr, 10);
-
-            // we checked the number format before
-            assert(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
-
-            if (errno == 0)
-            {
-                value_integer = static_cast<number_integer_t>(x);
-                if (value_integer == x)
-                {
-                    return token_type::value_integer;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-        // this code is reached if we parse a floating-point number or if an
-        // integer conversion above failed
-        strtof(value_float, token_buffer.data(), &endptr);
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
 
-        // we checked the number format before
-        assert(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
+#include <algorithm> // copy
+#include <cstddef>   // size_t
+#include <ios>       // streamsize
+#include <iterator>  // back_inserter
+#include <memory>    // shared_ptr, make_shared
+#include <ostream>   // basic_ostream
+#include <string>    // basic_string
+#include <vector>    // vector
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-        return token_type::value_float;
-    }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+/// abstract output adapter interface
+template <typename CharType> struct output_adapter_protocol {
+  virtual void write_character(CharType c) = 0;
+  virtual void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) = 0;
+  virtual ~output_adapter_protocol() = default;
+};
 
-    /*!
-    @param[in] literal_text  the literal text to expect
-    @param[in] length        the length of the passed literal text
-    @param[in] return_type   the token type to return on success
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    token_type scan_literal(const char* literal_text, const std::size_t length,
-                            token_type return_type)
-    {
-        assert(current == literal_text[0]);
-        for (std::size_t i = 1; i < length; ++i)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get() != literal_text[i]))
-            {
-                error_message = "invalid literal";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-            }
-        }
-        return return_type;
-    }
+/// a type to simplify interfaces
+template <typename CharType>
+using output_adapter_t = std::shared_ptr<output_adapter_protocol<CharType>>;
 
-    /////////////////////
-    // input management
-    /////////////////////
+/// output adapter for byte vectors
+template <typename CharType>
+class output_vector_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType> {
+public:
+  explicit output_vector_adapter(std::vector<CharType> &vec) noexcept
+      : v(vec) {}
 
-    /// reset token_buffer; current character is beginning of token
-    void reset() noexcept
-    {
-        token_buffer.clear();
-        token_string.clear();
-        token_string.push_back(std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(current));
-    }
+  void write_character(CharType c) override { v.push_back(c); }
 
-    /*
-    @brief get next character from the input
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) override {
+    std::copy(s, s + length, std::back_inserter(v));
+  }
 
-    This function provides the interface to the used input adapter. It does
-    not throw in case the input reached EOF, but returns a
-    `std::char_traits<char>::eof()` in that case.  Stores the scanned characters
-    for use in error messages.
+private:
+  std::vector<CharType> &v;
+};
 
-    @return character read from the input
-    */
-    std::char_traits<char>::int_type get()
-    {
-        ++position.chars_read_total;
-        ++position.chars_read_current_line;
+/// output adapter for output streams
+template <typename CharType>
+class output_stream_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType> {
+public:
+  explicit output_stream_adapter(std::basic_ostream<CharType> &s) noexcept
+      : stream(s) {}
 
-        if (next_unget)
-        {
-            // just reset the next_unget variable and work with current
-            next_unget = false;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            current = ia->get_character();
-        }
+  void write_character(CharType c) override { stream.put(c); }
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char>::eof()))
-        {
-            token_string.push_back(std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(current));
-        }
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) override {
+    stream.write(s, static_cast<std::streamsize>(length));
+  }
 
-        if (current == '\n')
-        {
-            ++position.lines_read;
-            position.chars_read_current_line = 0;
-        }
+private:
+  std::basic_ostream<CharType> &stream;
+};
 
-        return current;
-    }
+/// output adapter for basic_string
+template <typename CharType, typename StringType = std::basic_string<CharType>>
+class output_string_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType> {
+public:
+  explicit output_string_adapter(StringType &s) noexcept : str(s) {}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief unget current character (read it again on next get)
+  void write_character(CharType c) override { str.push_back(c); }
 
-    We implement unget by setting variable next_unget to true. The input is not
-    changed - we just simulate ungetting by modifying chars_read_total,
-    chars_read_current_line, and token_string. The next call to get() will
-    behave as if the unget character is read again.
-    */
-    void unget()
-    {
-        next_unget = true;
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) override {
+    str.append(s, length);
+  }
 
-        --position.chars_read_total;
+private:
+  StringType &str;
+};
 
-        // in case we "unget" a newline, we have to also decrement the lines_read
-        if (position.chars_read_current_line == 0)
-        {
-            if (position.lines_read > 0)
-            {
-                --position.lines_read;
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            --position.chars_read_current_line;
-        }
+template <typename CharType, typename StringType = std::basic_string<CharType>>
+class output_adapter {
+public:
+  output_adapter(std::vector<CharType> &vec)
+      : oa(std::make_shared<output_vector_adapter<CharType>>(vec)) {}
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char>::eof()))
-        {
-            assert(not token_string.empty());
-            token_string.pop_back();
-        }
-    }
+  output_adapter(std::basic_ostream<CharType> &s)
+      : oa(std::make_shared<output_stream_adapter<CharType>>(s)) {}
 
-    /// add a character to token_buffer
-    void add(int c)
-    {
-        token_buffer.push_back(std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(c));
-    }
+  output_adapter(StringType &s)
+      : oa(std::make_shared<output_string_adapter<CharType, StringType>>(s)) {}
 
-  public:
-    /////////////////////
-    // value getters
-    /////////////////////
+  operator output_adapter_t<CharType>() { return oa; }
 
-    /// return integer value
-    constexpr number_integer_t get_number_integer() const noexcept
-    {
-        return value_integer;
-    }
+private:
+  output_adapter_t<CharType> oa = nullptr;
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-    /// return unsigned integer value
-    constexpr number_unsigned_t get_number_unsigned() const noexcept
-    {
-        return value_unsigned;
-    }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+///////////////////
+// binary writer //
+///////////////////
 
-    /// return floating-point value
-    constexpr number_float_t get_number_float() const noexcept
-    {
-        return value_float;
-    }
+/*!
+@brief serialization to CBOR and MessagePack values
+*/
+template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CharType> class binary_writer {
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+
+public:
+  /*!
+  @brief create a binary writer
+
+  @param[in] adapter  output adapter to write to
+  */
+  explicit binary_writer(output_adapter_t<CharType> adapter) : oa(adapter) {
+    assert(oa);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @pre       j.type() == value_t::object
+  */
+  void write_bson(const BasicJsonType &j) {
+    switch (j.type()) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      write_bson_object(*j.m_value.object);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+          317, "to serialize to BSON, top-level type must be object, but is " +
+                   std::string(j.type_name())));
+    }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  */
+  void write_cbor(const BasicJsonType &j) {
+    switch (j.type()) {
+    case value_t::null: {
+      oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xF6));
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::boolean: {
+      oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean ? to_char_type(0xF5)
+                                            : to_char_type(0xF4));
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0) {
+        // CBOR does not differentiate between positive signed
+        // integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used the
+        // code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
+        if (j.m_value.number_integer <= 0x17) {
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        }
+      } else {
+        // The conversions below encode the sign in the first
+        // byte, and the value is converted to a positive number.
+        const auto positive_number = -1 - j.m_value.number_integer;
+        if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -24) {
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x20 + positive_number));
+        } else if (positive_number <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x38));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(positive_number));
+        } else if (positive_number <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x39));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(positive_number));
+        } else if (positive_number <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3A));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(positive_number));
+        } else {
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3B));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(positive_number));
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0x17) {
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
+      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                 (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
+      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                 (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
+      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                 (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
+      } else {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_float: {
+      oa->write_character(get_cbor_float_prefix(j.m_value.number_float));
+      write_number(j.m_value.number_float);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::string: {
+      // step 1: write control byte and the string length
+      const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
+      if (N <= 0x17) {
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x60 + N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x78));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x79));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7A));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
+      }
+      // LCOV_EXCL_START
+      else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7B));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
+      }
+      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+      // step 2: write the string
+      oa->write_characters(
+          reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.string->c_str()),
+          j.m_value.string->size());
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      // step 1: write control byte and the array size
+      const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
+      if (N <= 0x17) {
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 + N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x98));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x99));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9A));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
+      }
+      // LCOV_EXCL_START
+      else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9B));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
+      }
+      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+      // step 2: write each element
+      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
+        write_cbor(el);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::object: {
+      // step 1: write control byte and the object size
+      const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
+      if (N <= 0x17) {
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 + N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB8));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB9));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBA));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
+      }
+      // LCOV_EXCL_START
+      else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBB));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
+      }
+      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+      // step 2: write each element
+      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
+        write_cbor(el.first);
+        write_cbor(el.second);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  */
+  void write_msgpack(const BasicJsonType &j) {
+    switch (j.type()) {
+    case value_t::null: // nil
+    {
+      oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xC0));
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::boolean: // true and false
+    {
+      oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean ? to_char_type(0xC3)
+                                            : to_char_type(0xC2));
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0) {
+        // MessagePack does not differentiate between positive
+        // signed integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used
+        // the code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
+        if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128) {
+          // positive fixnum
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+          // uint 8
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+          // uint 16
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+          // uint 32
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
+          // uint 64
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -32) {
+          // negative fixnum
+          write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() and
+                   j.m_value.number_integer <=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()) {
+          // int 8
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD0));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() and
+                   j.m_value.number_integer <=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()) {
+          // int 16
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD1));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() and
+                   j.m_value.number_integer <=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
+          // int 32
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD2));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() and
+                   j.m_value.number_integer <=
+                       (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()) {
+          // int 64
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD3));
+          write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128) {
+        // positive fixnum
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                 (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+        // uint 8
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                 (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        // uint 16
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                 (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        // uint 32
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+                 (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
+        // uint 64
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_float: {
+      oa->write_character(get_msgpack_float_prefix(j.m_value.number_float));
+      write_number(j.m_value.number_float);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::string: {
+      // step 1: write control byte and the string length
+      const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
+      if (N <= 31) {
+        // fixstr
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 | N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+        // str 8
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD9));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        // str 16
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDA));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        // str 32
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDB));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
+      }
+
+      // step 2: write the string
+      oa->write_characters(
+          reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.string->c_str()),
+          j.m_value.string->size());
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      // step 1: write control byte and the array size
+      const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
+      if (N <= 15) {
+        // fixarray
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x90 | N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        // array 16
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDC));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        // array 32
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDD));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
+      }
+
+      // step 2: write each element
+      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
+        write_msgpack(el);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::object: {
+      // step 1: write control byte and the object size
+      const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
+      if (N <= 15) {
+        // fixmap
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 | (N & 0xF)));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
+        // map 16
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDE));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
+      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
+        // map 32
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDF));
+        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
+      }
+
+      // step 2: write each element
+      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
+        write_msgpack(el.first);
+        write_msgpack(el.second);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @param[in] use_count   whether to use '#' prefixes (optimized format)
+  @param[in] use_type    whether to use '$' prefixes (optimized format)
+  @param[in] add_prefix  whether prefixes need to be used for this value
+  */
+  void write_ubjson(const BasicJsonType &j, const bool use_count,
+                    const bool use_type, const bool add_prefix = true) {
+    switch (j.type()) {
+    case value_t::null: {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('Z'));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::boolean: {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean ? to_char_type('T')
+                                              : to_char_type('F'));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_integer, add_prefix);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_unsigned, add_prefix);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_float: {
+      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_float, add_prefix);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::string: {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('S'));
+      }
+      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.string->size(), true);
+      oa->write_characters(
+          reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.string->c_str()),
+          j.m_value.string->size());
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('['));
+      }
+
+      bool prefix_required = true;
+      if (use_type and not j.m_value.array->empty()) {
+        assert(use_count);
+        const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front());
+        const bool same_prefix =
+            std::all_of(j.begin() + 1, j.end(),
+                        [this, first_prefix](const BasicJsonType &v) {
+                          return ubjson_prefix(v) == first_prefix;
+                        });
 
-    /// return current string value (implicitly resets the token; useful only once)
-    string_t& get_string()
-    {
-        return token_buffer;
-    }
+        if (same_prefix) {
+          prefix_required = false;
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
+          oa->write_character(first_prefix);
+        }
+      }
 
-    /////////////////////
-    // diagnostics
-    /////////////////////
+      if (use_count) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
+        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.array->size(), true);
+      }
 
-    /// return position of last read token
-    constexpr position_t get_position() const noexcept
-    {
-        return position;
-    }
+      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
+        write_ubjson(el, use_count, use_type, prefix_required);
+      }
 
-    /// return the last read token (for errors only).  Will never contain EOF
-    /// (an arbitrary value that is not a valid char value, often -1), because
-    /// 255 may legitimately occur.  May contain NUL, which should be escaped.
-    std::string get_token_string() const
-    {
-        // escape control characters
-        std::string result;
-        for (const auto c : token_string)
-        {
-            if ('\x00' <= c and c <= '\x1F')
-            {
-                // escape control characters
-                std::array<char, 9> cs{{}};
-                (std::snprintf)(cs.data(), cs.size(), "<U+%.4X>", static_cast<unsigned char>(c));
-                result += cs.data();
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                // add character as is
-                result.push_back(c);
-            }
-        }
+      if (not use_count) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type(']'));
+      }
 
-        return result;
+      break;
     }
 
-    /// return syntax error message
-    JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-    constexpr const char* get_error_message() const noexcept
-    {
-        return error_message;
-    }
+    case value_t::object: {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('{'));
+      }
 
-    /////////////////////
-    // actual scanner
-    /////////////////////
+      bool prefix_required = true;
+      if (use_type and not j.m_value.object->empty()) {
+        assert(use_count);
+        const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front());
+        const bool same_prefix = std::all_of(
+            j.begin(), j.end(), [this, first_prefix](const BasicJsonType &v) {
+              return ubjson_prefix(v) == first_prefix;
+            });
 
-    /*!
-    @brief skip the UTF-8 byte order mark
-    @return true iff there is no BOM or the correct BOM has been skipped
-    */
-    bool skip_bom()
-    {
-        if (get() == 0xEF)
-        {
-            // check if we completely parse the BOM
-            return get() == 0xBB and get() == 0xBF;
+        if (same_prefix) {
+          prefix_required = false;
+          oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
+          oa->write_character(first_prefix);
         }
+      }
 
-        // the first character is not the beginning of the BOM; unget it to
-        // process is later
-        unget();
-        return true;
-    }
+      if (use_count) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
+        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.object->size(), true);
+      }
 
-    token_type scan()
-    {
-        // initially, skip the BOM
-        if (position.chars_read_total == 0 and not skip_bom())
-        {
-            error_message = "invalid BOM; must be 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF if given";
-            return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
+      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
+        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(el.first.size(), true);
+        oa->write_characters(
+            reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(el.first.c_str()),
+            el.first.size());
+        write_ubjson(el.second, use_count, use_type, prefix_required);
+      }
+
+      if (not use_count) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('}'));
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  //////////
+  // BSON //
+  //////////
+
+  /*!
+  @return The size of a BSON document entry header, including the id marker
+          and the entry name size (and its null-terminator).
+  */
+  static std::size_t calc_bson_entry_header_size(const string_t &name) {
+    const auto it = name.find(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0));
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it != BasicJsonType::string_t::npos)) {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
+          409, "BSON key cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte " +
+                   std::to_string(it) + ")"));
+    }
+
+    return /*id*/ 1ul + name.size() + /*zero-terminator*/ 1u;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes the given @a element_type and @a name to the output adapter
+  */
+  void write_bson_entry_header(const string_t &name,
+                               const std::uint8_t element_type) {
+    oa->write_character(to_char_type(element_type)); // boolean
+    oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(name.c_str()),
+                         name.size() + 1u);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and boolean value @a value
+  */
+  void write_bson_boolean(const string_t &name, const bool value) {
+    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x08);
+    oa->write_character(value ? to_char_type(0x01) : to_char_type(0x00));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and double value @a value
+  */
+  void write_bson_double(const string_t &name, const double value) {
+    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x01);
+    write_number<double, true>(value);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return The size of the BSON-encoded string in @a value
+  */
+  static std::size_t calc_bson_string_size(const string_t &value) {
+    return sizeof(std::int32_t) + value.size() + 1ul;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and string value @a value
+  */
+  void write_bson_string(const string_t &name, const string_t &value) {
+    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x02);
+
+    write_number<std::int32_t, true>(
+        static_cast<std::int32_t>(value.size() + 1ul));
+    oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(value.c_str()),
+                         value.size() + 1);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and null value
+  */
+  void write_bson_null(const string_t &name) {
+    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x0A);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return The size of the BSON-encoded integer @a value
+  */
+  static std::size_t calc_bson_integer_size(const std::int64_t value) {
+    return (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value and
+                   value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()
+               ? sizeof(std::int32_t)
+               : sizeof(std::int64_t);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and integer @a value
+  */
+  void write_bson_integer(const string_t &name, const std::int64_t value) {
+    if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value and
+        value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
+      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10); // int32
+      write_number<std::int32_t, true>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value));
+    } else {
+      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12); // int64
+      write_number<std::int64_t, true>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(value));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return The size of the BSON-encoded unsigned integer in @a j
+  */
+  static constexpr std::size_t
+  calc_bson_unsigned_size(const std::uint64_t value) noexcept {
+    return (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+                         (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
+               ? sizeof(std::int32_t)
+               : sizeof(std::int64_t);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and unsigned @a value
+  */
+  void write_bson_unsigned(const string_t &name, const std::uint64_t value) {
+    if (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+                     (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())) {
+      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10 /* int32 */);
+      write_number<std::int32_t, true>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value));
+    } else if (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+                            (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())) {
+      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12 /* int64 */);
+      write_number<std::int64_t, true>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(value));
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
+          407, "integer number " + std::to_string(value) +
+                   " cannot be represented by BSON as it does not fit int64"));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and object @a value
+  */
+  void write_bson_object_entry(const string_t &name,
+                               const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &value) {
+    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x03); // object
+    write_bson_object(value);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @return The size of the BSON-encoded array @a value
+  */
+  static std::size_t
+  calc_bson_array_size(const typename BasicJsonType::array_t &value) {
+    std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
+
+    const std::size_t embedded_document_size = std::accumulate(
+        std::begin(value), std::end(value), 0ul,
+        [&array_index](std::size_t result,
+                       const typename BasicJsonType::array_t::value_type &el) {
+          return result +
+                 calc_bson_element_size(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
+        });
 
-        // read next character and ignore whitespace
-        do
-        {
-            get();
-        }
-        while (current == ' ' or current == '\t' or current == '\n' or current == '\r');
+    return sizeof(std::int32_t) + embedded_document_size + 1ul;
+  }
 
-        switch (current)
-        {
-            // structural characters
-            case '[':
-                return token_type::begin_array;
-            case ']':
-                return token_type::end_array;
-            case '{':
-                return token_type::begin_object;
-            case '}':
-                return token_type::end_object;
-            case ':':
-                return token_type::name_separator;
-            case ',':
-                return token_type::value_separator;
-
-            // literals
-            case 't':
-                return scan_literal("true", 4, token_type::literal_true);
-            case 'f':
-                return scan_literal("false", 5, token_type::literal_false);
-            case 'n':
-                return scan_literal("null", 4, token_type::literal_null);
-
-            // string
-            case '\"':
-                return scan_string();
-
-            // number
-            case '-':
-            case '0':
-            case '1':
-            case '2':
-            case '3':
-            case '4':
-            case '5':
-            case '6':
-            case '7':
-            case '8':
-            case '9':
-                return scan_number();
-
-            // end of input (the null byte is needed when parsing from
-            // string literals)
-            case '\0':
-            case std::char_traits<char>::eof():
-                return token_type::end_of_input;
-
-            // error
-            default:
-                error_message = "invalid literal";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-    }
+  /*!
+  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and array @a value
+  */
+  void write_bson_array(const string_t &name,
+                        const typename BasicJsonType::array_t &value) {
+    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x04); // array
+    write_number<std::int32_t, true>(
+        static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_array_size(value)));
 
-  private:
-    /// input adapter
-    detail::input_adapter_t ia = nullptr;
+    std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
 
-    /// the current character
-    std::char_traits<char>::int_type current = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
+    for (const auto &el : value) {
+      write_bson_element(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
+    }
 
-    /// whether the next get() call should just return current
-    bool next_unget = false;
+    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
+  }
 
-    /// the start position of the current token
-    position_t position {};
+  /*!
+  @brief Calculates the size necessary to serialize the JSON value @a j with its
+  @a name
+  @return The calculated size for the BSON document entry for @a j with the
+  given @a name.
+  */
+  static std::size_t calc_bson_element_size(const string_t &name,
+                                            const BasicJsonType &j) {
+    const auto header_size = calc_bson_entry_header_size(name);
+    switch (j.type()) {
+    case value_t::object:
+      return header_size + calc_bson_object_size(*j.m_value.object);
 
-    /// raw input token string (for error messages)
-    std::vector<char> token_string {};
+    case value_t::array:
+      return header_size + calc_bson_array_size(*j.m_value.array);
 
-    /// buffer for variable-length tokens (numbers, strings)
-    string_t token_buffer {};
+    case value_t::boolean:
+      return header_size + 1ul;
 
-    /// a description of occurred lexer errors
-    const char* error_message = "";
+    case value_t::number_float:
+      return header_size + 8ul;
 
-    // number values
-    number_integer_t value_integer = 0;
-    number_unsigned_t value_unsigned = 0;
-    number_float_t value_float = 0;
+    case value_t::number_integer:
+      return header_size + calc_bson_integer_size(j.m_value.number_integer);
 
-    /// the decimal point
-    const char decimal_point_char = '.';
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+    case value_t::number_unsigned:
+      return header_size + calc_bson_unsigned_size(j.m_value.number_unsigned);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/parser.hpp>
+    case value_t::string:
+      return header_size + calc_bson_string_size(*j.m_value.string);
 
+    case value_t::null:
+      return header_size + 0ul;
 
-#include <cassert> // assert
-#include <cmath> // isfinite
-#include <cstdint> // uint8_t
-#include <functional> // function
-#include <string> // string
-#include <utility> // move
-#include <vector> // vector
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+      return 0ul;
+      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+    }
+  }
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
+  /*!
+  @brief Serializes the JSON value @a j to BSON and associates it with the
+         key @a name.
+  @param name The name to associate with the JSON entity @a j within the
+              current BSON document
+  @return The size of the BSON entry
+  */
+  void write_bson_element(const string_t &name, const BasicJsonType &j) {
+    switch (j.type()) {
+    case value_t::object:
+      return write_bson_object_entry(name, *j.m_value.object);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
+    case value_t::array:
+      return write_bson_array(name, *j.m_value.array);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp>
+    case value_t::boolean:
+      return write_bson_boolean(name, j.m_value.boolean);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp>
+    case value_t::number_float:
+      return write_bson_double(name, j.m_value.number_float);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
+    case value_t::number_integer:
+      return write_bson_integer(name, j.m_value.number_integer);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/is_sax.hpp>
+    case value_t::number_unsigned:
+      return write_bson_unsigned(name, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
+    case value_t::string:
+      return write_bson_string(name, *j.m_value.string);
 
+    case value_t::null:
+      return write_bson_null(name);
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-////////////
-// parser //
-////////////
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+      return;
+      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Calculates the size of the BSON serialization of the given
+         JSON-object @a j.
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @pre       j.type() == value_t::object
+  */
+  static std::size_t
+  calc_bson_object_size(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &value) {
+    std::size_t document_size = std::accumulate(
+        value.begin(), value.end(), 0ul,
+        [](size_t result,
+           const typename BasicJsonType::object_t::value_type &el) {
+          return result += calc_bson_element_size(el.first, el.second);
+        });
 
-/*!
-@brief syntax analysis
+    return sizeof(std::int32_t) + document_size + 1ul;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @pre       j.type() == value_t::object
+  */
+  void write_bson_object(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &value) {
+    write_number<std::int32_t, true>(
+        static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_object_size(value)));
+
+    for (const auto &el : value) {
+      write_bson_element(el.first, el.second);
+    }
+
+    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
+  }
+
+  //////////
+  // CBOR //
+  //////////
+
+  static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(float /*unused*/) {
+    return to_char_type(0xFA); // Single-Precision Float
+  }
+
+  static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(double /*unused*/) {
+    return to_char_type(0xFB); // Double-Precision Float
+  }
+
+  /////////////
+  // MsgPack //
+  /////////////
+
+  static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(float /*unused*/) {
+    return to_char_type(0xCA); // float 32
+  }
+
+  static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(double /*unused*/) {
+    return to_char_type(0xCB); // float 64
+  }
+
+  ////////////
+  // UBJSON //
+  ////////////
+
+  // UBJSON: write number (floating point)
+  template <typename NumberType,
+            typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value,
+                                    int>::type = 0>
+  void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
+                                       const bool add_prefix) {
+    if (add_prefix) {
+      oa->write_character(get_ubjson_float_prefix(n));
+    }
+    write_number(n);
+  }
+
+  // UBJSON: write number (unsigned integer)
+  template <typename NumberType,
+            typename std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<NumberType>::value,
+                                    int>::type = 0>
+  void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
+                                       const bool add_prefix) {
+    if (n <=
+        static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('i')); // int8
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n));
+    } else if (n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('U')); // uint8
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n));
+    } else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+                        (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('I')); // int16
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n));
+    } else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+                        (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('l')); // int32
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
+    } else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+                        (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('L')); // int64
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n));
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
+          407,
+          "integer number " + std::to_string(n) +
+              " cannot be represented by UBJSON as it does not fit int64"));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // UBJSON: write number (signed integer)
+  template <
+      typename NumberType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_signed<NumberType>::value and
+                                  not std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value,
+                              int>::type = 0>
+  void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
+                                       const bool add_prefix) {
+    if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <= n and
+        n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('i')); // int8
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(n));
+    } else if (static_cast<std::int64_t>(
+                   (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)()) <= n and
+               n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>(
+                        (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('U')); // uint8
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n));
+    } else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <= n and
+               n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('I')); // int16
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n));
+    } else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= n and
+               n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('l')); // int32
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
+    } else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() <= n and
+               n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()) {
+      if (add_prefix) {
+        oa->write_character(to_char_type('L')); // int64
+      }
+      write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n));
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    else {
+      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
+          407,
+          "integer number " + std::to_string(n) +
+              " cannot be represented by UBJSON as it does not fit int64"));
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief determine the type prefix of container values
+
+  @note This function does not need to be 100% accurate when it comes to
+        integer limits. In case a number exceeds the limits of int64_t,
+        this will be detected by a later call to function
+        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix. Therefore, we return 'L' for any
+        value that does not fit the previous limits.
+  */
+  CharType ubjson_prefix(const BasicJsonType &j) const noexcept {
+    switch (j.type()) {
+    case value_t::null:
+      return 'Z';
+
+    case value_t::boolean:
+      return j.m_value.boolean ? 'T' : 'F';
+
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <=
+              j.m_value.number_integer and
+          j.m_value.number_integer <=
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()) {
+        return 'i';
+      }
+      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)() <=
+              j.m_value.number_integer and
+          j.m_value.number_integer <=
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
+        return 'U';
+      }
+      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <=
+              j.m_value.number_integer and
+          j.m_value.number_integer <=
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()) {
+        return 'I';
+      }
+      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <=
+              j.m_value.number_integer and
+          j.m_value.number_integer <=
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
+        return 'l';
+      }
+      // no check and assume int64_t (see note above)
+      return 'L';
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+          static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())) {
+        return 'i';
+      }
+      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+          static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())) {
+        return 'U';
+      }
+      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+          static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())) {
+        return 'I';
+      }
+      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <=
+          static_cast<std::uint64_t>(
+              (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())) {
+        return 'l';
+      }
+      // no check and assume int64_t (see note above)
+      return 'L';
+    }
+
+    case value_t::number_float:
+      return get_ubjson_float_prefix(j.m_value.number_float);
+
+    case value_t::string:
+      return 'S';
+
+    case value_t::array:
+      return '[';
+
+    case value_t::object:
+      return '{';
+
+    default: // discarded values
+      return 'N';
+    }
+  }
+
+  static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(float /*unused*/) {
+    return 'd'; // float 32
+  }
+
+  static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(double /*unused*/) {
+    return 'D'; // float 64
+  }
+
+  ///////////////////////
+  // Utility functions //
+  ///////////////////////
+
+  /*
+  @brief write a number to output input
+  @param[in] n number of type @a NumberType
+  @tparam NumberType the type of the number
+  @tparam OutputIsLittleEndian Set to true if output data is
+                               required to be little endian
+
+  @note This function needs to respect the system's endianess, because bytes
+        in CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON are stored in network order (big
+        endian) and therefore need reordering on little endian systems.
+  */
+  template <typename NumberType, bool OutputIsLittleEndian = false>
+  void write_number(const NumberType n) {
+    // step 1: write number to array of length NumberType
+    std::array<CharType, sizeof(NumberType)> vec;
+    std::memcpy(vec.data(), &n, sizeof(NumberType));
+
+    // step 2: write array to output (with possible reordering)
+    if (is_little_endian != OutputIsLittleEndian) {
+      // reverse byte order prior to conversion if necessary
+      std::reverse(vec.begin(), vec.end());
+    }
+
+    oa->write_characters(vec.data(), sizeof(NumberType));
+  }
+
+public:
+  // The following to_char_type functions are implement the conversion
+  // between uint8_t and CharType. In case CharType is not unsigned,
+  // such a conversion is required to allow values greater than 128.
+  // See <https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1286> for a discussion.
+  template <typename C = CharType,
+            enable_if_t<std::is_signed<C>::value and
+                        std::is_signed<char>::value> * = nullptr>
+  static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept {
+    return *reinterpret_cast<char *>(&x);
+  }
+
+  template <typename C = CharType,
+            enable_if_t<std::is_signed<C>::value and
+                        std::is_unsigned<char>::value> * = nullptr>
+  static CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept {
+    static_assert(sizeof(std::uint8_t) == sizeof(CharType),
+                  "size of CharType must be equal to std::uint8_t");
+    static_assert(std::is_pod<CharType>::value, "CharType must be POD");
+    CharType result;
+    std::memcpy(&result, &x, sizeof(x));
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template <typename C = CharType,
+            enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<C>::value> * = nullptr>
+  static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept {
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  template <
+      typename InputCharType, typename C = CharType,
+      enable_if_t<std::is_signed<C>::value and std::is_signed<char>::value and
+                  std::is_same<char, typename std::remove_cv<InputCharType>::
+                                         type>::value> * = nullptr>
+  static constexpr CharType to_char_type(InputCharType x) noexcept {
+    return x;
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// whether we can assume little endianess
+  const bool is_little_endian =
+      binary_reader<BasicJsonType>::little_endianess();
+
+  /// the output
+  output_adapter_t<CharType> oa = nullptr;
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-This class implements a recursive decent parser.
-*/
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class parser
-{
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-    using lexer_t = lexer<BasicJsonType>;
-    using token_type = typename lexer_t::token_type;
-
-  public:
-    enum class parse_event_t : uint8_t
-    {
-        /// the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object
-        object_start,
-        /// the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object
-        object_end,
-        /// the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array
-        array_start,
-        /// the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array
-        array_end,
-        /// the parser read a key of a value in an object
-        key,
-        /// the parser finished reading a JSON value
-        value
-    };
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
 
-    using parser_callback_t =
-        std::function<bool(int depth, parse_event_t event, BasicJsonType& parsed)>;
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/serializer.hpp>
 
-    /// a parser reading from an input adapter
-    explicit parser(detail::input_adapter_t&& adapter,
-                    const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
-                    const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
-        : callback(cb), m_lexer(std::move(adapter)), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_)
-    {
-        // read first token
-        get_token();
-    }
+#include <algorithm>   // reverse, remove, fill, find, none_of
+#include <array>       // array
+#include <cassert>     // assert
+#include <ciso646>     // and, or
+#include <clocale>     // localeconv, lconv
+#include <cmath>       // labs, isfinite, isnan, signbit
+#include <cstddef>     // size_t, ptrdiff_t
+#include <cstdint>     // uint8_t
+#include <cstdio>      // snprintf
+#include <limits>      // numeric_limits
+#include <string>      // string
+#include <type_traits> // is_same
+#include <utility>     // move
 
-    /*!
-    @brief public parser interface
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_chars.hpp>
 
-    @param[in] strict      whether to expect the last token to be EOF
-    @param[in,out] result  parsed JSON value
+#include <array>       // array
+#include <cassert>     // assert
+#include <ciso646>     // or, and, not
+#include <cmath>       // signbit, isfinite
+#include <cstdint>     // intN_t, uintN_t
+#include <cstring>     // memcpy, memmove
+#include <limits>      // numeric_limits
+#include <type_traits> // conditional
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
-    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
-    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
-    */
-    void parse(const bool strict, BasicJsonType& result)
-    {
-        if (callback)
-        {
-            json_sax_dom_callback_parser<BasicJsonType> sdp(result, callback, allow_exceptions);
-            sax_parse_internal(&sdp);
-            result.assert_invariant();
-
-            // in strict mode, input must be completely read
-            if (strict and (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input))
-            {
-                sdp.parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                    exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value")));
-            }
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
 
-            // in case of an error, return discarded value
-            if (sdp.is_errored())
-            {
-                result = value_t::discarded;
-                return;
-            }
+/*!
+@brief implements the Grisu2 algorithm for binary to decimal floating-point
+conversion.
 
-            // set top-level value to null if it was discarded by the callback
-            // function
-            if (result.is_discarded())
-            {
-                result = nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            json_sax_dom_parser<BasicJsonType> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-            sax_parse_internal(&sdp);
-            result.assert_invariant();
-
-            // in strict mode, input must be completely read
-            if (strict and (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input))
-            {
-                sdp.parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                    exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value")));
-            }
+This implementation is a slightly modified version of the reference
+implementation which may be obtained from
+http://florian.loitsch.com/publications (bench.tar.gz).
 
-            // in case of an error, return discarded value
-            if (sdp.is_errored())
-            {
-                result = value_t::discarded;
-                return;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+The code is distributed under the MIT license, Copyright (c) 2009 Florian
+Loitsch.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief public accept interface
+For a detailed description of the algorithm see:
 
-    @param[in] strict  whether to expect the last token to be EOF
-    @return whether the input is a proper JSON text
-    */
-    bool accept(const bool strict = true)
-    {
-        json_sax_acceptor<BasicJsonType> sax_acceptor;
-        return sax_parse(&sax_acceptor, strict);
-    }
+[1] Loitsch, "Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately with
+    Integers", Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2010 Conference on Programming
+    Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2010
+[2] Burger, Dybvig, "Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately",
+    Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1996 Conference on Programming Language
+    Design and Implementation, PLDI 1996
+*/
+namespace dtoa_impl {
 
-    template <typename SAX>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    bool sax_parse(SAX* sax, const bool strict = true)
-    {
-        (void)detail::is_sax_static_asserts<SAX, BasicJsonType> {};
-        const bool result = sax_parse_internal(sax);
+template <typename Target, typename Source>
+Target reinterpret_bits(const Source source) {
+  static_assert(sizeof(Target) == sizeof(Source), "size mismatch");
 
-        // strict mode: next byte must be EOF
-        if (result and strict and (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input))
-        {
-            return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                    m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                    parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                            exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value")));
-        }
+  Target target;
+  std::memcpy(&target, &source, sizeof(Source));
+  return target;
+}
 
-        return result;
-    }
+struct diyfp // f * 2^e
+{
+  static constexpr int kPrecision = 64; // = q
 
-  private:
-    template <typename SAX>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    bool sax_parse_internal(SAX* sax)
-    {
-        // stack to remember the hierarchy of structured values we are parsing
-        // true = array; false = object
-        std::vector<bool> states;
-        // value to avoid a goto (see comment where set to true)
-        bool skip_to_state_evaluation = false;
+  std::uint64_t f = 0;
+  int e = 0;
 
-        while (true)
-        {
-            if (not skip_to_state_evaluation)
-            {
-                // invariant: get_token() was called before each iteration
-                switch (last_token)
-                {
-                    case token_type::begin_object:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_object(std::size_t(-1))))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-
-                        // closing } -> we are done
-                        if (get_token() == token_type::end_object)
-                        {
-                            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_object()))
-                            {
-                                return false;
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        // parse key
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(last_token != token_type::value_string))
-                        {
-                            return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                    m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                                    parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                            exception_message(token_type::value_string, "object key")));
-                        }
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->key(m_lexer.get_string())))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-
-                        // parse separator (:)
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::name_separator))
-                        {
-                            return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                    m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                                    parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                            exception_message(token_type::name_separator, "object separator")));
-                        }
-
-                        // remember we are now inside an object
-                        states.push_back(false);
-
-                        // parse values
-                        get_token();
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::begin_array:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->start_array(std::size_t(-1))))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-
-                        // closing ] -> we are done
-                        if (get_token() == token_type::end_array)
-                        {
-                            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_array()))
-                            {
-                                return false;
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        // remember we are now inside an array
-                        states.push_back(true);
-
-                        // parse values (no need to call get_token)
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::value_float:
-                    {
-                        const auto res = m_lexer.get_number_float();
-
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not std::isfinite(res)))
-                        {
-                            return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                    m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                                    out_of_range::create(406, "number overflow parsing '" + m_lexer.get_token_string() + "'"));
-                        }
-
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->number_float(res, m_lexer.get_string())))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::literal_false:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->boolean(false)))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::literal_null:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->null()))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::literal_true:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->boolean(true)))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::value_integer:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->number_integer(m_lexer.get_number_integer())))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::value_string:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->string(m_lexer.get_string())))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::value_unsigned:
-                    {
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->number_unsigned(m_lexer.get_number_unsigned())))
-                        {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    case token_type::parse_error:
-                    {
-                        // using "uninitialized" to avoid "expected" message
-                        return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                                parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                        exception_message(token_type::uninitialized, "value")));
-                    }
-
-                    default: // the last token was unexpected
-                    {
-                        return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                                parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                        exception_message(token_type::literal_or_value, "value")));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                skip_to_state_evaluation = false;
-            }
+  constexpr diyfp(std::uint64_t f_, int e_) noexcept : f(f_), e(e_) {}
 
-            // we reached this line after we successfully parsed a value
-            if (states.empty())
-            {
-                // empty stack: we reached the end of the hierarchy: done
-                return true;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief returns x - y
+  @pre x.e == y.e and x.f >= y.f
+  */
+  static diyfp sub(const diyfp &x, const diyfp &y) noexcept {
+    assert(x.e == y.e);
+    assert(x.f >= y.f);
 
-            if (states.back())  // array
-            {
-                // comma -> next value
-                if (get_token() == token_type::value_separator)
-                {
-                    // parse a new value
-                    get_token();
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // closing ]
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(last_token == token_type::end_array))
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_array()))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-
-                    // We are done with this array. Before we can parse a
-                    // new value, we need to evaluate the new state first.
-                    // By setting skip_to_state_evaluation to false, we
-                    // are effectively jumping to the beginning of this if.
-                    assert(not states.empty());
-                    states.pop_back();
-                    skip_to_state_evaluation = true;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                        m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                        parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                exception_message(token_type::end_array, "array")));
-            }
-            else  // object
-            {
-                // comma -> next value
-                if (get_token() == token_type::value_separator)
-                {
-                    // parse key
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::value_string))
-                    {
-                        return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                                parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                        exception_message(token_type::value_string, "object key")));
-                    }
-
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->key(m_lexer.get_string())))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-
-                    // parse separator (:)
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::name_separator))
-                    {
-                        return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                                parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                        exception_message(token_type::name_separator, "object separator")));
-                    }
-
-                    // parse values
-                    get_token();
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // closing }
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(last_token == token_type::end_object))
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not sax->end_object()))
-                    {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-
-                    // We are done with this object. Before we can parse a
-                    // new value, we need to evaluate the new state first.
-                    // By setting skip_to_state_evaluation to false, we
-                    // are effectively jumping to the beginning of this if.
-                    assert(not states.empty());
-                    states.pop_back();
-                    skip_to_state_evaluation = true;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                        m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                        parse_error::create(101, m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                exception_message(token_type::end_object, "object")));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    return {x.f - y.f, x.e};
+  }
 
-    /// get next token from lexer
-    token_type get_token()
-    {
-        return last_token = m_lexer.scan();
-    }
+  /*!
+  @brief returns x * y
+  @note The result is rounded. (Only the upper q bits are returned.)
+  */
+  static diyfp mul(const diyfp &x, const diyfp &y) noexcept {
+    static_assert(kPrecision == 64, "internal error");
 
-    std::string exception_message(const token_type expected, const std::string& context)
-    {
-        std::string error_msg = "syntax error ";
+    // Computes:
+    //  f = round((x.f * y.f) / 2^q)
+    //  e = x.e + y.e + q
 
-        if (not context.empty())
-        {
-            error_msg += "while parsing " + context + " ";
-        }
+    // Emulate the 64-bit * 64-bit multiplication:
+    //
+    // p = u * v
+    //   = (u_lo + 2^32 u_hi) (v_lo + 2^32 v_hi)
+    //   = (u_lo v_lo         ) + 2^32 ((u_lo v_hi         ) + (u_hi v_lo )) +
+    //   2^64 (u_hi v_hi         ) = (p0                ) + 2^32 ((p1 ) + (p2 ))
+    //   + 2^64 (p3                ) = (p0_lo + 2^32 p0_hi) + 2^32 ((p1_lo +
+    //   2^32 p1_hi) + (p2_lo + 2^32 p2_hi)) + 2^64 (p3                ) =
+    //   (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (p0_hi + p1_lo + p2_lo ) + 2^64 (p1_hi +
+    //   p2_hi + p3) = (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (Q ) + 2^64 (H ) = (p0_lo ) +
+    //   2^32 (Q_lo + 2^32 Q_hi                           ) + 2^64 (H )
+    //
+    // (Since Q might be larger than 2^32 - 1)
+    //
+    //   = (p0_lo + 2^32 Q_lo) + 2^64 (Q_hi + H)
+    //
+    // (Q_hi + H does not overflow a 64-bit int)
+    //
+    //   = p_lo + 2^64 p_hi
 
-        error_msg += "- ";
+    const std::uint64_t u_lo = x.f & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+    const std::uint64_t u_hi = x.f >> 32u;
+    const std::uint64_t v_lo = y.f & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+    const std::uint64_t v_hi = y.f >> 32u;
 
-        if (last_token == token_type::parse_error)
-        {
-            error_msg += std::string(m_lexer.get_error_message()) + "; last read: '" +
-                         m_lexer.get_token_string() + "'";
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            error_msg += "unexpected " + std::string(lexer_t::token_type_name(last_token));
-        }
+    const std::uint64_t p0 = u_lo * v_lo;
+    const std::uint64_t p1 = u_lo * v_hi;
+    const std::uint64_t p2 = u_hi * v_lo;
+    const std::uint64_t p3 = u_hi * v_hi;
 
-        if (expected != token_type::uninitialized)
-        {
-            error_msg += "; expected " + std::string(lexer_t::token_type_name(expected));
-        }
+    const std::uint64_t p0_hi = p0 >> 32u;
+    const std::uint64_t p1_lo = p1 & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+    const std::uint64_t p1_hi = p1 >> 32u;
+    const std::uint64_t p2_lo = p2 & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+    const std::uint64_t p2_hi = p2 >> 32u;
 
-        return error_msg;
-    }
+    std::uint64_t Q = p0_hi + p1_lo + p2_lo;
 
-  private:
-    /// callback function
-    const parser_callback_t callback = nullptr;
-    /// the type of the last read token
-    token_type last_token = token_type::uninitialized;
-    /// the lexer
-    lexer_t m_lexer;
-    /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
-    const bool allow_exceptions = true;
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
+    // The full product might now be computed as
+    //
+    // p_hi = p3 + p2_hi + p1_hi + (Q >> 32)
+    // p_lo = p0_lo + (Q << 32)
+    //
+    // But in this particular case here, the full p_lo is not required.
+    // Effectively we only need to add the highest bit in p_lo to p_hi (and
+    // Q_hi + 1 does not overflow).
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/internal_iterator.hpp>
+    Q += std::uint64_t{1} << (64u - 32u - 1u); // round, ties up
 
+    const std::uint64_t h = p3 + p2_hi + p1_hi + (Q >> 32u);
 
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
+    return {h, x.e + y.e + 64};
+  }
 
+  /*!
+  @brief normalize x such that the significand is >= 2^(q-1)
+  @pre x.f != 0
+  */
+  static diyfp normalize(diyfp x) noexcept {
+    assert(x.f != 0);
 
-#include <cstddef> // ptrdiff_t
-#include <limits>  // numeric_limits
+    while ((x.f >> 63u) == 0) {
+      x.f <<= 1u;
+      x.e--;
+    }
 
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-/*
-@brief an iterator for primitive JSON types
+    return x;
+  }
 
-This class models an iterator for primitive JSON types (boolean, number,
-string). It's only purpose is to allow the iterator/const_iterator classes
-to "iterate" over primitive values. Internally, the iterator is modeled by
-a `difference_type` variable. Value begin_value (`0`) models the begin,
-end_value (`1`) models past the end.
-*/
-class primitive_iterator_t
-{
-  private:
-    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-    static constexpr difference_type begin_value = 0;
-    static constexpr difference_type end_value = begin_value + 1;
+  /*!
+  @brief normalize x such that the result has the exponent E
+  @pre e >= x.e and the upper e - x.e bits of x.f must be zero.
+  */
+  static diyfp normalize_to(const diyfp &x,
+                            const int target_exponent) noexcept {
+    const int delta = x.e - target_exponent;
 
-    /// iterator as signed integer type
-    difference_type m_it = (std::numeric_limits<std::ptrdiff_t>::min)();
+    assert(delta >= 0);
+    assert(((x.f << delta) >> delta) == x.f);
 
-  public:
-    constexpr difference_type get_value() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_it;
-    }
+    return {x.f << delta, target_exponent};
+  }
+};
 
-    /// set iterator to a defined beginning
-    void set_begin() noexcept
-    {
-        m_it = begin_value;
-    }
+struct boundaries {
+  diyfp w;
+  diyfp minus;
+  diyfp plus;
+};
 
-    /// set iterator to a defined past the end
-    void set_end() noexcept
-    {
-        m_it = end_value;
-    }
-
-    /// return whether the iterator can be dereferenced
-    constexpr bool is_begin() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_it == begin_value;
-    }
-
-    /// return whether the iterator is at end
-    constexpr bool is_end() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_it == end_value;
-    }
-
-    friend constexpr bool operator==(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs.m_it == rhs.m_it;
-    }
-
-    friend constexpr bool operator<(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs.m_it < rhs.m_it;
-    }
-
-    primitive_iterator_t operator+(difference_type n) noexcept
-    {
-        auto result = *this;
-        result += n;
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    friend constexpr difference_type operator-(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs.m_it - rhs.m_it;
-    }
-
-    primitive_iterator_t& operator++() noexcept
-    {
-        ++m_it;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    primitive_iterator_t const operator++(int) noexcept
-    {
-        auto result = *this;
-        ++m_it;
-        return result;
-    }
+/*!
+Compute the (normalized) diyfp representing the input number 'value' and its
+boundaries.
 
-    primitive_iterator_t& operator--() noexcept
-    {
-        --m_it;
-        return *this;
-    }
+@pre value must be finite and positive
+*/
+template <typename FloatType> boundaries compute_boundaries(FloatType value) {
+  assert(std::isfinite(value));
+  assert(value > 0);
+
+  // Convert the IEEE representation into a diyfp.
+  //
+  // If v is denormal:
+  //      value = 0.F * 2^(1 - bias) = (          F) * 2^(1 - bias - (p-1))
+  // If v is normalized:
+  //      value = 1.F * 2^(E - bias) = (2^(p-1) + F) * 2^(E - bias - (p-1))
+
+  static_assert(std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::is_iec559,
+                "internal error: dtoa_short requires an IEEE-754 "
+                "floating-point implementation");
+
+  constexpr int kPrecision =
+      std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits; // = p (includes the hidden bit)
+  constexpr int kBias =
+      std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_exponent - 1 + (kPrecision - 1);
+  constexpr int kMinExp = 1 - kBias;
+  constexpr std::uint64_t kHiddenBit = std::uint64_t{1}
+                                       << (kPrecision - 1); // = 2^(p-1)
+
+  using bits_type = typename std::conditional<kPrecision == 24, std::uint32_t,
+                                              std::uint64_t>::type;
+
+  const std::uint64_t bits = reinterpret_bits<bits_type>(value);
+  const std::uint64_t E = bits >> (kPrecision - 1);
+  const std::uint64_t F = bits & (kHiddenBit - 1);
+
+  const bool is_denormal = E == 0;
+  const diyfp v = is_denormal
+                      ? diyfp(F, kMinExp)
+                      : diyfp(F + kHiddenBit, static_cast<int>(E) - kBias);
+
+  // Compute the boundaries m- and m+ of the floating-point value
+  // v = f * 2^e.
+  //
+  // Determine v- and v+, the floating-point predecessor and successor if v,
+  // respectively.
+  //
+  //      v- = v - 2^e        if f != 2^(p-1) or e == e_min                (A)
+  //         = v - 2^(e-1)    if f == 2^(p-1) and e > e_min                (B)
+  //
+  //      v+ = v + 2^e
+  //
+  // Let m- = (v- + v) / 2 and m+ = (v + v+) / 2. All real numbers _strictly_
+  // between m- and m+ round to v, regardless of how the input rounding
+  // algorithm breaks ties.
+  //
+  //      ---+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---  (A)
+  //         v-            m-            v             m+            v+
+  //
+  //      -----------------+------+------+-------------+-------------+---  (B)
+  //                       v-     m-     v             m+            v+
+
+  const bool lower_boundary_is_closer = F == 0 and E > 1;
+  const diyfp m_plus = diyfp(2 * v.f + 1, v.e - 1);
+  const diyfp m_minus = lower_boundary_is_closer
+                            ? diyfp(4 * v.f - 1, v.e - 2)  // (B)
+                            : diyfp(2 * v.f - 1, v.e - 1); // (A)
+
+  // Determine the normalized w+ = m+.
+  const diyfp w_plus = diyfp::normalize(m_plus);
+
+  // Determine w- = m- such that e_(w-) = e_(w+).
+  const diyfp w_minus = diyfp::normalize_to(m_minus, w_plus.e);
+
+  return {diyfp::normalize(v), w_minus, w_plus};
+}
 
-    primitive_iterator_t const operator--(int) noexcept
-    {
-        auto result = *this;
-        --m_it;
-        return result;
-    }
+// Given normalized diyfp w, Grisu needs to find a (normalized) cached
+// power-of-ten c, such that the exponent of the product c * w = f * 2^e lies
+// within a certain range [alpha, gamma] (Definition 3.2 from [1])
+//
+//      alpha <= e = e_c + e_w + q <= gamma
+//
+// or
+//
+//      f_c * f_w * 2^alpha <= f_c 2^(e_c) * f_w 2^(e_w) * 2^q
+//                          <= f_c * f_w * 2^gamma
+//
+// Since c and w are normalized, i.e. 2^(q-1) <= f < 2^q, this implies
+//
+//      2^(q-1) * 2^(q-1) * 2^alpha <= c * w * 2^q < 2^q * 2^q * 2^gamma
+//
+// or
+//
+//      2^(q - 2 + alpha) <= c * w < 2^(q + gamma)
+//
+// The choice of (alpha,gamma) determines the size of the table and the form of
+// the digit generation procedure. Using (alpha,gamma)=(-60,-32) works out well
+// in practice:
+//
+// The idea is to cut the number c * w = f * 2^e into two parts, which can be
+// processed independently: An integral part p1, and a fractional part p2:
+//
+//      f * 2^e = ( (f div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (f mod 2^-e) ) * 2^e
+//              = (f div 2^-e) + (f mod 2^-e) * 2^e
+//              = p1 + p2 * 2^e
+//
+// The conversion of p1 into decimal form requires a series of divisions and
+// modulos by (a power of) 10. These operations are faster for 32-bit than for
+// 64-bit integers, so p1 should ideally fit into a 32-bit integer. This can be
+// achieved by choosing
+//
+//      -e >= 32   or   e <= -32 := gamma
+//
+// In order to convert the fractional part
+//
+//      p2 * 2^e = p2 / 2^-e = d[-1] / 10^1 + d[-2] / 10^2 + ...
+//
+// into decimal form, the fraction is repeatedly multiplied by 10 and the digits
+// d[-i] are extracted in order:
+//
+//      (10 * p2) div 2^-e = d[-1]
+//      (10 * p2) mod 2^-e = d[-2] / 10^1 + ...
+//
+// The multiplication by 10 must not overflow. It is sufficient to choose
+//
+//      10 * p2 < 16 * p2 = 2^4 * p2 <= 2^64.
+//
+// Since p2 = f mod 2^-e < 2^-e,
+//
+//      -e <= 60   or   e >= -60 := alpha
 
-    primitive_iterator_t& operator+=(difference_type n) noexcept
-    {
-        m_it += n;
-        return *this;
-    }
+constexpr int kAlpha = -60;
+constexpr int kGamma = -32;
 
-    primitive_iterator_t& operator-=(difference_type n) noexcept
-    {
-        m_it -= n;
-        return *this;
-    }
+struct cached_power // c = f * 2^e ~= 10^k
+{
+  std::uint64_t f;
+  int e;
+  int k;
 };
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
 
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
 /*!
-@brief an iterator value
+For a normalized diyfp w = f * 2^e, this function returns a (normalized) cached
+power-of-ten c = f_c * 2^e_c, such that the exponent of the product w * c
+satisfies (Definition 3.2 from [1])
 
-@note This structure could easily be a union, but MSVC currently does not allow
-unions members with complex constructors, see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/105.
+     alpha <= e_c + e + q <= gamma.
 */
-template<typename BasicJsonType> struct internal_iterator
-{
-    /// iterator for JSON objects
-    typename BasicJsonType::object_t::iterator object_iterator {};
-    /// iterator for JSON arrays
-    typename BasicJsonType::array_t::iterator array_iterator {};
-    /// generic iterator for all other types
-    primitive_iterator_t primitive_iterator {};
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iter_impl.hpp>
-
-
-#include <ciso646> // not
-#include <iterator> // iterator, random_access_iterator_tag, bidirectional_iterator_tag, advance, next
-#include <type_traits> // conditional, is_const, remove_const
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/internal_iterator.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-// forward declare, to be able to friend it later on
-template<typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy;
-template<typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy_value;
+inline cached_power get_cached_power_for_binary_exponent(int e) {
+  // Now
+  //
+  //      alpha <= e_c + e + q <= gamma                                    (1)
+  //      ==> f_c * 2^alpha <= c * 2^e * 2^q
+  //
+  // and since the c's are normalized, 2^(q-1) <= f_c,
+  //
+  //      ==> 2^(q - 1 + alpha) <= c * 2^(e + q)
+  //      ==> 2^(alpha - e - 1) <= c
+  //
+  // If c were an exact power of ten, i.e. c = 10^k, one may determine k as
+  //
+  //      k = ceil( log_10( 2^(alpha - e - 1) ) )
+  //        = ceil( (alpha - e - 1) * log_10(2) )
+  //
+  // From the paper:
+  // "In theory the result of the procedure could be wrong since c is rounded,
+  //  and the computation itself is approximated [...]. In practice, however,
+  //  this simple function is sufficient."
+  //
+  // For IEEE double precision floating-point numbers converted into
+  // normalized diyfp's w = f * 2^e, with q = 64,
+  //
+  //      e >= -1022      (min IEEE exponent)
+  //           -52        (p - 1)
+  //           -52        (p - 1, possibly normalize denormal IEEE numbers)
+  //           -11        (normalize the diyfp)
+  //         = -1137
+  //
+  // and
+  //
+  //      e <= +1023      (max IEEE exponent)
+  //           -52        (p - 1)
+  //           -11        (normalize the diyfp)
+  //         = 960
+  //
+  // This binary exponent range [-1137,960] results in a decimal exponent
+  // range [-307,324]. One does not need to store a cached power for each
+  // k in this range. For each such k it suffices to find a cached power
+  // such that the exponent of the product lies in [alpha,gamma].
+  // This implies that the difference of the decimal exponents of adjacent
+  // table entries must be less than or equal to
+  //
+  //      floor( (gamma - alpha) * log_10(2) ) = 8.
+  //
+  // (A smaller distance gamma-alpha would require a larger table.)
+
+  // NB:
+  // Actually this function returns c, such that -60 <= e_c + e + 64 <= -34.
+
+  constexpr int kCachedPowersMinDecExp = -300;
+  constexpr int kCachedPowersDecStep = 8;
+
+  static constexpr std::array<cached_power, 79> kCachedPowers = {{
+      {0xAB70FE17C79AC6CA, -1060, -300}, {0xFF77B1FCBEBCDC4F, -1034, -292},
+      {0xBE5691EF416BD60C, -1007, -284}, {0x8DD01FAD907FFC3C, -980, -276},
+      {0xD3515C2831559A83, -954, -268},  {0x9D71AC8FADA6C9B5, -927, -260},
+      {0xEA9C227723EE8BCB, -901, -252},  {0xAECC49914078536D, -874, -244},
+      {0x823C12795DB6CE57, -847, -236},  {0xC21094364DFB5637, -821, -228},
+      {0x9096EA6F3848984F, -794, -220},  {0xD77485CB25823AC7, -768, -212},
+      {0xA086CFCD97BF97F4, -741, -204},  {0xEF340A98172AACE5, -715, -196},
+      {0xB23867FB2A35B28E, -688, -188},  {0x84C8D4DFD2C63F3B, -661, -180},
+      {0xC5DD44271AD3CDBA, -635, -172},  {0x936B9FCEBB25C996, -608, -164},
+      {0xDBAC6C247D62A584, -582, -156},  {0xA3AB66580D5FDAF6, -555, -148},
+      {0xF3E2F893DEC3F126, -529, -140},  {0xB5B5ADA8AAFF80B8, -502, -132},
+      {0x87625F056C7C4A8B, -475, -124},  {0xC9BCFF6034C13053, -449, -116},
+      {0x964E858C91BA2655, -422, -108},  {0xDFF9772470297EBD, -396, -100},
+      {0xA6DFBD9FB8E5B88F, -369, -92},   {0xF8A95FCF88747D94, -343, -84},
+      {0xB94470938FA89BCF, -316, -76},   {0x8A08F0F8BF0F156B, -289, -68},
+      {0xCDB02555653131B6, -263, -60},   {0x993FE2C6D07B7FAC, -236, -52},
+      {0xE45C10C42A2B3B06, -210, -44},   {0xAA242499697392D3, -183, -36},
+      {0xFD87B5F28300CA0E, -157, -28},   {0xBCE5086492111AEB, -130, -20},
+      {0x8CBCCC096F5088CC, -103, -12},   {0xD1B71758E219652C, -77, -4},
+      {0x9C40000000000000, -50, 4},      {0xE8D4A51000000000, -24, 12},
+      {0xAD78EBC5AC620000, 3, 20},       {0x813F3978F8940984, 30, 28},
+      {0xC097CE7BC90715B3, 56, 36},      {0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C70, 83, 44},
+      {0xD5D238A4ABE98068, 109, 52},     {0x9F4F2726179A2245, 136, 60},
+      {0xED63A231D4C4FB27, 162, 68},     {0xB0DE65388CC8ADA8, 189, 76},
+      {0x83C7088E1AAB65DB, 216, 84},     {0xC45D1DF942711D9A, 242, 92},
+      {0x924D692CA61BE758, 269, 100},    {0xDA01EE641A708DEA, 295, 108},
+      {0xA26DA3999AEF774A, 322, 116},    {0xF209787BB47D6B85, 348, 124},
+      {0xB454E4A179DD1877, 375, 132},    {0x865B86925B9BC5C2, 402, 140},
+      {0xC83553C5C8965D3D, 428, 148},    {0x952AB45CFA97A0B3, 455, 156},
+      {0xDE469FBD99A05FE3, 481, 164},    {0xA59BC234DB398C25, 508, 172},
+      {0xF6C69A72A3989F5C, 534, 180},    {0xB7DCBF5354E9BECE, 561, 188},
+      {0x88FCF317F22241E2, 588, 196},    {0xCC20CE9BD35C78A5, 614, 204},
+      {0x98165AF37B2153DF, 641, 212},    {0xE2A0B5DC971F303A, 667, 220},
+      {0xA8D9D1535CE3B396, 694, 228},    {0xFB9B7CD9A4A7443C, 720, 236},
+      {0xBB764C4CA7A44410, 747, 244},    {0x8BAB8EEFB6409C1A, 774, 252},
+      {0xD01FEF10A657842C, 800, 260},    {0x9B10A4E5E9913129, 827, 268},
+      {0xE7109BFBA19C0C9D, 853, 276},    {0xAC2820D9623BF429, 880, 284},
+      {0x80444B5E7AA7CF85, 907, 292},    {0xBF21E44003ACDD2D, 933, 300},
+      {0x8E679C2F5E44FF8F, 960, 308},    {0xD433179D9C8CB841, 986, 316},
+      {0x9E19DB92B4E31BA9, 1013, 324},
+  }};
+
+  // This computation gives exactly the same results for k as
+  //      k = ceil((kAlpha - e - 1) * 0.30102999566398114)
+  // for |e| <= 1500, but doesn't require floating-point operations.
+  // NB: log_10(2) ~= 78913 / 2^18
+  assert(e >= -1500);
+  assert(e <= 1500);
+  const int f = kAlpha - e - 1;
+  const int k = (f * 78913) / (1 << 18) + static_cast<int>(f > 0);
+
+  const int index = (-kCachedPowersMinDecExp + k + (kCachedPowersDecStep - 1)) /
+                    kCachedPowersDecStep;
+  assert(index >= 0);
+  assert(static_cast<std::size_t>(index) < kCachedPowers.size());
+
+  const cached_power cached = kCachedPowers[static_cast<std::size_t>(index)];
+  assert(kAlpha <= cached.e + e + 64);
+  assert(kGamma >= cached.e + e + 64);
+
+  return cached;
+}
 
 /*!
-@brief a template for a bidirectional iterator for the @ref basic_json class
-This class implements a both iterators (iterator and const_iterator) for the
-@ref basic_json class.
-@note An iterator is called *initialized* when a pointer to a JSON value has
-      been set (e.g., by a constructor or a copy assignment). If the iterator is
-      default-constructed, it is *uninitialized* and most methods are undefined.
-      **The library uses assertions to detect calls on uninitialized iterators.**
-@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
--
-[BidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator):
-  The iterator that can be moved can be moved in both directions (i.e.
-  incremented and decremented).
-@since version 1.0.0, simplified in version 2.0.9, change to bidirectional
-       iterators in version 3.0.0 (see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/593)
+For n != 0, returns k, such that pow10 := 10^(k-1) <= n < 10^k.
+For n == 0, returns 1 and sets pow10 := 1.
 */
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class iter_impl
-{
-    /// allow basic_json to access private members
-    friend iter_impl<typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value, typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type, const BasicJsonType>::type>;
-    friend BasicJsonType;
-    friend iteration_proxy<iter_impl>;
-    friend iteration_proxy_value<iter_impl>;
-
-    using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-    using array_t = typename BasicJsonType::array_t;
-    // make sure BasicJsonType is basic_json or const basic_json
-    static_assert(is_basic_json<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type>::value,
-                  "iter_impl only accepts (const) basic_json");
-
-  public:
-
-    /// The std::iterator class template (used as a base class to provide typedefs) is deprecated in C++17.
-    /// The C++ Standard has never required user-defined iterators to derive from std::iterator.
-    /// A user-defined iterator should provide publicly accessible typedefs named
-    /// iterator_category, value_type, difference_type, pointer, and reference.
-    /// Note that value_type is required to be non-const, even for constant iterators.
-    using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
-
-    /// the type of the values when the iterator is dereferenced
-    using value_type = typename BasicJsonType::value_type;
-    /// a type to represent differences between iterators
-    using difference_type = typename BasicJsonType::difference_type;
-    /// defines a pointer to the type iterated over (value_type)
-    using pointer = typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
-          typename BasicJsonType::const_pointer,
-          typename BasicJsonType::pointer>::type;
-    /// defines a reference to the type iterated over (value_type)
-    using reference =
-        typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
-        typename BasicJsonType::const_reference,
-        typename BasicJsonType::reference>::type;
-
-    /// default constructor
-    iter_impl() = default;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief constructor for a given JSON instance
-    @param[in] object  pointer to a JSON object for this iterator
-    @pre object != nullptr
-    @post The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    explicit iter_impl(pointer object) noexcept : m_object(object)
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                m_it.object_iterator = typename object_t::iterator();
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                m_it.array_iterator = typename array_t::iterator();
-                break;
-            }
+inline int find_largest_pow10(const std::uint32_t n, std::uint32_t &pow10) {
+  // LCOV_EXCL_START
+  if (n >= 1000000000) {
+    pow10 = 1000000000;
+    return 10;
+  }
+  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+  else if (n >= 100000000) {
+    pow10 = 100000000;
+    return 9;
+  } else if (n >= 10000000) {
+    pow10 = 10000000;
+    return 8;
+  } else if (n >= 1000000) {
+    pow10 = 1000000;
+    return 7;
+  } else if (n >= 100000) {
+    pow10 = 100000;
+    return 6;
+  } else if (n >= 10000) {
+    pow10 = 10000;
+    return 5;
+  } else if (n >= 1000) {
+    pow10 = 1000;
+    return 4;
+  } else if (n >= 100) {
+    pow10 = 100;
+    return 3;
+  } else if (n >= 10) {
+    pow10 = 10;
+    return 2;
+  } else {
+    pow10 = 1;
+    return 1;
+  }
+}
 
-            default:
-            {
-                m_it.primitive_iterator = primitive_iterator_t();
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+inline void grisu2_round(char *buf, int len, std::uint64_t dist,
+                         std::uint64_t delta, std::uint64_t rest,
+                         std::uint64_t ten_k) {
+  assert(len >= 1);
+  assert(dist <= delta);
+  assert(rest <= delta);
+  assert(ten_k > 0);
+
+  //               <--------------------------- delta ---->
+  //                                  <---- dist --------->
+  // --------------[------------------+-------------------]--------------
+  //               M-                 w                   M+
+  //
+  //                                  ten_k
+  //                                <------>
+  //                                       <---- rest ---->
+  // --------------[------------------+----+--------------]--------------
+  //                                  w    V
+  //                                       = buf * 10^k
+  //
+  // ten_k represents a unit-in-the-last-place in the decimal representation
+  // stored in buf.
+  // Decrement buf by ten_k while this takes buf closer to w.
+
+  // The tests are written in this order to avoid overflow in unsigned
+  // integer arithmetic.
+
+  while (rest < dist and delta - rest >= ten_k and
+         (rest + ten_k < dist or dist - rest > rest + ten_k - dist)) {
+    assert(buf[len - 1] != '0');
+    buf[len - 1]--;
+    rest += ten_k;
+  }
+}
 
-    /*!
-    @note The conventional copy constructor and copy assignment are implicitly
-          defined. Combined with the following converting constructor and
-          assignment, they support: (1) copy from iterator to iterator, (2)
-          copy from const iterator to const iterator, and (3) conversion from
-          iterator to const iterator. However conversion from const iterator
-          to iterator is not defined.
-    */
-
-    /*!
-    @brief const copy constructor
-    @param[in] other const iterator to copy from
-    @note This copy constructor had to be defined explicitly to circumvent a bug
-          occurring on msvc v19.0 compiler (VS 2015) debug build. For more
-          information refer to: https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1608
-    */
-    iter_impl(const iter_impl<const BasicJsonType>& other) noexcept
-        : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it)
-    {}
-
-    /*!
-    @brief converting assignment
-    @param[in] other const iterator to copy from
-    @return const/non-const iterator
-    @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
-    */
-    iter_impl& operator=(const iter_impl<const BasicJsonType>& other) noexcept
-    {
-        m_object = other.m_object;
-        m_it = other.m_it;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief converting constructor
-    @param[in] other  non-const iterator to copy from
-    @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
-    */
-    iter_impl(const iter_impl<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type>& other) noexcept
-        : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it)
-    {}
-
-    /*!
-    @brief converting assignment
-    @param[in] other  non-const iterator to copy from
-    @return const/non-const iterator
-    @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
-    */
-    iter_impl& operator=(const iter_impl<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type>& other) noexcept
-    {
-        m_object = other.m_object;
-        m_it = other.m_it;
-        return *this;
-    }
+/*!
+Generates V = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent, such that M- <= V <= M+.
+M- and M+ must be normalized and share the same exponent -60 <= e <= -32.
+*/
+inline void grisu2_digit_gen(char *buffer, int &length, int &decimal_exponent,
+                             diyfp M_minus, diyfp w, diyfp M_plus) {
+  static_assert(kAlpha >= -60, "internal error");
+  static_assert(kGamma <= -32, "internal error");
+
+  // Generates the digits (and the exponent) of a decimal floating-point
+  // number V = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent in the range [M-, M+]. The diyfp's
+  // w, M- and M+ share the same exponent e, which satisfies alpha <= e <=
+  // gamma.
+  //
+  //               <--------------------------- delta ---->
+  //                                  <---- dist --------->
+  // --------------[------------------+-------------------]--------------
+  //               M-                 w                   M+
+  //
+  // Grisu2 generates the digits of M+ from left to right and stops as soon as
+  // V is in [M-,M+].
+
+  assert(M_plus.e >= kAlpha);
+  assert(M_plus.e <= kGamma);
+
+  std::uint64_t delta =
+      diyfp::sub(M_plus, M_minus)
+          .f; // (significand of (M+ - M-), implicit exponent is e)
+  std::uint64_t dist =
+      diyfp::sub(M_plus, w)
+          .f; // (significand of (M+ - w ), implicit exponent is e)
+
+  // Split M+ = f * 2^e into two parts p1 and p2 (note: e < 0):
+  //
+  //      M+ = f * 2^e
+  //         = ((f div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (f mod 2^-e)) * 2^e
+  //         = ((p1        ) * 2^-e + (p2        )) * 2^e
+  //         = p1 + p2 * 2^e
+
+  const diyfp one(std::uint64_t{1} << -M_plus.e, M_plus.e);
+
+  auto p1 = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(
+      M_plus.f >>
+      -one.e); // p1 = f div 2^-e (Since -e >= 32, p1 fits into a 32-bit int.)
+  std::uint64_t p2 = M_plus.f & (one.f - 1); // p2 = f mod 2^-e
+
+  // 1)
+  //
+  // Generate the digits of the integral part p1 = d[n-1]...d[1]d[0]
+
+  assert(p1 > 0);
+
+  std::uint32_t pow10;
+  const int k = find_largest_pow10(p1, pow10);
+
+  //      10^(k-1) <= p1 < 10^k, pow10 = 10^(k-1)
+  //
+  //      p1 = (p1 div 10^(k-1)) * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))
+  //         = (d[k-1]         ) * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))
+  //
+  //      M+ = p1                                             + p2 * 2^e
+  //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))          + p2 * 2^e
+  //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + ((p1 mod 10^(k-1)) * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e
+  //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + (                         rest) * 2^e
+  //
+  // Now generate the digits d[n] of p1 from left to right (n = k-1,...,0)
+  //
+  //      p1 = d[k-1]...d[n] * 10^n + d[n-1]...d[0]
+  //
+  // but stop as soon as
+  //
+  //      rest * 2^e = (d[n-1]...d[0] * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
+
+  int n = k;
+  while (n > 0) {
+    // Invariants:
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (p1 + p2 * 2^e)    (buffer = 0 for n = k)
+    //      pow10 = 10^(n-1) <= p1 < 10^n
+    //
+    const std::uint32_t d = p1 / pow10; // d = p1 div 10^(n-1)
+    const std::uint32_t r = p1 % pow10; // r = p1 mod 10^(n-1)
+    //
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (d * 10^(n-1) + r) + p2 * 2^e
+    //         = (buffer * 10 + d) * 10^(n-1) + (r + p2 * 2^e)
+    //
+    assert(d <= 9);
+    buffer[length++] = static_cast<char>('0' + d); // buffer := buffer * 10 + d
+    //
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^(n-1) + (r + p2 * 2^e)
+    //
+    p1 = r;
+    n--;
+    //
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (p1 + p2 * 2^e)
+    //      pow10 = 10^n
+    //
 
-  private:
-    /*!
-    @brief set the iterator to the first value
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    void set_begin() noexcept
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
+    // Now check if enough digits have been generated.
+    // Compute
+    //
+    //      p1 + p2 * 2^e = (p1 * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e = rest * 2^e
+    //
+    // Note:
+    // Since rest and delta share the same exponent e, it suffices to
+    // compare the significands.
+    const std::uint64_t rest = (std::uint64_t{p1} << -one.e) + p2;
+    if (rest <= delta) {
+      // V = buffer * 10^n, with M- <= V <= M+.
+
+      decimal_exponent += n;
+
+      // We may now just stop. But instead look if the buffer could be
+      // decremented to bring V closer to w.
+      //
+      // pow10 = 10^n is now 1 ulp in the decimal representation V.
+      // The rounding procedure works with diyfp's with an implicit
+      // exponent of e.
+      //
+      //      10^n = (10^n * 2^-e) * 2^e = ulp * 2^e
+      //
+      const std::uint64_t ten_n = std::uint64_t{pow10} << -one.e;
+      grisu2_round(buffer, length, dist, delta, rest, ten_n);
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    pow10 /= 10;
+    //
+    //      pow10 = 10^(n-1) <= p1 < 10^n
+    // Invariants restored.
+  }
+
+  // 2)
+  //
+  // The digits of the integral part have been generated:
+  //
+  //      M+ = d[k-1]...d[1]d[0] + p2 * 2^e
+  //         = buffer            + p2 * 2^e
+  //
+  // Now generate the digits of the fractional part p2 * 2^e.
+  //
+  // Note:
+  // No decimal point is generated: the exponent is adjusted instead.
+  //
+  // p2 actually represents the fraction
+  //
+  //      p2 * 2^e
+  //          = p2 / 2^-e
+  //          = d[-1] / 10^1 + d[-2] / 10^2 + ...
+  //
+  // Now generate the digits d[-m] of p1 from left to right (m = 1,2,...)
+  //
+  //      p2 * 2^e = d[-1]d[-2]...d[-m] * 10^-m
+  //                      + 10^-m * (d[-m-1] / 10^1 + d[-m-2] / 10^2 + ...)
+  //
+  // using
+  //
+  //      10^m * p2 = ((10^m * p2) div 2^-e) * 2^-e + ((10^m * p2) mod 2^-e)
+  //                = (                   d) * 2^-e + (                   r)
+  //
+  // or
+  //      10^m * p2 * 2^e = d + r * 2^e
+  //
+  // i.e.
+  //
+  //      M+ = buffer + p2 * 2^e
+  //         = buffer + 10^-m * (d + r * 2^e)
+  //         = (buffer * 10^m + d) * 10^-m + 10^-m * r * 2^e
+  //
+  // and stop as soon as 10^-m * r * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
+
+  assert(p2 > delta);
+
+  int m = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Invariant:
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (d[-m-1] / 10 + d[-m-2] / 10^2 + ...)
+    //      * 2^e
+    //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (p2                                 )
+    //         * 2^e = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (10 * p2) ) * 2^e =
+    //         buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * ((10*p2 div 2^-e) * 2^-e +
+    //         (10*p2 mod 2^-e)) * 2^e
+    //
+    assert(p2 <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)() / 10);
+    p2 *= 10;
+    const std::uint64_t d = p2 >> -one.e;     // d = (10 * p2) div 2^-e
+    const std::uint64_t r = p2 & (one.f - 1); // r = (10 * p2) mod 2^-e
+    //
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (d * 2^-e + r) * 2^e
+    //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (d + r * 2^e))
+    //         = (buffer * 10 + d) * 10^(-m-1) + 10^(-m-1) * r * 2^e
+    //
+    assert(d <= 9);
+    buffer[length++] = static_cast<char>('0' + d); // buffer := buffer * 10 + d
+    //
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^(-m-1) + 10^(-m-1) * r * 2^e
+    //
+    p2 = r;
+    m++;
+    //
+    //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * p2 * 2^e
+    // Invariant restored.
 
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->begin();
-                break;
-            }
+    // Check if enough digits have been generated.
+    //
+    //      10^-m * p2 * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
+    //              p2 * 2^e <= 10^m * delta * 2^e
+    //                    p2 <= 10^m * delta
+    delta *= 10;
+    dist *= 10;
+    if (p2 <= delta) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // V = buffer * 10^-m, with M- <= V <= M+.
+
+  decimal_exponent -= m;
+
+  // 1 ulp in the decimal representation is now 10^-m.
+  // Since delta and dist are now scaled by 10^m, we need to do the
+  // same with ulp in order to keep the units in sync.
+  //
+  //      10^m * 10^-m = 1 = 2^-e * 2^e = ten_m * 2^e
+  //
+  const std::uint64_t ten_m = one.f;
+  grisu2_round(buffer, length, dist, delta, p2, ten_m);
+
+  // By construction this algorithm generates the shortest possible decimal
+  // number (Loitsch, Theorem 6.2) which rounds back to w.
+  // For an input number of precision p, at least
+  //
+  //      N = 1 + ceil(p * log_10(2))
+  //
+  // decimal digits are sufficient to identify all binary floating-point
+  // numbers (Matula, "In-and-Out conversions").
+  // This implies that the algorithm does not produce more than N decimal
+  // digits.
+  //
+  //      N = 17 for p = 53 (IEEE double precision)
+  //      N = 9  for p = 24 (IEEE single precision)
+}
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->begin();
-                break;
-            }
+/*!
+v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
+len is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
+The buffer must be large enough, i.e. >= max_digits10.
+*/
+JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
+inline void grisu2(char *buf, int &len, int &decimal_exponent, diyfp m_minus,
+                   diyfp v, diyfp m_plus) {
+  assert(m_plus.e == m_minus.e);
+  assert(m_plus.e == v.e);
+
+  //  --------(-----------------------+-----------------------)--------    (A)
+  //          m-                      v                       m+
+  //
+  //  --------------------(-----------+-----------------------)--------    (B)
+  //                      m-          v                       m+
+  //
+  // First scale v (and m- and m+) such that the exponent is in the range
+  // [alpha, gamma].
+
+  const cached_power cached = get_cached_power_for_binary_exponent(m_plus.e);
+
+  const diyfp c_minus_k(cached.f, cached.e); // = c ~= 10^-k
+
+  // The exponent of the products is = v.e + c_minus_k.e + q and is in the range
+  // [alpha,gamma]
+  const diyfp w = diyfp::mul(v, c_minus_k);
+  const diyfp w_minus = diyfp::mul(m_minus, c_minus_k);
+  const diyfp w_plus = diyfp::mul(m_plus, c_minus_k);
+
+  //  ----(---+---)---------------(---+---)---------------(---+---)----
+  //          w-                      w                       w+
+  //          = c*m-                  = c*v                   = c*m+
+  //
+  // diyfp::mul rounds its result and c_minus_k is approximated too. w, w- and
+  // w+ are now off by a small amount.
+  // In fact:
+  //
+  //      w - v * 10^k < 1 ulp
+  //
+  // To account for this inaccuracy, add resp. subtract 1 ulp.
+  //
+  //  --------+---[---------------(---+---)---------------]---+--------
+  //          w-  M-                  w                   M+  w+
+  //
+  // Now any number in [M-, M+] (bounds included) will round to w when input,
+  // regardless of how the input rounding algorithm breaks ties.
+  //
+  // And digit_gen generates the shortest possible such number in [M-, M+].
+  // Note that this does not mean that Grisu2 always generates the shortest
+  // possible number in the interval (m-, m+).
+  const diyfp M_minus(w_minus.f + 1, w_minus.e);
+  const diyfp M_plus(w_plus.f - 1, w_plus.e);
+
+  decimal_exponent = -cached.k; // = -(-k) = k
+
+  grisu2_digit_gen(buf, len, decimal_exponent, M_minus, w, M_plus);
+}
 
-            case value_t::null:
-            {
-                // set to end so begin()==end() is true: null is empty
-                m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
-                break;
-            }
+/*!
+v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
+len is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
+The buffer must be large enough, i.e. >= max_digits10.
+*/
+template <typename FloatType>
+JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
+void grisu2(char *buf, int &len, int &decimal_exponent, FloatType value) {
+  static_assert(diyfp::kPrecision >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits + 3,
+                "internal error: not enough precision");
+
+  assert(std::isfinite(value));
+  assert(value > 0);
+
+  // If the neighbors (and boundaries) of 'value' are always computed for
+  // double-precision numbers, all float's can be recovered using strtod (and
+  // strtof). However, the resulting decimal representations are not exactly
+  // "short".
+  //
+  // The documentation for 'std::to_chars'
+  // (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/to_chars) says "value is
+  // converted to a string as if by std::sprintf in the default ("C") locale"
+  // and since sprintf promotes float's to double's, I think this is exactly
+  // what 'std::to_chars' does. On the other hand, the documentation for
+  // 'std::to_chars' requires that "parsing the representation using the
+  // corresponding std::from_chars function recovers value exactly". That
+  // indicates that single precision floating-point numbers should be recovered
+  // using 'std::strtof'.
+  //
+  // NB: If the neighbors are computed for single-precision numbers, there is a
+  // single float
+  //     (7.0385307e-26f) which can't be recovered using strtod. The resulting
+  //     double precision value is off by 1 ulp.
+#if 0
+    const boundaries w = compute_boundaries(static_cast<double>(value));
+#else
+  const boundaries w = compute_boundaries(value);
+#endif
 
-            default:
-            {
-                m_it.primitive_iterator.set_begin();
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+  grisu2(buf, len, decimal_exponent, w.minus, w.w, w.plus);
+}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief set the iterator past the last value
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    void set_end() noexcept
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
+/*!
+@brief appends a decimal representation of e to buf
+@return a pointer to the element following the exponent.
+@pre -1000 < e < 1000
+*/
+JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
+JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+inline char *append_exponent(char *buf, int e) {
+  assert(e > -1000);
+  assert(e < 1000);
+
+  if (e < 0) {
+    e = -e;
+    *buf++ = '-';
+  } else {
+    *buf++ = '+';
+  }
+
+  auto k = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(e);
+  if (k < 10) {
+    // Always print at least two digits in the exponent.
+    // This is for compatibility with printf("%g").
+    *buf++ = '0';
+    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
+  } else if (k < 100) {
+    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 10);
+    k %= 10;
+    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
+  } else {
+    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 100);
+    k %= 100;
+    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 10);
+    k %= 10;
+    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
+  }
+
+  return buf;
+}
 
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->end();
-                break;
-            }
+/*!
+@brief prettify v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->end();
-                break;
-            }
+If v is in the range [10^min_exp, 10^max_exp) it will be printed in fixed-point
+notation. Otherwise it will be printed in exponential notation.
 
-            default:
-            {
-                m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+@pre min_exp < 0
+@pre max_exp > 0
+*/
+JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
+JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+inline char *format_buffer(char *buf, int len, int decimal_exponent,
+                           int min_exp, int max_exp) {
+  assert(min_exp < 0);
+  assert(max_exp > 0);
+
+  const int k = len;
+  const int n = len + decimal_exponent;
+
+  // v = buf * 10^(n-k)
+  // k is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
+  // n is the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the buffer.
+
+  if (k <= n and n <= max_exp) {
+    // digits[000]
+    // len <= max_exp + 2
+
+    std::memset(buf + k, '0', static_cast<size_t>(n - k));
+    // Make it look like a floating-point number (#362, #378)
+    buf[n + 0] = '.';
+    buf[n + 1] = '0';
+    return buf + (n + 2);
+  }
+
+  if (0 < n and n <= max_exp) {
+    // dig.its
+    // len <= max_digits10 + 1
+
+    assert(k > n);
+
+    std::memmove(buf + (n + 1), buf + n, static_cast<size_t>(k - n));
+    buf[n] = '.';
+    return buf + (k + 1);
+  }
+
+  if (min_exp < n and n <= 0) {
+    // 0.[000]digits
+    // len <= 2 + (-min_exp - 1) + max_digits10
+
+    std::memmove(buf + (2 + -n), buf, static_cast<size_t>(k));
+    buf[0] = '0';
+    buf[1] = '.';
+    std::memset(buf + 2, '0', static_cast<size_t>(-n));
+    return buf + (2 + (-n) + k);
+  }
+
+  if (k == 1) {
+    // dE+123
+    // len <= 1 + 5
+
+    buf += 1;
+  } else {
+    // d.igitsE+123
+    // len <= max_digits10 + 1 + 5
+
+    std::memmove(buf + 2, buf + 1, static_cast<size_t>(k - 1));
+    buf[1] = '.';
+    buf += 1 + k;
+  }
+
+  *buf++ = 'e';
+  return append_exponent(buf, n - 1);
+}
 
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @brief return a reference to the value pointed to by the iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    reference operator*() const
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
+} // namespace dtoa_impl
 
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
-                return m_it.object_iterator->second;
-            }
+/*!
+@brief generates a decimal representation of the floating-point number value in
+[first, last).
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
-                return *m_it.array_iterator;
-            }
+The format of the resulting decimal representation is similar to printf's %g
+format. Returns an iterator pointing past-the-end of the decimal representation.
 
-            case value_t::null:
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
+@note The input number must be finite, i.e. NaN's and Inf's are not supported.
+@note The buffer must be large enough.
+@note The result is NOT null-terminated.
+*/
+template <typename FloatType>
+JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1, 2)
+JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+    char *to_chars(char *first, const char *last, FloatType value) {
+  static_cast<void>(last); // maybe unused - fix warning
+  assert(std::isfinite(value));
+
+  // Use signbit(value) instead of (value < 0) since signbit works for -0.
+  if (std::signbit(value)) {
+    value = -value;
+    *first++ = '-';
+  }
+
+  if (value == 0) // +-0
+  {
+    *first++ = '0';
+    // Make it look like a floating-point number (#362, #378)
+    *first++ = '.';
+    *first++ = '0';
+    return first;
+  }
+
+  assert(last - first >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
+
+  // Compute v = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent.
+  // The decimal digits are stored in the buffer, which needs to be interpreted
+  // as an unsigned decimal integer.
+  // len is the length of the buffer, i.e. the number of decimal digits.
+  int len = 0;
+  int decimal_exponent = 0;
+  dtoa_impl::grisu2(first, len, decimal_exponent, value);
+
+  assert(len <= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
+
+  // Format the buffer like printf("%.*g", prec, value)
+  constexpr int kMinExp = -4;
+  // Use digits10 here to increase compatibility with version 2.
+  constexpr int kMaxExp = std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits10;
+
+  assert(last - first >= kMaxExp + 2);
+  assert(last - first >=
+         2 + (-kMinExp - 1) + std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
+  assert(last - first >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10 + 6);
+
+  return dtoa_impl::format_buffer(first, len, decimal_exponent, kMinExp,
+                                  kMaxExp);
+}
 
-            default:
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()))
-                {
-                    return *m_object;
-                }
-
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief dereference the iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    pointer operator->() const
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
-                return &(m_it.object_iterator->second);
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
-                return &*m_it.array_iterator;
-            }
-
-            default:
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()))
-                {
-                    return m_object;
-                }
-
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief post-increment (it++)
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl const operator++(int)
-    {
-        auto result = *this;
-        ++(*this);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief pre-increment (++it)
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl& operator++()
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, 1);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, 1);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-            {
-                ++m_it.primitive_iterator;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief post-decrement (it--)
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl const operator--(int)
-    {
-        auto result = *this;
-        --(*this);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief pre-decrement (--it)
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl& operator--()
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, -1);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, -1);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-            {
-                --m_it.primitive_iterator;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  comparison: equal
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    bool operator==(const iter_impl& other) const
-    {
-        // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_object != other.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
-        }
-
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-                return (m_it.object_iterator == other.m_it.object_iterator);
-
-            case value_t::array:
-                return (m_it.array_iterator == other.m_it.array_iterator);
-
-            default:
-                return (m_it.primitive_iterator == other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  comparison: not equal
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    bool operator!=(const iter_impl& other) const
-    {
-        return not operator==(other);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  comparison: smaller
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    bool operator<(const iter_impl& other) const
-    {
-        // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_object != other.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
-        }
-
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(213, "cannot compare order of object iterators"));
-
-            case value_t::array:
-                return (m_it.array_iterator < other.m_it.array_iterator);
-
-            default:
-                return (m_it.primitive_iterator < other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  comparison: less than or equal
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    bool operator<=(const iter_impl& other) const
-    {
-        return not other.operator < (*this);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  comparison: greater than
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    bool operator>(const iter_impl& other) const
-    {
-        return not operator<=(other);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  comparison: greater than or equal
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    bool operator>=(const iter_impl& other) const
-    {
-        return not operator<(other);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  add to iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl& operator+=(difference_type i)
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, i);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-            {
-                m_it.primitive_iterator += i;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  subtract from iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl& operator-=(difference_type i)
-    {
-        return operator+=(-i);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  add to iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl operator+(difference_type i) const
-    {
-        auto result = *this;
-        result += i;
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  addition of distance and iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    friend iter_impl operator+(difference_type i, const iter_impl& it)
-    {
-        auto result = it;
-        result += i;
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  subtract from iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    iter_impl operator-(difference_type i) const
-    {
-        auto result = *this;
-        result -= i;
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  return difference
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    difference_type operator-(const iter_impl& other) const
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
-
-            case value_t::array:
-                return m_it.array_iterator - other.m_it.array_iterator;
-
-            default:
-                return m_it.primitive_iterator - other.m_it.primitive_iterator;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  access to successor
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    reference operator[](difference_type n) const
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        switch (m_object->m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(208, "cannot use operator[] for object iterators"));
-
-            case value_t::array:
-                return *std::next(m_it.array_iterator, n);
-
-            case value_t::null:
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
-
-            default:
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.get_value() == -n))
-                {
-                    return *m_object;
-                }
-
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value"));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  return the key of an object iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    const typename object_t::key_type& key() const
-    {
-        assert(m_object != nullptr);
-
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_object->is_object()))
-        {
-            return m_it.object_iterator->first;
-        }
-
-        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(207, "cannot use key() for non-object iterators"));
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief  return the value of an iterator
-    @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-    */
-    reference value() const
-    {
-        return operator*();
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// associated JSON instance
-    pointer m_object = nullptr;
-    /// the actual iterator of the associated instance
-    internal_iterator<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type> m_it {};
-};
 } // namespace detail
-} // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/json_reverse_iterator.hpp>
-
-
-#include <cstddef> // ptrdiff_t
-#include <iterator> // reverse_iterator
-#include <utility> // declval
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-//////////////////////
-// reverse_iterator //
-//////////////////////
-
-/*!
-@brief a template for a reverse iterator class
-
-@tparam Base the base iterator type to reverse. Valid types are @ref
-iterator (to create @ref reverse_iterator) and @ref const_iterator (to
-create @ref const_reverse_iterator).
-
-@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
--
-[BidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator):
-  The iterator that can be moved can be moved in both directions (i.e.
-  incremented and decremented).
-- [OutputIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/OutputIterator):
-  It is possible to write to the pointed-to element (only if @a Base is
-  @ref iterator).
-
-@since version 1.0.0
-*/
-template<typename Base>
-class json_reverse_iterator : public std::reverse_iterator<Base>
-{
-  public:
-    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-    /// shortcut to the reverse iterator adapter
-    using base_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<Base>;
-    /// the reference type for the pointed-to element
-    using reference = typename Base::reference;
-
-    /// create reverse iterator from iterator
-    explicit json_reverse_iterator(const typename base_iterator::iterator_type& it) noexcept
-        : base_iterator(it) {}
-
-    /// create reverse iterator from base class
-    explicit json_reverse_iterator(const base_iterator& it) noexcept : base_iterator(it) {}
-
-    /// post-increment (it++)
-    json_reverse_iterator const operator++(int)
-    {
-        return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator++(1));
-    }
-
-    /// pre-increment (++it)
-    json_reverse_iterator& operator++()
-    {
-        return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator&>(base_iterator::operator++());
-    }
-
-    /// post-decrement (it--)
-    json_reverse_iterator const operator--(int)
-    {
-        return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator--(1));
-    }
-
-    /// pre-decrement (--it)
-    json_reverse_iterator& operator--()
-    {
-        return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator&>(base_iterator::operator--());
-    }
-
-    /// add to iterator
-    json_reverse_iterator& operator+=(difference_type i)
-    {
-        return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator&>(base_iterator::operator+=(i));
-    }
-
-    /// add to iterator
-    json_reverse_iterator operator+(difference_type i) const
-    {
-        return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator+(i));
-    }
-
-    /// subtract from iterator
-    json_reverse_iterator operator-(difference_type i) const
-    {
-        return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator-(i));
-    }
-
-    /// return difference
-    difference_type operator-(const json_reverse_iterator& other) const
-    {
-        return base_iterator(*this) - base_iterator(other);
-    }
-
-    /// access to successor
-    reference operator[](difference_type n) const
-    {
-        return *(this->operator+(n));
-    }
-
-    /// return the key of an object iterator
-    auto key() const -> decltype(std::declval<Base>().key())
-    {
-        auto it = --this->base();
-        return it.key();
-    }
-
-    /// return the value of an iterator
-    reference value() const
-    {
-        auto it = --this->base();
-        return it.operator * ();
-    }
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/json_pointer.hpp>
-
-
-#include <algorithm> // all_of
-#include <cassert> // assert
-#include <cctype> // isdigit
-#include <numeric> // accumulate
-#include <string> // string
-#include <utility> // move
-#include <vector> // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class json_pointer
-{
-    // allow basic_json to access private members
-    NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-    friend class basic_json;
-
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @brief create JSON pointer
-
-    Create a JSON pointer according to the syntax described in
-    [Section 3 of RFC6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901#section-3).
-
-    @param[in] s  string representing the JSON pointer; if omitted, the empty
-                  string is assumed which references the whole JSON value
-
-    @throw parse_error.107 if the given JSON pointer @a s is nonempty and does
-                           not begin with a slash (`/`); see example below
-
-    @throw parse_error.108 if a tilde (`~`) in the given JSON pointer @a s is
-    not followed by `0` (representing `~`) or `1` (representing `/`); see
-    example below
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the construction several valid JSON pointers
-    as well as the exceptional behavior.,json_pointer}
-
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    explicit json_pointer(const std::string& s = "")
-        : reference_tokens(split(s))
-    {}
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return a string representation of the JSON pointer
-
-    @invariant For each JSON pointer `ptr`, it holds:
-    @code {.cpp}
-    ptr == json_pointer(ptr.to_string());
-    @endcode
-
-    @return a string representation of the JSON pointer
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `to_string`.,json_pointer__to_string}
-
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    std::string to_string() const
-    {
-        return std::accumulate(reference_tokens.begin(), reference_tokens.end(),
-                               std::string{},
-                               [](const std::string & a, const std::string & b)
-        {
-            return a + "/" + escape(b);
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// @copydoc to_string()
-    operator std::string() const
-    {
-        return to_string();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief append another JSON pointer at the end of this JSON pointer
-
-    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to append
-    @return JSON pointer with @a ptr appended
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `operator/=`.,json_pointer__operator_add}
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of @a ptr.
-
-    @sa @ref operator/=(std::string) to append a reference token
-    @sa @ref operator/=(std::size_t) to append an array index
-    @sa @ref operator/(const json_pointer&, const json_pointer&) for a binary operator
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    json_pointer& operator/=(const json_pointer& ptr)
-    {
-        reference_tokens.insert(reference_tokens.end(),
-                                ptr.reference_tokens.begin(),
-                                ptr.reference_tokens.end());
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief append an unescaped reference token at the end of this JSON pointer
-
-    @param[in] token  reference token to append
-    @return JSON pointer with @a token appended without escaping @a token
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `operator/=`.,json_pointer__operator_add}
-
-    @complexity Amortized constant.
-
-    @sa @ref operator/=(const json_pointer&) to append a JSON pointer
-    @sa @ref operator/=(std::size_t) to append an array index
-    @sa @ref operator/(const json_pointer&, std::size_t) for a binary operator
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    json_pointer& operator/=(std::string token)
-    {
-        push_back(std::move(token));
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief append an array index at the end of this JSON pointer
-
-    @param[in] array_index  array index to append
-    @return JSON pointer with @a array_index appended
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `operator/=`.,json_pointer__operator_add}
-
-    @complexity Amortized constant.
-
-    @sa @ref operator/=(const json_pointer&) to append a JSON pointer
-    @sa @ref operator/=(std::string) to append a reference token
-    @sa @ref operator/(const json_pointer&, std::string) for a binary operator
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    json_pointer& operator/=(std::size_t array_index)
-    {
-        return *this /= std::to_string(array_index);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the right JSON pointer at the end of the left JSON pointer
-
-    @param[in] lhs  JSON pointer
-    @param[in] rhs  JSON pointer
-    @return a new JSON pointer with @a rhs appended to @a lhs
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `operator/`.,json_pointer__operator_add_binary}
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of @a lhs and @a rhs.
-
-    @sa @ref operator/=(const json_pointer&) to append a JSON pointer
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer& lhs,
-                                  const json_pointer& rhs)
-    {
-        return json_pointer(lhs) /= rhs;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the unescaped token at the end of the JSON pointer
-
-    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer
-    @param[in] token  reference token
-    @return a new JSON pointer with unescaped @a token appended to @a ptr
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `operator/`.,json_pointer__operator_add_binary}
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of @a ptr.
-
-    @sa @ref operator/=(std::string) to append a reference token
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer& ptr, std::string token)
-    {
-        return json_pointer(ptr) /= std::move(token);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the array-index-token at the end of the JSON pointer
-
-    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer
-    @param[in] array_index  array index
-    @return a new JSON pointer with @a array_index appended to @a ptr
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `operator/`.,json_pointer__operator_add_binary}
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of @a ptr.
-
-    @sa @ref operator/=(std::size_t) to append an array index
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer& ptr, std::size_t array_index)
-    {
-        return json_pointer(ptr) /= array_index;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief returns the parent of this JSON pointer
-
-    @return parent of this JSON pointer; in case this JSON pointer is the root,
-            the root itself is returned
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `parent_pointer` for different
-    JSON Pointers.,json_pointer__parent_pointer}
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    json_pointer parent_pointer() const
-    {
-        if (empty())
-        {
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        json_pointer res = *this;
-        res.pop_back();
-        return res;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief remove last reference token
-
-    @pre not `empty()`
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `pop_back`.,json_pointer__pop_back}
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    void pop_back()
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
-        }
-
-        reference_tokens.pop_back();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return last reference token
-
-    @pre not `empty()`
-    @return last reference token
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the usage of `back`.,json_pointer__back}
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    const std::string& back() const
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
-        }
-
-        return reference_tokens.back();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief append an unescaped token at the end of the reference pointer
-
-    @param[in] token  token to add
-
-    @complexity Amortized constant.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `push_back` for different
-    JSON Pointers.,json_pointer__push_back}
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    void push_back(const std::string& token)
-    {
-        reference_tokens.push_back(token);
-    }
-
-    /// @copydoc push_back(const std::string&)
-    void push_back(std::string&& token)
-    {
-        reference_tokens.push_back(std::move(token));
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether pointer points to the root document
-
-    @return true iff the JSON pointer points to the root document
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `empty` for different JSON
-    Pointers.,json_pointer__empty}
-
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    bool empty() const noexcept
-    {
-        return reference_tokens.empty();
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /*!
-    @param[in] s  reference token to be converted into an array index
-
-    @return integer representation of @a s
-
-    @throw out_of_range.404 if string @a s could not be converted to an integer
-    */
-    static int array_index(const std::string& s)
-    {
-        std::size_t processed_chars = 0;
-        const int res = std::stoi(s, &processed_chars);
-
-        // check if the string was completely read
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(processed_chars != s.size()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(404, "unresolved reference token '" + s + "'"));
-        }
-
-        return res;
-    }
-
-    json_pointer top() const
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
-        }
-
-        json_pointer result = *this;
-        result.reference_tokens = {reference_tokens[0]};
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create and return a reference to the pointed to value
-
-    @complexity Linear in the number of reference tokens.
-
-    @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
-    @throw type_error.313 if value cannot be unflattened
-    */
-    BasicJsonType& get_and_create(BasicJsonType& j) const
-    {
-        using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
-        auto result = &j;
-
-        // in case no reference tokens exist, return a reference to the JSON value
-        // j which will be overwritten by a primitive value
-        for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
-        {
-            switch (result->type())
-            {
-                case detail::value_t::null:
-                {
-                    if (reference_token == "0")
-                    {
-                        // start a new array if reference token is 0
-                        result = &result->operator[](0);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // start a new object otherwise
-                        result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case detail::value_t::object:
-                {
-                    // create an entry in the object
-                    result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case detail::value_t::array:
-                {
-                    // create an entry in the array
-                    JSON_TRY
-                    {
-                        result = &result->operator[](static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
-                    }
-                    JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument&)
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                /*
-                The following code is only reached if there exists a reference
-                token _and_ the current value is primitive. In this case, we have
-                an error situation, because primitive values may only occur as
-                single value; that is, with an empty list of reference tokens.
-                */
-                default:
-                    JSON_THROW(detail::type_error::create(313, "invalid value to unflatten"));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return a reference to the pointed to value
-
-    @note This version does not throw if a value is not present, but tries to
-          create nested values instead. For instance, calling this function
-          with pointer `"/this/that"` on a null value is equivalent to calling
-          `operator[]("this").operator[]("that")` on that value, effectively
-          changing the null value to an object.
-
-    @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
-
-    @return reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON pointer
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer.
-
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-    */
-    BasicJsonType& get_unchecked(BasicJsonType* ptr) const
-    {
-        using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
-        for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
-        {
-            // convert null values to arrays or objects before continuing
-            if (ptr->is_null())
-            {
-                // check if reference token is a number
-                const bool nums =
-                    std::all_of(reference_token.begin(), reference_token.end(),
-                                [](const unsigned char x)
-                {
-                    return std::isdigit(x);
-                });
-
-                // change value to array for numbers or "-" or to object otherwise
-                *ptr = (nums or reference_token == "-")
-                       ? detail::value_t::array
-                       : detail::value_t::object;
-            }
-
-            switch (ptr->type())
-            {
-                case detail::value_t::object:
-                {
-                    // use unchecked object access
-                    ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case detail::value_t::array:
-                {
-                    // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0'))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(106, 0,
-                                                               "array index '" + reference_token +
-                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
-                    }
-
-                    if (reference_token == "-")
-                    {
-                        // explicitly treat "-" as index beyond the end
-                        ptr = &ptr->operator[](ptr->m_value.array->size());
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // convert array index to number; unchecked access
-                        JSON_TRY
-                        {
-                            ptr = &ptr->operator[](
-                                static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
-                        }
-                        JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument&)
-                        {
-                            JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
-                        }
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                    JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *ptr;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-    @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
-    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-    */
-    BasicJsonType& get_checked(BasicJsonType* ptr) const
-    {
-        using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
-        for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
-        {
-            switch (ptr->type())
-            {
-                case detail::value_t::object:
-                {
-                    // note: at performs range check
-                    ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case detail::value_t::array:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-"))
-                    {
-                        // "-" always fails the range check
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(402,
-                                                                "array index '-' (" + std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
-                                                                ") is out of range"));
-                    }
-
-                    // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0'))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(106, 0,
-                                                               "array index '" + reference_token +
-                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
-                    }
-
-                    // note: at performs range check
-                    JSON_TRY
-                    {
-                        ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
-                    }
-                    JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument&)
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                    JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *ptr;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return a const reference to the pointed to value
-
-    @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
-
-    @return const reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON
-    pointer
-
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-    @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
-    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-    */
-    const BasicJsonType& get_unchecked(const BasicJsonType* ptr) const
-    {
-        using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
-        for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
-        {
-            switch (ptr->type())
-            {
-                case detail::value_t::object:
-                {
-                    // use unchecked object access
-                    ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case detail::value_t::array:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-"))
-                    {
-                        // "-" cannot be used for const access
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(402,
-                                                                "array index '-' (" + std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
-                                                                ") is out of range"));
-                    }
-
-                    // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0'))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(106, 0,
-                                                               "array index '" + reference_token +
-                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
-                    }
-
-                    // use unchecked array access
-                    JSON_TRY
-                    {
-                        ptr = &ptr->operator[](
-                            static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
-                    }
-                    JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument&)
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                    JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *ptr;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-    @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
-    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-    */
-    const BasicJsonType& get_checked(const BasicJsonType* ptr) const
-    {
-        using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
-        for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
-        {
-            switch (ptr->type())
-            {
-                case detail::value_t::object:
-                {
-                    // note: at performs range check
-                    ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case detail::value_t::array:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-"))
-                    {
-                        // "-" always fails the range check
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(402,
-                                                                "array index '-' (" + std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
-                                                                ") is out of range"));
-                    }
-
-                    // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0'))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(106, 0,
-                                                               "array index '" + reference_token +
-                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
-                    }
-
-                    // note: at performs range check
-                    JSON_TRY
-                    {
-                        ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token)));
-                    }
-                    JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument&)
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                    JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return *ptr;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-    */
-    bool contains(const BasicJsonType* ptr) const
-    {
-        using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
-        for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
-        {
-            switch (ptr->type())
-            {
-                case detail::value_t::object:
-                {
-                    if (not ptr->contains(reference_token))
-                    {
-                        // we did not find the key in the object
-                        return false;
-                    }
-
-                    ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case detail::value_t::array:
-                {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-"))
-                    {
-                        // "-" always fails the range check
-                        return false;
-                    }
-
-                    // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0'))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(106, 0,
-                                                               "array index '" + reference_token +
-                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
-                    }
-
-                    JSON_TRY
-                    {
-                        const auto idx = static_cast<size_type>(array_index(reference_token));
-                        if (idx >= ptr->size())
-                        {
-                            // index out of range
-                            return false;
-                        }
-
-                        ptr = &ptr->operator[](idx);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    JSON_CATCH(std::invalid_argument&)
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                {
-                    // we do not expect primitive values if there is still a
-                    // reference token to process
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // no reference token left means we found a primitive value
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief split the string input to reference tokens
-
-    @note This function is only called by the json_pointer constructor.
-          All exceptions below are documented there.
-
-    @throw parse_error.107  if the pointer is not empty or begins with '/'
-    @throw parse_error.108  if character '~' is not followed by '0' or '1'
-    */
-    static std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string& reference_string)
-    {
-        std::vector<std::string> result;
-
-        // special case: empty reference string -> no reference tokens
-        if (reference_string.empty())
-        {
-            return result;
-        }
-
-        // check if nonempty reference string begins with slash
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_string[0] != '/'))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(107, 1,
-                                                   "JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/' - was: '" +
-                                                   reference_string + "'"));
-        }
-
-        // extract the reference tokens:
-        // - slash: position of the last read slash (or end of string)
-        // - start: position after the previous slash
-        for (
-            // search for the first slash after the first character
-            std::size_t slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', 1),
-            // set the beginning of the first reference token
-            start = 1;
-            // we can stop if start == 0 (if slash == std::string::npos)
-            start != 0;
-            // set the beginning of the next reference token
-            // (will eventually be 0 if slash == std::string::npos)
-            start = (slash == std::string::npos) ? 0 : slash + 1,
-            // find next slash
-            slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', start))
-        {
-            // use the text between the beginning of the reference token
-            // (start) and the last slash (slash).
-            auto reference_token = reference_string.substr(start, slash - start);
-
-            // check reference tokens are properly escaped
-            for (std::size_t pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~');
-                    pos != std::string::npos;
-                    pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~', pos + 1))
-            {
-                assert(reference_token[pos] == '~');
-
-                // ~ must be followed by 0 or 1
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos == reference_token.size() - 1 or
-                                         (reference_token[pos + 1] != '0' and
-                                          reference_token[pos + 1] != '1')))
-                {
-                    JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(108, 0, "escape character '~' must be followed with '0' or '1'"));
-                }
-            }
-
-            // finally, store the reference token
-            unescape(reference_token);
-            result.push_back(reference_token);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief replace all occurrences of a substring by another string
-
-    @param[in,out] s  the string to manipulate; changed so that all
-                   occurrences of @a f are replaced with @a t
-    @param[in]     f  the substring to replace with @a t
-    @param[in]     t  the string to replace @a f
-
-    @pre The search string @a f must not be empty. **This precondition is
-    enforced with an assertion.**
-
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    static void replace_substring(std::string& s, const std::string& f,
-                                  const std::string& t)
-    {
-        assert(not f.empty());
-        for (auto pos = s.find(f);                // find first occurrence of f
-                pos != std::string::npos;         // make sure f was found
-                s.replace(pos, f.size(), t),      // replace with t, and
-                pos = s.find(f, pos + t.size()))  // find next occurrence of f
-        {}
-    }
-
-    /// escape "~" to "~0" and "/" to "~1"
-    static std::string escape(std::string s)
-    {
-        replace_substring(s, "~", "~0");
-        replace_substring(s, "/", "~1");
-        return s;
-    }
-
-    /// unescape "~1" to tilde and "~0" to slash (order is important!)
-    static void unescape(std::string& s)
-    {
-        replace_substring(s, "~1", "/");
-        replace_substring(s, "~0", "~");
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] reference_string  the reference string to the current value
-    @param[in] value             the value to consider
-    @param[in,out] result        the result object to insert values to
-
-    @note Empty objects or arrays are flattened to `null`.
-    */
-    static void flatten(const std::string& reference_string,
-                        const BasicJsonType& value,
-                        BasicJsonType& result)
-    {
-        switch (value.type())
-        {
-            case detail::value_t::array:
-            {
-                if (value.m_value.array->empty())
-                {
-                    // flatten empty array as null
-                    result[reference_string] = nullptr;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // iterate array and use index as reference string
-                    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < value.m_value.array->size(); ++i)
-                    {
-                        flatten(reference_string + "/" + std::to_string(i),
-                                value.m_value.array->operator[](i), result);
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case detail::value_t::object:
-            {
-                if (value.m_value.object->empty())
-                {
-                    // flatten empty object as null
-                    result[reference_string] = nullptr;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // iterate object and use keys as reference string
-                    for (const auto& element : *value.m_value.object)
-                    {
-                        flatten(reference_string + "/" + escape(element.first), element.second, result);
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-            {
-                // add primitive value with its reference string
-                result[reference_string] = value;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] value  flattened JSON
-
-    @return unflattened JSON
-
-    @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
-    @throw type_error.314  if value is not an object
-    @throw type_error.315  if object values are not primitive
-    @throw type_error.313  if value cannot be unflattened
-    */
-    static BasicJsonType
-    unflatten(const BasicJsonType& value)
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not value.is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(detail::type_error::create(314, "only objects can be unflattened"));
-        }
-
-        BasicJsonType result;
-
-        // iterate the JSON object values
-        for (const auto& element : *value.m_value.object)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not element.second.is_primitive()))
-            {
-                JSON_THROW(detail::type_error::create(315, "values in object must be primitive"));
-            }
-
-            // assign value to reference pointed to by JSON pointer; Note that if
-            // the JSON pointer is "" (i.e., points to the whole value), function
-            // get_and_create returns a reference to result itself. An assignment
-            // will then create a primitive value.
-            json_pointer(element.first).get_and_create(result) = element.second;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief compares two JSON pointers for equality
-
-    @param[in] lhs  JSON pointer to compare
-    @param[in] rhs  JSON pointer to compare
-    @return whether @a lhs is equal to @a rhs
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
-    */
-    friend bool operator==(json_pointer const& lhs,
-                           json_pointer const& rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs.reference_tokens == rhs.reference_tokens;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief compares two JSON pointers for inequality
-
-    @param[in] lhs  JSON pointer to compare
-    @param[in] rhs  JSON pointer to compare
-    @return whether @a lhs is not equal @a rhs
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
-    */
-    friend bool operator!=(json_pointer const& lhs,
-                           json_pointer const& rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return not (lhs == rhs);
-    }
-
-    /// the reference tokens
-    std::vector<std::string> reference_tokens;
-};
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/json_ref.hpp>
-
-
-#include <initializer_list>
-#include <utility>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class json_ref
-{
-  public:
-    using value_type = BasicJsonType;
-
-    json_ref(value_type&& value)
-        : owned_value(std::move(value)), value_ref(&owned_value), is_rvalue(true)
-    {}
-
-    json_ref(const value_type& value)
-        : value_ref(const_cast<value_type*>(&value)), is_rvalue(false)
-    {}
-
-    json_ref(std::initializer_list<json_ref> init)
-        : owned_value(init), value_ref(&owned_value), is_rvalue(true)
-    {}
-
-    template <
-        class... Args,
-        enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<value_type, Args...>::value, int> = 0 >
-    json_ref(Args && ... args)
-        : owned_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...), value_ref(&owned_value),
-          is_rvalue(true) {}
-
-    // class should be movable only
-    json_ref(json_ref&&) = default;
-    json_ref(const json_ref&) = delete;
-    json_ref& operator=(const json_ref&) = delete;
-    json_ref& operator=(json_ref&&) = delete;
-    ~json_ref() = default;
-
-    value_type moved_or_copied() const
-    {
-        if (is_rvalue)
-        {
-            return std::move(*value_ref);
-        }
-        return *value_ref;
-    }
-
-    value_type const& operator*() const
-    {
-        return *static_cast<value_type const*>(value_ref);
-    }
-
-    value_type const* operator->() const
-    {
-        return static_cast<value_type const*>(value_ref);
-    }
-
-  private:
-    mutable value_type owned_value = nullptr;
-    value_type* value_ref = nullptr;
-    const bool is_rvalue;
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp>
-
-
-#include <algorithm> // reverse
-#include <array> // array
-#include <cstdint> // uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t
-#include <cstring> // memcpy
-#include <limits> // numeric_limits
-#include <string> // string
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
-
-
-#include <algorithm> // copy
-#include <cstddef> // size_t
-#include <ios> // streamsize
-#include <iterator> // back_inserter
-#include <memory> // shared_ptr, make_shared
-#include <ostream> // basic_ostream
-#include <string> // basic_string
-#include <vector> // vector
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-/// abstract output adapter interface
-template<typename CharType> struct output_adapter_protocol
-{
-    virtual void write_character(CharType c) = 0;
-    virtual void write_characters(const CharType* s, std::size_t length) = 0;
-    virtual ~output_adapter_protocol() = default;
-};
-
-/// a type to simplify interfaces
-template<typename CharType>
-using output_adapter_t = std::shared_ptr<output_adapter_protocol<CharType>>;
-
-/// output adapter for byte vectors
-template<typename CharType>
-class output_vector_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType>
-{
-  public:
-    explicit output_vector_adapter(std::vector<CharType>& vec) noexcept
-        : v(vec)
-    {}
-
-    void write_character(CharType c) override
-    {
-        v.push_back(c);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    void write_characters(const CharType* s, std::size_t length) override
-    {
-        std::copy(s, s + length, std::back_inserter(v));
-    }
-
-  private:
-    std::vector<CharType>& v;
-};
-
-/// output adapter for output streams
-template<typename CharType>
-class output_stream_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType>
-{
-  public:
-    explicit output_stream_adapter(std::basic_ostream<CharType>& s) noexcept
-        : stream(s)
-    {}
-
-    void write_character(CharType c) override
-    {
-        stream.put(c);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    void write_characters(const CharType* s, std::size_t length) override
-    {
-        stream.write(s, static_cast<std::streamsize>(length));
-    }
-
-  private:
-    std::basic_ostream<CharType>& stream;
-};
-
-/// output adapter for basic_string
-template<typename CharType, typename StringType = std::basic_string<CharType>>
-class output_string_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType>
-{
-  public:
-    explicit output_string_adapter(StringType& s) noexcept
-        : str(s)
-    {}
-
-    void write_character(CharType c) override
-    {
-        str.push_back(c);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    void write_characters(const CharType* s, std::size_t length) override
-    {
-        str.append(s, length);
-    }
-
-  private:
-    StringType& str;
-};
-
-template<typename CharType, typename StringType = std::basic_string<CharType>>
-class output_adapter
-{
-  public:
-    output_adapter(std::vector<CharType>& vec)
-        : oa(std::make_shared<output_vector_adapter<CharType>>(vec)) {}
-
-    output_adapter(std::basic_ostream<CharType>& s)
-        : oa(std::make_shared<output_stream_adapter<CharType>>(s)) {}
-
-    output_adapter(StringType& s)
-        : oa(std::make_shared<output_string_adapter<CharType, StringType>>(s)) {}
-
-    operator output_adapter_t<CharType>()
-    {
-        return oa;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    output_adapter_t<CharType> oa = nullptr;
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-///////////////////
-// binary writer //
-///////////////////
-
-/*!
-@brief serialization to CBOR and MessagePack values
-*/
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CharType>
-class binary_writer
-{
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @brief create a binary writer
-
-    @param[in] adapter  output adapter to write to
-    */
-    explicit binary_writer(output_adapter_t<CharType> adapter) : oa(adapter)
-    {
-        assert(oa);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @pre       j.type() == value_t::object
-    */
-    void write_bson(const BasicJsonType& j)
-    {
-        switch (j.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                write_bson_object(*j.m_value.object);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-            {
-                JSON_THROW(type_error::create(317, "to serialize to BSON, top-level type must be object, but is " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    */
-    void write_cbor(const BasicJsonType& j)
-    {
-        switch (j.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::null:
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xF6));
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            {
-                oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean
-                                    ? to_char_type(0xF5)
-                                    : to_char_type(0xF4));
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0)
-                {
-                    // CBOR does not differentiate between positive signed
-                    // integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used the
-                    // code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
-                    if (j.m_value.number_integer <= 0x17)
-                    {
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // The conversions below encode the sign in the first
-                    // byte, and the value is converted to a positive number.
-                    const auto positive_number = -1 - j.m_value.number_integer;
-                    if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -24)
-                    {
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x20 + positive_number));
-                    }
-                    else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x38));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(positive_number));
-                    }
-                    else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x39));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(positive_number));
-                    }
-                    else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3A));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(positive_number));
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3B));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(positive_number));
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0x17)
-                {
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-                }
-                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-                }
-                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-                }
-                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            {
-                oa->write_character(get_cbor_float_prefix(j.m_value.number_float));
-                write_number(j.m_value.number_float);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                // step 1: write control byte and the string length
-                const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
-                if (N <= 0x17)
-                {
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x60 + N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x78));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x79));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7A));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-                }
-                // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7B));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
-                }
-                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-
-                // step 2: write the string
-                oa->write_characters(
-                    reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_value.string->c_str()),
-                    j.m_value.string->size());
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                // step 1: write control byte and the array size
-                const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
-                if (N <= 0x17)
-                {
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 + N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x98));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x99));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9A));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-                }
-                // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9B));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
-                }
-                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-
-                // step 2: write each element
-                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.array)
-                {
-                    write_cbor(el);
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                // step 1: write control byte and the object size
-                const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
-                if (N <= 0x17)
-                {
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 + N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB8));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB9));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBA));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-                }
-                // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBB));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
-                }
-                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-
-                // step 2: write each element
-                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.object)
-                {
-                    write_cbor(el.first);
-                    write_cbor(el.second);
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    */
-    void write_msgpack(const BasicJsonType& j)
-    {
-        switch (j.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::null: // nil
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xC0));
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::boolean: // true and false
-            {
-                oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean
-                                    ? to_char_type(0xC3)
-                                    : to_char_type(0xC2));
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0)
-                {
-                    // MessagePack does not differentiate between positive
-                    // signed integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used
-                    // the code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
-                    if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128)
-                    {
-                        // positive fixnum
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // uint 8
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // uint 16
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // uint 32
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // uint 64
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -32)
-                    {
-                        // negative fixnum
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() and
-                             j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // int 8
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD0));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() and
-                             j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // int 16
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD1));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() and
-                             j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // int 32
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD2));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() and
-                             j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())
-                    {
-                        // int 64
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD3));
-                        write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128)
-                {
-                    // positive fixnum
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                }
-                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // uint 8
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                }
-                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // uint 16
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                }
-                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // uint 32
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                }
-                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // uint 64
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            {
-                oa->write_character(get_msgpack_float_prefix(j.m_value.number_float));
-                write_number(j.m_value.number_float);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                // step 1: write control byte and the string length
-                const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
-                if (N <= 31)
-                {
-                    // fixstr
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 | N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // str 8
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD9));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // str 16
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDA));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // str 32
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDB));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-                }
-
-                // step 2: write the string
-                oa->write_characters(
-                    reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_value.string->c_str()),
-                    j.m_value.string->size());
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                // step 1: write control byte and the array size
-                const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
-                if (N <= 15)
-                {
-                    // fixarray
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x90 | N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // array 16
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDC));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // array 32
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDD));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-                }
-
-                // step 2: write each element
-                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.array)
-                {
-                    write_msgpack(el);
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                // step 1: write control byte and the object size
-                const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
-                if (N <= 15)
-                {
-                    // fixmap
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 | (N & 0xF)));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // map 16
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDE));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-                }
-                else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    // map 32
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDF));
-                    write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-                }
-
-                // step 2: write each element
-                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.object)
-                {
-                    write_msgpack(el.first);
-                    write_msgpack(el.second);
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @param[in] use_count   whether to use '#' prefixes (optimized format)
-    @param[in] use_type    whether to use '$' prefixes (optimized format)
-    @param[in] add_prefix  whether prefixes need to be used for this value
-    */
-    void write_ubjson(const BasicJsonType& j, const bool use_count,
-                      const bool use_type, const bool add_prefix = true)
-    {
-        switch (j.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::null:
-            {
-                if (add_prefix)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type('Z'));
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            {
-                if (add_prefix)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean
-                                        ? to_char_type('T')
-                                        : to_char_type('F'));
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_integer, add_prefix);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_unsigned, add_prefix);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            {
-                write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_float, add_prefix);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                if (add_prefix)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type('S'));
-                }
-                write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.string->size(), true);
-                oa->write_characters(
-                    reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_value.string->c_str()),
-                    j.m_value.string->size());
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                if (add_prefix)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type('['));
-                }
-
-                bool prefix_required = true;
-                if (use_type and not j.m_value.array->empty())
-                {
-                    assert(use_count);
-                    const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front());
-                    const bool same_prefix = std::all_of(j.begin() + 1, j.end(),
-                                                         [this, first_prefix](const BasicJsonType & v)
-                    {
-                        return ubjson_prefix(v) == first_prefix;
-                    });
-
-                    if (same_prefix)
-                    {
-                        prefix_required = false;
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
-                        oa->write_character(first_prefix);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (use_count)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
-                    write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.array->size(), true);
-                }
-
-                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.array)
-                {
-                    write_ubjson(el, use_count, use_type, prefix_required);
-                }
-
-                if (not use_count)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type(']'));
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                if (add_prefix)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type('{'));
-                }
-
-                bool prefix_required = true;
-                if (use_type and not j.m_value.object->empty())
-                {
-                    assert(use_count);
-                    const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front());
-                    const bool same_prefix = std::all_of(j.begin(), j.end(),
-                                                         [this, first_prefix](const BasicJsonType & v)
-                    {
-                        return ubjson_prefix(v) == first_prefix;
-                    });
-
-                    if (same_prefix)
-                    {
-                        prefix_required = false;
-                        oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
-                        oa->write_character(first_prefix);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (use_count)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
-                    write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.object->size(), true);
-                }
-
-                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.object)
-                {
-                    write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(el.first.size(), true);
-                    oa->write_characters(
-                        reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(el.first.c_str()),
-                        el.first.size());
-                    write_ubjson(el.second, use_count, use_type, prefix_required);
-                }
-
-                if (not use_count)
-                {
-                    oa->write_character(to_char_type('}'));
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-  private:
-    //////////
-    // BSON //
-    //////////
-
-    /*!
-    @return The size of a BSON document entry header, including the id marker
-            and the entry name size (and its null-terminator).
-    */
-    static std::size_t calc_bson_entry_header_size(const string_t& name)
-    {
-        const auto it = name.find(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0));
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it != BasicJsonType::string_t::npos))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(409,
-                                            "BSON key cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte " + std::to_string(it) + ")"));
-        }
-
-        return /*id*/ 1ul + name.size() + /*zero-terminator*/1u;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes the given @a element_type and @a name to the output adapter
-    */
-    void write_bson_entry_header(const string_t& name,
-                                 const std::uint8_t element_type)
-    {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(element_type)); // boolean
-        oa->write_characters(
-            reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(name.c_str()),
-            name.size() + 1u);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and boolean value @a value
-    */
-    void write_bson_boolean(const string_t& name,
-                            const bool value)
-    {
-        write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x08);
-        oa->write_character(value ? to_char_type(0x01) : to_char_type(0x00));
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and double value @a value
-    */
-    void write_bson_double(const string_t& name,
-                           const double value)
-    {
-        write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x01);
-        write_number<double, true>(value);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @return The size of the BSON-encoded string in @a value
-    */
-    static std::size_t calc_bson_string_size(const string_t& value)
-    {
-        return sizeof(std::int32_t) + value.size() + 1ul;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and string value @a value
-    */
-    void write_bson_string(const string_t& name,
-                           const string_t& value)
-    {
-        write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x02);
-
-        write_number<std::int32_t, true>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value.size() + 1ul));
-        oa->write_characters(
-            reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(value.c_str()),
-            value.size() + 1);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and null value
-    */
-    void write_bson_null(const string_t& name)
-    {
-        write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x0A);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @return The size of the BSON-encoded integer @a value
-    */
-    static std::size_t calc_bson_integer_size(const std::int64_t value)
-    {
-        return (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value and value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()
-               ? sizeof(std::int32_t)
-               : sizeof(std::int64_t);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and integer @a value
-    */
-    void write_bson_integer(const string_t& name,
-                            const std::int64_t value)
-    {
-        if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value and value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
-        {
-            write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10); // int32
-            write_number<std::int32_t, true>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12); // int64
-            write_number<std::int64_t, true>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(value));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @return The size of the BSON-encoded unsigned integer in @a j
-    */
-    static constexpr std::size_t calc_bson_unsigned_size(const std::uint64_t value) noexcept
-    {
-        return (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
-               ? sizeof(std::int32_t)
-               : sizeof(std::int64_t);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and unsigned @a value
-    */
-    void write_bson_unsigned(const string_t& name,
-                             const std::uint64_t value)
-    {
-        if (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10 /* int32 */);
-            write_number<std::int32_t, true>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value));
-        }
-        else if (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12 /* int64 */);
-            write_number<std::int64_t, true>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(value));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(407, "integer number " + std::to_string(value) + " cannot be represented by BSON as it does not fit int64"));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and object @a value
-    */
-    void write_bson_object_entry(const string_t& name,
-                                 const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& value)
-    {
-        write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x03); // object
-        write_bson_object(value);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @return The size of the BSON-encoded array @a value
-    */
-    static std::size_t calc_bson_array_size(const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& value)
-    {
-        std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
-
-        const std::size_t embedded_document_size = std::accumulate(std::begin(value), std::end(value), 0ul, [&array_index](std::size_t result, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t::value_type & el)
-        {
-            return result + calc_bson_element_size(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
-        });
-
-        return sizeof(std::int32_t) + embedded_document_size + 1ul;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and array @a value
-    */
-    void write_bson_array(const string_t& name,
-                          const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& value)
-    {
-        write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x04); // array
-        write_number<std::int32_t, true>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_array_size(value)));
-
-        std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
-
-        for (const auto& el : value)
-        {
-            write_bson_element(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
-        }
-
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Calculates the size necessary to serialize the JSON value @a j with its @a name
-    @return The calculated size for the BSON document entry for @a j with the given @a name.
-    */
-    static std::size_t calc_bson_element_size(const string_t& name,
-            const BasicJsonType& j)
-    {
-        const auto header_size = calc_bson_entry_header_size(name);
-        switch (j.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-                return header_size + calc_bson_object_size(*j.m_value.object);
-
-            case value_t::array:
-                return header_size + calc_bson_array_size(*j.m_value.array);
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-                return header_size + 1ul;
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-                return header_size + 8ul;
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-                return header_size + calc_bson_integer_size(j.m_value.number_integer);
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-                return header_size + calc_bson_unsigned_size(j.m_value.number_unsigned);
-
-            case value_t::string:
-                return header_size + calc_bson_string_size(*j.m_value.string);
-
-            case value_t::null:
-                return header_size + 0ul;
-
-            // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            default:
-                assert(false);
-                return 0ul;
-                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Serializes the JSON value @a j to BSON and associates it with the
-           key @a name.
-    @param name The name to associate with the JSON entity @a j within the
-                current BSON document
-    @return The size of the BSON entry
-    */
-    void write_bson_element(const string_t& name,
-                            const BasicJsonType& j)
-    {
-        switch (j.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-                return write_bson_object_entry(name, *j.m_value.object);
-
-            case value_t::array:
-                return write_bson_array(name, *j.m_value.array);
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-                return write_bson_boolean(name, j.m_value.boolean);
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-                return write_bson_double(name, j.m_value.number_float);
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-                return write_bson_integer(name, j.m_value.number_integer);
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-                return write_bson_unsigned(name, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
-
-            case value_t::string:
-                return write_bson_string(name, *j.m_value.string);
-
-            case value_t::null:
-                return write_bson_null(name);
-
-            // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            default:
-                assert(false);
-                return;
-                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Calculates the size of the BSON serialization of the given
-           JSON-object @a j.
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @pre       j.type() == value_t::object
-    */
-    static std::size_t calc_bson_object_size(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& value)
-    {
-        std::size_t document_size = std::accumulate(value.begin(), value.end(), 0ul,
-                                    [](size_t result, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t::value_type & el)
-        {
-            return result += calc_bson_element_size(el.first, el.second);
-        });
-
-        return sizeof(std::int32_t) + document_size + 1ul;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @pre       j.type() == value_t::object
-    */
-    void write_bson_object(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& value)
-    {
-        write_number<std::int32_t, true>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_object_size(value)));
-
-        for (const auto& el : value)
-        {
-            write_bson_element(el.first, el.second);
-        }
-
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
-    }
-
-    //////////
-    // CBOR //
-    //////////
-
-    static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(float /*unused*/)
-    {
-        return to_char_type(0xFA);  // Single-Precision Float
-    }
-
-    static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(double /*unused*/)
-    {
-        return to_char_type(0xFB);  // Double-Precision Float
-    }
-
-    /////////////
-    // MsgPack //
-    /////////////
-
-    static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(float /*unused*/)
-    {
-        return to_char_type(0xCA);  // float 32
-    }
-
-    static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(double /*unused*/)
-    {
-        return to_char_type(0xCB);  // float 64
-    }
-
-    ////////////
-    // UBJSON //
-    ////////////
-
-    // UBJSON: write number (floating point)
-    template<typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
-                                         const bool add_prefix)
-    {
-        if (add_prefix)
-        {
-            oa->write_character(get_ubjson_float_prefix(n));
-        }
-        write_number(n);
-    }
-
-    // UBJSON: write number (unsigned integer)
-    template<typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_unsigned<NumberType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
-                                         const bool add_prefix)
-    {
-        if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('i'));  // int8
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if (n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('U'));  // uint8
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('I'));  // int16
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('l'));  // int32
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('L'));  // int64
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(407, "integer number " + std::to_string(n) + " cannot be represented by UBJSON as it does not fit int64"));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // UBJSON: write number (signed integer)
-    template<typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_signed<NumberType>::value and
-                 not std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
-                                         const bool add_prefix)
-    {
-        if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <= n and n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('i'));  // int8
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if (static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)()) <= n and n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('U'));  // uint8
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <= n and n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('I'));  // int16
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= n and n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('l'));  // int32
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
-        }
-        else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() <= n and n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())
-        {
-            if (add_prefix)
-            {
-                oa->write_character(to_char_type('L'));  // int64
-            }
-            write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n));
-        }
-        // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(407, "integer number " + std::to_string(n) + " cannot be represented by UBJSON as it does not fit int64"));
-        }
-        // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief determine the type prefix of container values
-
-    @note This function does not need to be 100% accurate when it comes to
-          integer limits. In case a number exceeds the limits of int64_t,
-          this will be detected by a later call to function
-          write_number_with_ubjson_prefix. Therefore, we return 'L' for any
-          value that does not fit the previous limits.
-    */
-    CharType ubjson_prefix(const BasicJsonType& j) const noexcept
-    {
-        switch (j.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::null:
-                return 'Z';
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-                return j.m_value.boolean ? 'T' : 'F';
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer and j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    return 'i';
-                }
-                if ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer and j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    return 'U';
-                }
-                if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer and j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    return 'I';
-                }
-                if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer and j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
-                {
-                    return 'l';
-                }
-                // no check and assume int64_t (see note above)
-                return 'L';
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()))
-                {
-                    return 'i';
-                }
-                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
-                {
-                    return 'U';
-                }
-                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()))
-                {
-                    return 'I';
-                }
-                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
-                {
-                    return 'l';
-                }
-                // no check and assume int64_t (see note above)
-                return 'L';
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-                return get_ubjson_float_prefix(j.m_value.number_float);
-
-            case value_t::string:
-                return 'S';
-
-            case value_t::array:
-                return '[';
-
-            case value_t::object:
-                return '{';
-
-            default:  // discarded values
-                return 'N';
-        }
-    }
-
-    static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(float /*unused*/)
-    {
-        return 'd';  // float 32
-    }
-
-    static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(double /*unused*/)
-    {
-        return 'D';  // float 64
-    }
-
-    ///////////////////////
-    // Utility functions //
-    ///////////////////////
-
-    /*
-    @brief write a number to output input
-    @param[in] n number of type @a NumberType
-    @tparam NumberType the type of the number
-    @tparam OutputIsLittleEndian Set to true if output data is
-                                 required to be little endian
-
-    @note This function needs to respect the system's endianess, because bytes
-          in CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON are stored in network order (big
-          endian) and therefore need reordering on little endian systems.
-    */
-    template<typename NumberType, bool OutputIsLittleEndian = false>
-    void write_number(const NumberType n)
-    {
-        // step 1: write number to array of length NumberType
-        std::array<CharType, sizeof(NumberType)> vec;
-        std::memcpy(vec.data(), &n, sizeof(NumberType));
-
-        // step 2: write array to output (with possible reordering)
-        if (is_little_endian != OutputIsLittleEndian)
-        {
-            // reverse byte order prior to conversion if necessary
-            std::reverse(vec.begin(), vec.end());
-        }
-
-        oa->write_characters(vec.data(), sizeof(NumberType));
-    }
-
-  public:
-    // The following to_char_type functions are implement the conversion
-    // between uint8_t and CharType. In case CharType is not unsigned,
-    // such a conversion is required to allow values greater than 128.
-    // See <https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1286> for a discussion.
-    template < typename C = CharType,
-               enable_if_t < std::is_signed<C>::value and std::is_signed<char>::value > * = nullptr >
-    static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept
-    {
-        return *reinterpret_cast<char*>(&x);
-    }
-
-    template < typename C = CharType,
-               enable_if_t < std::is_signed<C>::value and std::is_unsigned<char>::value > * = nullptr >
-    static CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept
-    {
-        static_assert(sizeof(std::uint8_t) == sizeof(CharType), "size of CharType must be equal to std::uint8_t");
-        static_assert(std::is_pod<CharType>::value, "CharType must be POD");
-        CharType result;
-        std::memcpy(&result, &x, sizeof(x));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    template<typename C = CharType,
-             enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<C>::value>* = nullptr>
-    static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-
-    template < typename InputCharType, typename C = CharType,
-               enable_if_t <
-                   std::is_signed<C>::value and
-                   std::is_signed<char>::value and
-                   std::is_same<char, typename std::remove_cv<InputCharType>::type>::value
-                   > * = nullptr >
-    static constexpr CharType to_char_type(InputCharType x) noexcept
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// whether we can assume little endianess
-    const bool is_little_endian = binary_reader<BasicJsonType>::little_endianess();
-
-    /// the output
-    output_adapter_t<CharType> oa = nullptr;
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/serializer.hpp>
-
-
-#include <algorithm> // reverse, remove, fill, find, none_of
-#include <array> // array
-#include <cassert> // assert
-#include <ciso646> // and, or
-#include <clocale> // localeconv, lconv
-#include <cmath> // labs, isfinite, isnan, signbit
-#include <cstddef> // size_t, ptrdiff_t
-#include <cstdint> // uint8_t
-#include <cstdio> // snprintf
-#include <limits> // numeric_limits
-#include <string> // string
-#include <type_traits> // is_same
-#include <utility> // move
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_chars.hpp>
-
-
-#include <array> // array
-#include <cassert> // assert
-#include <ciso646> // or, and, not
-#include <cmath>   // signbit, isfinite
-#include <cstdint> // intN_t, uintN_t
-#include <cstring> // memcpy, memmove
-#include <limits> // numeric_limits
-#include <type_traits> // conditional
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-
-/*!
-@brief implements the Grisu2 algorithm for binary to decimal floating-point
-conversion.
-
-This implementation is a slightly modified version of the reference
-implementation which may be obtained from
-http://florian.loitsch.com/publications (bench.tar.gz).
-
-The code is distributed under the MIT license, Copyright (c) 2009 Florian Loitsch.
-
-For a detailed description of the algorithm see:
-
-[1] Loitsch, "Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately with
-    Integers", Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2010 Conference on Programming
-    Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2010
-[2] Burger, Dybvig, "Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately",
-    Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1996 Conference on Programming Language
-    Design and Implementation, PLDI 1996
-*/
-namespace dtoa_impl
-{
-
-template <typename Target, typename Source>
-Target reinterpret_bits(const Source source)
-{
-    static_assert(sizeof(Target) == sizeof(Source), "size mismatch");
-
-    Target target;
-    std::memcpy(&target, &source, sizeof(Source));
-    return target;
-}
-
-struct diyfp // f * 2^e
-{
-    static constexpr int kPrecision = 64; // = q
-
-    std::uint64_t f = 0;
-    int e = 0;
-
-    constexpr diyfp(std::uint64_t f_, int e_) noexcept : f(f_), e(e_) {}
-
-    /*!
-    @brief returns x - y
-    @pre x.e == y.e and x.f >= y.f
-    */
-    static diyfp sub(const diyfp& x, const diyfp& y) noexcept
-    {
-        assert(x.e == y.e);
-        assert(x.f >= y.f);
-
-        return {x.f - y.f, x.e};
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief returns x * y
-    @note The result is rounded. (Only the upper q bits are returned.)
-    */
-    static diyfp mul(const diyfp& x, const diyfp& y) noexcept
-    {
-        static_assert(kPrecision == 64, "internal error");
-
-        // Computes:
-        //  f = round((x.f * y.f) / 2^q)
-        //  e = x.e + y.e + q
-
-        // Emulate the 64-bit * 64-bit multiplication:
-        //
-        // p = u * v
-        //   = (u_lo + 2^32 u_hi) (v_lo + 2^32 v_hi)
-        //   = (u_lo v_lo         ) + 2^32 ((u_lo v_hi         ) + (u_hi v_lo         )) + 2^64 (u_hi v_hi         )
-        //   = (p0                ) + 2^32 ((p1                ) + (p2                )) + 2^64 (p3                )
-        //   = (p0_lo + 2^32 p0_hi) + 2^32 ((p1_lo + 2^32 p1_hi) + (p2_lo + 2^32 p2_hi)) + 2^64 (p3                )
-        //   = (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (p0_hi + p1_lo + p2_lo                      ) + 2^64 (p1_hi + p2_hi + p3)
-        //   = (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (Q                                          ) + 2^64 (H                 )
-        //   = (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (Q_lo + 2^32 Q_hi                           ) + 2^64 (H                 )
-        //
-        // (Since Q might be larger than 2^32 - 1)
-        //
-        //   = (p0_lo + 2^32 Q_lo) + 2^64 (Q_hi + H)
-        //
-        // (Q_hi + H does not overflow a 64-bit int)
-        //
-        //   = p_lo + 2^64 p_hi
-
-        const std::uint64_t u_lo = x.f & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-        const std::uint64_t u_hi = x.f >> 32u;
-        const std::uint64_t v_lo = y.f & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-        const std::uint64_t v_hi = y.f >> 32u;
-
-        const std::uint64_t p0 = u_lo * v_lo;
-        const std::uint64_t p1 = u_lo * v_hi;
-        const std::uint64_t p2 = u_hi * v_lo;
-        const std::uint64_t p3 = u_hi * v_hi;
-
-        const std::uint64_t p0_hi = p0 >> 32u;
-        const std::uint64_t p1_lo = p1 & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-        const std::uint64_t p1_hi = p1 >> 32u;
-        const std::uint64_t p2_lo = p2 & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-        const std::uint64_t p2_hi = p2 >> 32u;
-
-        std::uint64_t Q = p0_hi + p1_lo + p2_lo;
-
-        // The full product might now be computed as
-        //
-        // p_hi = p3 + p2_hi + p1_hi + (Q >> 32)
-        // p_lo = p0_lo + (Q << 32)
-        //
-        // But in this particular case here, the full p_lo is not required.
-        // Effectively we only need to add the highest bit in p_lo to p_hi (and
-        // Q_hi + 1 does not overflow).
-
-        Q += std::uint64_t{1} << (64u - 32u - 1u); // round, ties up
-
-        const std::uint64_t h = p3 + p2_hi + p1_hi + (Q >> 32u);
-
-        return {h, x.e + y.e + 64};
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief normalize x such that the significand is >= 2^(q-1)
-    @pre x.f != 0
-    */
-    static diyfp normalize(diyfp x) noexcept
-    {
-        assert(x.f != 0);
-
-        while ((x.f >> 63u) == 0)
-        {
-            x.f <<= 1u;
-            x.e--;
-        }
-
-        return x;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief normalize x such that the result has the exponent E
-    @pre e >= x.e and the upper e - x.e bits of x.f must be zero.
-    */
-    static diyfp normalize_to(const diyfp& x, const int target_exponent) noexcept
-    {
-        const int delta = x.e - target_exponent;
-
-        assert(delta >= 0);
-        assert(((x.f << delta) >> delta) == x.f);
-
-        return {x.f << delta, target_exponent};
-    }
-};
-
-struct boundaries
-{
-    diyfp w;
-    diyfp minus;
-    diyfp plus;
-};
-
-/*!
-Compute the (normalized) diyfp representing the input number 'value' and its
-boundaries.
-
-@pre value must be finite and positive
-*/
-template <typename FloatType>
-boundaries compute_boundaries(FloatType value)
-{
-    assert(std::isfinite(value));
-    assert(value > 0);
-
-    // Convert the IEEE representation into a diyfp.
-    //
-    // If v is denormal:
-    //      value = 0.F * 2^(1 - bias) = (          F) * 2^(1 - bias - (p-1))
-    // If v is normalized:
-    //      value = 1.F * 2^(E - bias) = (2^(p-1) + F) * 2^(E - bias - (p-1))
-
-    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::is_iec559,
-                  "internal error: dtoa_short requires an IEEE-754 floating-point implementation");
-
-    constexpr int      kPrecision = std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits; // = p (includes the hidden bit)
-    constexpr int      kBias      = std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_exponent - 1 + (kPrecision - 1);
-    constexpr int      kMinExp    = 1 - kBias;
-    constexpr std::uint64_t kHiddenBit = std::uint64_t{1} << (kPrecision - 1); // = 2^(p-1)
-
-    using bits_type = typename std::conditional<kPrecision == 24, std::uint32_t, std::uint64_t >::type;
-
-    const std::uint64_t bits = reinterpret_bits<bits_type>(value);
-    const std::uint64_t E = bits >> (kPrecision - 1);
-    const std::uint64_t F = bits & (kHiddenBit - 1);
-
-    const bool is_denormal = E == 0;
-    const diyfp v = is_denormal
-                    ? diyfp(F, kMinExp)
-                    : diyfp(F + kHiddenBit, static_cast<int>(E) - kBias);
-
-    // Compute the boundaries m- and m+ of the floating-point value
-    // v = f * 2^e.
-    //
-    // Determine v- and v+, the floating-point predecessor and successor if v,
-    // respectively.
-    //
-    //      v- = v - 2^e        if f != 2^(p-1) or e == e_min                (A)
-    //         = v - 2^(e-1)    if f == 2^(p-1) and e > e_min                (B)
-    //
-    //      v+ = v + 2^e
-    //
-    // Let m- = (v- + v) / 2 and m+ = (v + v+) / 2. All real numbers _strictly_
-    // between m- and m+ round to v, regardless of how the input rounding
-    // algorithm breaks ties.
-    //
-    //      ---+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---  (A)
-    //         v-            m-            v             m+            v+
-    //
-    //      -----------------+------+------+-------------+-------------+---  (B)
-    //                       v-     m-     v             m+            v+
-
-    const bool lower_boundary_is_closer = F == 0 and E > 1;
-    const diyfp m_plus = diyfp(2 * v.f + 1, v.e - 1);
-    const diyfp m_minus = lower_boundary_is_closer
-                          ? diyfp(4 * v.f - 1, v.e - 2)  // (B)
-                          : diyfp(2 * v.f - 1, v.e - 1); // (A)
-
-    // Determine the normalized w+ = m+.
-    const diyfp w_plus = diyfp::normalize(m_plus);
-
-    // Determine w- = m- such that e_(w-) = e_(w+).
-    const diyfp w_minus = diyfp::normalize_to(m_minus, w_plus.e);
-
-    return {diyfp::normalize(v), w_minus, w_plus};
-}
-
-// Given normalized diyfp w, Grisu needs to find a (normalized) cached
-// power-of-ten c, such that the exponent of the product c * w = f * 2^e lies
-// within a certain range [alpha, gamma] (Definition 3.2 from [1])
-//
-//      alpha <= e = e_c + e_w + q <= gamma
-//
-// or
-//
-//      f_c * f_w * 2^alpha <= f_c 2^(e_c) * f_w 2^(e_w) * 2^q
-//                          <= f_c * f_w * 2^gamma
-//
-// Since c and w are normalized, i.e. 2^(q-1) <= f < 2^q, this implies
-//
-//      2^(q-1) * 2^(q-1) * 2^alpha <= c * w * 2^q < 2^q * 2^q * 2^gamma
-//
-// or
-//
-//      2^(q - 2 + alpha) <= c * w < 2^(q + gamma)
-//
-// The choice of (alpha,gamma) determines the size of the table and the form of
-// the digit generation procedure. Using (alpha,gamma)=(-60,-32) works out well
-// in practice:
-//
-// The idea is to cut the number c * w = f * 2^e into two parts, which can be
-// processed independently: An integral part p1, and a fractional part p2:
-//
-//      f * 2^e = ( (f div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (f mod 2^-e) ) * 2^e
-//              = (f div 2^-e) + (f mod 2^-e) * 2^e
-//              = p1 + p2 * 2^e
-//
-// The conversion of p1 into decimal form requires a series of divisions and
-// modulos by (a power of) 10. These operations are faster for 32-bit than for
-// 64-bit integers, so p1 should ideally fit into a 32-bit integer. This can be
-// achieved by choosing
-//
-//      -e >= 32   or   e <= -32 := gamma
-//
-// In order to convert the fractional part
-//
-//      p2 * 2^e = p2 / 2^-e = d[-1] / 10^1 + d[-2] / 10^2 + ...
-//
-// into decimal form, the fraction is repeatedly multiplied by 10 and the digits
-// d[-i] are extracted in order:
-//
-//      (10 * p2) div 2^-e = d[-1]
-//      (10 * p2) mod 2^-e = d[-2] / 10^1 + ...
-//
-// The multiplication by 10 must not overflow. It is sufficient to choose
-//
-//      10 * p2 < 16 * p2 = 2^4 * p2 <= 2^64.
-//
-// Since p2 = f mod 2^-e < 2^-e,
-//
-//      -e <= 60   or   e >= -60 := alpha
-
-constexpr int kAlpha = -60;
-constexpr int kGamma = -32;
-
-struct cached_power // c = f * 2^e ~= 10^k
-{
-    std::uint64_t f;
-    int e;
-    int k;
-};
-
-/*!
-For a normalized diyfp w = f * 2^e, this function returns a (normalized) cached
-power-of-ten c = f_c * 2^e_c, such that the exponent of the product w * c
-satisfies (Definition 3.2 from [1])
-
-     alpha <= e_c + e + q <= gamma.
-*/
-inline cached_power get_cached_power_for_binary_exponent(int e)
-{
-    // Now
-    //
-    //      alpha <= e_c + e + q <= gamma                                    (1)
-    //      ==> f_c * 2^alpha <= c * 2^e * 2^q
-    //
-    // and since the c's are normalized, 2^(q-1) <= f_c,
-    //
-    //      ==> 2^(q - 1 + alpha) <= c * 2^(e + q)
-    //      ==> 2^(alpha - e - 1) <= c
-    //
-    // If c were an exact power of ten, i.e. c = 10^k, one may determine k as
-    //
-    //      k = ceil( log_10( 2^(alpha - e - 1) ) )
-    //        = ceil( (alpha - e - 1) * log_10(2) )
-    //
-    // From the paper:
-    // "In theory the result of the procedure could be wrong since c is rounded,
-    //  and the computation itself is approximated [...]. In practice, however,
-    //  this simple function is sufficient."
-    //
-    // For IEEE double precision floating-point numbers converted into
-    // normalized diyfp's w = f * 2^e, with q = 64,
-    //
-    //      e >= -1022      (min IEEE exponent)
-    //           -52        (p - 1)
-    //           -52        (p - 1, possibly normalize denormal IEEE numbers)
-    //           -11        (normalize the diyfp)
-    //         = -1137
-    //
-    // and
-    //
-    //      e <= +1023      (max IEEE exponent)
-    //           -52        (p - 1)
-    //           -11        (normalize the diyfp)
-    //         = 960
-    //
-    // This binary exponent range [-1137,960] results in a decimal exponent
-    // range [-307,324]. One does not need to store a cached power for each
-    // k in this range. For each such k it suffices to find a cached power
-    // such that the exponent of the product lies in [alpha,gamma].
-    // This implies that the difference of the decimal exponents of adjacent
-    // table entries must be less than or equal to
-    //
-    //      floor( (gamma - alpha) * log_10(2) ) = 8.
-    //
-    // (A smaller distance gamma-alpha would require a larger table.)
-
-    // NB:
-    // Actually this function returns c, such that -60 <= e_c + e + 64 <= -34.
-
-    constexpr int kCachedPowersMinDecExp = -300;
-    constexpr int kCachedPowersDecStep = 8;
-
-    static constexpr std::array<cached_power, 79> kCachedPowers =
-    {
-        {
-            { 0xAB70FE17C79AC6CA, -1060, -300 },
-            { 0xFF77B1FCBEBCDC4F, -1034, -292 },
-            { 0xBE5691EF416BD60C, -1007, -284 },
-            { 0x8DD01FAD907FFC3C,  -980, -276 },
-            { 0xD3515C2831559A83,  -954, -268 },
-            { 0x9D71AC8FADA6C9B5,  -927, -260 },
-            { 0xEA9C227723EE8BCB,  -901, -252 },
-            { 0xAECC49914078536D,  -874, -244 },
-            { 0x823C12795DB6CE57,  -847, -236 },
-            { 0xC21094364DFB5637,  -821, -228 },
-            { 0x9096EA6F3848984F,  -794, -220 },
-            { 0xD77485CB25823AC7,  -768, -212 },
-            { 0xA086CFCD97BF97F4,  -741, -204 },
-            { 0xEF340A98172AACE5,  -715, -196 },
-            { 0xB23867FB2A35B28E,  -688, -188 },
-            { 0x84C8D4DFD2C63F3B,  -661, -180 },
-            { 0xC5DD44271AD3CDBA,  -635, -172 },
-            { 0x936B9FCEBB25C996,  -608, -164 },
-            { 0xDBAC6C247D62A584,  -582, -156 },
-            { 0xA3AB66580D5FDAF6,  -555, -148 },
-            { 0xF3E2F893DEC3F126,  -529, -140 },
-            { 0xB5B5ADA8AAFF80B8,  -502, -132 },
-            { 0x87625F056C7C4A8B,  -475, -124 },
-            { 0xC9BCFF6034C13053,  -449, -116 },
-            { 0x964E858C91BA2655,  -422, -108 },
-            { 0xDFF9772470297EBD,  -396, -100 },
-            { 0xA6DFBD9FB8E5B88F,  -369,  -92 },
-            { 0xF8A95FCF88747D94,  -343,  -84 },
-            { 0xB94470938FA89BCF,  -316,  -76 },
-            { 0x8A08F0F8BF0F156B,  -289,  -68 },
-            { 0xCDB02555653131B6,  -263,  -60 },
-            { 0x993FE2C6D07B7FAC,  -236,  -52 },
-            { 0xE45C10C42A2B3B06,  -210,  -44 },
-            { 0xAA242499697392D3,  -183,  -36 },
-            { 0xFD87B5F28300CA0E,  -157,  -28 },
-            { 0xBCE5086492111AEB,  -130,  -20 },
-            { 0x8CBCCC096F5088CC,  -103,  -12 },
-            { 0xD1B71758E219652C,   -77,   -4 },
-            { 0x9C40000000000000,   -50,    4 },
-            { 0xE8D4A51000000000,   -24,   12 },
-            { 0xAD78EBC5AC620000,     3,   20 },
-            { 0x813F3978F8940984,    30,   28 },
-            { 0xC097CE7BC90715B3,    56,   36 },
-            { 0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C70,    83,   44 },
-            { 0xD5D238A4ABE98068,   109,   52 },
-            { 0x9F4F2726179A2245,   136,   60 },
-            { 0xED63A231D4C4FB27,   162,   68 },
-            { 0xB0DE65388CC8ADA8,   189,   76 },
-            { 0x83C7088E1AAB65DB,   216,   84 },
-            { 0xC45D1DF942711D9A,   242,   92 },
-            { 0x924D692CA61BE758,   269,  100 },
-            { 0xDA01EE641A708DEA,   295,  108 },
-            { 0xA26DA3999AEF774A,   322,  116 },
-            { 0xF209787BB47D6B85,   348,  124 },
-            { 0xB454E4A179DD1877,   375,  132 },
-            { 0x865B86925B9BC5C2,   402,  140 },
-            { 0xC83553C5C8965D3D,   428,  148 },
-            { 0x952AB45CFA97A0B3,   455,  156 },
-            { 0xDE469FBD99A05FE3,   481,  164 },
-            { 0xA59BC234DB398C25,   508,  172 },
-            { 0xF6C69A72A3989F5C,   534,  180 },
-            { 0xB7DCBF5354E9BECE,   561,  188 },
-            { 0x88FCF317F22241E2,   588,  196 },
-            { 0xCC20CE9BD35C78A5,   614,  204 },
-            { 0x98165AF37B2153DF,   641,  212 },
-            { 0xE2A0B5DC971F303A,   667,  220 },
-            { 0xA8D9D1535CE3B396,   694,  228 },
-            { 0xFB9B7CD9A4A7443C,   720,  236 },
-            { 0xBB764C4CA7A44410,   747,  244 },
-            { 0x8BAB8EEFB6409C1A,   774,  252 },
-            { 0xD01FEF10A657842C,   800,  260 },
-            { 0x9B10A4E5E9913129,   827,  268 },
-            { 0xE7109BFBA19C0C9D,   853,  276 },
-            { 0xAC2820D9623BF429,   880,  284 },
-            { 0x80444B5E7AA7CF85,   907,  292 },
-            { 0xBF21E44003ACDD2D,   933,  300 },
-            { 0x8E679C2F5E44FF8F,   960,  308 },
-            { 0xD433179D9C8CB841,   986,  316 },
-            { 0x9E19DB92B4E31BA9,  1013,  324 },
-        }
-    };
-
-    // This computation gives exactly the same results for k as
-    //      k = ceil((kAlpha - e - 1) * 0.30102999566398114)
-    // for |e| <= 1500, but doesn't require floating-point operations.
-    // NB: log_10(2) ~= 78913 / 2^18
-    assert(e >= -1500);
-    assert(e <=  1500);
-    const int f = kAlpha - e - 1;
-    const int k = (f * 78913) / (1 << 18) + static_cast<int>(f > 0);
-
-    const int index = (-kCachedPowersMinDecExp + k + (kCachedPowersDecStep - 1)) / kCachedPowersDecStep;
-    assert(index >= 0);
-    assert(static_cast<std::size_t>(index) < kCachedPowers.size());
-
-    const cached_power cached = kCachedPowers[static_cast<std::size_t>(index)];
-    assert(kAlpha <= cached.e + e + 64);
-    assert(kGamma >= cached.e + e + 64);
-
-    return cached;
-}
-
-/*!
-For n != 0, returns k, such that pow10 := 10^(k-1) <= n < 10^k.
-For n == 0, returns 1 and sets pow10 := 1.
-*/
-inline int find_largest_pow10(const std::uint32_t n, std::uint32_t& pow10)
-{
-    // LCOV_EXCL_START
-    if (n >= 1000000000)
-    {
-        pow10 = 1000000000;
-        return 10;
-    }
-    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-    else if (n >= 100000000)
-    {
-        pow10 = 100000000;
-        return  9;
-    }
-    else if (n >= 10000000)
-    {
-        pow10 = 10000000;
-        return  8;
-    }
-    else if (n >= 1000000)
-    {
-        pow10 = 1000000;
-        return  7;
-    }
-    else if (n >= 100000)
-    {
-        pow10 = 100000;
-        return  6;
-    }
-    else if (n >= 10000)
-    {
-        pow10 = 10000;
-        return  5;
-    }
-    else if (n >= 1000)
-    {
-        pow10 = 1000;
-        return  4;
-    }
-    else if (n >= 100)
-    {
-        pow10 = 100;
-        return  3;
-    }
-    else if (n >= 10)
-    {
-        pow10 = 10;
-        return  2;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        pow10 = 1;
-        return 1;
-    }
-}
-
-inline void grisu2_round(char* buf, int len, std::uint64_t dist, std::uint64_t delta,
-                         std::uint64_t rest, std::uint64_t ten_k)
-{
-    assert(len >= 1);
-    assert(dist <= delta);
-    assert(rest <= delta);
-    assert(ten_k > 0);
-
-    //               <--------------------------- delta ---->
-    //                                  <---- dist --------->
-    // --------------[------------------+-------------------]--------------
-    //               M-                 w                   M+
-    //
-    //                                  ten_k
-    //                                <------>
-    //                                       <---- rest ---->
-    // --------------[------------------+----+--------------]--------------
-    //                                  w    V
-    //                                       = buf * 10^k
-    //
-    // ten_k represents a unit-in-the-last-place in the decimal representation
-    // stored in buf.
-    // Decrement buf by ten_k while this takes buf closer to w.
-
-    // The tests are written in this order to avoid overflow in unsigned
-    // integer arithmetic.
-
-    while (rest < dist
-            and delta - rest >= ten_k
-            and (rest + ten_k < dist or dist - rest > rest + ten_k - dist))
-    {
-        assert(buf[len - 1] != '0');
-        buf[len - 1]--;
-        rest += ten_k;
-    }
-}
-
-/*!
-Generates V = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent, such that M- <= V <= M+.
-M- and M+ must be normalized and share the same exponent -60 <= e <= -32.
-*/
-inline void grisu2_digit_gen(char* buffer, int& length, int& decimal_exponent,
-                             diyfp M_minus, diyfp w, diyfp M_plus)
-{
-    static_assert(kAlpha >= -60, "internal error");
-    static_assert(kGamma <= -32, "internal error");
-
-    // Generates the digits (and the exponent) of a decimal floating-point
-    // number V = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent in the range [M-, M+]. The diyfp's
-    // w, M- and M+ share the same exponent e, which satisfies alpha <= e <= gamma.
-    //
-    //               <--------------------------- delta ---->
-    //                                  <---- dist --------->
-    // --------------[------------------+-------------------]--------------
-    //               M-                 w                   M+
-    //
-    // Grisu2 generates the digits of M+ from left to right and stops as soon as
-    // V is in [M-,M+].
-
-    assert(M_plus.e >= kAlpha);
-    assert(M_plus.e <= kGamma);
-
-    std::uint64_t delta = diyfp::sub(M_plus, M_minus).f; // (significand of (M+ - M-), implicit exponent is e)
-    std::uint64_t dist  = diyfp::sub(M_plus, w      ).f; // (significand of (M+ - w ), implicit exponent is e)
-
-    // Split M+ = f * 2^e into two parts p1 and p2 (note: e < 0):
-    //
-    //      M+ = f * 2^e
-    //         = ((f div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (f mod 2^-e)) * 2^e
-    //         = ((p1        ) * 2^-e + (p2        )) * 2^e
-    //         = p1 + p2 * 2^e
-
-    const diyfp one(std::uint64_t{1} << -M_plus.e, M_plus.e);
-
-    auto p1 = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(M_plus.f >> -one.e); // p1 = f div 2^-e (Since -e >= 32, p1 fits into a 32-bit int.)
-    std::uint64_t p2 = M_plus.f & (one.f - 1);                    // p2 = f mod 2^-e
-
-    // 1)
-    //
-    // Generate the digits of the integral part p1 = d[n-1]...d[1]d[0]
-
-    assert(p1 > 0);
-
-    std::uint32_t pow10;
-    const int k = find_largest_pow10(p1, pow10);
-
-    //      10^(k-1) <= p1 < 10^k, pow10 = 10^(k-1)
-    //
-    //      p1 = (p1 div 10^(k-1)) * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))
-    //         = (d[k-1]         ) * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))
-    //
-    //      M+ = p1                                             + p2 * 2^e
-    //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))          + p2 * 2^e
-    //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + ((p1 mod 10^(k-1)) * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e
-    //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + (                         rest) * 2^e
-    //
-    // Now generate the digits d[n] of p1 from left to right (n = k-1,...,0)
-    //
-    //      p1 = d[k-1]...d[n] * 10^n + d[n-1]...d[0]
-    //
-    // but stop as soon as
-    //
-    //      rest * 2^e = (d[n-1]...d[0] * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
-
-    int n = k;
-    while (n > 0)
-    {
-        // Invariants:
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (p1 + p2 * 2^e)    (buffer = 0 for n = k)
-        //      pow10 = 10^(n-1) <= p1 < 10^n
-        //
-        const std::uint32_t d = p1 / pow10;  // d = p1 div 10^(n-1)
-        const std::uint32_t r = p1 % pow10;  // r = p1 mod 10^(n-1)
-        //
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (d * 10^(n-1) + r) + p2 * 2^e
-        //         = (buffer * 10 + d) * 10^(n-1) + (r + p2 * 2^e)
-        //
-        assert(d <= 9);
-        buffer[length++] = static_cast<char>('0' + d); // buffer := buffer * 10 + d
-        //
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^(n-1) + (r + p2 * 2^e)
-        //
-        p1 = r;
-        n--;
-        //
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (p1 + p2 * 2^e)
-        //      pow10 = 10^n
-        //
-
-        // Now check if enough digits have been generated.
-        // Compute
-        //
-        //      p1 + p2 * 2^e = (p1 * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e = rest * 2^e
-        //
-        // Note:
-        // Since rest and delta share the same exponent e, it suffices to
-        // compare the significands.
-        const std::uint64_t rest = (std::uint64_t{p1} << -one.e) + p2;
-        if (rest <= delta)
-        {
-            // V = buffer * 10^n, with M- <= V <= M+.
-
-            decimal_exponent += n;
-
-            // We may now just stop. But instead look if the buffer could be
-            // decremented to bring V closer to w.
-            //
-            // pow10 = 10^n is now 1 ulp in the decimal representation V.
-            // The rounding procedure works with diyfp's with an implicit
-            // exponent of e.
-            //
-            //      10^n = (10^n * 2^-e) * 2^e = ulp * 2^e
-            //
-            const std::uint64_t ten_n = std::uint64_t{pow10} << -one.e;
-            grisu2_round(buffer, length, dist, delta, rest, ten_n);
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        pow10 /= 10;
-        //
-        //      pow10 = 10^(n-1) <= p1 < 10^n
-        // Invariants restored.
-    }
-
-    // 2)
-    //
-    // The digits of the integral part have been generated:
-    //
-    //      M+ = d[k-1]...d[1]d[0] + p2 * 2^e
-    //         = buffer            + p2 * 2^e
-    //
-    // Now generate the digits of the fractional part p2 * 2^e.
-    //
-    // Note:
-    // No decimal point is generated: the exponent is adjusted instead.
-    //
-    // p2 actually represents the fraction
-    //
-    //      p2 * 2^e
-    //          = p2 / 2^-e
-    //          = d[-1] / 10^1 + d[-2] / 10^2 + ...
-    //
-    // Now generate the digits d[-m] of p1 from left to right (m = 1,2,...)
-    //
-    //      p2 * 2^e = d[-1]d[-2]...d[-m] * 10^-m
-    //                      + 10^-m * (d[-m-1] / 10^1 + d[-m-2] / 10^2 + ...)
-    //
-    // using
-    //
-    //      10^m * p2 = ((10^m * p2) div 2^-e) * 2^-e + ((10^m * p2) mod 2^-e)
-    //                = (                   d) * 2^-e + (                   r)
-    //
-    // or
-    //      10^m * p2 * 2^e = d + r * 2^e
-    //
-    // i.e.
-    //
-    //      M+ = buffer + p2 * 2^e
-    //         = buffer + 10^-m * (d + r * 2^e)
-    //         = (buffer * 10^m + d) * 10^-m + 10^-m * r * 2^e
-    //
-    // and stop as soon as 10^-m * r * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
-
-    assert(p2 > delta);
-
-    int m = 0;
-    for (;;)
-    {
-        // Invariant:
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (d[-m-1] / 10 + d[-m-2] / 10^2 + ...) * 2^e
-        //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (p2                                 ) * 2^e
-        //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (10 * p2)                   ) * 2^e
-        //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * ((10*p2 div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (10*p2 mod 2^-e)) * 2^e
-        //
-        assert(p2 <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)() / 10);
-        p2 *= 10;
-        const std::uint64_t d = p2 >> -one.e;     // d = (10 * p2) div 2^-e
-        const std::uint64_t r = p2 & (one.f - 1); // r = (10 * p2) mod 2^-e
-        //
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (d * 2^-e + r) * 2^e
-        //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (d + r * 2^e))
-        //         = (buffer * 10 + d) * 10^(-m-1) + 10^(-m-1) * r * 2^e
-        //
-        assert(d <= 9);
-        buffer[length++] = static_cast<char>('0' + d); // buffer := buffer * 10 + d
-        //
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^(-m-1) + 10^(-m-1) * r * 2^e
-        //
-        p2 = r;
-        m++;
-        //
-        //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * p2 * 2^e
-        // Invariant restored.
-
-        // Check if enough digits have been generated.
-        //
-        //      10^-m * p2 * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
-        //              p2 * 2^e <= 10^m * delta * 2^e
-        //                    p2 <= 10^m * delta
-        delta *= 10;
-        dist  *= 10;
-        if (p2 <= delta)
-        {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // V = buffer * 10^-m, with M- <= V <= M+.
-
-    decimal_exponent -= m;
-
-    // 1 ulp in the decimal representation is now 10^-m.
-    // Since delta and dist are now scaled by 10^m, we need to do the
-    // same with ulp in order to keep the units in sync.
-    //
-    //      10^m * 10^-m = 1 = 2^-e * 2^e = ten_m * 2^e
-    //
-    const std::uint64_t ten_m = one.f;
-    grisu2_round(buffer, length, dist, delta, p2, ten_m);
-
-    // By construction this algorithm generates the shortest possible decimal
-    // number (Loitsch, Theorem 6.2) which rounds back to w.
-    // For an input number of precision p, at least
-    //
-    //      N = 1 + ceil(p * log_10(2))
-    //
-    // decimal digits are sufficient to identify all binary floating-point
-    // numbers (Matula, "In-and-Out conversions").
-    // This implies that the algorithm does not produce more than N decimal
-    // digits.
-    //
-    //      N = 17 for p = 53 (IEEE double precision)
-    //      N = 9  for p = 24 (IEEE single precision)
-}
-
-/*!
-v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
-len is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
-The buffer must be large enough, i.e. >= max_digits10.
-*/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-inline void grisu2(char* buf, int& len, int& decimal_exponent,
-                   diyfp m_minus, diyfp v, diyfp m_plus)
-{
-    assert(m_plus.e == m_minus.e);
-    assert(m_plus.e == v.e);
-
-    //  --------(-----------------------+-----------------------)--------    (A)
-    //          m-                      v                       m+
-    //
-    //  --------------------(-----------+-----------------------)--------    (B)
-    //                      m-          v                       m+
-    //
-    // First scale v (and m- and m+) such that the exponent is in the range
-    // [alpha, gamma].
-
-    const cached_power cached = get_cached_power_for_binary_exponent(m_plus.e);
-
-    const diyfp c_minus_k(cached.f, cached.e); // = c ~= 10^-k
-
-    // The exponent of the products is = v.e + c_minus_k.e + q and is in the range [alpha,gamma]
-    const diyfp w       = diyfp::mul(v,       c_minus_k);
-    const diyfp w_minus = diyfp::mul(m_minus, c_minus_k);
-    const diyfp w_plus  = diyfp::mul(m_plus,  c_minus_k);
-
-    //  ----(---+---)---------------(---+---)---------------(---+---)----
-    //          w-                      w                       w+
-    //          = c*m-                  = c*v                   = c*m+
-    //
-    // diyfp::mul rounds its result and c_minus_k is approximated too. w, w- and
-    // w+ are now off by a small amount.
-    // In fact:
-    //
-    //      w - v * 10^k < 1 ulp
-    //
-    // To account for this inaccuracy, add resp. subtract 1 ulp.
-    //
-    //  --------+---[---------------(---+---)---------------]---+--------
-    //          w-  M-                  w                   M+  w+
-    //
-    // Now any number in [M-, M+] (bounds included) will round to w when input,
-    // regardless of how the input rounding algorithm breaks ties.
-    //
-    // And digit_gen generates the shortest possible such number in [M-, M+].
-    // Note that this does not mean that Grisu2 always generates the shortest
-    // possible number in the interval (m-, m+).
-    const diyfp M_minus(w_minus.f + 1, w_minus.e);
-    const diyfp M_plus (w_plus.f  - 1, w_plus.e );
-
-    decimal_exponent = -cached.k; // = -(-k) = k
-
-    grisu2_digit_gen(buf, len, decimal_exponent, M_minus, w, M_plus);
-}
-
-/*!
-v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
-len is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
-The buffer must be large enough, i.e. >= max_digits10.
-*/
-template <typename FloatType>
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-void grisu2(char* buf, int& len, int& decimal_exponent, FloatType value)
-{
-    static_assert(diyfp::kPrecision >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits + 3,
-                  "internal error: not enough precision");
-
-    assert(std::isfinite(value));
-    assert(value > 0);
-
-    // If the neighbors (and boundaries) of 'value' are always computed for double-precision
-    // numbers, all float's can be recovered using strtod (and strtof). However, the resulting
-    // decimal representations are not exactly "short".
-    //
-    // The documentation for 'std::to_chars' (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/to_chars)
-    // says "value is converted to a string as if by std::sprintf in the default ("C") locale"
-    // and since sprintf promotes float's to double's, I think this is exactly what 'std::to_chars'
-    // does.
-    // On the other hand, the documentation for 'std::to_chars' requires that "parsing the
-    // representation using the corresponding std::from_chars function recovers value exactly". That
-    // indicates that single precision floating-point numbers should be recovered using
-    // 'std::strtof'.
-    //
-    // NB: If the neighbors are computed for single-precision numbers, there is a single float
-    //     (7.0385307e-26f) which can't be recovered using strtod. The resulting double precision
-    //     value is off by 1 ulp.
-#if 0
-    const boundaries w = compute_boundaries(static_cast<double>(value));
-#else
-    const boundaries w = compute_boundaries(value);
-#endif
-
-    grisu2(buf, len, decimal_exponent, w.minus, w.w, w.plus);
-}
-
-/*!
-@brief appends a decimal representation of e to buf
-@return a pointer to the element following the exponent.
-@pre -1000 < e < 1000
-*/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-inline char* append_exponent(char* buf, int e)
-{
-    assert(e > -1000);
-    assert(e <  1000);
-
-    if (e < 0)
-    {
-        e = -e;
-        *buf++ = '-';
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        *buf++ = '+';
-    }
-
-    auto k = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(e);
-    if (k < 10)
-    {
-        // Always print at least two digits in the exponent.
-        // This is for compatibility with printf("%g").
-        *buf++ = '0';
-        *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
-    }
-    else if (k < 100)
-    {
-        *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 10);
-        k %= 10;
-        *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 100);
-        k %= 100;
-        *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 10);
-        k %= 10;
-        *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
-    }
-
-    return buf;
-}
-
-/*!
-@brief prettify v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
-
-If v is in the range [10^min_exp, 10^max_exp) it will be printed in fixed-point
-notation. Otherwise it will be printed in exponential notation.
-
-@pre min_exp < 0
-@pre max_exp > 0
-*/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-inline char* format_buffer(char* buf, int len, int decimal_exponent,
-                           int min_exp, int max_exp)
-{
-    assert(min_exp < 0);
-    assert(max_exp > 0);
-
-    const int k = len;
-    const int n = len + decimal_exponent;
-
-    // v = buf * 10^(n-k)
-    // k is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
-    // n is the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the buffer.
-
-    if (k <= n and n <= max_exp)
-    {
-        // digits[000]
-        // len <= max_exp + 2
-
-        std::memset(buf + k, '0', static_cast<size_t>(n - k));
-        // Make it look like a floating-point number (#362, #378)
-        buf[n + 0] = '.';
-        buf[n + 1] = '0';
-        return buf + (n + 2);
-    }
-
-    if (0 < n and n <= max_exp)
-    {
-        // dig.its
-        // len <= max_digits10 + 1
-
-        assert(k > n);
-
-        std::memmove(buf + (n + 1), buf + n, static_cast<size_t>(k - n));
-        buf[n] = '.';
-        return buf + (k + 1);
-    }
-
-    if (min_exp < n and n <= 0)
-    {
-        // 0.[000]digits
-        // len <= 2 + (-min_exp - 1) + max_digits10
-
-        std::memmove(buf + (2 + -n), buf, static_cast<size_t>(k));
-        buf[0] = '0';
-        buf[1] = '.';
-        std::memset(buf + 2, '0', static_cast<size_t>(-n));
-        return buf + (2 + (-n) + k);
-    }
-
-    if (k == 1)
-    {
-        // dE+123
-        // len <= 1 + 5
-
-        buf += 1;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        // d.igitsE+123
-        // len <= max_digits10 + 1 + 5
-
-        std::memmove(buf + 2, buf + 1, static_cast<size_t>(k - 1));
-        buf[1] = '.';
-        buf += 1 + k;
-    }
-
-    *buf++ = 'e';
-    return append_exponent(buf, n - 1);
-}
-
-} // namespace dtoa_impl
-
-/*!
-@brief generates a decimal representation of the floating-point number value in [first, last).
-
-The format of the resulting decimal representation is similar to printf's %g
-format. Returns an iterator pointing past-the-end of the decimal representation.
-
-@note The input number must be finite, i.e. NaN's and Inf's are not supported.
-@note The buffer must be large enough.
-@note The result is NOT null-terminated.
-*/
-template <typename FloatType>
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1, 2)
-JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-char* to_chars(char* first, const char* last, FloatType value)
-{
-    static_cast<void>(last); // maybe unused - fix warning
-    assert(std::isfinite(value));
-
-    // Use signbit(value) instead of (value < 0) since signbit works for -0.
-    if (std::signbit(value))
-    {
-        value = -value;
-        *first++ = '-';
-    }
-
-    if (value == 0) // +-0
-    {
-        *first++ = '0';
-        // Make it look like a floating-point number (#362, #378)
-        *first++ = '.';
-        *first++ = '0';
-        return first;
-    }
-
-    assert(last - first >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
-
-    // Compute v = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent.
-    // The decimal digits are stored in the buffer, which needs to be interpreted
-    // as an unsigned decimal integer.
-    // len is the length of the buffer, i.e. the number of decimal digits.
-    int len = 0;
-    int decimal_exponent = 0;
-    dtoa_impl::grisu2(first, len, decimal_exponent, value);
-
-    assert(len <= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
-
-    // Format the buffer like printf("%.*g", prec, value)
-    constexpr int kMinExp = -4;
-    // Use digits10 here to increase compatibility with version 2.
-    constexpr int kMaxExp = std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits10;
-
-    assert(last - first >= kMaxExp + 2);
-    assert(last - first >= 2 + (-kMinExp - 1) + std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
-    assert(last - first >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10 + 6);
-
-    return dtoa_impl::format_buffer(first, len, decimal_exponent, kMinExp, kMaxExp);
-}
-
-} // namespace detail
-} // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-namespace detail
-{
-///////////////////
-// serialization //
-///////////////////
-
-/// how to treat decoding errors
-enum class error_handler_t
-{
-    strict,  ///< throw a type_error exception in case of invalid UTF-8
-    replace, ///< replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD
-    ignore   ///< ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences
-};
-
-template<typename BasicJsonType>
-class serializer
-{
-    using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-    using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    static constexpr std::uint8_t UTF8_ACCEPT = 0;
-    static constexpr std::uint8_t UTF8_REJECT = 1;
-
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @param[in] s  output stream to serialize to
-    @param[in] ichar  indentation character to use
-    @param[in] error_handler_  how to react on decoding errors
-    */
-    serializer(output_adapter_t<char> s, const char ichar,
-               error_handler_t error_handler_ = error_handler_t::strict)
-        : o(std::move(s))
-        , loc(std::localeconv())
-        , thousands_sep(loc->thousands_sep == nullptr ? '\0' : * (loc->thousands_sep))
-        , decimal_point(loc->decimal_point == nullptr ? '\0' : * (loc->decimal_point))
-        , indent_char(ichar)
-        , indent_string(512, indent_char)
-        , error_handler(error_handler_)
-    {}
-
-    // delete because of pointer members
-    serializer(const serializer&) = delete;
-    serializer& operator=(const serializer&) = delete;
-    serializer(serializer&&) = delete;
-    serializer& operator=(serializer&&) = delete;
-    ~serializer() = default;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief internal implementation of the serialization function
-
-    This function is called by the public member function dump and organizes
-    the serialization internally. The indentation level is propagated as
-    additional parameter. In case of arrays and objects, the function is
-    called recursively.
-
-    - strings and object keys are escaped using `escape_string()`
-    - integer numbers are converted implicitly via `operator<<`
-    - floating-point numbers are converted to a string using `"%g"` format
-
-    @param[in] val             value to serialize
-    @param[in] pretty_print    whether the output shall be pretty-printed
-    @param[in] indent_step     the indent level
-    @param[in] current_indent  the current indent level (only used internally)
-    */
-    void dump(const BasicJsonType& val, const bool pretty_print,
-              const bool ensure_ascii,
-              const unsigned int indent_step,
-              const unsigned int current_indent = 0)
-    {
-        switch (val.m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                if (val.m_value.object->empty())
-                {
-                    o->write_characters("{}", 2);
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                if (pretty_print)
-                {
-                    o->write_characters("{\n", 2);
-
-                    // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
-                    const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(indent_string.size() < new_indent))
-                    {
-                        indent_string.resize(indent_string.size() * 2, ' ');
-                    }
-
-                    // first n-1 elements
-                    auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
-                    for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i)
-                    {
-                        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-                        o->write_character('\"');
-                        dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-                        o->write_characters("\": ", 3);
-                        dump(i->second, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-                        o->write_characters(",\n", 2);
-                    }
-
-                    // last element
-                    assert(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
-                    assert(std::next(i) == val.m_value.object->cend());
-                    o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-                    o->write_character('\"');
-                    dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-                    o->write_characters("\": ", 3);
-                    dump(i->second, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-
-                    o->write_character('\n');
-                    o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), current_indent);
-                    o->write_character('}');
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    o->write_character('{');
-
-                    // first n-1 elements
-                    auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
-                    for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i)
-                    {
-                        o->write_character('\"');
-                        dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-                        o->write_characters("\":", 2);
-                        dump(i->second, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-                        o->write_character(',');
-                    }
-
-                    // last element
-                    assert(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
-                    assert(std::next(i) == val.m_value.object->cend());
-                    o->write_character('\"');
-                    dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-                    o->write_characters("\":", 2);
-                    dump(i->second, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-
-                    o->write_character('}');
-                }
-
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                if (val.m_value.array->empty())
-                {
-                    o->write_characters("[]", 2);
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                if (pretty_print)
-                {
-                    o->write_characters("[\n", 2);
-
-                    // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
-                    const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(indent_string.size() < new_indent))
-                    {
-                        indent_string.resize(indent_string.size() * 2, ' ');
-                    }
-
-                    // first n-1 elements
-                    for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin();
-                            i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i)
-                    {
-                        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-                        dump(*i, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-                        o->write_characters(",\n", 2);
-                    }
-
-                    // last element
-                    assert(not val.m_value.array->empty());
-                    o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-                    dump(val.m_value.array->back(), true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-
-                    o->write_character('\n');
-                    o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), current_indent);
-                    o->write_character(']');
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    o->write_character('[');
-
-                    // first n-1 elements
-                    for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin();
-                            i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i)
-                    {
-                        dump(*i, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-                        o->write_character(',');
-                    }
-
-                    // last element
-                    assert(not val.m_value.array->empty());
-                    dump(val.m_value.array->back(), false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-
-                    o->write_character(']');
-                }
-
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                o->write_character('\"');
-                dump_escaped(*val.m_value.string, ensure_ascii);
-                o->write_character('\"');
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            {
-                if (val.m_value.boolean)
-                {
-                    o->write_characters("true", 4);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    o->write_characters("false", 5);
-                }
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                dump_integer(val.m_value.number_integer);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                dump_integer(val.m_value.number_unsigned);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            {
-                dump_float(val.m_value.number_float);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::discarded:
-            {
-                o->write_characters("<discarded>", 11);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::null:
-            {
-                o->write_characters("null", 4);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        }
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /*!
-    @brief dump escaped string
-
-    Escape a string by replacing certain special characters by a sequence of an
-    escape character (backslash) and another character and other control
-    characters by a sequence of "\u" followed by a four-digit hex
-    representation. The escaped string is written to output stream @a o.
-
-    @param[in] s  the string to escape
-    @param[in] ensure_ascii  whether to escape non-ASCII characters with
-                             \uXXXX sequences
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of string @a s.
-    */
-    void dump_escaped(const string_t& s, const bool ensure_ascii)
-    {
-        std::uint32_t codepoint;
-        std::uint8_t state = UTF8_ACCEPT;
-        std::size_t bytes = 0;  // number of bytes written to string_buffer
-
-        // number of bytes written at the point of the last valid byte
-        std::size_t bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
-        std::size_t undumped_chars = 0;
-
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i)
-        {
-            const auto byte = static_cast<uint8_t>(s[i]);
-
-            switch (decode(state, codepoint, byte))
-            {
-                case UTF8_ACCEPT:  // decode found a new code point
-                {
-                    switch (codepoint)
-                    {
-                        case 0x08: // backspace
-                        {
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = 'b';
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        case 0x09: // horizontal tab
-                        {
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = 't';
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        case 0x0A: // newline
-                        {
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = 'n';
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        case 0x0C: // formfeed
-                        {
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        case 0x0D: // carriage return
-                        {
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = 'r';
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        case 0x22: // quotation mark
-                        {
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\"';
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        case 0x5C: // reverse solidus
-                        {
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        default:
-                        {
-                            // escape control characters (0x00..0x1F) or, if
-                            // ensure_ascii parameter is used, non-ASCII characters
-                            if ((codepoint <= 0x1F) or (ensure_ascii and (codepoint >= 0x7F)))
-                            {
-                                if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF)
-                                {
-                                    (std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 7, "\\u%04x",
-                                                    static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint));
-                                    bytes += 6;
-                                }
-                                else
-                                {
-                                    (std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 13, "\\u%04x\\u%04x",
-                                                    static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)),
-                                                    static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu)));
-                                    bytes += 12;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else
-                            {
-                                // copy byte to buffer (all previous bytes
-                                // been copied have in default case above)
-                                string_buffer[bytes++] = s[i];
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // write buffer and reset index; there must be 13 bytes
-                    // left, as this is the maximal number of bytes to be
-                    // written ("\uxxxx\uxxxx\0") for one code point
-                    if (string_buffer.size() - bytes < 13)
-                    {
-                        o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
-                        bytes = 0;
-                    }
-
-                    // remember the byte position of this accept
-                    bytes_after_last_accept = bytes;
-                    undumped_chars = 0;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case UTF8_REJECT:  // decode found invalid UTF-8 byte
-                {
-                    switch (error_handler)
-                    {
-                        case error_handler_t::strict:
-                        {
-                            std::string sn(3, '\0');
-                            (std::snprintf)(&sn[0], sn.size(), "%.2X", byte);
-                            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(316, "invalid UTF-8 byte at index " + std::to_string(i) + ": 0x" + sn));
-                        }
-
-                        case error_handler_t::ignore:
-                        case error_handler_t::replace:
-                        {
-                            // in case we saw this character the first time, we
-                            // would like to read it again, because the byte
-                            // may be OK for itself, but just not OK for the
-                            // previous sequence
-                            if (undumped_chars > 0)
-                            {
-                                --i;
-                            }
-
-                            // reset length buffer to the last accepted index;
-                            // thus removing/ignoring the invalid characters
-                            bytes = bytes_after_last_accept;
-
-                            if (error_handler == error_handler_t::replace)
-                            {
-                                // add a replacement character
-                                if (ensure_ascii)
-                                {
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = 'u';
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = 'd';
-                                }
-                                else
-                                {
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type('\xEF');
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type('\xBF');
-                                    string_buffer[bytes++] = detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type('\xBD');
-                                }
-
-                                // write buffer and reset index; there must be 13 bytes
-                                // left, as this is the maximal number of bytes to be
-                                // written ("\uxxxx\uxxxx\0") for one code point
-                                if (string_buffer.size() - bytes < 13)
-                                {
-                                    o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
-                                    bytes = 0;
-                                }
-
-                                bytes_after_last_accept = bytes;
-                            }
-
-                            undumped_chars = 0;
-
-                            // continue processing the string
-                            state = UTF8_ACCEPT;
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                            assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:  // decode found yet incomplete multi-byte code point
-                {
-                    if (not ensure_ascii)
-                    {
-                        // code point will not be escaped - copy byte to buffer
-                        string_buffer[bytes++] = s[i];
-                    }
-                    ++undumped_chars;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // we finished processing the string
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(state == UTF8_ACCEPT))
-        {
-            // write buffer
-            if (bytes > 0)
-            {
-                o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // we finish reading, but do not accept: string was incomplete
-            switch (error_handler)
-            {
-                case error_handler_t::strict:
-                {
-                    std::string sn(3, '\0');
-                    (std::snprintf)(&sn[0], sn.size(), "%.2X", static_cast<std::uint8_t>(s.back()));
-                    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(316, "incomplete UTF-8 string; last byte: 0x" + sn));
-                }
-
-                case error_handler_t::ignore:
-                {
-                    // write all accepted bytes
-                    o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes_after_last_accept);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case error_handler_t::replace:
-                {
-                    // write all accepted bytes
-                    o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes_after_last_accept);
-                    // add a replacement character
-                    if (ensure_ascii)
-                    {
-                        o->write_characters("\\ufffd", 6);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        o->write_characters("\xEF\xBF\xBD", 3);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                    assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief count digits
-
-    Count the number of decimal (base 10) digits for an input unsigned integer.
-
-    @param[in] x  unsigned integer number to count its digits
-    @return    number of decimal digits
-    */
-    inline unsigned int count_digits(number_unsigned_t x) noexcept
-    {
-        unsigned int n_digits = 1;
-        for (;;)
-        {
-            if (x < 10)
-            {
-                return n_digits;
-            }
-            if (x < 100)
-            {
-                return n_digits + 1;
-            }
-            if (x < 1000)
-            {
-                return n_digits + 2;
-            }
-            if (x < 10000)
-            {
-                return n_digits + 3;
-            }
-            x = x / 10000u;
-            n_digits += 4;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief dump an integer
-
-    Dump a given integer to output stream @a o. Works internally with
-    @a number_buffer.
-
-    @param[in] x  integer number (signed or unsigned) to dump
-    @tparam NumberType either @a number_integer_t or @a number_unsigned_t
-    */
-    template<typename NumberType, detail::enable_if_t<
-                 std::is_same<NumberType, number_unsigned_t>::value or
-                 std::is_same<NumberType, number_integer_t>::value,
-                 int> = 0>
-    void dump_integer(NumberType x)
-    {
-        static constexpr std::array<std::array<char, 2>, 100> digits_to_99
-        {
-            {
-                {{'0', '0'}}, {{'0', '1'}}, {{'0', '2'}}, {{'0', '3'}}, {{'0', '4'}}, {{'0', '5'}}, {{'0', '6'}}, {{'0', '7'}}, {{'0', '8'}}, {{'0', '9'}},
-                {{'1', '0'}}, {{'1', '1'}}, {{'1', '2'}}, {{'1', '3'}}, {{'1', '4'}}, {{'1', '5'}}, {{'1', '6'}}, {{'1', '7'}}, {{'1', '8'}}, {{'1', '9'}},
-                {{'2', '0'}}, {{'2', '1'}}, {{'2', '2'}}, {{'2', '3'}}, {{'2', '4'}}, {{'2', '5'}}, {{'2', '6'}}, {{'2', '7'}}, {{'2', '8'}}, {{'2', '9'}},
-                {{'3', '0'}}, {{'3', '1'}}, {{'3', '2'}}, {{'3', '3'}}, {{'3', '4'}}, {{'3', '5'}}, {{'3', '6'}}, {{'3', '7'}}, {{'3', '8'}}, {{'3', '9'}},
-                {{'4', '0'}}, {{'4', '1'}}, {{'4', '2'}}, {{'4', '3'}}, {{'4', '4'}}, {{'4', '5'}}, {{'4', '6'}}, {{'4', '7'}}, {{'4', '8'}}, {{'4', '9'}},
-                {{'5', '0'}}, {{'5', '1'}}, {{'5', '2'}}, {{'5', '3'}}, {{'5', '4'}}, {{'5', '5'}}, {{'5', '6'}}, {{'5', '7'}}, {{'5', '8'}}, {{'5', '9'}},
-                {{'6', '0'}}, {{'6', '1'}}, {{'6', '2'}}, {{'6', '3'}}, {{'6', '4'}}, {{'6', '5'}}, {{'6', '6'}}, {{'6', '7'}}, {{'6', '8'}}, {{'6', '9'}},
-                {{'7', '0'}}, {{'7', '1'}}, {{'7', '2'}}, {{'7', '3'}}, {{'7', '4'}}, {{'7', '5'}}, {{'7', '6'}}, {{'7', '7'}}, {{'7', '8'}}, {{'7', '9'}},
-                {{'8', '0'}}, {{'8', '1'}}, {{'8', '2'}}, {{'8', '3'}}, {{'8', '4'}}, {{'8', '5'}}, {{'8', '6'}}, {{'8', '7'}}, {{'8', '8'}}, {{'8', '9'}},
-                {{'9', '0'}}, {{'9', '1'}}, {{'9', '2'}}, {{'9', '3'}}, {{'9', '4'}}, {{'9', '5'}}, {{'9', '6'}}, {{'9', '7'}}, {{'9', '8'}}, {{'9', '9'}},
-            }
-        };
-
-        // special case for "0"
-        if (x == 0)
-        {
-            o->write_character('0');
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // use a pointer to fill the buffer
-        auto buffer_ptr = number_buffer.begin();
-
-        const bool is_negative = std::is_same<NumberType, number_integer_t>::value and not(x >= 0); // see issue #755
-        number_unsigned_t abs_value;
-
-        unsigned int n_chars;
-
-        if (is_negative)
-        {
-            *buffer_ptr = '-';
-            abs_value = remove_sign(x);
-
-            // account one more byte for the minus sign
-            n_chars = 1 + count_digits(abs_value);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            abs_value = static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(x);
-            n_chars = count_digits(abs_value);
-        }
-
-        // spare 1 byte for '\0'
-        assert(n_chars < number_buffer.size() - 1);
-
-        // jump to the end to generate the string from backward
-        // so we later avoid reversing the result
-        buffer_ptr += n_chars;
-
-        // Fast int2ascii implementation inspired by "Fastware" talk by Andrei Alexandrescu
-        // See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4-CwDo2zpg
-        while (abs_value >= 100)
-        {
-            const auto digits_index = static_cast<unsigned>((abs_value % 100));
-            abs_value /= 100;
-            *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][1];
-            *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][0];
-        }
-
-        if (abs_value >= 10)
-        {
-            const auto digits_index = static_cast<unsigned>(abs_value);
-            *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][1];
-            *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][0];
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            *(--buffer_ptr) = static_cast<char>('0' + abs_value);
-        }
-
-        o->write_characters(number_buffer.data(), n_chars);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief dump a floating-point number
-
-    Dump a given floating-point number to output stream @a o. Works internally
-    with @a number_buffer.
-
-    @param[in] x  floating-point number to dump
-    */
-    void dump_float(number_float_t x)
-    {
-        // NaN / inf
-        if (not std::isfinite(x))
-        {
-            o->write_characters("null", 4);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // If number_float_t is an IEEE-754 single or double precision number,
-        // use the Grisu2 algorithm to produce short numbers which are
-        // guaranteed to round-trip, using strtof and strtod, resp.
-        //
-        // NB: The test below works if <long double> == <double>.
-        static constexpr bool is_ieee_single_or_double
-            = (std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::is_iec559 and std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits == 24 and std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_exponent == 128) or
-              (std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::is_iec559 and std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits == 53 and std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_exponent == 1024);
-
-        dump_float(x, std::integral_constant<bool, is_ieee_single_or_double>());
-    }
-
-    void dump_float(number_float_t x, std::true_type /*is_ieee_single_or_double*/)
-    {
-        char* begin = number_buffer.data();
-        char* end = ::nlohmann::detail::to_chars(begin, begin + number_buffer.size(), x);
-
-        o->write_characters(begin, static_cast<size_t>(end - begin));
-    }
-
-    void dump_float(number_float_t x, std::false_type /*is_ieee_single_or_double*/)
-    {
-        // get number of digits for a float -> text -> float round-trip
-        static constexpr auto d = std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_digits10;
-
-        // the actual conversion
-        std::ptrdiff_t len = (std::snprintf)(number_buffer.data(), number_buffer.size(), "%.*g", d, x);
-
-        // negative value indicates an error
-        assert(len > 0);
-        // check if buffer was large enough
-        assert(static_cast<std::size_t>(len) < number_buffer.size());
-
-        // erase thousands separator
-        if (thousands_sep != '\0')
-        {
-            const auto end = std::remove(number_buffer.begin(),
-                                         number_buffer.begin() + len, thousands_sep);
-            std::fill(end, number_buffer.end(), '\0');
-            assert((end - number_buffer.begin()) <= len);
-            len = (end - number_buffer.begin());
-        }
-
-        // convert decimal point to '.'
-        if (decimal_point != '\0' and decimal_point != '.')
-        {
-            const auto dec_pos = std::find(number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.end(), decimal_point);
-            if (dec_pos != number_buffer.end())
-            {
-                *dec_pos = '.';
-            }
-        }
-
-        o->write_characters(number_buffer.data(), static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-
-        // determine if need to append ".0"
-        const bool value_is_int_like =
-            std::none_of(number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.begin() + len + 1,
-                         [](char c)
-        {
-            return c == '.' or c == 'e';
-        });
-
-        if (value_is_int_like)
-        {
-            o->write_characters(".0", 2);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief check whether a string is UTF-8 encoded
-
-    The function checks each byte of a string whether it is UTF-8 encoded. The
-    result of the check is stored in the @a state parameter. The function must
-    be called initially with state 0 (accept). State 1 means the string must
-    be rejected, because the current byte is not allowed. If the string is
-    completely processed, but the state is non-zero, the string ended
-    prematurely; that is, the last byte indicated more bytes should have
-    followed.
-
-    @param[in,out] state  the state of the decoding
-    @param[in,out] codep  codepoint (valid only if resulting state is UTF8_ACCEPT)
-    @param[in] byte       next byte to decode
-    @return               new state
-
-    @note The function has been edited: a std::array is used.
-
-    @copyright Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Bjoern Hoehrmann <bjoern@hoehrmann.de>
-    @sa http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/
-    */
-    static std::uint8_t decode(std::uint8_t& state, std::uint32_t& codep, const std::uint8_t byte) noexcept
-    {
-        static const std::array<std::uint8_t, 400> utf8d =
-        {
-            {
-                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // 00..1F
-                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // 20..3F
-                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // 40..5F
-                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // 60..7F
-                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, // 80..9F
-                7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, // A0..BF
-                8, 8, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, // C0..DF
-                0xA, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x4, 0x3, 0x3, // E0..EF
-                0xB, 0x6, 0x6, 0x6, 0x5, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, // F0..FF
-                0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x5, 0x8, 0x7, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x4, 0x6, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, // s0..s0
-                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, // s1..s2
-                1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, // s3..s4
-                1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, // s5..s6
-                1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 // s7..s8
-            }
-        };
-
-        const std::uint8_t type = utf8d[byte];
-
-        codep = (state != UTF8_ACCEPT)
-                ? (byte & 0x3fu) | (codep << 6u)
-                : (0xFFu >> type) & (byte);
-
-        state = utf8d[256u + state * 16u + type];
-        return state;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Overload to make the compiler happy while it is instantiating
-     * dump_integer for number_unsigned_t.
-     * Must never be called.
-     */
-    number_unsigned_t remove_sign(number_unsigned_t x)
-    {
-        assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        return x; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Helper function for dump_integer
-     *
-     * This function takes a negative signed integer and returns its absolute
-     * value as unsigned integer. The plus/minus shuffling is necessary as we can
-     * not directly remove the sign of an arbitrary signed integer as the
-     * absolute values of INT_MIN and INT_MAX are usually not the same. See
-     * #1708 for details.
-     */
-    inline number_unsigned_t remove_sign(number_integer_t x) noexcept
-    {
-        assert(x < 0 and x < (std::numeric_limits<number_integer_t>::max)());
-        return static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(-(x + 1)) + 1;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    /// the output of the serializer
-    output_adapter_t<char> o = nullptr;
-
-    /// a (hopefully) large enough character buffer
-    std::array<char, 64> number_buffer{{}};
-
-    /// the locale
-    const std::lconv* loc = nullptr;
-    /// the locale's thousand separator character
-    const char thousands_sep = '\0';
-    /// the locale's decimal point character
-    const char decimal_point = '\0';
-
-    /// string buffer
-    std::array<char, 512> string_buffer{{}};
-
-    /// the indentation character
-    const char indent_char;
-    /// the indentation string
-    string_t indent_string;
-
-    /// error_handler how to react on decoding errors
-    const error_handler_t error_handler;
-};
-}  // namespace detail
-}  // namespace nlohmann
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp>
-
-
-/*!
-@brief namespace for Niels Lohmann
-@see https://github.com/nlohmann
-@since version 1.0.0
-*/
-namespace nlohmann
-{
-
-/*!
-@brief a class to store JSON values
-
-@tparam ObjectType type for JSON objects (`std::map` by default; will be used
-in @ref object_t)
-@tparam ArrayType type for JSON arrays (`std::vector` by default; will be used
-in @ref array_t)
-@tparam StringType type for JSON strings and object keys (`std::string` by
-default; will be used in @ref string_t)
-@tparam BooleanType type for JSON booleans (`bool` by default; will be used
-in @ref boolean_t)
-@tparam NumberIntegerType type for JSON integer numbers (`int64_t` by
-default; will be used in @ref number_integer_t)
-@tparam NumberUnsignedType type for JSON unsigned integer numbers (@c
-`uint64_t` by default; will be used in @ref number_unsigned_t)
-@tparam NumberFloatType type for JSON floating-point numbers (`double` by
-default; will be used in @ref number_float_t)
-@tparam AllocatorType type of the allocator to use (`std::allocator` by
-default)
-@tparam JSONSerializer the serializer to resolve internal calls to `to_json()`
-and `from_json()` (@ref adl_serializer by default)
-
-@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
-- Basic
- - [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible):
-   JSON values can be default constructed. The result will be a JSON null
-   value.
- - [MoveConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible):
-   A JSON value can be constructed from an rvalue argument.
- - [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible):
-   A JSON value can be copy-constructed from an lvalue expression.
- - [MoveAssignable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveAssignable):
-   A JSON value van be assigned from an rvalue argument.
- - [CopyAssignable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyAssignable):
-   A JSON value can be copy-assigned from an lvalue expression.
- - [Destructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Destructible):
-   JSON values can be destructed.
-- Layout
- - [StandardLayoutType](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/StandardLayoutType):
-   JSON values have
-   [standard layout](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/data_members#Standard_layout):
-   All non-static data members are private and standard layout types, the
-   class has no virtual functions or (virtual) base classes.
-- Library-wide
- - [EqualityComparable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/EqualityComparable):
-   JSON values can be compared with `==`, see @ref
-   operator==(const_reference,const_reference).
- - [LessThanComparable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/LessThanComparable):
-   JSON values can be compared with `<`, see @ref
-   operator<(const_reference,const_reference).
- - [Swappable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Swappable):
-   Any JSON lvalue or rvalue of can be swapped with any lvalue or rvalue of
-   other compatible types, using unqualified function call @ref swap().
- - [NullablePointer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/NullablePointer):
-   JSON values can be compared against `std::nullptr_t` objects which are used
-   to model the `null` value.
-- Container
- - [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container):
-   JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide iterator access.
- - [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer);
-   JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide reverse iterator
-   access.
-
-@invariant The member variables @a m_value and @a m_type have the following
-relationship:
-- If `m_type == value_t::object`, then `m_value.object != nullptr`.
-- If `m_type == value_t::array`, then `m_value.array != nullptr`.
-- If `m_type == value_t::string`, then `m_value.string != nullptr`.
-The invariants are checked by member function assert_invariant().
-
-@internal
-@note ObjectType trick from http://stackoverflow.com/a/9860911
-@endinternal
-
-@see [RFC 7159: The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange
-Format](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159)
-
-@since version 1.0.0
-
-@nosubgrouping
-*/
-NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-class basic_json
-{
-  private:
-    template<detail::value_t> friend struct detail::external_constructor;
-    friend ::nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json>;
-    friend ::nlohmann::detail::parser<basic_json>;
-    friend ::nlohmann::detail::serializer<basic_json>;
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    friend class ::nlohmann::detail::iter_impl;
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CharType>
-    friend class ::nlohmann::detail::binary_writer;
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename SAX>
-    friend class ::nlohmann::detail::binary_reader;
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    friend class ::nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_parser;
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    friend class ::nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_callback_parser;
-
-    /// workaround type for MSVC
-    using basic_json_t = NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL;
-
-    // convenience aliases for types residing in namespace detail;
-    using lexer = ::nlohmann::detail::lexer<basic_json>;
-    using parser = ::nlohmann::detail::parser<basic_json>;
-
-    using primitive_iterator_t = ::nlohmann::detail::primitive_iterator_t;
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    using internal_iterator = ::nlohmann::detail::internal_iterator<BasicJsonType>;
-    template<typename BasicJsonType>
-    using iter_impl = ::nlohmann::detail::iter_impl<BasicJsonType>;
-    template<typename Iterator>
-    using iteration_proxy = ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy<Iterator>;
-    template<typename Base> using json_reverse_iterator = ::nlohmann::detail::json_reverse_iterator<Base>;
-
-    template<typename CharType>
-    using output_adapter_t = ::nlohmann::detail::output_adapter_t<CharType>;
-
-    using binary_reader = ::nlohmann::detail::binary_reader<basic_json>;
-    template<typename CharType> using binary_writer = ::nlohmann::detail::binary_writer<basic_json, CharType>;
-
-    using serializer = ::nlohmann::detail::serializer<basic_json>;
-
-  public:
-    using value_t = detail::value_t;
-    /// JSON Pointer, see @ref nlohmann::json_pointer
-    using json_pointer = ::nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json>;
-    template<typename T, typename SFINAE>
-    using json_serializer = JSONSerializer<T, SFINAE>;
-    /// how to treat decoding errors
-    using error_handler_t = detail::error_handler_t;
-    /// helper type for initializer lists of basic_json values
-    using initializer_list_t = std::initializer_list<detail::json_ref<basic_json>>;
-
-    using input_format_t = detail::input_format_t;
-    /// SAX interface type, see @ref nlohmann::json_sax
-    using json_sax_t = json_sax<basic_json>;
-
-    ////////////////
-    // exceptions //
-    ////////////////
-
-    /// @name exceptions
-    /// Classes to implement user-defined exceptions.
-    /// @{
-
-    /// @copydoc detail::exception
-    using exception = detail::exception;
-    /// @copydoc detail::parse_error
-    using parse_error = detail::parse_error;
-    /// @copydoc detail::invalid_iterator
-    using invalid_iterator = detail::invalid_iterator;
-    /// @copydoc detail::type_error
-    using type_error = detail::type_error;
-    /// @copydoc detail::out_of_range
-    using out_of_range = detail::out_of_range;
-    /// @copydoc detail::other_error
-    using other_error = detail::other_error;
-
-    /// @}
-
-
-    /////////////////////
-    // container types //
-    /////////////////////
-
-    /// @name container types
-    /// The canonic container types to use @ref basic_json like any other STL
-    /// container.
-    /// @{
-
-    /// the type of elements in a basic_json container
-    using value_type = basic_json;
-
-    /// the type of an element reference
-    using reference = value_type&;
-    /// the type of an element const reference
-    using const_reference = const value_type&;
-
-    /// a type to represent differences between iterators
-    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-    /// a type to represent container sizes
-    using size_type = std::size_t;
-
-    /// the allocator type
-    using allocator_type = AllocatorType<basic_json>;
-
-    /// the type of an element pointer
-    using pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer;
-    /// the type of an element const pointer
-    using const_pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer;
-
-    /// an iterator for a basic_json container
-    using iterator = iter_impl<basic_json>;
-    /// a const iterator for a basic_json container
-    using const_iterator = iter_impl<const basic_json>;
-    /// a reverse iterator for a basic_json container
-    using reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::iterator>;
-    /// a const reverse iterator for a basic_json container
-    using const_reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::const_iterator>;
-
-    /// @}
-
-
-    /*!
-    @brief returns the allocator associated with the container
-    */
-    static allocator_type get_allocator()
-    {
-        return allocator_type();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief returns version information on the library
-
-    This function returns a JSON object with information about the library,
-    including the version number and information on the platform and compiler.
-
-    @return JSON object holding version information
-    key         | description
-    ----------- | ---------------
-    `compiler`  | Information on the used compiler. It is an object with the following keys: `c++` (the used C++ standard), `family` (the compiler family; possible values are `clang`, `icc`, `gcc`, `ilecpp`, `msvc`, `pgcpp`, `sunpro`, and `unknown`), and `version` (the compiler version).
-    `copyright` | The copyright line for the library as string.
-    `name`      | The name of the library as string.
-    `platform`  | The used platform as string. Possible values are `win32`, `linux`, `apple`, `unix`, and `unknown`.
-    `url`       | The URL of the project as string.
-    `version`   | The version of the library. It is an object with the following keys: `major`, `minor`, and `patch` as defined by [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org), and `string` (the version string).
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example output of the `meta()`
-    function.,meta}
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @since 2.1.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json meta()
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-
-        result["copyright"] = "(C) 2013-2017 Niels Lohmann";
-        result["name"] = "JSON for Modern C++";
-        result["url"] = "https://github.com/nlohmann/json";
-        result["version"]["string"] =
-            std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR) + "." +
-            std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR) + "." +
-            std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH);
-        result["version"]["major"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR;
-        result["version"]["minor"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR;
-        result["version"]["patch"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH;
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        result["platform"] = "win32";
-#elif defined __linux__
-        result["platform"] = "linux";
-#elif defined __APPLE__
-        result["platform"] = "apple";
-#elif defined __unix__
-        result["platform"] = "unix";
-#else
-        result["platform"] = "unknown";
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "icc"}, {"version", __INTEL_COMPILER}};
-#elif defined(__clang__)
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "clang"}, {"version", __clang_version__}};
-#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "gcc"}, {"version", std::to_string(__GNUC__) + "." + std::to_string(__GNUC_MINOR__) + "." + std::to_string(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)}};
-#elif defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
-        result["compiler"] = "hp"
-#elif defined(__IBMCPP__)
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "ilecpp"}, {"version", __IBMCPP__}};
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "msvc"}, {"version", _MSC_VER}};
-#elif defined(__PGI)
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "pgcpp"}, {"version", __PGI}};
-#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "sunpro"}, {"version", __SUNPRO_CC}};
-#else
-        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "unknown"}, {"version", "unknown"}};
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-        result["compiler"]["c++"] = std::to_string(__cplusplus);
-#else
-        result["compiler"]["c++"] = "unknown";
-#endif
-        return result;
-    }
-
-
-    ///////////////////////////
-    // JSON value data types //
-    ///////////////////////////
-
-    /// @name JSON value data types
-    /// The data types to store a JSON value. These types are derived from
-    /// the template arguments passed to class @ref basic_json.
-    /// @{
-
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_14)
-    // Use transparent comparator if possible, combined with perfect forwarding
-    // on find() and count() calls prevents unnecessary string construction.
-    using object_comparator_t = std::less<>;
-#else
-    using object_comparator_t = std::less<StringType>;
-#endif
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a type for an object
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON objects as follows:
-    > An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs,
-    > where a name is a string and a value is a string, number, boolean, null,
-    > object, or array.
-
-    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters
-    described below.
-
-    @tparam ObjectType  the container to store objects (e.g., `std::map` or
-    `std::unordered_map`)
-    @tparam StringType the type of the keys or names (e.g., `std::string`).
-    The comparison function `std::less<StringType>` is used to order elements
-    inside the container.
-    @tparam AllocatorType the allocator to use for objects (e.g.,
-    `std::allocator`)
-
-    #### Default type
-
-    With the default values for @a ObjectType (`std::map`), @a StringType
-    (`std::string`), and @a AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default
-    value for @a object_t is:
-
-    @code {.cpp}
-    std::map<
-      std::string, // key_type
-      basic_json, // value_type
-      std::less<std::string>, // key_compare
-      std::allocator<std::pair<const std::string, basic_json>> // allocator_type
-    >
-    @endcode
-
-    #### Behavior
-
-    The choice of @a object_t influences the behavior of the JSON class. With
-    the default type, objects have the following behavior:
-
-    - When all names are unique, objects will be interoperable in the sense
-      that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on
-      the name-value mappings.
-    - When the names within an object are not unique, it is unspecified which
-      one of the values for a given key will be chosen. For instance,
-      `{"key": 2, "key": 1}` could be equal to either `{"key": 1}` or
-      `{"key": 2}`.
-    - Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the
-      names. Objects will also be serialized (see @ref dump) in this order.
-      For instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored
-      and serialized as `{"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
-    - When comparing objects, the order of the name/value pairs is irrelevant.
-      This makes objects interoperable in the sense that they will not be
-      affected by these differences. For instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and
-      `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be treated as equal.
-
-    #### Limits
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
-    > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
-
-    In this class, the object's limit of nesting is not explicitly constrained.
-    However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
-    runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
-    @ref max_size function of a JSON object.
-
-    #### Storage
-
-    Objects are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is, for any
-    access to object values, a pointer of type `object_t*` must be
-    dereferenced.
-
-    @sa @ref array_t -- type for an array value
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-
-    @note The order name/value pairs are added to the object is *not*
-    preserved by the library. Therefore, iterating an object may return
-    name/value pairs in a different order than they were originally stored. In
-    fact, keys will be traversed in alphabetical order as `std::map` with
-    `std::less` is used by default. Please note this behavior conforms to [RFC
-    7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159), because any order implements the
-    specified "unordered" nature of JSON objects.
-    */
-    using object_t = ObjectType<StringType,
-          basic_json,
-          object_comparator_t,
-          AllocatorType<std::pair<const StringType,
-          basic_json>>>;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a type for an array
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON arrays as follows:
-    > An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.
-
-    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters
-    explained below.
-
-    @tparam ArrayType  container type to store arrays (e.g., `std::vector` or
-    `std::list`)
-    @tparam AllocatorType allocator to use for arrays (e.g., `std::allocator`)
-
-    #### Default type
-
-    With the default values for @a ArrayType (`std::vector`) and @a
-    AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default value for @a array_t is:
-
-    @code {.cpp}
-    std::vector<
-      basic_json, // value_type
-      std::allocator<basic_json> // allocator_type
-    >
-    @endcode
-
-    #### Limits
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
-    > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
-
-    In this class, the array's limit of nesting is not explicitly constrained.
-    However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
-    runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
-    @ref max_size function of a JSON array.
-
-    #### Storage
-
-    Arrays are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is, for any
-    access to array values, a pointer of type `array_t*` must be dereferenced.
-
-    @sa @ref object_t -- type for an object value
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    using array_t = ArrayType<basic_json, AllocatorType<basic_json>>;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a type for a string
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON strings as follows:
-    > A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters.
-
-    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter
-    described below. Unicode values are split by the JSON class into
-    byte-sized characters during deserialization.
-
-    @tparam StringType  the container to store strings (e.g., `std::string`).
-    Note this container is used for keys/names in objects, see @ref object_t.
-
-    #### Default type
-
-    With the default values for @a StringType (`std::string`), the default
-    value for @a string_t is:
-
-    @code {.cpp}
-    std::string
-    @endcode
-
-    #### Encoding
-
-    Strings are stored in UTF-8 encoding. Therefore, functions like
-    `std::string::size()` or `std::string::length()` return the number of
-    bytes in the string rather than the number of characters or glyphs.
-
-    #### String comparison
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
-    > Software implementations are typically required to test names of object
-    > members for equality. Implementations that transform the textual
-    > representation into sequences of Unicode code units and then perform the
-    > comparison numerically, code unit by code unit, are interoperable in the
-    > sense that implementations will agree in all cases on equality or
-    > inequality of two strings. For example, implementations that compare
-    > strings with escaped characters unconverted may incorrectly find that
-    > `"a\\b"` and `"a\u005Cb"` are not equal.
-
-    This implementation is interoperable as it does compare strings code unit
-    by code unit.
-
-    #### Storage
-
-    String values are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is,
-    for any access to string values, a pointer of type `string_t*` must be
-    dereferenced.
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    using string_t = StringType;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a type for a boolean
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) implicitly describes a boolean as a
-    type which differentiates the two literals `true` and `false`.
-
-    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter @a
-    BooleanType which chooses the type to use.
-
-    #### Default type
-
-    With the default values for @a BooleanType (`bool`), the default value for
-    @a boolean_t is:
-
-    @code {.cpp}
-    bool
-    @endcode
-
-    #### Storage
-
-    Boolean values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    using boolean_t = BooleanType;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a type for a number (integer)
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
-    > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
-    > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
-    > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
-    > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
-    > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
-    > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
-    > are not permitted.
-
-    This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
-    However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
-    is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
-    Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
-    number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
-
-    To store integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
-    parameter @a NumberIntegerType which chooses the type to use.
-
-    #### Default type
-
-    With the default values for @a NumberIntegerType (`int64_t`), the default
-    value for @a number_integer_t is:
-
-    @code {.cpp}
-    int64_t
-    @endcode
-
-    #### Default behavior
-
-    - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
-      leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as octal
-      number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For
-      instance, the C++ integer literal `010` will be serialized to `8`.
-      During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
-    - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
-
-    #### Limits
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
-    > An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
-
-    When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be
-    stored is `9223372036854775807` (INT64_MAX) and the minimal integer number
-    that can be stored is `-9223372036854775808` (INT64_MIN). Integer numbers
-    that are out of range will yield over/underflow when used in a
-    constructor. During deserialization, too large or small integer numbers
-    will be automatically be stored as @ref number_unsigned_t or @ref
-    number_float_t.
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
-    > Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are
-    > in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are interoperable in the sense
-    > that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
-
-    As this range is a subrange of the exactly supported range [INT64_MIN,
-    INT64_MAX], this class's integer type is interoperable.
-
-    #### Storage
-
-    Integer number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
-
-    @sa @ref number_float_t -- type for number values (floating-point)
-
-    @sa @ref number_unsigned_t -- type for number values (unsigned integer)
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    using number_integer_t = NumberIntegerType;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a type for a number (unsigned)
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
-    > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
-    > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
-    > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
-    > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
-    > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
-    > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
-    > are not permitted.
-
-    This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
-    However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
-    is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
-    Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
-    number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
-
-    To store unsigned integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the
-    template parameter @a NumberUnsignedType which chooses the type to use.
-
-    #### Default type
-
-    With the default values for @a NumberUnsignedType (`uint64_t`), the
-    default value for @a number_unsigned_t is:
-
-    @code {.cpp}
-    uint64_t
-    @endcode
-
-    #### Default behavior
-
-    - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
-      leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as octal
-      number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For
-      instance, the C++ integer literal `010` will be serialized to `8`.
-      During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
-    - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
-
-    #### Limits
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
-    > An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
-
-    When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be
-    stored is `18446744073709551615` (UINT64_MAX) and the minimal integer
-    number that can be stored is `0`. Integer numbers that are out of range
-    will yield over/underflow when used in a constructor. During
-    deserialization, too large or small integer numbers will be automatically
-    be stored as @ref number_integer_t or @ref number_float_t.
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
-    > Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are
-    > in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are interoperable in the sense
-    > that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
-
-    As this range is a subrange (when considered in conjunction with the
-    number_integer_t type) of the exactly supported range [0, UINT64_MAX],
-    this class's integer type is interoperable.
-
-    #### Storage
-
-    Integer number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
-
-    @sa @ref number_float_t -- type for number values (floating-point)
-    @sa @ref number_integer_t -- type for number values (integer)
-
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    using number_unsigned_t = NumberUnsignedType;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a type for a number (floating-point)
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
-    > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
-    > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
-    > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
-    > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
-    > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
-    > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
-    > are not permitted.
-
-    This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
-    However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
-    is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
-    Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
-    number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
-
-    To store floating-point numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
-    parameter @a NumberFloatType which chooses the type to use.
-
-    #### Default type
-
-    With the default values for @a NumberFloatType (`double`), the default
-    value for @a number_float_t is:
-
-    @code {.cpp}
-    double
-    @endcode
-
-    #### Default behavior
-
-    - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
-      leading zeros in floating-point literals will be ignored. Internally,
-      the value will be stored as decimal number. For instance, the C++
-      floating-point literal `01.2` will be serialized to `1.2`. During
-      deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
-    - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
-
-    #### Limits
-
-    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
-    > This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range and
-    > precision of numbers accepted. Since software that implements IEEE
-    > 754-2008 binary64 (double precision) numbers is generally available and
-    > widely used, good interoperability can be achieved by implementations
-    > that expect no more precision or range than these provide, in the sense
-    > that implementations will approximate JSON numbers within the expected
-    > precision.
-
-    This implementation does exactly follow this approach, as it uses double
-    precision floating-point numbers. Note values smaller than
-    `-1.79769313486232e+308` and values greater than `1.79769313486232e+308`
-    will be stored as NaN internally and be serialized to `null`.
-
-    #### Storage
-
-    Floating-point number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json
-    type.
-
-    @sa @ref number_integer_t -- type for number values (integer)
-
-    @sa @ref number_unsigned_t -- type for number values (unsigned integer)
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    using number_float_t = NumberFloatType;
-
-    /// @}
-
-  private:
-
-    /// helper for exception-safe object creation
-    template<typename T, typename... Args>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-    static T* create(Args&& ... args)
-    {
-        AllocatorType<T> alloc;
-        using AllocatorTraits = std::allocator_traits<AllocatorType<T>>;
-
-        auto deleter = [&](T * object)
-        {
-            AllocatorTraits::deallocate(alloc, object, 1);
-        };
-        std::unique_ptr<T, decltype(deleter)> object(AllocatorTraits::allocate(alloc, 1), deleter);
-        AllocatorTraits::construct(alloc, object.get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        assert(object != nullptr);
-        return object.release();
-    }
-
-    ////////////////////////
-    // JSON value storage //
-    ////////////////////////
-
-    /*!
-    @brief a JSON value
-
-    The actual storage for a JSON value of the @ref basic_json class. This
-    union combines the different storage types for the JSON value types
-    defined in @ref value_t.
-
-    JSON type | value_t type    | used type
-    --------- | --------------- | ------------------------
-    object    | object          | pointer to @ref object_t
-    array     | array           | pointer to @ref array_t
-    string    | string          | pointer to @ref string_t
-    boolean   | boolean         | @ref boolean_t
-    number    | number_integer  | @ref number_integer_t
-    number    | number_unsigned | @ref number_unsigned_t
-    number    | number_float    | @ref number_float_t
-    null      | null            | *no value is stored*
-
-    @note Variable-length types (objects, arrays, and strings) are stored as
-    pointers. The size of the union should not exceed 64 bits if the default
-    value types are used.
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    union json_value
-    {
-        /// object (stored with pointer to save storage)
-        object_t* object;
-        /// array (stored with pointer to save storage)
-        array_t* array;
-        /// string (stored with pointer to save storage)
-        string_t* string;
-        /// boolean
-        boolean_t boolean;
-        /// number (integer)
-        number_integer_t number_integer;
-        /// number (unsigned integer)
-        number_unsigned_t number_unsigned;
-        /// number (floating-point)
-        number_float_t number_float;
-
-        /// default constructor (for null values)
-        json_value() = default;
-        /// constructor for booleans
-        json_value(boolean_t v) noexcept : boolean(v) {}
-        /// constructor for numbers (integer)
-        json_value(number_integer_t v) noexcept : number_integer(v) {}
-        /// constructor for numbers (unsigned)
-        json_value(number_unsigned_t v) noexcept : number_unsigned(v) {}
-        /// constructor for numbers (floating-point)
-        json_value(number_float_t v) noexcept : number_float(v) {}
-        /// constructor for empty values of a given type
-        json_value(value_t t)
-        {
-            switch (t)
-            {
-                case value_t::object:
-                {
-                    object = create<object_t>();
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::array:
-                {
-                    array = create<array_t>();
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::string:
-                {
-                    string = create<string_t>("");
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::boolean:
-                {
-                    boolean = boolean_t(false);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::number_integer:
-                {
-                    number_integer = number_integer_t(0);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::number_unsigned:
-                {
-                    number_unsigned = number_unsigned_t(0);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::number_float:
-                {
-                    number_float = number_float_t(0.0);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::null:
-                {
-                    object = nullptr;  // silence warning, see #821
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                {
-                    object = nullptr;  // silence warning, see #821
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(t == value_t::null))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(other_error::create(500, "961c151d2e87f2686a955a9be24d316f1362bf21 3.7.3")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// constructor for strings
-        json_value(const string_t& value)
-        {
-            string = create<string_t>(value);
-        }
-
-        /// constructor for rvalue strings
-        json_value(string_t&& value)
-        {
-            string = create<string_t>(std::move(value));
-        }
-
-        /// constructor for objects
-        json_value(const object_t& value)
-        {
-            object = create<object_t>(value);
-        }
-
-        /// constructor for rvalue objects
-        json_value(object_t&& value)
-        {
-            object = create<object_t>(std::move(value));
-        }
-
-        /// constructor for arrays
-        json_value(const array_t& value)
-        {
-            array = create<array_t>(value);
-        }
-
-        /// constructor for rvalue arrays
-        json_value(array_t&& value)
-        {
-            array = create<array_t>(std::move(value));
-        }
-
-        void destroy(value_t t) noexcept
-        {
-            // flatten the current json_value to a heap-allocated stack
-            std::vector<basic_json> stack;
-
-            // move the top-level items to stack
-            if (t == value_t::array)
-            {
-                stack.reserve(array->size());
-                std::move(array->begin(), array->end(), std::back_inserter(stack));
-            }
-            else if (t == value_t::object)
-            {
-                stack.reserve(object->size());
-                for (auto&& it : *object)
-                {
-                    stack.push_back(std::move(it.second));
-                }
-            }
-
-            while (not stack.empty())
-            {
-                // move the last item to local variable to be processed
-                basic_json current_item(std::move(stack.back()));
-                stack.pop_back();
-
-                // if current_item is array/object, move
-                // its children to the stack to be processed later
-                if (current_item.is_array())
-                {
-                    std::move(current_item.m_value.array->begin(), current_item.m_value.array->end(),
-                              std::back_inserter(stack));
-
-                    current_item.m_value.array->clear();
-                }
-                else if (current_item.is_object())
-                {
-                    for (auto&& it : *current_item.m_value.object)
-                    {
-                        stack.push_back(std::move(it.second));
-                    }
-
-                    current_item.m_value.object->clear();
-                }
-
-                // it's now safe that current_item get destructed
-                // since it doesn't have any children
-            }
-
-            switch (t)
-            {
-                case value_t::object:
-                {
-                    AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, object);
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, object, 1);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::array:
-                {
-                    AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, array);
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, array, 1);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::string:
-                {
-                    AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, string);
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, string, 1);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    /*!
-    @brief checks the class invariants
-
-    This function asserts the class invariants. It needs to be called at the
-    end of every constructor to make sure that created objects respect the
-    invariant. Furthermore, it has to be called each time the type of a JSON
-    value is changed, because the invariant expresses a relationship between
-    @a m_type and @a m_value.
-    */
-    void assert_invariant() const noexcept
-    {
-        assert(m_type != value_t::object or m_value.object != nullptr);
-        assert(m_type != value_t::array or m_value.array != nullptr);
-        assert(m_type != value_t::string or m_value.string != nullptr);
-    }
-
-  public:
-    //////////////////////////
-    // JSON parser callback //
-    //////////////////////////
-
-    /*!
-    @brief parser event types
-
-    The parser callback distinguishes the following events:
-    - `object_start`: the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object
-    - `key`: the parser read a key of a value in an object
-    - `object_end`: the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object
-    - `array_start`: the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array
-    - `array_end`: the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array
-    - `value`: the parser finished reading a JSON value
-
-    @image html callback_events.png "Example when certain parse events are triggered"
-
-    @sa @ref parser_callback_t for more information and examples
-    */
-    using parse_event_t = typename parser::parse_event_t;
-
-    /*!
-    @brief per-element parser callback type
-
-    With a parser callback function, the result of parsing a JSON text can be
-    influenced. When passed to @ref parse, it is called on certain events
-    (passed as @ref parse_event_t via parameter @a event) with a set recursion
-    depth @a depth and context JSON value @a parsed. The return value of the
-    callback function is a boolean indicating whether the element that emitted
-    the callback shall be kept or not.
-
-    We distinguish six scenarios (determined by the event type) in which the
-    callback function can be called. The following table describes the values
-    of the parameters @a depth, @a event, and @a parsed.
-
-    parameter @a event | description | parameter @a depth | parameter @a parsed
-    ------------------ | ----------- | ------------------ | -------------------
-    parse_event_t::object_start | the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | a JSON value with type discarded
-    parse_event_t::key | the parser read a key of a value in an object | depth of the currently parsed JSON object | a JSON string containing the key
-    parse_event_t::object_end | the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | the parsed JSON object
-    parse_event_t::array_start | the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | a JSON value with type discarded
-    parse_event_t::array_end | the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | the parsed JSON array
-    parse_event_t::value | the parser finished reading a JSON value | depth of the value | the parsed JSON value
-
-    @image html callback_events.png "Example when certain parse events are triggered"
-
-    Discarding a value (i.e., returning `false`) has different effects
-    depending on the context in which function was called:
-
-    - Discarded values in structured types are skipped. That is, the parser
-      will behave as if the discarded value was never read.
-    - In case a value outside a structured type is skipped, it is replaced
-      with `null`. This case happens if the top-level element is skipped.
-
-    @param[in] depth  the depth of the recursion during parsing
-
-    @param[in] event  an event of type parse_event_t indicating the context in
-    the callback function has been called
-
-    @param[in,out] parsed  the current intermediate parse result; note that
-    writing to this value has no effect for parse_event_t::key events
-
-    @return Whether the JSON value which called the function during parsing
-    should be kept (`true`) or not (`false`). In the latter case, it is either
-    skipped completely or replaced by an empty discarded object.
-
-    @sa @ref parse for examples
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    using parser_callback_t = typename parser::parser_callback_t;
-
-    //////////////////
-    // constructors //
-    //////////////////
-
-    /// @name constructors and destructors
-    /// Constructors of class @ref basic_json, copy/move constructor, copy
-    /// assignment, static functions creating objects, and the destructor.
-    /// @{
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create an empty value with a given type
-
-    Create an empty JSON value with a given type. The value will be default
-    initialized with an empty value which depends on the type:
-
-    Value type  | initial value
-    ----------- | -------------
-    null        | `null`
-    boolean     | `false`
-    string      | `""`
-    number      | `0`
-    object      | `{}`
-    array       | `[]`
-
-    @param[in] v  the type of the value to create
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor for different @ref
-    value_t values,basic_json__value_t}
-
-    @sa @ref clear() -- restores the postcondition of this constructor
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json(const value_t v)
-        : m_type(v), m_value(v)
-    {
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a null object
-
-    Create a `null` JSON value. It either takes a null pointer as parameter
-    (explicitly creating `null`) or no parameter (implicitly creating `null`).
-    The passed null pointer itself is not read -- it is only used to choose
-    the right constructor.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with and without a
-    null pointer parameter.,basic_json__nullptr_t}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json(std::nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept
-        : basic_json(value_t::null)
-    {
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a JSON value
-
-    This is a "catch all" constructor for all compatible JSON types; that is,
-    types for which a `to_json()` method exists. The constructor forwards the
-    parameter @a val to that method (to `json_serializer<U>::to_json` method
-    with `U = uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`, to be exact).
-
-    Template type @a CompatibleType includes, but is not limited to, the
-    following types:
-    - **arrays**: @ref array_t and all kinds of compatible containers such as
-      `std::vector`, `std::deque`, `std::list`, `std::forward_list`,
-      `std::array`, `std::valarray`, `std::set`, `std::unordered_set`,
-      `std::multiset`, and `std::unordered_multiset` with a `value_type` from
-      which a @ref basic_json value can be constructed.
-    - **objects**: @ref object_t and all kinds of compatible associative
-      containers such as `std::map`, `std::unordered_map`, `std::multimap`,
-      and `std::unordered_multimap` with a `key_type` compatible to
-      @ref string_t and a `value_type` from which a @ref basic_json value can
-      be constructed.
-    - **strings**: @ref string_t, string literals, and all compatible string
-      containers can be used.
-    - **numbers**: @ref number_integer_t, @ref number_unsigned_t,
-      @ref number_float_t, and all convertible number types such as `int`,
-      `size_t`, `int64_t`, `float` or `double` can be used.
-    - **boolean**: @ref boolean_t / `bool` can be used.
-
-    See the examples below.
-
-    @tparam CompatibleType a type such that:
-    - @a CompatibleType is not derived from `std::istream`,
-    - @a CompatibleType is not @ref basic_json (to avoid hijacking copy/move
-         constructors),
-    - @a CompatibleType is not a different @ref basic_json type (i.e. with different template arguments)
-    - @a CompatibleType is not a @ref basic_json nested type (e.g.,
-         @ref json_pointer, @ref iterator, etc ...)
-    - @ref @ref json_serializer<U> has a
-         `to_json(basic_json_t&, CompatibleType&&)` method
-
-    @tparam U = `uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`
-
-    @param[in] val the value to be forwarded to the respective constructor
-
-    @complexity Usually linear in the size of the passed @a val, also
-                depending on the implementation of the called `to_json()`
-                method.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Depends on the called constructor. For types directly
-    supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no `to_json()` function
-    was provided), strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are
-    no changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with several
-    compatible types.,basic_json__CompatibleType}
-
-    @since version 2.1.0
-    */
-    template <typename CompatibleType,
-              typename U = detail::uncvref_t<CompatibleType>,
-              detail::enable_if_t<
-                  not detail::is_basic_json<U>::value and detail::is_compatible_type<basic_json_t, U>::value, int> = 0>
-    basic_json(CompatibleType && val) noexcept(noexcept(
-                JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(std::declval<basic_json_t&>(),
-                                           std::forward<CompatibleType>(val))))
-    {
-        JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(*this, std::forward<CompatibleType>(val));
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a JSON value from an existing one
-
-    This is a constructor for existing @ref basic_json types.
-    It does not hijack copy/move constructors, since the parameter has different
-    template arguments than the current ones.
-
-    The constructor tries to convert the internal @ref m_value of the parameter.
-
-    @tparam BasicJsonType a type such that:
-    - @a BasicJsonType is a @ref basic_json type.
-    - @a BasicJsonType has different template arguments than @ref basic_json_t.
-
-    @param[in] val the @ref basic_json value to be converted.
-
-    @complexity Usually linear in the size of the passed @a val, also
-                depending on the implementation of the called `to_json()`
-                method.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Depends on the called constructor. For types directly
-    supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no `to_json()` function
-    was provided), strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are
-    no changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @since version 3.2.0
-    */
-    template <typename BasicJsonType,
-              detail::enable_if_t<
-                  detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value and not std::is_same<basic_json, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-    basic_json(const BasicJsonType& val)
-    {
-        using other_boolean_t = typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t;
-        using other_number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-        using other_number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-        using other_number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-        using other_string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-        using other_object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-        using other_array_t = typename BasicJsonType::array_t;
-
-        switch (val.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::boolean:
-                JSONSerializer<other_boolean_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_boolean_t>());
-                break;
-            case value_t::number_float:
-                JSONSerializer<other_number_float_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_number_float_t>());
-                break;
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-                JSONSerializer<other_number_integer_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_number_integer_t>());
-                break;
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-                JSONSerializer<other_number_unsigned_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_number_unsigned_t>());
-                break;
-            case value_t::string:
-                JSONSerializer<other_string_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get_ref<const other_string_t&>());
-                break;
-            case value_t::object:
-                JSONSerializer<other_object_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get_ref<const other_object_t&>());
-                break;
-            case value_t::array:
-                JSONSerializer<other_array_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get_ref<const other_array_t&>());
-                break;
-            case value_t::null:
-                *this = nullptr;
-                break;
-            case value_t::discarded:
-                m_type = value_t::discarded;
-                break;
-            default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        }
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a container (array or object) from an initializer list
-
-    Creates a JSON value of type array or object from the passed initializer
-    list @a init. In case @a type_deduction is `true` (default), the type of
-    the JSON value to be created is deducted from the initializer list @a init
-    according to the following rules:
-
-    1. If the list is empty, an empty JSON object value `{}` is created.
-    2. If the list consists of pairs whose first element is a string, a JSON
-       object value is created where the first elements of the pairs are
-       treated as keys and the second elements are as values.
-    3. In all other cases, an array is created.
-
-    The rules aim to create the best fit between a C++ initializer list and
-    JSON values. The rationale is as follows:
-
-    1. The empty initializer list is written as `{}` which is exactly an empty
-       JSON object.
-    2. C++ has no way of describing mapped types other than to list a list of
-       pairs. As JSON requires that keys must be of type string, rule 2 is the
-       weakest constraint one can pose on initializer lists to interpret them
-       as an object.
-    3. In all other cases, the initializer list could not be interpreted as
-       JSON object type, so interpreting it as JSON array type is safe.
-
-    With the rules described above, the following JSON values cannot be
-    expressed by an initializer list:
-
-    - the empty array (`[]`): use @ref array(initializer_list_t)
-      with an empty initializer list in this case
-    - arrays whose elements satisfy rule 2: use @ref
-      array(initializer_list_t) with the same initializer list
-      in this case
-
-    @note When used without parentheses around an empty initializer list, @ref
-    basic_json() is called instead of this function, yielding the JSON null
-    value.
-
-    @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values
-
-    @param[in] type_deduction internal parameter; when set to `true`, the type
-    of the JSON value is deducted from the initializer list @a init; when set
-    to `false`, the type provided via @a manual_type is forced. This mode is
-    used by the functions @ref array(initializer_list_t) and
-    @ref object(initializer_list_t).
-
-    @param[in] manual_type internal parameter; when @a type_deduction is set
-    to `false`, the created JSON value will use the provided type (only @ref
-    value_t::array and @ref value_t::object are valid); when @a type_deduction
-    is set to `true`, this parameter has no effect
-
-    @throw type_error.301 if @a type_deduction is `false`, @a manual_type is
-    `value_t::object`, but @a init contains an element which is not a pair
-    whose first element is a string. In this case, the constructor could not
-    create an object. If @a type_deduction would have be `true`, an array
-    would have been created. See @ref object(initializer_list_t)
-    for an example.
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the initializer list @a init.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values are created from
-    initializer lists.,basic_json__list_init_t}
-
-    @sa @ref array(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON array
-    value from an initializer list
-    @sa @ref object(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON object
-    value from an initializer list
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json(initializer_list_t init,
-               bool type_deduction = true,
-               value_t manual_type = value_t::array)
-    {
-        // check if each element is an array with two elements whose first
-        // element is a string
-        bool is_an_object = std::all_of(init.begin(), init.end(),
-                                        [](const detail::json_ref<basic_json>& element_ref)
-        {
-            return element_ref->is_array() and element_ref->size() == 2 and (*element_ref)[0].is_string();
-        });
-
-        // adjust type if type deduction is not wanted
-        if (not type_deduction)
-        {
-            // if array is wanted, do not create an object though possible
-            if (manual_type == value_t::array)
-            {
-                is_an_object = false;
-            }
-
-            // if object is wanted but impossible, throw an exception
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(manual_type == value_t::object and not is_an_object))
-            {
-                JSON_THROW(type_error::create(301, "cannot create object from initializer list"));
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (is_an_object)
-        {
-            // the initializer list is a list of pairs -> create object
-            m_type = value_t::object;
-            m_value = value_t::object;
-
-            std::for_each(init.begin(), init.end(), [this](const detail::json_ref<basic_json>& element_ref)
-            {
-                auto element = element_ref.moved_or_copied();
-                m_value.object->emplace(
-                    std::move(*((*element.m_value.array)[0].m_value.string)),
-                    std::move((*element.m_value.array)[1]));
-            });
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // the initializer list describes an array -> create array
-            m_type = value_t::array;
-            m_value.array = create<array_t>(init.begin(), init.end());
-        }
-
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief explicitly create an array from an initializer list
-
-    Creates a JSON array value from a given initializer list. That is, given a
-    list of values `a, b, c`, creates the JSON value `[a, b, c]`. If the
-    initializer list is empty, the empty array `[]` is created.
-
-    @note This function is only needed to express two edge cases that cannot
-    be realized with the initializer list constructor (@ref
-    basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t)). These cases
-    are:
-    1. creating an array whose elements are all pairs whose first element is a
-    string -- in this case, the initializer list constructor would create an
-    object, taking the first elements as keys
-    2. creating an empty array -- passing the empty initializer list to the
-    initializer list constructor yields an empty object
-
-    @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values to create an array from
-    (optional)
-
-    @return JSON array value
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the `array`
-    function.,array}
-
-    @sa @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t) --
-    create a JSON value from an initializer list
-    @sa @ref object(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON object
-    value from an initializer list
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json array(initializer_list_t init = {})
-    {
-        return basic_json(init, false, value_t::array);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief explicitly create an object from an initializer list
-
-    Creates a JSON object value from a given initializer list. The initializer
-    lists elements must be pairs, and their first elements must be strings. If
-    the initializer list is empty, the empty object `{}` is created.
-
-    @note This function is only added for symmetry reasons. In contrast to the
-    related function @ref array(initializer_list_t), there are
-    no cases which can only be expressed by this function. That is, any
-    initializer list @a init can also be passed to the initializer list
-    constructor @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t).
-
-    @param[in] init  initializer list to create an object from (optional)
-
-    @return JSON object value
-
-    @throw type_error.301 if @a init is not a list of pairs whose first
-    elements are strings. In this case, no object can be created. When such a
-    value is passed to @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t),
-    an array would have been created from the passed initializer list @a init.
-    See example below.
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the `object`
-    function.,object}
-
-    @sa @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t) --
-    create a JSON value from an initializer list
-    @sa @ref array(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON array
-    value from an initializer list
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json object(initializer_list_t init = {})
-    {
-        return basic_json(init, false, value_t::object);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief construct an array with count copies of given value
-
-    Constructs a JSON array value by creating @a cnt copies of a passed value.
-    In case @a cnt is `0`, an empty array is created.
-
-    @param[in] cnt  the number of JSON copies of @a val to create
-    @param[in] val  the JSON value to copy
-
-    @post `std::distance(begin(),end()) == cnt` holds.
-
-    @complexity Linear in @a cnt.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows examples for the @ref
-    basic_json(size_type\, const basic_json&)
-    constructor.,basic_json__size_type_basic_json}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json(size_type cnt, const basic_json& val)
-        : m_type(value_t::array)
-    {
-        m_value.array = create<array_t>(cnt, val);
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief construct a JSON container given an iterator range
-
-    Constructs the JSON value with the contents of the range `[first, last)`.
-    The semantics depends on the different types a JSON value can have:
-    - In case of a null type, invalid_iterator.206 is thrown.
-    - In case of other primitive types (number, boolean, or string), @a first
-      must be `begin()` and @a last must be `end()`. In this case, the value is
-      copied. Otherwise, invalid_iterator.204 is thrown.
-    - In case of structured types (array, object), the constructor behaves as
-      similar versions for `std::vector` or `std::map`; that is, a JSON array
-      or object is constructed from the values in the range.
-
-    @tparam InputIT an input iterator type (@ref iterator or @ref
-    const_iterator)
-
-    @param[in] first begin of the range to copy from (included)
-    @param[in] last end of the range to copy from (excluded)
-
-    @pre Iterators @a first and @a last must be initialized. **This
-         precondition is enforced with an assertion (see warning).** If
-         assertions are switched off, a violation of this precondition yields
-         undefined behavior.
-
-    @pre Range `[first, last)` is valid. Usually, this precondition cannot be
-         checked efficiently. Only certain edge cases are detected; see the
-         description of the exceptions below. A violation of this precondition
-         yields undefined behavior.
-
-    @warning A precondition is enforced with a runtime assertion that will
-             result in calling `std::abort` if this precondition is not met.
-             Assertions can be disabled by defining `NDEBUG` at compile time.
-             See https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/assert for more
-             information.
-
-    @throw invalid_iterator.201 if iterators @a first and @a last are not
-    compatible (i.e., do not belong to the same JSON value). In this case,
-    the range `[first, last)` is undefined.
-    @throw invalid_iterator.204 if iterators @a first and @a last belong to a
-    primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but @a first does not point
-    to the first element any more. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is
-    undefined. See example code below.
-    @throw invalid_iterator.206 if iterators @a first and @a last belong to a
-    null value. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is undefined.
-
-    @complexity Linear in distance between @a first and @a last.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The example below shows several ways to create JSON values by
-    specifying a subrange with iterators.,basic_json__InputIt_InputIt}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<class InputIT, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
-                 std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last)
-    {
-        assert(first.m_object != nullptr);
-        assert(last.m_object != nullptr);
-
-        // make sure iterator fits the current value
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(201, "iterators are not compatible"));
-        }
-
-        // copy type from first iterator
-        m_type = first.m_object->m_type;
-
-        // check if iterator range is complete for primitive values
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()
-                                         or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end()))
-                {
-                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(204, "iterators out of range"));
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
-
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                m_value.number_integer = first.m_object->m_value.number_integer;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                m_value.number_unsigned = first.m_object->m_value.number_unsigned;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            {
-                m_value.number_float = first.m_object->m_value.number_float;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            {
-                m_value.boolean = first.m_object->m_value.boolean;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                m_value = *first.m_object->m_value.string;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                m_value.object = create<object_t>(first.m_it.object_iterator,
-                                                  last.m_it.object_iterator);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                m_value.array = create<array_t>(first.m_it.array_iterator,
-                                                last.m_it.array_iterator);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(206, "cannot construct with iterators from " +
-                                                    std::string(first.m_object->type_name())));
-        }
-
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // other constructors and destructor //
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-    /// @private
-    basic_json(const detail::json_ref<basic_json>& ref)
-        : basic_json(ref.moved_or_copied())
-    {}
-
-    /*!
-    @brief copy constructor
-
-    Creates a copy of a given JSON value.
-
-    @param[in] other  the JSON value to copy
-
-    @post `*this == other`
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of @a other.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes to any JSON value.
-
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is linear.
-    - As postcondition, it holds: `other == basic_json(other)`.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the copy
-    constructor.,basic_json__basic_json}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json(const basic_json& other)
-        : m_type(other.m_type)
-    {
-        // check of passed value is valid
-        other.assert_invariant();
-
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                m_value = *other.m_value.object;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                m_value = *other.m_value.array;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                m_value = *other.m_value.string;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            {
-                m_value = other.m_value.boolean;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                m_value = other.m_value.number_integer;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                m_value = other.m_value.number_unsigned;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            {
-                m_value = other.m_value.number_float;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
-
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief move constructor
-
-    Move constructor. Constructs a JSON value with the contents of the given
-    value @a other using move semantics. It "steals" the resources from @a
-    other and leaves it as JSON null value.
-
-    @param[in,out] other  value to move to this object
-
-    @post `*this` has the same value as @a other before the call.
-    @post @a other is a JSON null value.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [MoveConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible)
-    requirements.
-
-    @liveexample{The code below shows the move constructor explicitly called
-    via std::move.,basic_json__moveconstructor}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept
-        : m_type(std::move(other.m_type)),
-          m_value(std::move(other.m_value))
-    {
-        // check that passed value is valid
-        other.assert_invariant();
-
-        // invalidate payload
-        other.m_type = value_t::null;
-        other.m_value = {};
-
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief copy assignment
-
-    Copy assignment operator. Copies a JSON value via the "copy and swap"
-    strategy: It is expressed in terms of the copy constructor, destructor,
-    and the `swap()` member function.
-
-    @param[in] other  value to copy from
-
-    @complexity Linear.
-
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is linear.
-
-    @liveexample{The code below shows and example for the copy assignment. It
-    creates a copy of value `a` which is then swapped with `b`. Finally\, the
-    copy of `a` (which is the null value after the swap) is
-    destroyed.,basic_json__copyassignment}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json& operator=(basic_json other) noexcept (
-        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
-        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
-        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
-        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
-    )
-    {
-        // check that passed value is valid
-        other.assert_invariant();
-
-        using std::swap;
-        swap(m_type, other.m_type);
-        swap(m_value, other.m_value);
-
-        assert_invariant();
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief destructor
-
-    Destroys the JSON value and frees all allocated memory.
-
-    @complexity Linear.
-
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is linear.
-    - All stored elements are destroyed and all memory is freed.
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    ~basic_json() noexcept
-    {
-        assert_invariant();
-        m_value.destroy(m_type);
-    }
-
-    /// @}
-
-  public:
-    ///////////////////////
-    // object inspection //
-    ///////////////////////
-
-    /// @name object inspection
-    /// Functions to inspect the type of a JSON value.
-    /// @{
-
-    /*!
-    @brief serialization
-
-    Serialization function for JSON values. The function tries to mimic
-    Python's `json.dumps()` function, and currently supports its @a indent
-    and @a ensure_ascii parameters.
-
-    @param[in] indent If indent is nonnegative, then array elements and object
-    members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level of
-    `0` will only insert newlines. `-1` (the default) selects the most compact
-    representation.
-    @param[in] indent_char The character to use for indentation if @a indent is
-    greater than `0`. The default is ` ` (space).
-    @param[in] ensure_ascii If @a ensure_ascii is true, all non-ASCII characters
-    in the output are escaped with `\uXXXX` sequences, and the result consists
-    of ASCII characters only.
-    @param[in] error_handler  how to react on decoding errors; there are three
-    possible values: `strict` (throws and exception in case a decoding error
-    occurs; default), `replace` (replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD),
-    and `ignore` (ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences during serialization).
-
-    @return string containing the serialization of the JSON value
-
-    @throw type_error.316 if a string stored inside the JSON value is not
-                          UTF-8 encoded
-
-    @complexity Linear.
-
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
-
-    @liveexample{The following example shows the effect of different @a indent\,
-    @a indent_char\, and @a ensure_ascii parameters to the result of the
-    serialization.,dump}
-
-    @see https://docs.python.org/2/library/json.html#json.dump
-
-    @since version 1.0.0; indentation character @a indent_char, option
-           @a ensure_ascii and exceptions added in version 3.0.0; error
-           handlers added in version 3.4.0.
-    */
-    string_t dump(const int indent = -1,
-                  const char indent_char = ' ',
-                  const bool ensure_ascii = false,
-                  const error_handler_t error_handler = error_handler_t::strict) const
-    {
-        string_t result;
-        serializer s(detail::output_adapter<char, string_t>(result), indent_char, error_handler);
-
-        if (indent >= 0)
-        {
-            s.dump(*this, true, ensure_ascii, static_cast<unsigned int>(indent));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            s.dump(*this, false, ensure_ascii, 0);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return the type of the JSON value (explicit)
-
-    Return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref value_t
-    enumeration.
-
-    @return the type of the JSON value
-            Value type                | return value
-            ------------------------- | -------------------------
-            null                      | value_t::null
-            boolean                   | value_t::boolean
-            string                    | value_t::string
-            number (integer)          | value_t::number_integer
-            number (unsigned integer) | value_t::number_unsigned
-            number (floating-point)   | value_t::number_float
-            object                    | value_t::object
-            array                     | value_t::array
-            discarded                 | value_t::discarded
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `type()` for all JSON
-    types.,type}
-
-    @sa @ref operator value_t() -- return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
-    @sa @ref type_name() -- return the type as string
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr value_t type() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether type is primitive
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON type is primitive
-    (string, number, boolean, or null).
-
-    @return `true` if type is primitive (string, number, boolean, or null),
-    `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_primitive()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_primitive}
-
-    @sa @ref is_structured() -- returns whether JSON value is structured
-    @sa @ref is_null() -- returns whether JSON value is `null`
-    @sa @ref is_string() -- returns whether JSON value is a string
-    @sa @ref is_boolean() -- returns whether JSON value is a boolean
-    @sa @ref is_number() -- returns whether JSON value is a number
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_primitive() const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_null() or is_string() or is_boolean() or is_number();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether type is structured
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON type is structured
-    (array or object).
-
-    @return `true` if type is structured (array or object), `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_structured()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_structured}
-
-    @sa @ref is_primitive() -- returns whether value is primitive
-    @sa @ref is_array() -- returns whether value is an array
-    @sa @ref is_object() -- returns whether value is an object
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_structured() const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_array() or is_object();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is null
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is null.
-
-    @return `true` if type is null, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_null()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_null}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_null() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::null;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is a boolean
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a boolean.
-
-    @return `true` if type is boolean, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_boolean()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_boolean}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_boolean() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::boolean;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is a number
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a number. This
-    includes both integer (signed and unsigned) and floating-point values.
-
-    @return `true` if type is number (regardless whether integer, unsigned
-    integer or floating-type), `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_number}
-
-    @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer or unsigned
-    integer number
-    @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
-    number
-    @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_number() const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_number_integer() or is_number_float();
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is an integer number
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a signed or
-    unsigned integer number. This excludes floating-point values.
-
-    @return `true` if type is an integer or unsigned integer number, `false`
-    otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_integer()` for all
-    JSON types.,is_number_integer}
-
-    @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is a number
-    @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
-    number
-    @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_number_integer() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::number_integer or m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is an unsigned integer number
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is an unsigned
-    integer number. This excludes floating-point and signed integer values.
-
-    @return `true` if type is an unsigned integer number, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_unsigned()` for all
-    JSON types.,is_number_unsigned}
-
-    @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is a number
-    @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer or unsigned
-    integer number
-    @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
-
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is a floating-point number
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a
-    floating-point number. This excludes signed and unsigned integer values.
-
-    @return `true` if type is a floating-point number, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_float()` for all
-    JSON types.,is_number_float}
-
-    @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is number
-    @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer number
-    @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
-    number
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_number_float() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::number_float;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is an object
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is an object.
-
-    @return `true` if type is object, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_object()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_object}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_object() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::object;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is an array
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is an array.
-
-    @return `true` if type is array, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_array()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_array}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_array() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::array;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is a string
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a string.
-
-    @return `true` if type is string, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_string()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_string}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_string() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::string;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return whether value is discarded
-
-    This function returns true if and only if the JSON value was discarded
-    during parsing with a callback function (see @ref parser_callback_t).
-
-    @note This function will always be `false` for JSON values after parsing.
-    That is, discarded values can only occur during parsing, but will be
-    removed when inside a structured value or replaced by null in other cases.
-
-    @return `true` if type is discarded, `false` otherwise.
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_discarded()` for all JSON
-    types.,is_discarded}
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr bool is_discarded() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type == value_t::discarded;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
-
-    Implicitly return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref
-    value_t enumeration.
-
-    @return the type of the JSON value
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
-    exceptions.
-
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies the @ref value_t operator for
-    all JSON types.,operator__value_t}
-
-    @sa @ref type() -- return the type of the JSON value (explicit)
-    @sa @ref type_name() -- return the type as string
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    constexpr operator value_t() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_type;
-    }
-
-    /// @}
-
-  private:
-    //////////////////
-    // value access //
-    //////////////////
-
-    /// get a boolean (explicit)
-    boolean_t get_impl(boolean_t* /*unused*/) const
-    {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_boolean()))
-        {
-            return m_value.boolean;
-        }
-
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be boolean, but is " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (object)
-    object_t* get_impl_ptr(object_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
-    {
-        return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (object)
-    constexpr const object_t* get_impl_ptr(const object_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (array)
-    array_t* get_impl_ptr(array_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
-    {
-        return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (array)
-    constexpr const array_t* get_impl_ptr(const array_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (string)
-    string_t* get_impl_ptr(string_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
-    {
-        return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (string)
-    constexpr const string_t* get_impl_ptr(const string_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
-    boolean_t* get_impl_ptr(boolean_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
-    {
-        return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
-    constexpr const boolean_t* get_impl_ptr(const boolean_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
-    number_integer_t* get_impl_ptr(number_integer_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
-    {
-        return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
-    constexpr const number_integer_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_integer_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
-    number_unsigned_t* get_impl_ptr(number_unsigned_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
-    {
-        return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
-    constexpr const number_unsigned_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_unsigned_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
-    number_float_t* get_impl_ptr(number_float_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
-    {
-        return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
-    constexpr const number_float_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_float_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
-    {
-        return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief helper function to implement get_ref()
-
-    This function helps to implement get_ref() without code duplication for
-    const and non-const overloads
-
-    @tparam ThisType will be deduced as `basic_json` or `const basic_json`
-
-    @throw type_error.303 if ReferenceType does not match underlying value
-    type of the current JSON
-    */
-    template<typename ReferenceType, typename ThisType>
-    static ReferenceType get_ref_impl(ThisType& obj)
-    {
-        // delegate the call to get_ptr<>()
-        auto ptr = obj.template get_ptr<typename std::add_pointer<ReferenceType>::type>();
-
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(ptr != nullptr))
-        {
-            return *ptr;
-        }
-
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(303, "incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is " + std::string(obj.type_name())));
-    }
-
-  public:
-    /// @name value access
-    /// Direct access to the stored value of a JSON value.
-    /// @{
-
-    /*!
-    @brief get special-case overload
-
-    This overloads avoids a lot of template boilerplate, it can be seen as the
-    identity method
-
-    @tparam BasicJsonType == @ref basic_json
-
-    @return a copy of *this
-
-    @complexity Constant.
-
-    @since version 2.1.0
-    */
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<
-                 std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type, basic_json_t>::value,
-                 int> = 0>
-    basic_json get() const
-    {
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief get special-case overload
-
-    This overloads converts the current @ref basic_json in a different
-    @ref basic_json type
-
-    @tparam BasicJsonType == @ref basic_json
-
-    @return a copy of *this, converted into @tparam BasicJsonType
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-    @complexity Depending on the implementation of the called `from_json()`
-                method.
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 
-    @since version 3.2.0
-    */
-    template<typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<
-                 not std::is_same<BasicJsonType, basic_json>::value and
-                 detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-    BasicJsonType get() const
-    {
-        return *this;
-    }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get a value (explicit)
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
 
-    Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
-    which is [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible)
-    and [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible).
-    The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
-    `from_json()` method.
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp>
 
-    The function is equivalent to executing
-    @code {.cpp}
-    ValueType ret;
-    JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
-    return ret;
-    @endcode
-
-    This overloads is chosen if:
-    - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json,
-    - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
-      `void from_json(const basic_json&, ValueType&)`, and
-    - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> does not have a `from_json()` method of
-      the form `ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
-
-    @tparam ValueTypeCV the provided value type
-    @tparam ValueType the returned value type
-
-    @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
-
-    @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
-
-    @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
-    to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
-    be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
-    `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
-    associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
-    json>`.,get__ValueType_const}
-
-    @since version 2.1.0
-    */
-    template<typename ValueTypeCV, typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
-             detail::enable_if_t <
-                 not detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value and
-                 detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
-                 not detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
-                 int> = 0>
-    ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(
-                                       JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t&>(), std::declval<ValueType&>())))
-    {
-        // we cannot static_assert on ValueTypeCV being non-const, because
-        // there is support for get<const basic_json_t>(), which is why we
-        // still need the uncvref
-        static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
-                      "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want to use get_ref()");
-        static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<ValueType>::value,
-                      "types must be DefaultConstructible when used with get()");
-
-        ValueType ret;
-        JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief get a value (explicit); special case
-
-    Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
-    which is **not** [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible)
-    and **not** [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible).
-    The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
-    `from_json()` method.
-
-    The function is equivalent to executing
-    @code {.cpp}
-    return JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(*this);
-    @endcode
-
-    This overloads is chosen if:
-    - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json and
-    - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
-      `ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
-
-    @note If @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has both overloads of
-    `from_json()`, this one is chosen.
-
-    @tparam ValueTypeCV the provided value type
-    @tparam ValueType the returned value type
-
-    @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
-
-    @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
-
-    @since version 2.1.0
-    */
-    template<typename ValueTypeCV, typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
-             detail::enable_if_t<not std::is_same<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
-                                 detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
-                                 int> = 0>
-    ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(
-                                       JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t&>())))
-    {
-        static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
-                      "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want to use get_ref()");
-        return JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this);
-    }
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get a value (explicit)
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-    Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value.
-    The value is filled into the input parameter by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
-    `from_json()` method.
+namespace nlohmann {
+namespace detail {
+///////////////////
+// serialization //
+///////////////////
 
-    The function is equivalent to executing
-    @code {.cpp}
-    ValueType v;
-    JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, v);
-    @endcode
-
-    This overloads is chosen if:
-    - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json,
-    - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
-      `void from_json(const basic_json&, ValueType&)`, and
-
-    @tparam ValueType the input parameter type.
-
-    @return the input parameter, allowing chaining calls.
-
-    @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
-
-    @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
-    to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
-    be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
-    `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
-    associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
-    json>`.,get_to}
-
-    @since version 3.3.0
-    */
-    template<typename ValueType,
-             detail::enable_if_t <
-                 not detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value and
-                 detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
-                 int> = 0>
-    ValueType & get_to(ValueType& v) const noexcept(noexcept(
-                JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t&>(), v)))
-    {
-        JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, v);
-        return v;
-    }
-
-    template <
-        typename T, std::size_t N,
-        typename Array = T (&)[N],
-        detail::enable_if_t <
-            detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, Array>::value, int > = 0 >
-    Array get_to(T (&v)[N]) const
-    noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<Array>::from_json(
-                          std::declval<const basic_json_t&>(), v)))
-    {
-        JSONSerializer<Array>::from_json(*this, v);
-        return v;
-    }
+/// how to treat decoding errors
+enum class error_handler_t {
+  strict,  ///< throw a type_error exception in case of invalid UTF-8
+  replace, ///< replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD
+  ignore   ///< ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences
+};
 
+template <typename BasicJsonType> class serializer {
+  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+  static constexpr std::uint8_t UTF8_ACCEPT = 0;
+  static constexpr std::uint8_t UTF8_REJECT = 1;
+
+public:
+  /*!
+  @param[in] s  output stream to serialize to
+  @param[in] ichar  indentation character to use
+  @param[in] error_handler_  how to react on decoding errors
+  */
+  serializer(output_adapter_t<char> s, const char ichar,
+             error_handler_t error_handler_ = error_handler_t::strict)
+      : o(std::move(s)), loc(std::localeconv()),
+        thousands_sep(loc->thousands_sep == nullptr ? '\0'
+                                                    : *(loc->thousands_sep)),
+        decimal_point(loc->decimal_point == nullptr ? '\0'
+                                                    : *(loc->decimal_point)),
+        indent_char(ichar), indent_string(512, indent_char),
+        error_handler(error_handler_) {}
+
+  // delete because of pointer members
+  serializer(const serializer &) = delete;
+  serializer &operator=(const serializer &) = delete;
+  serializer(serializer &&) = delete;
+  serializer &operator=(serializer &&) = delete;
+  ~serializer() = default;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief internal implementation of the serialization function
+
+  This function is called by the public member function dump and organizes
+  the serialization internally. The indentation level is propagated as
+  additional parameter. In case of arrays and objects, the function is
+  called recursively.
+
+  - strings and object keys are escaped using `escape_string()`
+  - integer numbers are converted implicitly via `operator<<`
+  - floating-point numbers are converted to a string using `"%g"` format
+
+  @param[in] val             value to serialize
+  @param[in] pretty_print    whether the output shall be pretty-printed
+  @param[in] indent_step     the indent level
+  @param[in] current_indent  the current indent level (only used internally)
+  */
+  void dump(const BasicJsonType &val, const bool pretty_print,
+            const bool ensure_ascii, const unsigned int indent_step,
+            const unsigned int current_indent = 0) {
+    switch (val.m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      if (val.m_value.object->empty()) {
+        o->write_characters("{}", 2);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (pretty_print) {
+        o->write_characters("{\n", 2);
+
+        // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
+        const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(indent_string.size() < new_indent)) {
+          indent_string.resize(indent_string.size() * 2, ' ');
+        }
+
+        // first n-1 elements
+        auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
+        for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1;
+             ++cnt, ++i) {
+          o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
+          o->write_character('\"');
+          dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
+          o->write_characters("\": ", 3);
+          dump(i->second, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
+          o->write_characters(",\n", 2);
+        }
+
+        // last element
+        assert(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
+        assert(std::next(i) == val.m_value.object->cend());
+        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
+        o->write_character('\"');
+        dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
+        o->write_characters("\": ", 3);
+        dump(i->second, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
+
+        o->write_character('\n');
+        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), current_indent);
+        o->write_character('}');
+      } else {
+        o->write_character('{');
+
+        // first n-1 elements
+        auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
+        for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1;
+             ++cnt, ++i) {
+          o->write_character('\"');
+          dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
+          o->write_characters("\":", 2);
+          dump(i->second, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
+          o->write_character(',');
+        }
+
+        // last element
+        assert(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
+        assert(std::next(i) == val.m_value.object->cend());
+        o->write_character('\"');
+        dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
+        o->write_characters("\":", 2);
+        dump(i->second, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
+
+        o->write_character('}');
+      }
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      if (val.m_value.array->empty()) {
+        o->write_characters("[]", 2);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (pretty_print) {
+        o->write_characters("[\n", 2);
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
+        // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
+        const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(indent_string.size() < new_indent)) {
+          indent_string.resize(indent_string.size() * 2, ' ');
+        }
 
-    Implicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
-    made.
+        // first n-1 elements
+        for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin();
+             i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i) {
+          o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
+          dump(*i, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
+          o->write_characters(",\n", 2);
+        }
 
-    @warning Writing data to the pointee of the result yields an undefined
-    state.
+        // last element
+        assert(not val.m_value.array->empty());
+        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
+        dump(val.m_value.array->back(), true, ensure_ascii, indent_step,
+             new_indent);
 
-    @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
-    object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t,
-    @ref number_unsigned_t, or @ref number_float_t. Enforced by a static
-    assertion.
+        o->write_character('\n');
+        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), current_indent);
+        o->write_character(']');
+      } else {
+        o->write_character('[');
 
-    @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
-    pointer type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
+        // first n-1 elements
+        for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin();
+             i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i) {
+          dump(*i, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
+          o->write_character(',');
+        }
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+        // last element
+        assert(not val.m_value.array->empty());
+        dump(val.m_value.array->back(), false, ensure_ascii, indent_step,
+             current_indent);
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
-    JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
-    `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
-    match.,get_ptr}
+        o->write_character(']');
+      }
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    auto get_ptr() noexcept -> decltype(std::declval<basic_json_t&>().get_impl_ptr(std::declval<PointerType>()))
-    {
-        // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>()
-        return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
-    @copydoc get_ptr()
-    */
-    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value and
-                 std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<PointerType>::type>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    constexpr auto get_ptr() const noexcept -> decltype(std::declval<const basic_json_t&>().get_impl_ptr(std::declval<PointerType>()))
-    {
-        // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>() const
-        return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
+      return;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
-
-    Explicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
-    made.
-
-    @warning The pointer becomes invalid if the underlying JSON object
-    changes.
+    case value_t::string: {
+      o->write_character('\"');
+      dump_escaped(*val.m_value.string, ensure_ascii);
+      o->write_character('\"');
+      return;
+    }
 
-    @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
-    object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t,
-    @ref number_unsigned_t, or @ref number_float_t.
+    case value_t::boolean: {
+      if (val.m_value.boolean) {
+        o->write_characters("true", 4);
+      } else {
+        o->write_characters("false", 5);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
 
-    @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
-    pointer type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      dump_integer(val.m_value.number_integer);
+      return;
+    }
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      dump_integer(val.m_value.number_unsigned);
+      return;
+    }
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
-    JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
-    `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
-    match.,get__PointerType}
+    case value_t::number_float: {
+      dump_float(val.m_value.number_float);
+      return;
+    }
 
-    @sa @ref get_ptr() for explicit pointer-member access
+    case value_t::discarded: {
+      o->write_characters("<discarded>", 11);
+      return;
+    }
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    auto get() noexcept -> decltype(std::declval<basic_json_t&>().template get_ptr<PointerType>())
-    {
-        // delegate the call to get_ptr
-        return get_ptr<PointerType>();
+    case value_t::null: {
+      o->write_characters("null", 4);
+      return;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
-    @copydoc get()
-    */
-    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    constexpr auto get() const noexcept -> decltype(std::declval<const basic_json_t&>().template get_ptr<PointerType>())
-    {
-        // delegate the call to get_ptr
-        return get_ptr<PointerType>();
+    default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get a reference value (implicit)
+private:
+  /*!
+  @brief dump escaped string
 
-    Implicit reference access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies
-    are made.
+  Escape a string by replacing certain special characters by a sequence of an
+  escape character (backslash) and another character and other control
+  characters by a sequence of "\u" followed by a four-digit hex
+  representation. The escaped string is written to output stream @a o.
 
-    @warning Writing data to the referee of the result yields an undefined
-    state.
+  @param[in] s  the string to escape
+  @param[in] ensure_ascii  whether to escape non-ASCII characters with
+                           \uXXXX sequences
 
-    @tparam ReferenceType reference type; must be a reference to @ref array_t,
-    @ref object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t, or
-    @ref number_float_t. Enforced by static assertion.
+  @complexity Linear in the length of string @a s.
+  */
+  void dump_escaped(const string_t &s, const bool ensure_ascii) {
+    std::uint32_t codepoint;
+    std::uint8_t state = UTF8_ACCEPT;
+    std::size_t bytes = 0; // number of bytes written to string_buffer
 
-    @return reference to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
-    reference type @a ReferenceType fits to the JSON value; throws
-    type_error.303 otherwise
+    // number of bytes written at the point of the last valid byte
+    std::size_t bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
+    std::size_t undumped_chars = 0;
 
-    @throw type_error.303 in case passed type @a ReferenceType is incompatible
-    with the stored JSON value; see example below
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i) {
+      const auto byte = static_cast<uint8_t>(s[i]);
+
+      switch (decode(state, codepoint, byte)) {
+      case UTF8_ACCEPT: // decode found a new code point
+      {
+        switch (codepoint) {
+        case 0x08: // backspace
+        {
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'b';
+          break;
+        }
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+        case 0x09: // horizontal tab
+        {
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = 't';
+          break;
+        }
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows several calls to `get_ref()`.,get_ref}
+        case 0x0A: // newline
+        {
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'n';
+          break;
+        }
 
-    @since version 1.1.0
-    */
-    template<typename ReferenceType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    ReferenceType get_ref()
-    {
-        // delegate call to get_ref_impl
-        return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief get a reference value (implicit)
-    @copydoc get_ref()
-    */
-    template<typename ReferenceType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value and
-                 std::is_const<typename std::remove_reference<ReferenceType>::type>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    ReferenceType get_ref() const
-    {
-        // delegate call to get_ref_impl
-        return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
-    }
+        case 0x0C: // formfeed
+        {
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
+          break;
+        }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief get a value (implicit)
+        case 0x0D: // carriage return
+        {
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'r';
+          break;
+        }
 
-    Implicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value.
-    The call is realized by calling @ref get() const.
+        case 0x22: // quotation mark
+        {
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\"';
+          break;
+        }
 
-    @tparam ValueType non-pointer type compatible to the JSON value, for
-    instance `int` for JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or
-    `std::vector` types for JSON arrays. The character type of @ref string_t
-    as well as an initializer list of this type is excluded to avoid
-    ambiguities as these types implicitly convert to `std::string`.
+        case 0x5C: // reverse solidus
+        {
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+          break;
+        }
 
-    @return copy of the JSON value, converted to type @a ValueType
+        default: {
+          // escape control characters (0x00..0x1F) or, if
+          // ensure_ascii parameter is used, non-ASCII characters
+          if ((codepoint <= 0x1F) or (ensure_ascii and (codepoint >= 0x7F))) {
+            if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
+              (std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 7, "\\u%04x",
+                              static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint));
+              bytes += 6;
+            } else {
+              (std::snprintf)(
+                  string_buffer.data() + bytes, 13, "\\u%04x\\u%04x",
+                  static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)),
+                  static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu)));
+              bytes += 12;
+            }
+          } else {
+            // copy byte to buffer (all previous bytes
+            // been copied have in default case above)
+            string_buffer[bytes++] = s[i];
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        }
 
-    @throw type_error.302 in case passed type @a ValueType is incompatible
-    to the JSON value type (e.g., the JSON value is of type boolean, but a
-    string is requested); see example below
+        // write buffer and reset index; there must be 13 bytes
+        // left, as this is the maximal number of bytes to be
+        // written ("\uxxxx\uxxxx\0") for one code point
+        if (string_buffer.size() - bytes < 13) {
+          o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
+          bytes = 0;
+        }
+
+        // remember the byte position of this accept
+        bytes_after_last_accept = bytes;
+        undumped_chars = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case UTF8_REJECT: // decode found invalid UTF-8 byte
+      {
+        switch (error_handler) {
+        case error_handler_t::strict: {
+          std::string sn(3, '\0');
+          (std::snprintf)(&sn[0], sn.size(), "%.2X", byte);
+          JSON_THROW(type_error::create(316, "invalid UTF-8 byte at index " +
+                                                 std::to_string(i) + ": 0x" +
+                                                 sn));
+        }
+
+        case error_handler_t::ignore:
+        case error_handler_t::replace: {
+          // in case we saw this character the first time, we
+          // would like to read it again, because the byte
+          // may be OK for itself, but just not OK for the
+          // previous sequence
+          if (undumped_chars > 0) {
+            --i;
+          }
+
+          // reset length buffer to the last accepted index;
+          // thus removing/ignoring the invalid characters
+          bytes = bytes_after_last_accept;
+
+          if (error_handler == error_handler_t::replace) {
+            // add a replacement character
+            if (ensure_ascii) {
+              string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
+              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'u';
+              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
+              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
+              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
+              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'd';
+            } else {
+              string_buffer[bytes++] =
+                  detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type(
+                      '\xEF');
+              string_buffer[bytes++] =
+                  detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type(
+                      '\xBF');
+              string_buffer[bytes++] =
+                  detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type(
+                      '\xBD');
+            }
+
+            // write buffer and reset index; there must be 13 bytes
+            // left, as this is the maximal number of bytes to be
+            // written ("\uxxxx\uxxxx\0") for one code point
+            if (string_buffer.size() - bytes < 13) {
+              o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
+              bytes = 0;
+            }
+
+            bytes_after_last_accept = bytes;
+          }
+
+          undumped_chars = 0;
+
+          // continue processing the string
+          state = UTF8_ACCEPT;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+          assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: // decode found yet incomplete multi-byte code point
+      {
+        if (not ensure_ascii) {
+          // code point will not be escaped - copy byte to buffer
+          string_buffer[bytes++] = s[i];
+        }
+        ++undumped_chars;
+        break;
+      }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // we finished processing the string
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(state == UTF8_ACCEPT)) {
+      // write buffer
+      if (bytes > 0) {
+        o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // we finish reading, but do not accept: string was incomplete
+      switch (error_handler) {
+      case error_handler_t::strict: {
+        std::string sn(3, '\0');
+        (std::snprintf)(&sn[0], sn.size(), "%.2X",
+                        static_cast<std::uint8_t>(s.back()));
+        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+            316, "incomplete UTF-8 string; last byte: 0x" + sn));
+      }
+
+      case error_handler_t::ignore: {
+        // write all accepted bytes
+        o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes_after_last_accept);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case error_handler_t::replace: {
+        // write all accepted bytes
+        o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes_after_last_accept);
+        // add a replacement character
+        if (ensure_ascii) {
+          o->write_characters("\\ufffd", 6);
+        } else {
+          o->write_characters("\xEF\xBF\xBD", 3);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief count digits
+
+  Count the number of decimal (base 10) digits for an input unsigned integer.
+
+  @param[in] x  unsigned integer number to count its digits
+  @return    number of decimal digits
+  */
+  inline unsigned int count_digits(number_unsigned_t x) noexcept {
+    unsigned int n_digits = 1;
+    for (;;) {
+      if (x < 10) {
+        return n_digits;
+      }
+      if (x < 100) {
+        return n_digits + 1;
+      }
+      if (x < 1000) {
+        return n_digits + 2;
+      }
+      if (x < 10000) {
+        return n_digits + 3;
+      }
+      x = x / 10000u;
+      n_digits += 4;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief dump an integer
+
+  Dump a given integer to output stream @a o. Works internally with
+  @a number_buffer.
+
+  @param[in] x  integer number (signed or unsigned) to dump
+  @tparam NumberType either @a number_integer_t or @a number_unsigned_t
+  */
+  template <
+      typename NumberType,
+      detail::enable_if_t<std::is_same<NumberType, number_unsigned_t>::value or
+                              std::is_same<NumberType, number_integer_t>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  void dump_integer(NumberType x) {
+    static constexpr std::array<std::array<char, 2>, 100> digits_to_99{{
+        {{'0', '0'}}, {{'0', '1'}}, {{'0', '2'}}, {{'0', '3'}}, {{'0', '4'}},
+        {{'0', '5'}}, {{'0', '6'}}, {{'0', '7'}}, {{'0', '8'}}, {{'0', '9'}},
+        {{'1', '0'}}, {{'1', '1'}}, {{'1', '2'}}, {{'1', '3'}}, {{'1', '4'}},
+        {{'1', '5'}}, {{'1', '6'}}, {{'1', '7'}}, {{'1', '8'}}, {{'1', '9'}},
+        {{'2', '0'}}, {{'2', '1'}}, {{'2', '2'}}, {{'2', '3'}}, {{'2', '4'}},
+        {{'2', '5'}}, {{'2', '6'}}, {{'2', '7'}}, {{'2', '8'}}, {{'2', '9'}},
+        {{'3', '0'}}, {{'3', '1'}}, {{'3', '2'}}, {{'3', '3'}}, {{'3', '4'}},
+        {{'3', '5'}}, {{'3', '6'}}, {{'3', '7'}}, {{'3', '8'}}, {{'3', '9'}},
+        {{'4', '0'}}, {{'4', '1'}}, {{'4', '2'}}, {{'4', '3'}}, {{'4', '4'}},
+        {{'4', '5'}}, {{'4', '6'}}, {{'4', '7'}}, {{'4', '8'}}, {{'4', '9'}},
+        {{'5', '0'}}, {{'5', '1'}}, {{'5', '2'}}, {{'5', '3'}}, {{'5', '4'}},
+        {{'5', '5'}}, {{'5', '6'}}, {{'5', '7'}}, {{'5', '8'}}, {{'5', '9'}},
+        {{'6', '0'}}, {{'6', '1'}}, {{'6', '2'}}, {{'6', '3'}}, {{'6', '4'}},
+        {{'6', '5'}}, {{'6', '6'}}, {{'6', '7'}}, {{'6', '8'}}, {{'6', '9'}},
+        {{'7', '0'}}, {{'7', '1'}}, {{'7', '2'}}, {{'7', '3'}}, {{'7', '4'}},
+        {{'7', '5'}}, {{'7', '6'}}, {{'7', '7'}}, {{'7', '8'}}, {{'7', '9'}},
+        {{'8', '0'}}, {{'8', '1'}}, {{'8', '2'}}, {{'8', '3'}}, {{'8', '4'}},
+        {{'8', '5'}}, {{'8', '6'}}, {{'8', '7'}}, {{'8', '8'}}, {{'8', '9'}},
+        {{'9', '0'}}, {{'9', '1'}}, {{'9', '2'}}, {{'9', '3'}}, {{'9', '4'}},
+        {{'9', '5'}}, {{'9', '6'}}, {{'9', '7'}}, {{'9', '8'}}, {{'9', '9'}},
+    }};
+
+    // special case for "0"
+    if (x == 0) {
+      o->write_character('0');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // use a pointer to fill the buffer
+    auto buffer_ptr = number_buffer.begin();
+
+    const bool is_negative =
+        std::is_same<NumberType, number_integer_t>::value and
+        not(x >= 0); // see issue #755
+    number_unsigned_t abs_value;
+
+    unsigned int n_chars;
+
+    if (is_negative) {
+      *buffer_ptr = '-';
+      abs_value = remove_sign(x);
+
+      // account one more byte for the minus sign
+      n_chars = 1 + count_digits(abs_value);
+    } else {
+      abs_value = static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(x);
+      n_chars = count_digits(abs_value);
+    }
+
+    // spare 1 byte for '\0'
+    assert(n_chars < number_buffer.size() - 1);
+
+    // jump to the end to generate the string from backward
+    // so we later avoid reversing the result
+    buffer_ptr += n_chars;
+
+    // Fast int2ascii implementation inspired by "Fastware" talk by Andrei
+    // Alexandrescu See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4-CwDo2zpg
+    while (abs_value >= 100) {
+      const auto digits_index = static_cast<unsigned>((abs_value % 100));
+      abs_value /= 100;
+      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][1];
+      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][0];
+    }
+
+    if (abs_value >= 10) {
+      const auto digits_index = static_cast<unsigned>(abs_value);
+      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][1];
+      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][0];
+    } else {
+      *(--buffer_ptr) = static_cast<char>('0' + abs_value);
+    }
+
+    o->write_characters(number_buffer.data(), n_chars);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief dump a floating-point number
+
+  Dump a given floating-point number to output stream @a o. Works internally
+  with @a number_buffer.
+
+  @param[in] x  floating-point number to dump
+  */
+  void dump_float(number_float_t x) {
+    // NaN / inf
+    if (not std::isfinite(x)) {
+      o->write_characters("null", 4);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // If number_float_t is an IEEE-754 single or double precision number,
+    // use the Grisu2 algorithm to produce short numbers which are
+    // guaranteed to round-trip, using strtof and strtod, resp.
+    //
+    // NB: The test below works if <long double> == <double>.
+    static constexpr bool is_ieee_single_or_double =
+        (std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::is_iec559 and
+         std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits == 24 and
+         std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_exponent == 128) or
+        (std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::is_iec559 and
+         std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits == 53 and
+         std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_exponent == 1024);
+
+    dump_float(x, std::integral_constant<bool, is_ieee_single_or_double>());
+  }
+
+  void dump_float(number_float_t x,
+                  std::true_type /*is_ieee_single_or_double*/) {
+    char *begin = number_buffer.data();
+    char *end =
+        ::nlohmann::detail::to_chars(begin, begin + number_buffer.size(), x);
+
+    o->write_characters(begin, static_cast<size_t>(end - begin));
+  }
+
+  void dump_float(number_float_t x,
+                  std::false_type /*is_ieee_single_or_double*/) {
+    // get number of digits for a float -> text -> float round-trip
+    static constexpr auto d = std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_digits10;
+
+    // the actual conversion
+    std::ptrdiff_t len = (std::snprintf)(number_buffer.data(),
+                                         number_buffer.size(), "%.*g", d, x);
+
+    // negative value indicates an error
+    assert(len > 0);
+    // check if buffer was large enough
+    assert(static_cast<std::size_t>(len) < number_buffer.size());
+
+    // erase thousands separator
+    if (thousands_sep != '\0') {
+      const auto end = std::remove(number_buffer.begin(),
+                                   number_buffer.begin() + len, thousands_sep);
+      std::fill(end, number_buffer.end(), '\0');
+      assert((end - number_buffer.begin()) <= len);
+      len = (end - number_buffer.begin());
+    }
+
+    // convert decimal point to '.'
+    if (decimal_point != '\0' and decimal_point != '.') {
+      const auto dec_pos =
+          std::find(number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.end(), decimal_point);
+      if (dec_pos != number_buffer.end()) {
+        *dec_pos = '.';
+      }
+    }
+
+    o->write_characters(number_buffer.data(), static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
+
+    // determine if need to append ".0"
+    const bool value_is_int_like =
+        std::none_of(number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.begin() + len + 1,
+                     [](char c) { return c == '.' or c == 'e'; });
+
+    if (value_is_int_like) {
+      o->write_characters(".0", 2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief check whether a string is UTF-8 encoded
+
+  The function checks each byte of a string whether it is UTF-8 encoded. The
+  result of the check is stored in the @a state parameter. The function must
+  be called initially with state 0 (accept). State 1 means the string must
+  be rejected, because the current byte is not allowed. If the string is
+  completely processed, but the state is non-zero, the string ended
+  prematurely; that is, the last byte indicated more bytes should have
+  followed.
+
+  @param[in,out] state  the state of the decoding
+  @param[in,out] codep  codepoint (valid only if resulting state is UTF8_ACCEPT)
+  @param[in] byte       next byte to decode
+  @return               new state
+
+  @note The function has been edited: a std::array is used.
+
+  @copyright Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Bjoern Hoehrmann <bjoern@hoehrmann.de>
+  @sa http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/
+  */
+  static std::uint8_t decode(std::uint8_t &state, std::uint32_t &codep,
+                             const std::uint8_t byte) noexcept {
+    static const std::array<std::uint8_t, 400> utf8d = {{
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 00..1F
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 20..3F
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 40..5F
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 60..7F
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,
+        9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9, // 80..9F
+        7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,
+        7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,
+        7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7, // A0..BF
+        8,   8,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,
+        2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,
+        2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2, // C0..DF
+        0xA, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3,
+        0x3, 0x3, 0x4, 0x3, 0x3, // E0..EF
+        0xB, 0x6, 0x6, 0x6, 0x5, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8,
+        0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, // F0..FF
+        0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x5, 0x8, 0x7, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x4,
+        0x6, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, // s0..s0
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   0,   1,   1,   1,   1,
+        1,   0,   1,   0,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1, // s1..s2
+        1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   2,   1,   2,   1,
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
+        1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1, // s3..s4
+        1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   2,   1,
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
+        1,   3,   1,   3,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1, // s5..s6
+        1,   3,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   3,   1,   3,   1,
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   3,   1,   1,   1,   1,
+        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1 // s7..s8
+    }};
+
+    const std::uint8_t type = utf8d[byte];
+
+    codep = (state != UTF8_ACCEPT) ? (byte & 0x3fu) | (codep << 6u)
+                                   : (0xFFu >> type) & (byte);
+
+    state = utf8d[256u + state * 16u + type];
+    return state;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Overload to make the compiler happy while it is instantiating
+   * dump_integer for number_unsigned_t.
+   * Must never be called.
+   */
+  number_unsigned_t remove_sign(number_unsigned_t x) {
+    assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    return x;      // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Helper function for dump_integer
+   *
+   * This function takes a negative signed integer and returns its absolute
+   * value as unsigned integer. The plus/minus shuffling is necessary as we can
+   * not directly remove the sign of an arbitrary signed integer as the
+   * absolute values of INT_MIN and INT_MAX are usually not the same. See
+   * #1708 for details.
+   */
+  inline number_unsigned_t remove_sign(number_integer_t x) noexcept {
+    assert(x < 0 and x < (std::numeric_limits<number_integer_t>::max)());
+    return static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(-(x + 1)) + 1;
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// the output of the serializer
+  output_adapter_t<char> o = nullptr;
+
+  /// a (hopefully) large enough character buffer
+  std::array<char, 64> number_buffer{{}};
+
+  /// the locale
+  const std::lconv *loc = nullptr;
+  /// the locale's thousand separator character
+  const char thousands_sep = '\0';
+  /// the locale's decimal point character
+  const char decimal_point = '\0';
+
+  /// string buffer
+  std::array<char, 512> string_buffer{{}};
+
+  /// the indentation character
+  const char indent_char;
+  /// the indentation string
+  string_t indent_string;
+
+  /// error_handler how to react on decoding errors
+  const error_handler_t error_handler;
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace nlohmann
 
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
-    to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
-    be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
-    `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
-    associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
-    json>`.,operator__ValueType}
+// #include <nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp>
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template < typename ValueType, typename std::enable_if <
-                   not std::is_pointer<ValueType>::value and
-                   not std::is_same<ValueType, detail::json_ref<basic_json>>::value and
-                   not std::is_same<ValueType, typename string_t::value_type>::value and
-                   not detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value
+/*!
+@brief namespace for Niels Lohmann
+@see https://github.com/nlohmann
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+namespace nlohmann {
 
-#ifndef _MSC_VER  // fix for issue #167 operator<< ambiguity under VS2015
-                   and not std::is_same<ValueType, std::initializer_list<typename string_t::value_type>>::value
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17) && (defined(__GNUC__) || (defined(_MSC_VER) and _MSC_VER <= 1914))
-                   and not std::is_same<ValueType, typename std::string_view>::value
-#endif
-#endif
-                   and detail::is_detected<detail::get_template_function, const basic_json_t&, ValueType>::value
-                   , int >::type = 0 >
-    operator ValueType() const
-    {
-        // delegate the call to get<>() const
-        return get<ValueType>();
-    }
+/*!
+@brief a class to store JSON values
 
-    /// @}
+@tparam ObjectType type for JSON objects (`std::map` by default; will be used
+in @ref object_t)
+@tparam ArrayType type for JSON arrays (`std::vector` by default; will be used
+in @ref array_t)
+@tparam StringType type for JSON strings and object keys (`std::string` by
+default; will be used in @ref string_t)
+@tparam BooleanType type for JSON booleans (`bool` by default; will be used
+in @ref boolean_t)
+@tparam NumberIntegerType type for JSON integer numbers (`int64_t` by
+default; will be used in @ref number_integer_t)
+@tparam NumberUnsignedType type for JSON unsigned integer numbers (@c
+`uint64_t` by default; will be used in @ref number_unsigned_t)
+@tparam NumberFloatType type for JSON floating-point numbers (`double` by
+default; will be used in @ref number_float_t)
+@tparam AllocatorType type of the allocator to use (`std::allocator` by
+default)
+@tparam JSONSerializer the serializer to resolve internal calls to `to_json()`
+and `from_json()` (@ref adl_serializer by default)
 
+@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
+- Basic
+ -
+[DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible):
+   JSON values can be default constructed. The result will be a JSON null
+   value.
+ -
+[MoveConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible):
+   A JSON value can be constructed from an rvalue argument.
+ -
+[CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible):
+   A JSON value can be copy-constructed from an lvalue expression.
+ - [MoveAssignable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveAssignable):
+   A JSON value van be assigned from an rvalue argument.
+ - [CopyAssignable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyAssignable):
+   A JSON value can be copy-assigned from an lvalue expression.
+ - [Destructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Destructible):
+   JSON values can be destructed.
+- Layout
+ -
+[StandardLayoutType](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/StandardLayoutType):
+   JSON values have
+   [standard
+layout](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/data_members#Standard_layout):
+   All non-static data members are private and standard layout types, the
+   class has no virtual functions or (virtual) base classes.
+- Library-wide
+ -
+[EqualityComparable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/EqualityComparable):
+   JSON values can be compared with `==`, see @ref
+   operator==(const_reference,const_reference).
+ -
+[LessThanComparable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/LessThanComparable):
+   JSON values can be compared with `<`, see @ref
+   operator<(const_reference,const_reference).
+ - [Swappable](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Swappable):
+   Any JSON lvalue or rvalue of can be swapped with any lvalue or rvalue of
+   other compatible types, using unqualified function call @ref swap().
+ -
+[NullablePointer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/NullablePointer):
+   JSON values can be compared against `std::nullptr_t` objects which are used
+   to model the `null` value.
+- Container
+ - [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container):
+   JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide iterator access.
+ -
+[ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer);
+   JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide reverse iterator
+   access.
 
-    ////////////////////
-    // element access //
-    ////////////////////
+@invariant The member variables @a m_value and @a m_type have the following
+relationship:
+- If `m_type == value_t::object`, then `m_value.object != nullptr`.
+- If `m_type == value_t::array`, then `m_value.array != nullptr`.
+- If `m_type == value_t::string`, then `m_value.string != nullptr`.
+The invariants are checked by member function assert_invariant().
 
-    /// @name element access
-    /// Access to the JSON value.
-    /// @{
+@internal
+@note ObjectType trick from http://stackoverflow.com/a/9860911
+@endinternal
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
+@see [RFC 7159: The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange
+Format](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159)
 
-    Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx, with
-    bounds checking.
+@since version 1.0.0
 
-    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+@nosubgrouping
+*/
+NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
+class basic_json {
+private:
+  template <detail::value_t> friend struct detail::external_constructor;
+  friend ::nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json>;
+  friend ::nlohmann::detail::parser<basic_json>;
+  friend ::nlohmann::detail::serializer<basic_json>;
+  template <typename BasicJsonType> friend class ::nlohmann::detail::iter_impl;
+  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CharType>
+  friend class ::nlohmann::detail::binary_writer;
+  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename SAX>
+  friend class ::nlohmann::detail::binary_reader;
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  friend class ::nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_parser;
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  friend class ::nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_callback_parser;
+
+  /// workaround type for MSVC
+  using basic_json_t = NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL;
+
+  // convenience aliases for types residing in namespace detail;
+  using lexer = ::nlohmann::detail::lexer<basic_json>;
+  using parser = ::nlohmann::detail::parser<basic_json>;
+
+  using primitive_iterator_t = ::nlohmann::detail::primitive_iterator_t;
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  using internal_iterator =
+      ::nlohmann::detail::internal_iterator<BasicJsonType>;
+  template <typename BasicJsonType>
+  using iter_impl = ::nlohmann::detail::iter_impl<BasicJsonType>;
+  template <typename Iterator>
+  using iteration_proxy = ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy<Iterator>;
+  template <typename Base>
+  using json_reverse_iterator = ::nlohmann::detail::json_reverse_iterator<Base>;
+
+  template <typename CharType>
+  using output_adapter_t = ::nlohmann::detail::output_adapter_t<CharType>;
+
+  using binary_reader = ::nlohmann::detail::binary_reader<basic_json>;
+  template <typename CharType>
+  using binary_writer = ::nlohmann::detail::binary_writer<basic_json, CharType>;
+
+  using serializer = ::nlohmann::detail::serializer<basic_json>;
+
+public:
+  using value_t = detail::value_t;
+  /// JSON Pointer, see @ref nlohmann::json_pointer
+  using json_pointer = ::nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json>;
+  template <typename T, typename SFINAE>
+  using json_serializer = JSONSerializer<T, SFINAE>;
+  /// how to treat decoding errors
+  using error_handler_t = detail::error_handler_t;
+  /// helper type for initializer lists of basic_json values
+  using initializer_list_t =
+      std::initializer_list<detail::json_ref<basic_json>>;
+
+  using input_format_t = detail::input_format_t;
+  /// SAX interface type, see @ref nlohmann::json_sax
+  using json_sax_t = json_sax<basic_json>;
+
+  ////////////////
+  // exceptions //
+  ////////////////
+
+  /// @name exceptions
+  /// Classes to implement user-defined exceptions.
+  /// @{
+
+  /// @copydoc detail::exception
+  using exception = detail::exception;
+  /// @copydoc detail::parse_error
+  using parse_error = detail::parse_error;
+  /// @copydoc detail::invalid_iterator
+  using invalid_iterator = detail::invalid_iterator;
+  /// @copydoc detail::type_error
+  using type_error = detail::type_error;
+  /// @copydoc detail::out_of_range
+  using out_of_range = detail::out_of_range;
+  /// @copydoc detail::other_error
+  using other_error = detail::other_error;
+
+  /// @}
+
+  /////////////////////
+  // container types //
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /// @name container types
+  /// The canonic container types to use @ref basic_json like any other STL
+  /// container.
+  /// @{
+
+  /// the type of elements in a basic_json container
+  using value_type = basic_json;
+
+  /// the type of an element reference
+  using reference = value_type &;
+  /// the type of an element const reference
+  using const_reference = const value_type &;
+
+  /// a type to represent differences between iterators
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  /// a type to represent container sizes
+  using size_type = std::size_t;
+
+  /// the allocator type
+  using allocator_type = AllocatorType<basic_json>;
+
+  /// the type of an element pointer
+  using pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer;
+  /// the type of an element const pointer
+  using const_pointer =
+      typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer;
+
+  /// an iterator for a basic_json container
+  using iterator = iter_impl<basic_json>;
+  /// a const iterator for a basic_json container
+  using const_iterator = iter_impl<const basic_json>;
+  /// a reverse iterator for a basic_json container
+  using reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::iterator>;
+  /// a const reverse iterator for a basic_json container
+  using const_reverse_iterator =
+      json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::const_iterator>;
+
+  /// @}
+
+  /*!
+  @brief returns the allocator associated with the container
+  */
+  static allocator_type get_allocator() { return allocator_type(); }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief returns version information on the library
+
+  This function returns a JSON object with information about the library,
+  including the version number and information on the platform and compiler.
+
+  @return JSON object holding version information
+  key         | description
+  ----------- | ---------------
+  `compiler`  | Information on the used compiler. It is an object with the
+  following keys: `c++` (the used C++ standard), `family` (the compiler family;
+  possible values are `clang`, `icc`, `gcc`, `ilecpp`, `msvc`, `pgcpp`,
+  `sunpro`, and `unknown`), and `version` (the compiler version). `copyright` |
+  The copyright line for the library as string. `name`      | The name of the
+  library as string. `platform`  | The used platform as string. Possible values
+  are `win32`, `linux`, `apple`, `unix`, and `unknown`. `url`       | The URL of
+  the project as string. `version`   | The version of the library. It is an
+  object with the following keys: `major`, `minor`, and `patch` as defined by
+  [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org), and `string` (the version string).
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example output of the `meta()`
+  function.,meta}
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @since 2.1.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json meta() {
+    basic_json result;
+
+    result["copyright"] = "(C) 2013-2017 Niels Lohmann";
+    result["name"] = "JSON for Modern C++";
+    result["url"] = "https://github.com/nlohmann/json";
+    result["version"]["string"] =
+        std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR) + "." +
+        std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR) + "." +
+        std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH);
+    result["version"]["major"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR;
+    result["version"]["minor"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR;
+    result["version"]["patch"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH;
 
-    @return reference to the element at index @a idx
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    result["platform"] = "win32";
+#elif defined __linux__
+    result["platform"] = "linux";
+#elif defined __APPLE__
+    result["platform"] = "apple";
+#elif defined __unix__
+    result["platform"] = "unix";
+#else
+    result["platform"] = "unknown";
+#endif
 
-    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an array; in this case,
-    calling `at` with an index makes no sense. See example below.
-    @throw out_of_range.401 if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
-    that is, `idx >= size()`. See example below.
+#if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "icc"}, {"version", __INTEL_COMPILER}};
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "clang"}, {"version", __clang_version__}};
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "gcc"},
+                          {"version", std::to_string(__GNUC__) + "." +
+                                          std::to_string(__GNUC_MINOR__) + "." +
+                                          std::to_string(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)}};
+#elif defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
+    result["compiler"] = "hp"
+#elif defined(__IBMCPP__)
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "ilecpp"}, {"version", __IBMCPP__}};
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "msvc"}, {"version", _MSC_VER}};
+#elif defined(__PGI)
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "pgcpp"}, {"version", __PGI}};
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "sunpro"}, {"version", __SUNPRO_CC}};
+#else
+    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "unknown"}, {"version", "unknown"}};
+#endif
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+    result["compiler"]["c++"] = std::to_string(__cplusplus);
+#else
+    result["compiler"]["c++"] = "unknown";
+#endif
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  ///////////////////////////
+  // JSON value data types //
+  ///////////////////////////
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
+  /// @name JSON value data types
+  /// The data types to store a JSON value. These types are derived from
+  /// the template arguments passed to class @ref basic_json.
+  /// @{
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
-    written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that
-    can be thrown.,at__size_type}
-    */
-    reference at(size_type idx)
-    {
-        // at only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_TRY
-            {
-                return m_value.array->at(idx);
-            }
-            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
-            {
-                // create better exception explanation
-                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_14)
+  // Use transparent comparator if possible, combined with perfect forwarding
+  // on find() and count() calls prevents unnecessary string construction.
+  using object_comparator_t = std::less<>;
+#else
+  using object_comparator_t = std::less<StringType>;
+#endif
+
+  /*!
+  @brief a type for an object
+
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON objects as follows:
+  > An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs,
+  > where a name is a string and a value is a string, number, boolean, null,
+  > object, or array.
+
+  To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters
+  described below.
+
+  @tparam ObjectType  the container to store objects (e.g., `std::map` or
+  `std::unordered_map`)
+  @tparam StringType the type of the keys or names (e.g., `std::string`).
+  The comparison function `std::less<StringType>` is used to order elements
+  inside the container.
+  @tparam AllocatorType the allocator to use for objects (e.g.,
+  `std::allocator`)
+
+  #### Default type
+
+  With the default values for @a ObjectType (`std::map`), @a StringType
+  (`std::string`), and @a AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default
+  value for @a object_t is:
+
+  @code {.cpp}
+  std::map<
+    std::string, // key_type
+    basic_json, // value_type
+    std::less<std::string>, // key_compare
+    std::allocator<std::pair<const std::string, basic_json>> // allocator_type
+  >
+  @endcode
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
+  #### Behavior
 
-    Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx,
-    with bounds checking.
+  The choice of @a object_t influences the behavior of the JSON class. With
+  the default type, objects have the following behavior:
 
-    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+  - When all names are unique, objects will be interoperable in the sense
+    that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on
+    the name-value mappings.
+  - When the names within an object are not unique, it is unspecified which
+    one of the values for a given key will be chosen. For instance,
+    `{"key": 2, "key": 1}` could be equal to either `{"key": 1}` or
+    `{"key": 2}`.
+  - Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the
+    names. Objects will also be serialized (see @ref dump) in this order.
+    For instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored
+    and serialized as `{"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
+  - When comparing objects, the order of the name/value pairs is irrelevant.
+    This makes objects interoperable in the sense that they will not be
+    affected by these differences. For instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and
+    `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be treated as equal.
 
-    @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
+  #### Limits
 
-    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an array; in this case,
-    calling `at` with an index makes no sense. See example below.
-    @throw out_of_range.401 if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
-    that is, `idx >= size()`. See example below.
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+  > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+  In this class, the object's limit of nesting is not explicitly constrained.
+  However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
+  runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
+  @ref max_size function of a JSON object.
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  #### Storage
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
+  Objects are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is, for any
+  access to object values, a pointer of type `object_t*` must be
+  dereferenced.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
-    `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that can be thrown.,
-    at__size_type_const}
-    */
-    const_reference at(size_type idx) const
-    {
-        // at only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_TRY
-            {
-                return m_value.array->at(idx);
-            }
-            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
-            {
-                // create better exception explanation
-                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+  @sa @ref array_t -- type for an array value
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
+  @since version 1.0.0
 
-    Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key, with
-    bounds checking.
+  @note The order name/value pairs are added to the object is *not*
+  preserved by the library. Therefore, iterating an object may return
+  name/value pairs in a different order than they were originally stored. In
+  fact, keys will be traversed in alphabetical order as `std::map` with
+  `std::less` is used by default. Please note this behavior conforms to [RFC
+  7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159), because any order implements the
+  specified "unordered" nature of JSON objects.
+  */
+  using object_t =
+      ObjectType<StringType, basic_json, object_comparator_t,
+                 AllocatorType<std::pair<const StringType, basic_json>>>;
 
-    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+  /*!
+  @brief a type for an array
 
-    @return reference to the element at key @a key
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON arrays as follows:
+  > An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.
 
-    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an object; in this case,
-    calling `at` with a key makes no sense. See example below.
-    @throw out_of_range.403 if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
-    that is, `find(key) == end()`. See example below.
+  To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters
+  explained below.
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+  @tparam ArrayType  container type to store arrays (e.g., `std::vector` or
+  `std::list`)
+  @tparam AllocatorType allocator to use for arrays (e.g., `std::allocator`)
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+  #### Default type
 
-    @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
-    access by reference
-    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+  With the default values for @a ArrayType (`std::vector`) and @a
+  AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default value for @a array_t is:
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
+  @code {.cpp}
+  std::vector<
+    basic_json, // value_type
+    std::allocator<basic_json> // allocator_type
+  >
+  @endcode
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
-    written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that
-    can be thrown.,at__object_t_key_type}
-    */
-    reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key)
-    {
-        // at only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_TRY
-            {
-                return m_value.object->at(key);
-            }
-            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
-            {
-                // create better exception explanation
-                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, "key '" + key + "' not found"));
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+  #### Limits
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+  > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
 
-    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key,
-    with bounds checking.
+  In this class, the array's limit of nesting is not explicitly constrained.
+  However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
+  runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
+  @ref max_size function of a JSON array.
 
-    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+  #### Storage
 
-    @return const reference to the element at key @a key
+  Arrays are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is, for any
+  access to array values, a pointer of type `array_t*` must be dereferenced.
 
-    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an object; in this case,
-    calling `at` with a key makes no sense. See example below.
-    @throw out_of_range.403 if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
-    that is, `find(key) == end()`. See example below.
+  @sa @ref object_t -- type for an object value
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  using array_t = ArrayType<basic_json, AllocatorType<basic_json>>;
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+  /*!
+  @brief a type for a string
 
-    @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
-    access by reference
-    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON strings as follows:
+  > A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
+  To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter
+  described below. Unicode values are split by the JSON class into
+  byte-sized characters during deserialization.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
-    `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that can be thrown.,
-    at__object_t_key_type_const}
-    */
-    const_reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key) const
-    {
-        // at only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_TRY
-            {
-                return m_value.object->at(key);
-            }
-            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
-            {
-                // create better exception explanation
-                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, "key '" + key + "' not found"));
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+  @tparam StringType  the container to store strings (e.g., `std::string`).
+  Note this container is used for keys/names in objects, see @ref object_t.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified array element
+  #### Default type
 
-    Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
+  With the default values for @a StringType (`std::string`), the default
+  value for @a string_t is:
 
-    @note If @a idx is beyond the range of the array (i.e., `idx >= size()`),
-    then the array is silently filled up with `null` values to make `idx` a
-    valid reference to the last stored element.
+  @code {.cpp}
+  std::string
+  @endcode
 
-    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+  #### Encoding
 
-    @return reference to the element at index @a idx
+  Strings are stored in UTF-8 encoding. Therefore, functions like
+  `std::string::size()` or `std::string::length()` return the number of
+  bytes in the string rather than the number of characters or glyphs.
 
-    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an array or null; in that
-    cases, using the [] operator with an index makes no sense.
+  #### String comparison
 
-    @complexity Constant if @a idx is in the range of the array. Otherwise
-    linear in `idx - size()`.
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
+  > Software implementations are typically required to test names of object
+  > members for equality. Implementations that transform the textual
+  > representation into sequences of Unicode code units and then perform the
+  > comparison numerically, code unit by code unit, are interoperable in the
+  > sense that implementations will agree in all cases on equality or
+  > inequality of two strings. For example, implementations that compare
+  > strings with escaped characters unconverted may incorrectly find that
+  > `"a\\b"` and `"a\u005Cb"` are not equal.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
-    written using `[]` operator. Note the addition of `null`
-    values.,operatorarray__size_type}
+  This implementation is interoperable as it does compare strings code unit
+  by code unit.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    reference operator[](size_type idx)
-    {
-        // implicitly convert null value to an empty array
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::array;
-            m_value.array = create<array_t>();
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  #### Storage
 
-        // operator[] only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            // fill up array with null values if given idx is outside range
-            if (idx >= m_value.array->size())
-            {
-                m_value.array->insert(m_value.array->end(),
-                                      idx - m_value.array->size() + 1,
-                                      basic_json());
-            }
+  String values are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is,
+  for any access to string values, a pointer of type `string_t*` must be
+  dereferenced.
 
-            return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
-        }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  using string_t = StringType;
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(305, "cannot use operator[] with a numeric argument with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  /*!
+  @brief a type for a boolean
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified array element
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) implicitly describes a boolean as a
+  type which differentiates the two literals `true` and `false`.
 
-    Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
+  To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter @a
+  BooleanType which chooses the type to use.
 
-    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+  #### Default type
 
-    @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
+  With the default values for @a BooleanType (`bool`), the default value for
+  @a boolean_t is:
 
-    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an array; in that case,
-    using the [] operator with an index makes no sense.
+  @code {.cpp}
+  bool
+  @endcode
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  #### Storage
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
-    the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__size_type_const}
+  Boolean values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const
-    {
-        // const operator[] only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
-        }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  using boolean_t = BooleanType;
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(305, "cannot use operator[] with a numeric argument with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  /*!
+  @brief a type for a number (integer)
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified object element
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
+  > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
+  > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
+  > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
+  > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
+  > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
+  > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
+  > are not permitted.
 
-    Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
+  This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
+  However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
+  is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
+  Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
+  number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
 
-    @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
-    the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
-    In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
+  To store integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
+  parameter @a NumberIntegerType which chooses the type to use.
 
-    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+  #### Default type
 
-    @return reference to the element at key @a key
+  With the default values for @a NumberIntegerType (`int64_t`), the default
+  value for @a number_integer_t is:
 
-    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object or null; in that
-    cases, using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+  @code {.cpp}
+  int64_t
+  @endcode
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+  #### Default behavior
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
-    written using the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
+  - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
+    leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as octal
+    number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For
+    instance, the C++ integer literal `010` will be serialized to `8`.
+    During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
+  - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
 
-    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
-    with range checking
-    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+  #### Limits
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key)
-    {
-        // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::object;
-            m_value.object = create<object_t>();
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+  > An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
 
-        // operator[] only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            return m_value.object->operator[](key);
-        }
+  When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be
+  stored is `9223372036854775807` (INT64_MAX) and the minimal integer number
+  that can be stored is `-9223372036854775808` (INT64_MIN). Integer numbers
+  that are out of range will yield over/underflow when used in a
+  constructor. During deserialization, too large or small integer numbers
+  will be automatically be stored as @ref number_unsigned_t or @ref
+  number_float_t.
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
+  > Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are
+  > in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are interoperable in the sense
+  > that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief read-only access specified object element
+  As this range is a subrange of the exactly supported range [INT64_MIN,
+  INT64_MAX], this class's integer type is interoperable.
 
-    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key. No
-    bounds checking is performed.
+  #### Storage
 
-    @warning If the element with key @a key does not exist, the behavior is
-    undefined.
+  Integer number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
 
-    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+  @sa @ref number_float_t -- type for number values (floating-point)
 
-    @return const reference to the element at key @a key
+  @sa @ref number_unsigned_t -- type for number values (unsigned integer)
 
-    @pre The element with key @a key must exist. **This precondition is
-         enforced with an assertion.**
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  using number_integer_t = NumberIntegerType;
 
-    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
-    using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+  /*!
+  @brief a type for a number (unsigned)
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
+  > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
+  > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
+  > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
+  > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
+  > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
+  > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
+  > are not permitted.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
-    the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
+  This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
+  However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
+  is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
+  Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
+  number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
 
-    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
-    with range checking
-    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+  To store unsigned integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the
+  template parameter @a NumberUnsignedType which chooses the type to use.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    const_reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key) const
-    {
-        // const operator[] only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
-            return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
-        }
+  #### Default type
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  With the default values for @a NumberUnsignedType (`uint64_t`), the
+  default value for @a number_unsigned_t is:
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified object element
+  @code {.cpp}
+  uint64_t
+  @endcode
 
-    Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
+  #### Default behavior
 
-    @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
-    the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
-    In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
+  - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
+    leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as octal
+    number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For
+    instance, the C++ integer literal `010` will be serialized to `8`.
+    During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
+  - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
 
-    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+  #### Limits
 
-    @return reference to the element at key @a key
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+  > An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
 
-    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object or null; in that
-    cases, using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+  When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be
+  stored is `18446744073709551615` (UINT64_MAX) and the minimal integer
+  number that can be stored is `0`. Integer numbers that are out of range
+  will yield over/underflow when used in a constructor. During
+  deserialization, too large or small integer numbers will be automatically
+  be stored as @ref number_integer_t or @ref number_float_t.
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
+  > Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are
+  > in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are interoperable in the sense
+  > that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
-    written using the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
+  As this range is a subrange (when considered in conjunction with the
+  number_integer_t type) of the exactly supported range [0, UINT64_MAX],
+  this class's integer type is interoperable.
 
-    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
-    with range checking
-    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+  #### Storage
 
-    @since version 1.1.0
-    */
-    template<typename T>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    reference operator[](T* key)
-    {
-        // implicitly convert null to object
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::object;
-            m_value = value_t::object;
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  Integer number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
 
-        // at only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            return m_value.object->operator[](key);
-        }
+  @sa @ref number_float_t -- type for number values (floating-point)
+  @sa @ref number_integer_t -- type for number values (integer)
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  using number_unsigned_t = NumberUnsignedType;
 
-    /*!
-    @brief read-only access specified object element
+  /*!
+  @brief a type for a number (floating-point)
 
-    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key. No
-    bounds checking is performed.
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
+  > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
+  > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
+  > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
+  > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
+  > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
+  > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
+  > are not permitted.
 
-    @warning If the element with key @a key does not exist, the behavior is
-    undefined.
+  This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
+  However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
+  is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
+  Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
+  number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
 
-    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+  To store floating-point numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
+  parameter @a NumberFloatType which chooses the type to use.
 
-    @return const reference to the element at key @a key
+  #### Default type
 
-    @pre The element with key @a key must exist. **This precondition is
-         enforced with an assertion.**
+  With the default values for @a NumberFloatType (`double`), the default
+  value for @a number_float_t is:
 
-    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
-    using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+  @code {.cpp}
+  double
+  @endcode
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+  #### Default behavior
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
-    the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
+  - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
+    leading zeros in floating-point literals will be ignored. Internally,
+    the value will be stored as decimal number. For instance, the C++
+    floating-point literal `01.2` will be serialized to `1.2`. During
+    deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
+  - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
 
-    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
-    with range checking
-    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+  #### Limits
 
-    @since version 1.1.0
-    */
-    template<typename T>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    const_reference operator[](T* key) const
-    {
-        // at only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
-            return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
-        }
+  [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
+  > This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range and
+  > precision of numbers accepted. Since software that implements IEEE
+  > 754-2008 binary64 (double precision) numbers is generally available and
+  > widely used, good interoperability can be achieved by implementations
+  > that expect no more precision or range than these provide, in the sense
+  > that implementations will approximate JSON numbers within the expected
+  > precision.
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  This implementation does exactly follow this approach, as it uses double
+  precision floating-point numbers. Note values smaller than
+  `-1.79769313486232e+308` and values greater than `1.79769313486232e+308`
+  will be stored as NaN internally and be serialized to `null`.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified object element with default value
+  #### Storage
 
-    Returns either a copy of an object's element at the specified key @a key
-    or a given default value if no element with key @a key exists.
+  Floating-point number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json
+  type.
 
-    The function is basically equivalent to executing
-    @code {.cpp}
-    try {
-        return at(key);
-    } catch(out_of_range) {
-        return default_value;
-    }
-    @endcode
+  @sa @ref number_integer_t -- type for number values (integer)
 
-    @note Unlike @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&), this function
-    does not throw if the given key @a key was not found.
+  @sa @ref number_unsigned_t -- type for number values (unsigned integer)
 
-    @note Unlike @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key), this
-    function does not implicitly add an element to the position defined by @a
-    key. This function is furthermore also applicable to const objects.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  using number_float_t = NumberFloatType;
 
-    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
-    @param[in] default_value  the value to return if @a key is not found
+  /// @}
 
-    @tparam ValueType type compatible to JSON values, for instance `int` for
-    JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or `std::vector` types for
-    JSON arrays. Note the type of the expected value at @a key and the default
-    value @a default_value must be compatible.
+private:
+  /// helper for exception-safe object creation
+  template <typename T, typename... Args>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL static T *create(Args &&...args) {
+    AllocatorType<T> alloc;
+    using AllocatorTraits = std::allocator_traits<AllocatorType<T>>;
 
-    @return copy of the element at key @a key or @a default_value if @a key
-    is not found
+    auto deleter = [&](T *object) {
+      AllocatorTraits::deallocate(alloc, object, 1);
+    };
+    std::unique_ptr<T, decltype(deleter)> object(
+        AllocatorTraits::allocate(alloc, 1), deleter);
+    AllocatorTraits::construct(alloc, object.get(),
+                               std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    assert(object != nullptr);
+    return object.release();
+  }
+
+  ////////////////////////
+  // JSON value storage //
+  ////////////////////////
+
+  /*!
+  @brief a JSON value
+
+  The actual storage for a JSON value of the @ref basic_json class. This
+  union combines the different storage types for the JSON value types
+  defined in @ref value_t.
+
+  JSON type | value_t type    | used type
+  --------- | --------------- | ------------------------
+  object    | object          | pointer to @ref object_t
+  array     | array           | pointer to @ref array_t
+  string    | string          | pointer to @ref string_t
+  boolean   | boolean         | @ref boolean_t
+  number    | number_integer  | @ref number_integer_t
+  number    | number_unsigned | @ref number_unsigned_t
+  number    | number_float    | @ref number_float_t
+  null      | null            | *no value is stored*
+
+  @note Variable-length types (objects, arrays, and strings) are stored as
+  pointers. The size of the union should not exceed 64 bits if the default
+  value types are used.
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  union json_value {
+    /// object (stored with pointer to save storage)
+    object_t *object;
+    /// array (stored with pointer to save storage)
+    array_t *array;
+    /// string (stored with pointer to save storage)
+    string_t *string;
+    /// boolean
+    boolean_t boolean;
+    /// number (integer)
+    number_integer_t number_integer;
+    /// number (unsigned integer)
+    number_unsigned_t number_unsigned;
+    /// number (floating-point)
+    number_float_t number_float;
+
+    /// default constructor (for null values)
+    json_value() = default;
+    /// constructor for booleans
+    json_value(boolean_t v) noexcept : boolean(v) {}
+    /// constructor for numbers (integer)
+    json_value(number_integer_t v) noexcept : number_integer(v) {}
+    /// constructor for numbers (unsigned)
+    json_value(number_unsigned_t v) noexcept : number_unsigned(v) {}
+    /// constructor for numbers (floating-point)
+    json_value(number_float_t v) noexcept : number_float(v) {}
+    /// constructor for empty values of a given type
+    json_value(value_t t) {
+      switch (t) {
+      case value_t::object: {
+        object = create<object_t>();
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::array: {
+        array = create<array_t>();
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::string: {
+        string = create<string_t>("");
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::boolean: {
+        boolean = boolean_t(false);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::number_integer: {
+        number_integer = number_integer_t(0);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+        number_unsigned = number_unsigned_t(0);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::number_float: {
+        number_float = number_float_t(0.0);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::null: {
+        object = nullptr; // silence warning, see #821
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        object = nullptr; // silence warning, see #821
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(t == value_t::null)) {
+          JSON_THROW(
+              other_error::create(500, "961c151d2e87f2686a955a9be24d316f1362bf2"
+                                       "1 3.7.3")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /// constructor for strings
+    json_value(const string_t &value) { string = create<string_t>(value); }
+
+    /// constructor for rvalue strings
+    json_value(string_t &&value) {
+      string = create<string_t>(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /// constructor for objects
+    json_value(const object_t &value) { object = create<object_t>(value); }
+
+    /// constructor for rvalue objects
+    json_value(object_t &&value) {
+      object = create<object_t>(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /// constructor for arrays
+    json_value(const array_t &value) { array = create<array_t>(value); }
+
+    /// constructor for rvalue arrays
+    json_value(array_t &&value) { array = create<array_t>(std::move(value)); }
+
+    void destroy(value_t t) noexcept {
+      // flatten the current json_value to a heap-allocated stack
+      std::vector<basic_json> stack;
+
+      // move the top-level items to stack
+      if (t == value_t::array) {
+        stack.reserve(array->size());
+        std::move(array->begin(), array->end(), std::back_inserter(stack));
+      } else if (t == value_t::object) {
+        stack.reserve(object->size());
+        for (auto &&it : *object) {
+          stack.push_back(std::move(it.second));
+        }
+      }
+
+      while (not stack.empty()) {
+        // move the last item to local variable to be processed
+        basic_json current_item(std::move(stack.back()));
+        stack.pop_back();
+
+        // if current_item is array/object, move
+        // its children to the stack to be processed later
+        if (current_item.is_array()) {
+          std::move(current_item.m_value.array->begin(),
+                    current_item.m_value.array->end(),
+                    std::back_inserter(stack));
+
+          current_item.m_value.array->clear();
+        } else if (current_item.is_object()) {
+          for (auto &&it : *current_item.m_value.object) {
+            stack.push_back(std::move(it.second));
+          }
+
+          current_item.m_value.object->clear();
+        }
+
+        // it's now safe that current_item get destructed
+        // since it doesn't have any children
+      }
+
+      switch (t) {
+      case value_t::object: {
+        AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, object);
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, object, 1);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::array: {
+        AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, array);
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, array, 1);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::string: {
+        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, string);
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, string, 1);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        break;
+      }
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  /*!
+  @brief checks the class invariants
+
+  This function asserts the class invariants. It needs to be called at the
+  end of every constructor to make sure that created objects respect the
+  invariant. Furthermore, it has to be called each time the type of a JSON
+  value is changed, because the invariant expresses a relationship between
+  @a m_type and @a m_value.
+  */
+  void assert_invariant() const noexcept {
+    assert(m_type != value_t::object or m_value.object != nullptr);
+    assert(m_type != value_t::array or m_value.array != nullptr);
+    assert(m_type != value_t::string or m_value.string != nullptr);
+  }
+
+public:
+  //////////////////////////
+  // JSON parser callback //
+  //////////////////////////
+
+  /*!
+  @brief parser event types
+
+  The parser callback distinguishes the following events:
+  - `object_start`: the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object
+  - `key`: the parser read a key of a value in an object
+  - `object_end`: the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object
+  - `array_start`: the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array
+  - `array_end`: the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array
+  - `value`: the parser finished reading a JSON value
+
+  @image html callback_events.png "Example when certain parse events are
+  triggered"
+
+  @sa @ref parser_callback_t for more information and examples
+  */
+  using parse_event_t = typename parser::parse_event_t;
+
+  /*!
+  @brief per-element parser callback type
+
+  With a parser callback function, the result of parsing a JSON text can be
+  influenced. When passed to @ref parse, it is called on certain events
+  (passed as @ref parse_event_t via parameter @a event) with a set recursion
+  depth @a depth and context JSON value @a parsed. The return value of the
+  callback function is a boolean indicating whether the element that emitted
+  the callback shall be kept or not.
+
+  We distinguish six scenarios (determined by the event type) in which the
+  callback function can be called. The following table describes the values
+  of the parameters @a depth, @a event, and @a parsed.
+
+  parameter @a event | description | parameter @a depth | parameter @a parsed
+  ------------------ | ----------- | ------------------ | -------------------
+  parse_event_t::object_start | the parser read `{` and started to process a
+  JSON object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | a JSON value with type
+  discarded parse_event_t::key | the parser read a key of a value in an object |
+  depth of the currently parsed JSON object | a JSON string containing the key
+  parse_event_t::object_end | the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON
+  object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | the parsed JSON object
+  parse_event_t::array_start | the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON
+  array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | a JSON value with type
+  discarded parse_event_t::array_end | the parser read `]` and finished
+  processing a JSON array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | the parsed
+  JSON array parse_event_t::value | the parser finished reading a JSON value |
+  depth of the value | the parsed JSON value
+
+  @image html callback_events.png "Example when certain parse events are
+  triggered"
+
+  Discarding a value (i.e., returning `false`) has different effects
+  depending on the context in which function was called:
+
+  - Discarded values in structured types are skipped. That is, the parser
+    will behave as if the discarded value was never read.
+  - In case a value outside a structured type is skipped, it is replaced
+    with `null`. This case happens if the top-level element is skipped.
+
+  @param[in] depth  the depth of the recursion during parsing
+
+  @param[in] event  an event of type parse_event_t indicating the context in
+  the callback function has been called
+
+  @param[in,out] parsed  the current intermediate parse result; note that
+  writing to this value has no effect for parse_event_t::key events
+
+  @return Whether the JSON value which called the function during parsing
+  should be kept (`true`) or not (`false`). In the latter case, it is either
+  skipped completely or replaced by an empty discarded object.
+
+  @sa @ref parse for examples
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  using parser_callback_t = typename parser::parser_callback_t;
+
+  //////////////////
+  // constructors //
+  //////////////////
+
+  /// @name constructors and destructors
+  /// Constructors of class @ref basic_json, copy/move constructor, copy
+  /// assignment, static functions creating objects, and the destructor.
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create an empty value with a given type
+
+  Create an empty JSON value with a given type. The value will be default
+  initialized with an empty value which depends on the type:
+
+  Value type  | initial value
+  ----------- | -------------
+  null        | `null`
+  boolean     | `false`
+  string      | `""`
+  number      | `0`
+  object      | `{}`
+  array       | `[]`
+
+  @param[in] v  the type of the value to create
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor for different @ref
+  value_t values,basic_json__value_t}
+
+  @sa @ref clear() -- restores the postcondition of this constructor
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json(const value_t v) : m_type(v), m_value(v) { assert_invariant(); }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a null object
+
+  Create a `null` JSON value. It either takes a null pointer as parameter
+  (explicitly creating `null`) or no parameter (implicitly creating `null`).
+  The passed null pointer itself is not read -- it is only used to choose
+  the right constructor.
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws
+  exceptions.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with and without a
+  null pointer parameter.,basic_json__nullptr_t}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json(std::nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept : basic_json(value_t::null) {
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a JSON value
+
+  This is a "catch all" constructor for all compatible JSON types; that is,
+  types for which a `to_json()` method exists. The constructor forwards the
+  parameter @a val to that method (to `json_serializer<U>::to_json` method
+  with `U = uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`, to be exact).
+
+  Template type @a CompatibleType includes, but is not limited to, the
+  following types:
+  - **arrays**: @ref array_t and all kinds of compatible containers such as
+    `std::vector`, `std::deque`, `std::list`, `std::forward_list`,
+    `std::array`, `std::valarray`, `std::set`, `std::unordered_set`,
+    `std::multiset`, and `std::unordered_multiset` with a `value_type` from
+    which a @ref basic_json value can be constructed.
+  - **objects**: @ref object_t and all kinds of compatible associative
+    containers such as `std::map`, `std::unordered_map`, `std::multimap`,
+    and `std::unordered_multimap` with a `key_type` compatible to
+    @ref string_t and a `value_type` from which a @ref basic_json value can
+    be constructed.
+  - **strings**: @ref string_t, string literals, and all compatible string
+    containers can be used.
+  - **numbers**: @ref number_integer_t, @ref number_unsigned_t,
+    @ref number_float_t, and all convertible number types such as `int`,
+    `size_t`, `int64_t`, `float` or `double` can be used.
+  - **boolean**: @ref boolean_t / `bool` can be used.
+
+  See the examples below.
+
+  @tparam CompatibleType a type such that:
+  - @a CompatibleType is not derived from `std::istream`,
+  - @a CompatibleType is not @ref basic_json (to avoid hijacking copy/move
+       constructors),
+  - @a CompatibleType is not a different @ref basic_json type (i.e. with
+  different template arguments)
+  - @a CompatibleType is not a @ref basic_json nested type (e.g.,
+       @ref json_pointer, @ref iterator, etc ...)
+  - @ref @ref json_serializer<U> has a
+       `to_json(basic_json_t&, CompatibleType&&)` method
+
+  @tparam U = `uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`
+
+  @param[in] val the value to be forwarded to the respective constructor
+
+  @complexity Usually linear in the size of the passed @a val, also
+              depending on the implementation of the called `to_json()`
+              method.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Depends on the called constructor. For types directly
+  supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no `to_json()` function
+  was provided), strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are
+  no changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with several
+  compatible types.,basic_json__CompatibleType}
+
+  @since version 2.1.0
+  */
+  template <typename CompatibleType,
+            typename U = detail::uncvref_t<CompatibleType>,
+            detail::enable_if_t<
+                not detail::is_basic_json<U>::value and
+                    detail::is_compatible_type<basic_json_t, U>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+  basic_json(CompatibleType &&val) noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(
+      std::declval<basic_json_t &>(), std::forward<CompatibleType>(val)))) {
+    JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(*this, std::forward<CompatibleType>(val));
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a JSON value from an existing one
+
+  This is a constructor for existing @ref basic_json types.
+  It does not hijack copy/move constructors, since the parameter has different
+  template arguments than the current ones.
+
+  The constructor tries to convert the internal @ref m_value of the parameter.
+
+  @tparam BasicJsonType a type such that:
+  - @a BasicJsonType is a @ref basic_json type.
+  - @a BasicJsonType has different template arguments than @ref basic_json_t.
+
+  @param[in] val the @ref basic_json value to be converted.
+
+  @complexity Usually linear in the size of the passed @a val, also
+              depending on the implementation of the called `to_json()`
+              method.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Depends on the called constructor. For types directly
+  supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no `to_json()` function
+  was provided), strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are
+  no changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @since version 3.2.0
+  */
+  template <typename BasicJsonType,
+            detail::enable_if_t<
+                detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value and
+                    not std::is_same<basic_json, BasicJsonType>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+  basic_json(const BasicJsonType &val) {
+    using other_boolean_t = typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t;
+    using other_number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
+    using other_number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
+    using other_number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
+    using other_string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
+    using other_object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
+    using other_array_t = typename BasicJsonType::array_t;
+
+    switch (val.type()) {
+    case value_t::boolean:
+      JSONSerializer<other_boolean_t>::to_json(
+          *this, val.template get<other_boolean_t>());
+      break;
+    case value_t::number_float:
+      JSONSerializer<other_number_float_t>::to_json(
+          *this, val.template get<other_number_float_t>());
+      break;
+    case value_t::number_integer:
+      JSONSerializer<other_number_integer_t>::to_json(
+          *this, val.template get<other_number_integer_t>());
+      break;
+    case value_t::number_unsigned:
+      JSONSerializer<other_number_unsigned_t>::to_json(
+          *this, val.template get<other_number_unsigned_t>());
+      break;
+    case value_t::string:
+      JSONSerializer<other_string_t>::to_json(
+          *this, val.template get_ref<const other_string_t &>());
+      break;
+    case value_t::object:
+      JSONSerializer<other_object_t>::to_json(
+          *this, val.template get_ref<const other_object_t &>());
+      break;
+    case value_t::array:
+      JSONSerializer<other_array_t>::to_json(
+          *this, val.template get_ref<const other_array_t &>());
+      break;
+    case value_t::null:
+      *this = nullptr;
+      break;
+    case value_t::discarded:
+      m_type = value_t::discarded;
+      break;
+    default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    }
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a container (array or object) from an initializer list
+
+  Creates a JSON value of type array or object from the passed initializer
+  list @a init. In case @a type_deduction is `true` (default), the type of
+  the JSON value to be created is deducted from the initializer list @a init
+  according to the following rules:
+
+  1. If the list is empty, an empty JSON object value `{}` is created.
+  2. If the list consists of pairs whose first element is a string, a JSON
+     object value is created where the first elements of the pairs are
+     treated as keys and the second elements are as values.
+  3. In all other cases, an array is created.
+
+  The rules aim to create the best fit between a C++ initializer list and
+  JSON values. The rationale is as follows:
+
+  1. The empty initializer list is written as `{}` which is exactly an empty
+     JSON object.
+  2. C++ has no way of describing mapped types other than to list a list of
+     pairs. As JSON requires that keys must be of type string, rule 2 is the
+     weakest constraint one can pose on initializer lists to interpret them
+     as an object.
+  3. In all other cases, the initializer list could not be interpreted as
+     JSON object type, so interpreting it as JSON array type is safe.
+
+  With the rules described above, the following JSON values cannot be
+  expressed by an initializer list:
+
+  - the empty array (`[]`): use @ref array(initializer_list_t)
+    with an empty initializer list in this case
+  - arrays whose elements satisfy rule 2: use @ref
+    array(initializer_list_t) with the same initializer list
+    in this case
+
+  @note When used without parentheses around an empty initializer list, @ref
+  basic_json() is called instead of this function, yielding the JSON null
+  value.
+
+  @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values
+
+  @param[in] type_deduction internal parameter; when set to `true`, the type
+  of the JSON value is deducted from the initializer list @a init; when set
+  to `false`, the type provided via @a manual_type is forced. This mode is
+  used by the functions @ref array(initializer_list_t) and
+  @ref object(initializer_list_t).
+
+  @param[in] manual_type internal parameter; when @a type_deduction is set
+  to `false`, the created JSON value will use the provided type (only @ref
+  value_t::array and @ref value_t::object are valid); when @a type_deduction
+  is set to `true`, this parameter has no effect
+
+  @throw type_error.301 if @a type_deduction is `false`, @a manual_type is
+  `value_t::object`, but @a init contains an element which is not a pair
+  whose first element is a string. In this case, the constructor could not
+  create an object. If @a type_deduction would have be `true`, an array
+  would have been created. See @ref object(initializer_list_t)
+  for an example.
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the initializer list @a init.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values are created from
+  initializer lists.,basic_json__list_init_t}
+
+  @sa @ref array(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON array
+  value from an initializer list
+  @sa @ref object(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON object
+  value from an initializer list
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json(initializer_list_t init, bool type_deduction = true,
+             value_t manual_type = value_t::array) {
+    // check if each element is an array with two elements whose first
+    // element is a string
+    bool is_an_object =
+        std::all_of(init.begin(), init.end(),
+                    [](const detail::json_ref<basic_json> &element_ref) {
+                      return element_ref->is_array() and
+                             element_ref->size() == 2 and
+                             (*element_ref)[0].is_string();
+                    });
 
-    @throw type_error.302 if @a default_value does not match the type of the
-    value at @a key
-    @throw type_error.306 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
-    using `value()` with a key makes no sense.
+    // adjust type if type deduction is not wanted
+    if (not type_deduction) {
+      // if array is wanted, do not create an object though possible
+      if (manual_type == value_t::array) {
+        is_an_object = false;
+      }
+
+      // if object is wanted but impossible, throw an exception
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(manual_type == value_t::object and
+                               not is_an_object)) {
+        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+            301, "cannot create object from initializer list"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (is_an_object) {
+      // the initializer list is a list of pairs -> create object
+      m_type = value_t::object;
+      m_value = value_t::object;
+
+      std::for_each(
+          init.begin(), init.end(),
+          [this](const detail::json_ref<basic_json> &element_ref) {
+            auto element = element_ref.moved_or_copied();
+            m_value.object->emplace(
+                std::move(*((*element.m_value.array)[0].m_value.string)),
+                std::move((*element.m_value.array)[1]));
+          });
+    } else {
+      // the initializer list describes an array -> create array
+      m_type = value_t::array;
+      m_value.array = create<array_t>(init.begin(), init.end());
+    }
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be queried
-    with a default value.,basic_json__value}
+  /*!
+  @brief explicitly create an array from an initializer list
 
-    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
-    with range checking
-    @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
-    access by reference
+  Creates a JSON array value from a given initializer list. That is, given a
+  list of values `a, b, c`, creates the JSON value `[a, b, c]`. If the
+  initializer list is empty, the empty array `[]` is created.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<class ValueType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    ValueType value(const typename object_t::key_type& key, const ValueType& default_value) const
-    {
-        // at only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
-            const auto it = find(key);
-            if (it != end())
-            {
-                return *it;
-            }
+  @note This function is only needed to express two edge cases that cannot
+  be realized with the initializer list constructor (@ref
+  basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t)). These cases
+  are:
+  1. creating an array whose elements are all pairs whose first element is a
+  string -- in this case, the initializer list constructor would create an
+  object, taking the first elements as keys
+  2. creating an empty array -- passing the empty initializer list to the
+  initializer list constructor yields an empty object
 
-            return default_value;
-        }
+  @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values to create an array from
+  (optional)
+
+  @return JSON array value
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the `array`
+  function.,array}
+
+  @sa @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t) --
+  create a JSON value from an initializer list
+  @sa @ref object(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON object
+  value from an initializer list
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json array(initializer_list_t init = {}) {
+    return basic_json(init, false, value_t::array);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief explicitly create an object from an initializer list
+
+  Creates a JSON object value from a given initializer list. The initializer
+  lists elements must be pairs, and their first elements must be strings. If
+  the initializer list is empty, the empty object `{}` is created.
+
+  @note This function is only added for symmetry reasons. In contrast to the
+  related function @ref array(initializer_list_t), there are
+  no cases which can only be expressed by this function. That is, any
+  initializer list @a init can also be passed to the initializer list
+  constructor @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t).
+
+  @param[in] init  initializer list to create an object from (optional)
+
+  @return JSON object value
+
+  @throw type_error.301 if @a init is not a list of pairs whose first
+  elements are strings. In this case, no object can be created. When such a
+  value is passed to @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t),
+  an array would have been created from the passed initializer list @a init.
+  See example below.
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the `object`
+  function.,object}
+
+  @sa @ref basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t) --
+  create a JSON value from an initializer list
+  @sa @ref array(initializer_list_t) -- create a JSON array
+  value from an initializer list
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json object(initializer_list_t init = {}) {
+    return basic_json(init, false, value_t::object);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief construct an array with count copies of given value
+
+  Constructs a JSON array value by creating @a cnt copies of a passed value.
+  In case @a cnt is `0`, an empty array is created.
+
+  @param[in] cnt  the number of JSON copies of @a val to create
+  @param[in] val  the JSON value to copy
+
+  @post `std::distance(begin(),end()) == cnt` holds.
+
+  @complexity Linear in @a cnt.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows examples for the @ref
+  basic_json(size_type\, const basic_json&)
+  constructor.,basic_json__size_type_basic_json}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json(size_type cnt, const basic_json &val) : m_type(value_t::array) {
+    m_value.array = create<array_t>(cnt, val);
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief construct a JSON container given an iterator range
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, "cannot use value() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  Constructs the JSON value with the contents of the range `[first, last)`.
+  The semantics depends on the different types a JSON value can have:
+  - In case of a null type, invalid_iterator.206 is thrown.
+  - In case of other primitive types (number, boolean, or string), @a first
+    must be `begin()` and @a last must be `end()`. In this case, the value is
+    copied. Otherwise, invalid_iterator.204 is thrown.
+  - In case of structured types (array, object), the constructor behaves as
+    similar versions for `std::vector` or `std::map`; that is, a JSON array
+    or object is constructed from the values in the range.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief overload for a default value of type const char*
-    @copydoc basic_json::value(const typename object_t::key_type&, const ValueType&) const
-    */
-    string_t value(const typename object_t::key_type& key, const char* default_value) const
-    {
-        return value(key, string_t(default_value));
-    }
+  @tparam InputIT an input iterator type (@ref iterator or @ref
+  const_iterator)
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified object element via JSON Pointer with default value
+  @param[in] first begin of the range to copy from (included)
+  @param[in] last end of the range to copy from (excluded)
 
-    Returns either a copy of an object's element at the specified key @a key
-    or a given default value if no element with key @a key exists.
+  @pre Iterators @a first and @a last must be initialized. **This
+       precondition is enforced with an assertion (see warning).** If
+       assertions are switched off, a violation of this precondition yields
+       undefined behavior.
 
-    The function is basically equivalent to executing
-    @code {.cpp}
-    try {
-        return at(ptr);
-    } catch(out_of_range) {
-        return default_value;
-    }
-    @endcode
+  @pre Range `[first, last)` is valid. Usually, this precondition cannot be
+       checked efficiently. Only certain edge cases are detected; see the
+       description of the exceptions below. A violation of this precondition
+       yields undefined behavior.
 
-    @note Unlike @ref at(const json_pointer&), this function does not throw
-    if the given key @a key was not found.
+  @warning A precondition is enforced with a runtime assertion that will
+           result in calling `std::abort` if this precondition is not met.
+           Assertions can be disabled by defining `NDEBUG` at compile time.
+           See https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/assert for more
+           information.
 
-    @param[in] ptr  a JSON pointer to the element to access
-    @param[in] default_value  the value to return if @a ptr found no value
+  @throw invalid_iterator.201 if iterators @a first and @a last are not
+  compatible (i.e., do not belong to the same JSON value). In this case,
+  the range `[first, last)` is undefined.
+  @throw invalid_iterator.204 if iterators @a first and @a last belong to a
+  primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but @a first does not point
+  to the first element any more. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is
+  undefined. See example code below.
+  @throw invalid_iterator.206 if iterators @a first and @a last belong to a
+  null value. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is undefined.
 
-    @tparam ValueType type compatible to JSON values, for instance `int` for
-    JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or `std::vector` types for
-    JSON arrays. Note the type of the expected value at @a key and the default
-    value @a default_value must be compatible.
+  @complexity Linear in distance between @a first and @a last.
 
-    @return copy of the element at key @a key or @a default_value if @a key
-    is not found
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
 
-    @throw type_error.302 if @a default_value does not match the type of the
-    value at @a ptr
-    @throw type_error.306 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
-    using `value()` with a key makes no sense.
+  @liveexample{The example below shows several ways to create JSON values by
+  specifying a subrange with iterators.,basic_json__InputIt_InputIt}
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <class InputIT,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
+                    std::is_same<InputIT,
+                                 typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value,
+                int>::type = 0>
+  basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) {
+    assert(first.m_object != nullptr);
+    assert(last.m_object != nullptr);
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be queried
-    with a default value.,basic_json__value_ptr}
+    // make sure iterator fits the current value
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(201, "iterators are not compatible"));
+    }
 
-    @sa @ref operator[](const json_pointer&) for unchecked access by reference
+    // copy type from first iterator
+    m_type = first.m_object->m_type;
 
-    @since version 2.0.2
-    */
-    template<class ValueType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    ValueType value(const json_pointer& ptr, const ValueType& default_value) const
-    {
-        // at only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            // if pointer resolves a value, return it or use default value
-            JSON_TRY
-            {
-                return ptr.get_checked(this);
-            }
-            JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH (out_of_range&)
-            {
-                return default_value;
-            }
-        }
+    // check if iterator range is complete for primitive values
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::boolean:
+    case value_t::number_float:
+    case value_t::number_integer:
+    case value_t::number_unsigned:
+    case value_t::string: {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or
+                               not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())) {
+        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(204, "iterators out of range"));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, "cannot use value() with " + std::string(type_name())));
+    default:
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief overload for a default value of type const char*
-    @copydoc basic_json::value(const json_pointer&, ValueType) const
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    string_t value(const json_pointer& ptr, const char* default_value) const
-    {
-        return value(ptr, string_t(default_value));
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      m_value.number_integer = first.m_object->m_value.number_integer;
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access the first element
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      m_value.number_unsigned = first.m_object->m_value.number_unsigned;
+      break;
+    }
 
-    Returns a reference to the first element in the container. For a JSON
-    container `c`, the expression `c.front()` is equivalent to `*c.begin()`.
+    case value_t::number_float: {
+      m_value.number_float = first.m_object->m_value.number_float;
+      break;
+    }
 
-    @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
-    first element is returned. In case of number, string, or boolean values, a
-    reference to the value is returned.
+    case value_t::boolean: {
+      m_value.boolean = first.m_object->m_value.boolean;
+      break;
+    }
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+    case value_t::string: {
+      m_value = *first.m_object->m_value.string;
+      break;
+    }
 
-    @pre The JSON value must not be `null` (would throw `std::out_of_range`)
-    or an empty array or object (undefined behavior, **guarded by
-    assertions**).
-    @post The JSON value remains unchanged.
+    case value_t::object: {
+      m_value.object = create<object_t>(first.m_it.object_iterator,
+                                        last.m_it.object_iterator);
+      break;
+    }
 
-    @throw invalid_iterator.214 when called on `null` value
+    case value_t::array: {
+      m_value.array =
+          create<array_t>(first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
+      break;
+    }
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `front()`.,front}
+    default:
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          206, "cannot construct with iterators from " +
+                   std::string(first.m_object->type_name())));
+    }
 
-    @sa @ref back() -- access the last element
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    reference front()
-    {
-        return *begin();
-    }
+  ///////////////////////////////////////
+  // other constructors and destructor //
+  ///////////////////////////////////////
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc basic_json::front()
-    */
-    const_reference front() const
-    {
-        return *cbegin();
-    }
+  /// @private
+  basic_json(const detail::json_ref<basic_json> &ref)
+      : basic_json(ref.moved_or_copied()) {}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access the last element
+  /*!
+  @brief copy constructor
 
-    Returns a reference to the last element in the container. For a JSON
-    container `c`, the expression `c.back()` is equivalent to
-    @code {.cpp}
-    auto tmp = c.end();
-    --tmp;
-    return *tmp;
-    @endcode
+  Creates a copy of a given JSON value.
 
-    @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
-    last element is returned. In case of number, string, or boolean values, a
-    reference to the value is returned.
+  @param[in] other  the JSON value to copy
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @post `*this == other`
 
-    @pre The JSON value must not be `null` (would throw `std::out_of_range`)
-    or an empty array or object (undefined behavior, **guarded by
-    assertions**).
-    @post The JSON value remains unchanged.
+  @complexity Linear in the size of @a other.
 
-    @throw invalid_iterator.214 when called on a `null` value. See example
-    below.
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes to any JSON value.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `back()`.,back}
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is linear.
+  - As postcondition, it holds: `other == basic_json(other)`.
 
-    @sa @ref front() -- access the first element
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the copy
+  constructor.,basic_json__basic_json}
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    reference back()
-    {
-        auto tmp = end();
-        --tmp;
-        return *tmp;
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json(const basic_json &other) : m_type(other.m_type) {
+    // check of passed value is valid
+    other.assert_invariant();
+
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::object: {
+      m_value = *other.m_value.object;
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc basic_json::back()
-    */
-    const_reference back() const
-    {
-        auto tmp = cend();
-        --tmp;
-        return *tmp;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief remove element given an iterator
-
-    Removes the element specified by iterator @a pos. The iterator @a pos must
-    be valid and dereferenceable. Thus the `end()` iterator (which is valid,
-    but is not dereferenceable) cannot be used as a value for @a pos.
-
-    If called on a primitive type other than `null`, the resulting JSON value
-    will be `null`.
-
-    @param[in] pos iterator to the element to remove
-    @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a
-    pos refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator is returned.
-
-    @tparam IteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
-
-    @post Invalidates iterators and references at or after the point of the
-    erase, including the `end()` iterator.
-
-    @throw type_error.307 if called on a `null` value; example: `"cannot use
-    erase() with null"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if called on an iterator which does not belong
-    to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current
-    value"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.205 if called on a primitive type with invalid
-    iterator (i.e., any iterator which is not `begin()`); example: `"iterator
-    out of range"`
-
-    @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
-    - objects: amortized constant
-    - arrays: linear in distance between @a pos and the end of the container
-    - strings: linear in the length of the string
-    - other types: constant
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `erase()` for different JSON
-    types.,erase__IteratorType}
-
-    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
-    the given range
-    @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
-    from an object at the given key
-    @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
-    the given index
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
-                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type
-             = 0>
-    IteratorType erase(IteratorType pos)
-    {
-        // make sure iterator fits the current value
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(this != pos.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
-        }
+    case value_t::array: {
+      m_value = *other.m_value.array;
+      break;
+    }
 
-        IteratorType result = end();
+    case value_t::string: {
+      m_value = *other.m_value.string;
+      break;
+    }
 
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not pos.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()))
-                {
-                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(205, "iterator out of range"));
-                }
-
-                if (is_string())
-                {
-                    AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.string);
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, m_value.string, 1);
-                    m_value.string = nullptr;
-                }
-
-                m_type = value_t::null;
-                assert_invariant();
-                break;
-            }
+    case value_t::boolean: {
+      m_value = other.m_value.boolean;
+      break;
+    }
 
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(pos.m_it.object_iterator);
-                break;
-            }
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      m_value = other.m_value.number_integer;
+      break;
+    }
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(pos.m_it.array_iterator);
-                break;
-            }
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      m_value = other.m_value.number_unsigned;
+      break;
+    }
 
-            default:
-                JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+    case value_t::number_float: {
+      m_value = other.m_value.number_float;
+      break;
+    }
 
-        return result;
+    default:
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief remove elements given an iterator range
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
 
-    Removes the element specified by the range `[first; last)`. The iterator
-    @a first does not need to be dereferenceable if `first == last`: erasing
-    an empty range is a no-op.
+  /*!
+  @brief move constructor
 
-    If called on a primitive type other than `null`, the resulting JSON value
-    will be `null`.
+  Move constructor. Constructs a JSON value with the contents of the given
+  value @a other using move semantics. It "steals" the resources from @a
+  other and leaves it as JSON null value.
 
-    @param[in] first iterator to the beginning of the range to remove
-    @param[in] last iterator past the end of the range to remove
-    @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a
-    second refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator is returned.
+  @param[in,out] other  value to move to this object
 
-    @tparam IteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
+  @post `*this` has the same value as @a other before the call.
+  @post @a other is a JSON null value.
 
-    @post Invalidates iterators and references at or after the point of the
-    erase, including the `end()` iterator.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @throw type_error.307 if called on a `null` value; example: `"cannot use
-    erase() with null"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.203 if called on iterators which does not belong
-    to the current JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit current value"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.204 if called on a primitive type with invalid
-    iterators (i.e., if `first != begin()` and `last != end()`); example:
-    `"iterators out of range"`
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
-    - objects: `log(size()) + std::distance(first, last)`
-    - arrays: linear in the distance between @a first and @a last, plus linear
-      in the distance between @a last and end of the container
-    - strings: linear in the length of the string
-    - other types: constant
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [MoveConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible)
+  requirements.
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `erase()` for different JSON
-    types.,erase__IteratorType_IteratorType}
+  @liveexample{The code below shows the move constructor explicitly called
+  via std::move.,basic_json__moveconstructor}
 
-    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
-    @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
-    from an object at the given key
-    @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
-    the given index
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json(basic_json &&other) noexcept
+      : m_type(std::move(other.m_type)), m_value(std::move(other.m_value)) {
+    // check that passed value is valid
+    other.assert_invariant();
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
-                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type
-             = 0>
-    IteratorType erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last)
-    {
-        // make sure iterator fits the current value
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(this != first.m_object or this != last.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(203, "iterators do not fit current value"));
-        }
+    // invalidate payload
+    other.m_type = value_t::null;
+    other.m_value = {};
 
-        IteratorType result = end();
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
 
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()
-                                       or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end()))
-                {
-                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(204, "iterators out of range"));
-                }
-
-                if (is_string())
-                {
-                    AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.string);
-                    std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, m_value.string, 1);
-                    m_value.string = nullptr;
-                }
-
-                m_type = value_t::null;
-                assert_invariant();
-                break;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief copy assignment
 
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(first.m_it.object_iterator,
-                                              last.m_it.object_iterator);
-                break;
-            }
+  Copy assignment operator. Copies a JSON value via the "copy and swap"
+  strategy: It is expressed in terms of the copy constructor, destructor,
+  and the `swap()` member function.
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(first.m_it.array_iterator,
-                                             last.m_it.array_iterator);
-                break;
-            }
+  @param[in] other  value to copy from
 
-            default:
-                JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  @complexity Linear.
 
-        return result;
-    }
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is linear.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief remove element from a JSON object given a key
+  @liveexample{The code below shows and example for the copy assignment. It
+  creates a copy of value `a` which is then swapped with `b`. Finally\, the
+  copy of `a` (which is the null value after the swap) is
+  destroyed.,basic_json__copyassignment}
 
-    Removes elements from a JSON object with the key value @a key.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json &operator=(basic_json other) noexcept(
+      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value
+          and std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value
+              and std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value
+                  and std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value) {
+    // check that passed value is valid
+    other.assert_invariant();
 
-    @param[in] key value of the elements to remove
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(m_type, other.m_type);
+    swap(m_value, other.m_value);
 
-    @return Number of elements removed. If @a ObjectType is the default
-    `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was not
-    found) or `1` (@a key was found).
+    assert_invariant();
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-    @post References and iterators to the erased elements are invalidated.
-    Other references and iterators are not affected.
+  /*!
+  @brief destructor
 
-    @throw type_error.307 when called on a type other than JSON object;
-    example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
+  Destroys the JSON value and frees all allocated memory.
 
-    @complexity `log(size()) + count(key)`
+  @complexity Linear.
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows the effect of `erase()`.,erase__key_type}
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is linear.
+  - All stored elements are destroyed and all memory is freed.
 
-    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
-    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
-    the given range
-    @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
-    the given index
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  ~basic_json() noexcept {
+    assert_invariant();
+    m_value.destroy(m_type);
+  }
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    size_type erase(const typename object_t::key_type& key)
-    {
-        // this erase only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            return m_value.object->erase(key);
-        }
+  /// @}
+
+public:
+  ///////////////////////
+  // object inspection //
+  ///////////////////////
+
+  /// @name object inspection
+  /// Functions to inspect the type of a JSON value.
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief serialization
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  Serialization function for JSON values. The function tries to mimic
+  Python's `json.dumps()` function, and currently supports its @a indent
+  and @a ensure_ascii parameters.
+
+  @param[in] indent If indent is nonnegative, then array elements and object
+  members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level of
+  `0` will only insert newlines. `-1` (the default) selects the most compact
+  representation.
+  @param[in] indent_char The character to use for indentation if @a indent is
+  greater than `0`. The default is ` ` (space).
+  @param[in] ensure_ascii If @a ensure_ascii is true, all non-ASCII characters
+  in the output are escaped with `\uXXXX` sequences, and the result consists
+  of ASCII characters only.
+  @param[in] error_handler  how to react on decoding errors; there are three
+  possible values: `strict` (throws and exception in case a decoding error
+  occurs; default), `replace` (replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD),
+  and `ignore` (ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences during serialization).
+
+  @return string containing the serialization of the JSON value
+
+  @throw type_error.316 if a string stored inside the JSON value is not
+                        UTF-8 encoded
+
+  @complexity Linear.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief remove element from a JSON array given an index
+  @liveexample{The following example shows the effect of different @a indent\,
+  @a indent_char\, and @a ensure_ascii parameters to the result of the
+  serialization.,dump}
 
-    Removes element from a JSON array at the index @a idx.
+  @see https://docs.python.org/2/library/json.html#json.dump
 
-    @param[in] idx index of the element to remove
+  @since version 1.0.0; indentation character @a indent_char, option
+         @a ensure_ascii and exceptions added in version 3.0.0; error
+         handlers added in version 3.4.0.
+  */
+  string_t
+  dump(const int indent = -1, const char indent_char = ' ',
+       const bool ensure_ascii = false,
+       const error_handler_t error_handler = error_handler_t::strict) const {
+    string_t result;
+    serializer s(detail::output_adapter<char, string_t>(result), indent_char,
+                 error_handler);
+
+    if (indent >= 0) {
+      s.dump(*this, true, ensure_ascii, static_cast<unsigned int>(indent));
+    } else {
+      s.dump(*this, false, ensure_ascii, 0);
+    }
 
-    @throw type_error.307 when called on a type other than JSON object;
-    example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
-    @throw out_of_range.401 when `idx >= size()`; example: `"array index 17
-    is out of range"`
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    @complexity Linear in distance between @a idx and the end of the container.
+  /*!
+  @brief return the type of the JSON value (explicit)
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows the effect of `erase()`.,erase__size_type}
+  Return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref value_t
+  enumeration.
 
-    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
-    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
-    the given range
-    @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
-    from an object at the given key
+  @return the type of the JSON value
+          Value type                | return value
+          ------------------------- | -------------------------
+          null                      | value_t::null
+          boolean                   | value_t::boolean
+          string                    | value_t::string
+          number (integer)          | value_t::number_integer
+          number (unsigned integer) | value_t::number_unsigned
+          number (floating-point)   | value_t::number_float
+          object                    | value_t::object
+          array                     | value_t::array
+          discarded                 | value_t::discarded
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void erase(const size_type idx)
-    {
-        // this erase only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(idx >= size()))
-            {
-                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
-            }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-            m_value.array->erase(m_value.array->begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    /// @}
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `type()` for all JSON
+  types.,type}
 
+  @sa @ref operator value_t() -- return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
+  @sa @ref type_name() -- return the type as string
 
-    ////////////
-    // lookup //
-    ////////////
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr value_t type() const noexcept { return m_type; }
 
-    /// @name lookup
-    /// @{
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether type is primitive
 
-    /*!
-    @brief find an element in a JSON object
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON type is primitive
+  (string, number, boolean, or null).
 
-    Finds an element in a JSON object with key equivalent to @a key. If the
-    element is not found or the JSON value is not an object, end() is
-    returned.
+  @return `true` if type is primitive (string, number, boolean, or null),
+  `false` otherwise.
 
-    @note This method always returns @ref end() when executed on a JSON type
-          that is not an object.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @param[in] key key value of the element to search for.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @return Iterator to an element with key equivalent to @a key. If no such
-    element is found or the JSON value is not an object, past-the-end (see
-    @ref end()) iterator is returned.
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_primitive()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_primitive}
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
+  @sa @ref is_structured() -- returns whether JSON value is structured
+  @sa @ref is_null() -- returns whether JSON value is `null`
+  @sa @ref is_string() -- returns whether JSON value is a string
+  @sa @ref is_boolean() -- returns whether JSON value is a boolean
+  @sa @ref is_number() -- returns whether JSON value is a number
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `find()` is used.,find__key_type}
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_primitive() const noexcept {
+    return is_null() or is_string() or is_boolean() or is_number();
+  }
 
-    @sa @ref contains(KeyT&&) const -- checks whether a key exists
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether type is structured
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<typename KeyT>
-    iterator find(KeyT&& key)
-    {
-        auto result = end();
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON type is structured
+  (array or object).
 
-        if (is_object())
-        {
-            result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyT>(key));
-        }
+  @return `true` if type is structured (array or object), `false` otherwise.
 
-        return result;
-    }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief find an element in a JSON object
-    @copydoc find(KeyT&&)
-    */
-    template<typename KeyT>
-    const_iterator find(KeyT&& key) const
-    {
-        auto result = cend();
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-        if (is_object())
-        {
-            result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyT>(key));
-        }
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_structured()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_structured}
 
-        return result;
-    }
+  @sa @ref is_primitive() -- returns whether value is primitive
+  @sa @ref is_array() -- returns whether value is an array
+  @sa @ref is_object() -- returns whether value is an object
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_structured() const noexcept {
+    return is_array() or is_object();
+  }
 
-    Returns the number of elements with key @a key. If ObjectType is the
-    default `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was
-    not found) or `1` (@a key was found).
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is null
 
-    @note This method always returns `0` when executed on a JSON type that is
-          not an object.
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is null.
 
-    @param[in] key key value of the element to count
+  @return `true` if type is null, `false` otherwise.
 
-    @return Number of elements with key @a key. If the JSON value is not an
-    object, the return value will be `0`.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `count()` is used.,count}
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_null()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_null}
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    template<typename KeyT>
-    size_type count(KeyT&& key) const
-    {
-        // return 0 for all nonobject types
-        return is_object() ? m_value.object->count(std::forward<KeyT>(key)) : 0;
-    }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_null() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::null; }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief check the existence of an element in a JSON object
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is a boolean
 
-    Check whether an element exists in a JSON object with key equivalent to
-    @a key. If the element is not found or the JSON value is not an object,
-    false is returned.
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a boolean.
 
-    @note This method always returns false when executed on a JSON type
-          that is not an object.
+  @return `true` if type is boolean, `false` otherwise.
 
-    @param[in] key key value to check its existence.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @return true if an element with specified @a key exists. If no such
-    element with such key is found or the JSON value is not an object,
-    false is returned.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_boolean()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_boolean}
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `contains()`.,contains}
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_boolean() const noexcept {
+    return m_type == value_t::boolean;
+  }
 
-    @sa @ref find(KeyT&&) -- returns an iterator to an object element
-    @sa @ref contains(const json_pointer&) const -- checks the existence for a JSON pointer
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is a number
 
-    @since version 3.6.0
-    */
-    template<typename KeyT, typename std::enable_if<
-                 not std::is_same<typename std::decay<KeyT>::type, json_pointer>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    bool contains(KeyT && key) const
-    {
-        return is_object() and m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyT>(key)) != m_value.object->end();
-    }
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a number. This
+  includes both integer (signed and unsigned) and floating-point values.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief check the existence of an element in a JSON object given a JSON pointer
+  @return `true` if type is number (regardless whether integer, unsigned
+  integer or floating-type), `false` otherwise.
 
-    Check whether the given JSON pointer @a ptr can be resolved in the current
-    JSON value.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @note This method can be executed on any JSON value type.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @param[in] ptr JSON pointer to check its existence.
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_number}
 
-    @return true if the JSON pointer can be resolved to a stored value, false
-    otherwise.
+  @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer or unsigned
+  integer number
+  @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
+  number
+  @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
 
-    @post If `j.contains(ptr)` returns true, it is safe to call `j[ptr]`.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_number() const noexcept {
+    return is_number_integer() or is_number_float();
+  }
 
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is an integer number
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a signed or
+  unsigned integer number. This excludes floating-point values.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `contains()`.,contains_json_pointer}
+  @return `true` if type is an integer or unsigned integer number, `false`
+  otherwise.
 
-    @sa @ref contains(KeyT &&) const -- checks the existence of a key
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @since version 3.7.0
-    */
-    bool contains(const json_pointer& ptr) const
-    {
-        return ptr.contains(this);
-    }
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    /// @}
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_integer()` for all
+  JSON types.,is_number_integer}
 
+  @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is a number
+  @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
+  number
+  @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
 
-    ///////////////
-    // iterators //
-    ///////////////
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_number_integer() const noexcept {
+    return m_type == value_t::number_integer or
+           m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
+  }
 
-    /// @name iterators
-    /// @{
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is an unsigned integer number
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns an iterator to the first element
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is an unsigned
+  integer number. This excludes floating-point and signed integer values.
 
-    Returns an iterator to the first element.
+  @return `true` if type is an unsigned integer number, `false` otherwise.
 
-    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @return iterator to the first element
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_unsigned()` for all
+  JSON types.,is_number_unsigned}
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
+  @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is a number
+  @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer or unsigned
+  integer number
+  @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `begin()`.,begin}
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept {
+    return m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
+  }
 
-    @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is a floating-point number
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    iterator begin() noexcept
-    {
-        iterator result(this);
-        result.set_begin();
-        return result;
-    }
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a
+  floating-point number. This excludes signed and unsigned integer values.
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc basic_json::cbegin()
-    */
-    const_iterator begin() const noexcept
-    {
-        return cbegin();
-    }
+  @return `true` if type is a floating-point number, `false` otherwise.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns a const iterator to the first element
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    Returns a const iterator to the first element.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_float()` for all
+  JSON types.,is_number_float}
 
-    @return const iterator to the first element
+  @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is number
+  @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer number
+  @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
+  number
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_number_float() const noexcept {
+    return m_type == value_t::number_float;
+  }
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).begin()`.
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is an object
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `cbegin()`.,cbegin}
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is an object.
 
-    @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
+  @return `true` if type is object, `false` otherwise.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept
-    {
-        const_iterator result(this);
-        result.set_begin();
-        return result;
-    }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns an iterator to one past the last element
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    Returns an iterator to one past the last element.
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_object()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_object}
 
-    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_object() const noexcept {
+    return m_type == value_t::object;
+  }
 
-    @return iterator one past the last element
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is an array
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is an array.
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
+  @return `true` if type is array, `false` otherwise.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `end()`.,end}
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    iterator end() noexcept
-    {
-        iterator result(this);
-        result.set_end();
-        return result;
-    }
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_array()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_array}
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc basic_json::cend()
-    */
-    const_iterator end() const noexcept
-    {
-        return cend();
-    }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_array() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::array; }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns a const iterator to one past the last element
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is a string
 
-    Returns a const iterator to one past the last element.
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value is a string.
 
-    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  @return `true` if type is string, `false` otherwise.
 
-    @return const iterator one past the last element
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).end()`.
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_string()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_string}
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `cend()`.,cend}
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_string() const noexcept {
+    return m_type == value_t::string;
+  }
 
-    @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
+  /*!
+  @brief return whether value is discarded
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    const_iterator cend() const noexcept
-    {
-        const_iterator result(this);
-        result.set_end();
-        return result;
-    }
+  This function returns true if and only if the JSON value was discarded
+  during parsing with a callback function (see @ref parser_callback_t).
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
+  @note This function will always be `false` for JSON values after parsing.
+  That is, discarded values can only occur during parsing, but will be
+  removed when inside a structured value or replaced by null in other cases.
 
-    Returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last element.
+  @return `true` if type is discarded, `false` otherwise.
 
-    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(end())`.
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_discarded()` for all JSON
+  types.,is_discarded}
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `rbegin()`.,rbegin}
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr bool is_discarded() const noexcept {
+    return m_type == value_t::discarded;
+  }
 
-    @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
+  /*!
+  @brief return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept
-    {
-        return reverse_iterator(end());
-    }
+  Implicitly return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref
+  value_t enumeration.
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc basic_json::crbegin()
-    */
-    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept
-    {
-        return crbegin();
-    }
+  @return the type of the JSON value
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-end
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    Returns an iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before the first
-    element.
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+  exceptions.
 
-    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies the @ref value_t operator for
+  all JSON types.,operator__value_t}
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @sa @ref type() -- return the type of the JSON value (explicit)
+  @sa @ref type_name() -- return the type as string
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(begin())`.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  constexpr operator value_t() const noexcept { return m_type; }
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `rend()`.,rend}
+  /// @}
 
-    @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
+private:
+  //////////////////
+  // value access //
+  //////////////////
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept
-    {
-        return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  /// get a boolean (explicit)
+  boolean_t get_impl(boolean_t * /*unused*/) const {
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_boolean())) {
+      return m_value.boolean;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc basic_json::crend()
-    */
-    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept
-    {
-        return crend();
-    }
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, "type must be boolean, but is " +
+                                           std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns a const reverse iterator to the last element
+  /// get a pointer to the value (object)
+  object_t *get_impl_ptr(object_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+    return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    Returns a const iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last
-    element.
+  /// get a pointer to the value (object)
+  constexpr const object_t *
+  get_impl_ptr(const object_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+    return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  /// get a pointer to the value (array)
+  array_t *get_impl_ptr(array_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+    return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  /// get a pointer to the value (array)
+  constexpr const array_t *
+  get_impl_ptr(const array_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+    return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rbegin()`.
+  /// get a pointer to the value (string)
+  string_t *get_impl_ptr(string_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+    return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `crbegin()`.,crbegin}
+  /// get a pointer to the value (string)
+  constexpr const string_t *
+  get_impl_ptr(const string_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+    return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
+  /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
+  boolean_t *get_impl_ptr(boolean_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+    return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept
-    {
-        return const_reverse_iterator(cend());
-    }
+  /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
+  constexpr const boolean_t *
+  get_impl_ptr(const boolean_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+    return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns a const reverse iterator to one before the first
+  /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
+  number_integer_t *get_impl_ptr(number_integer_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+    return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
+  constexpr const number_integer_t *
+  get_impl_ptr(const number_integer_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+    return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
+  number_unsigned_t *get_impl_ptr(number_unsigned_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+    return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
+  constexpr const number_unsigned_t *
+  get_impl_ptr(const number_unsigned_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+    return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
+  number_float_t *get_impl_ptr(number_float_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+    return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
+  constexpr const number_float_t *
+  get_impl_ptr(const number_float_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+    return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief helper function to implement get_ref()
+
+  This function helps to implement get_ref() without code duplication for
+  const and non-const overloads
+
+  @tparam ThisType will be deduced as `basic_json` or `const basic_json`
+
+  @throw type_error.303 if ReferenceType does not match underlying value
+  type of the current JSON
+  */
+  template <typename ReferenceType, typename ThisType>
+  static ReferenceType get_ref_impl(ThisType &obj) {
+    // delegate the call to get_ptr<>()
+    auto ptr =
+        obj.template get_ptr<typename std::add_pointer<ReferenceType>::type>();
+
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(ptr != nullptr)) {
+      return *ptr;
+    }
+
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+        303, "incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is " +
+                 std::string(obj.type_name())));
+  }
+
+public:
+  /// @name value access
+  /// Direct access to the stored value of a JSON value.
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get special-case overload
+
+  This overloads avoids a lot of template boilerplate, it can be seen as the
+  identity method
+
+  @tparam BasicJsonType == @ref basic_json
+
+  @return a copy of *this
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @since version 2.1.0
+  */
+  template <typename BasicJsonType,
+            detail::enable_if_t<
+                std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type,
+                             basic_json_t>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+  basic_json get() const {
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get special-case overload
+
+  This overloads converts the current @ref basic_json in a different
+  @ref basic_json type
+
+  @tparam BasicJsonType == @ref basic_json
+
+  @return a copy of *this, converted into @tparam BasicJsonType
+
+  @complexity Depending on the implementation of the called `from_json()`
+              method.
+
+  @since version 3.2.0
+  */
+  template <
+      typename BasicJsonType,
+      detail::enable_if_t<not std::is_same<BasicJsonType, basic_json>::value and
+                              detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  BasicJsonType get() const {
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a value (explicit)
+
+  Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
+  which is
+  [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible)
+  and
+  [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible).
+  The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
+  `from_json()` method.
+
+  The function is equivalent to executing
+  @code {.cpp}
+  ValueType ret;
+  JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
+  return ret;
+  @endcode
+
+  This overloads is chosen if:
+  - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json,
+  - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
+    `void from_json(const basic_json&, ValueType&)`, and
+  - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> does not have a `from_json()` method of
+    the form `ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
+
+  @tparam ValueTypeCV the provided value type
+  @tparam ValueType the returned value type
+
+  @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
+
+  @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
+  to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
+  be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
+  `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
+  associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
+  json>`.,get__ValueType_const}
+
+  @since version 2.1.0
+  */
+  template <typename ValueTypeCV,
+            typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
+            detail::enable_if_t<
+                not detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value and
+                    detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
+                    not detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t,
+                                                          ValueType>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+  ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(
+      std::declval<const basic_json_t &>(), std::declval<ValueType &>()))) {
+    // we cannot static_assert on ValueTypeCV being non-const, because
+    // there is support for get<const basic_json_t>(), which is why we
+    // still need the uncvref
+    static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
+                  "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want "
+                  "to use get_ref()");
+    static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<ValueType>::value,
+                  "types must be DefaultConstructible when used with get()");
 
-    Returns a const reverse iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before
-    the first element.
+    ValueType ret;
+    JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a value (explicit); special case
+
+  Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
+  which is **not**
+  [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible)
+  and **not**
+  [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible).
+  The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
+  `from_json()` method.
+
+  The function is equivalent to executing
+  @code {.cpp}
+  return JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(*this);
+  @endcode
+
+  This overloads is chosen if:
+  - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json and
+  - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
+    `ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
+
+  @note If @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has both overloads of
+  `from_json()`, this one is chosen.
+
+  @tparam ValueTypeCV the provided value type
+  @tparam ValueType the returned value type
+
+  @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
+
+  @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
+
+  @since version 2.1.0
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ValueTypeCV, typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
+      detail::enable_if_t<
+          not std::is_same<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
+              detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
+          int> = 0>
+  ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(
+      std::declval<const basic_json_t &>()))) {
+    static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
+                  "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want "
+                  "to use get_ref()");
+    return JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a value (explicit)
+
+  Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value.
+  The value is filled into the input parameter by calling the @ref
+  json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method.
+
+  The function is equivalent to executing
+  @code {.cpp}
+  ValueType v;
+  JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, v);
+  @endcode
+
+  This overloads is chosen if:
+  - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json,
+  - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
+    `void from_json(const basic_json&, ValueType&)`, and
+
+  @tparam ValueType the input parameter type.
+
+  @return the input parameter, allowing chaining calls.
+
+  @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
+  to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
+  be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
+  `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
+  associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
+  json>`.,get_to}
+
+  @since version 3.3.0
+  */
+  template <typename ValueType,
+            detail::enable_if_t<
+                not detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value and
+                    detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
+                int> = 0>
+  ValueType &get_to(ValueType &v) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(
+          std::declval<const basic_json_t &>(), v))) {
+    JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, v);
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, std::size_t N, typename Array = T (&)[N],
+            detail::enable_if_t<
+                detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, Array>::value, int> = 0>
+  Array get_to(T (&v)[N]) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<Array>::from_json(
+          std::declval<const basic_json_t &>(), v))) {
+    JSONSerializer<Array>::from_json(*this, v);
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
+
+  Implicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
+  made.
+
+  @warning Writing data to the pointee of the result yields an undefined
+  state.
+
+  @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
+  object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t,
+  @ref number_unsigned_t, or @ref number_float_t. Enforced by a static
+  assertion.
+
+  @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
+  pointer type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
+  JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
+  `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
+  match.,get_ptr}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <typename PointerType,
+            typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value,
+                                    int>::type = 0>
+  auto get_ptr() noexcept
+      -> decltype(std::declval<basic_json_t &>().get_impl_ptr(
+          std::declval<PointerType>())) {
+    // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>()
+    return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
+  @copydoc get_ptr()
+  */
+  template <
+      typename PointerType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value and
+                                  std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<
+                                      PointerType>::type>::value,
+                              int>::type = 0>
+  constexpr auto get_ptr() const noexcept
+      -> decltype(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>().get_impl_ptr(
+          std::declval<PointerType>())) {
+    // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>() const
+    return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
+
+  Explicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
+  made.
+
+  @warning The pointer becomes invalid if the underlying JSON object
+  changes.
+
+  @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
+  object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t,
+  @ref number_unsigned_t, or @ref number_float_t.
+
+  @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
+  pointer type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
+  JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
+  `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
+  match.,get__PointerType}
+
+  @sa @ref get_ptr() for explicit pointer-member access
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <typename PointerType,
+            typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value,
+                                    int>::type = 0>
+  auto get() noexcept -> decltype(
+      std::declval<basic_json_t &>().template get_ptr<PointerType>()) {
+    // delegate the call to get_ptr
+    return get_ptr<PointerType>();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
+  @copydoc get()
+  */
+  template <typename PointerType,
+            typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value,
+                                    int>::type = 0>
+  constexpr auto get() const noexcept -> decltype(
+      std::declval<const basic_json_t &>().template get_ptr<PointerType>()) {
+    // delegate the call to get_ptr
+    return get_ptr<PointerType>();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a reference value (implicit)
+
+  Implicit reference access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies
+  are made.
+
+  @warning Writing data to the referee of the result yields an undefined
+  state.
+
+  @tparam ReferenceType reference type; must be a reference to @ref array_t,
+  @ref object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t, or
+  @ref number_float_t. Enforced by static assertion.
+
+  @return reference to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
+  reference type @a ReferenceType fits to the JSON value; throws
+  type_error.303 otherwise
+
+  @throw type_error.303 in case passed type @a ReferenceType is incompatible
+  with the stored JSON value; see example below
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows several calls to `get_ref()`.,get_ref}
+
+  @since version 1.1.0
+  */
+  template <typename ReferenceType,
+            typename std::enable_if<std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value,
+                                    int>::type = 0>
+  ReferenceType get_ref() {
+    // delegate call to get_ref_impl
+    return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a reference value (implicit)
+  @copydoc get_ref()
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ReferenceType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value and
+                                  std::is_const<typename std::remove_reference<
+                                      ReferenceType>::type>::value,
+                              int>::type = 0>
+  ReferenceType get_ref() const {
+    // delegate call to get_ref_impl
+    return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief get a value (implicit)
+
+  Implicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value.
+  The call is realized by calling @ref get() const.
+
+  @tparam ValueType non-pointer type compatible to the JSON value, for
+  instance `int` for JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or
+  `std::vector` types for JSON arrays. The character type of @ref string_t
+  as well as an initializer list of this type is excluded to avoid
+  ambiguities as these types implicitly convert to `std::string`.
+
+  @return copy of the JSON value, converted to type @a ValueType
+
+  @throw type_error.302 in case passed type @a ValueType is incompatible
+  to the JSON value type (e.g., the JSON value is of type boolean, but a
+  string is requested); see example below
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
+  to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
+  be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
+  `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
+  associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
+  json>`.,operator__ValueType}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ValueType,
+      typename std::enable_if<
+          not std::is_pointer<ValueType>::value and
+              not std::is_same<ValueType,
+                               detail::json_ref<basic_json>>::value and
+              not std::is_same<ValueType,
+                               typename string_t::value_type>::value and
+              not detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER // fix for issue #167 operator<< ambiguity under VS2015
+              and not std::is_same<ValueType,
+                                   std::initializer_list<
+                                       typename string_t::value_type>>::value
+#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17) &&                                                \
+    (defined(__GNUC__) || (defined(_MSC_VER) and _MSC_VER <= 1914))
+              and not std::is_same<ValueType, typename std::string_view>::value
+#endif
+#endif
+              and detail::is_detected<detail::get_template_function,
+                                      const basic_json_t &, ValueType>::value,
+          int>::type = 0>
+  operator ValueType() const {
+    // delegate the call to get<>() const
+    return get<ValueType>();
+  }
+
+  /// @}
+
+  ////////////////////
+  // element access //
+  ////////////////////
+
+  /// @name element access
+  /// Access to the JSON value.
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
+
+  Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx, with
+  bounds checking.
+
+  @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+
+  @return reference to the element at index @a idx
+
+  @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an array; in this case,
+  calling `at` with an index makes no sense. See example below.
+  @throw out_of_range.401 if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
+  that is, `idx >= size()`. See example below.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
+  written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that
+  can be thrown.,at__size_type}
+  */
+  reference at(size_type idx) {
+    // at only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      JSON_TRY { return m_value.array->at(idx); }
+      JSON_CATCH(std::out_of_range &) {
+        // create better exception explanation
+        JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
+            401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
+      }
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
+
+  Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx,
+  with bounds checking.
+
+  @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+
+  @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
+
+  @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an array; in this case,
+  calling `at` with an index makes no sense. See example below.
+  @throw out_of_range.401 if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
+  that is, `idx >= size()`. See example below.
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
+  `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that can be thrown.,
+  at__size_type_const}
+  */
+  const_reference at(size_type idx) const {
+    // at only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      JSON_TRY { return m_value.array->at(idx); }
+      JSON_CATCH(std::out_of_range &) {
+        // create better exception explanation
+        JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
+            401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
+      }
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
+  }
 
-    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key, with
+  bounds checking.
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rend()`.
+  @param[in] key  key of the element to access
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `crend()`.,crend}
+  @return reference to the element at key @a key
 
-    @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
-    @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
-    @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
+  @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an object; in this case,
+  calling `at` with a key makes no sense. See example below.
+  @throw out_of_range.403 if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
+  that is, `find(key) == end()`. See example below.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept
-    {
-        return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin());
-    }
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
 
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @brief wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
 
-    This function allows to access @ref iterator::key() and @ref
-    iterator::value() during range-based for loops. In these loops, a
-    reference to the JSON values is returned, so there is no access to the
-    underlying iterator.
+  @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
+  access by reference
+  @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
 
-    For loop without iterator_wrapper:
+  @since version 1.0.0
 
-    @code{cpp}
-    for (auto it = j_object.begin(); it != j_object.end(); ++it)
-    {
-        std::cout << "key: " << it.key() << ", value:" << it.value() << '\n';
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
+  written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that
+  can be thrown.,at__object_t_key_type}
+  */
+  reference at(const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
+    // at only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      JSON_TRY { return m_value.object->at(key); }
+      JSON_CATCH(std::out_of_range &) {
+        // create better exception explanation
+        JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, "key '" + key + "' not found"));
+      }
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
-    @endcode
-
-    Range-based for loop without iterator proxy:
+  }
 
-    @code{cpp}
-    for (auto it : j_object)
-    {
-        // "it" is of type json::reference and has no key() member
-        std::cout << "value: " << it << '\n';
-    }
-    @endcode
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
 
-    Range-based for loop with iterator proxy:
+  Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key,
+  with bounds checking.
 
-    @code{cpp}
-    for (auto it : json::iterator_wrapper(j_object))
-    {
-        std::cout << "key: " << it.key() << ", value:" << it.value() << '\n';
-    }
-    @endcode
+  @param[in] key  key of the element to access
 
-    @note When iterating over an array, `key()` will return the index of the
-          element as string (see example).
+  @return const reference to the element at key @a key
 
-    @param[in] ref  reference to a JSON value
-    @return iteration proxy object wrapping @a ref with an interface to use in
-            range-based for loops
+  @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an object; in this case,
+  calling `at` with a key makes no sense. See example below.
+  @throw out_of_range.403 if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
+  that is, `find(key) == end()`. See example below.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows how the wrapper is used,iterator_wrapper}
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
+  access by reference
+  @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
 
-    @note The name of this function is not yet final and may change in the
-    future.
+  @since version 1.0.0
 
-    @deprecated This stream operator is deprecated and will be removed in
-                future 4.0.0 of the library. Please use @ref items() instead;
-                that is, replace `json::iterator_wrapper(j)` with `j.items()`.
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.1.0)
-    static iteration_proxy<iterator> iterator_wrapper(reference ref) noexcept
-    {
-        return ref.items();
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
+  `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that can be thrown.,
+  at__object_t_key_type_const}
+  */
+  const_reference at(const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
+    // at only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      JSON_TRY { return m_value.object->at(key); }
+      JSON_CATCH(std::out_of_range &) {
+        // create better exception explanation
+        JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, "key '" + key + "' not found"));
+      }
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, "cannot use at() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc iterator_wrapper(reference)
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.1.0)
-    static iteration_proxy<const_iterator> iterator_wrapper(const_reference ref) noexcept
-    {
-        return ref.items();
-    }
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified array element
 
-    /*!
-    @brief helper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
+  Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
 
-    This function allows to access @ref iterator::key() and @ref
-    iterator::value() during range-based for loops. In these loops, a
-    reference to the JSON values is returned, so there is no access to the
-    underlying iterator.
+  @note If @a idx is beyond the range of the array (i.e., `idx >= size()`),
+  then the array is silently filled up with `null` values to make `idx` a
+  valid reference to the last stored element.
 
-    For loop without `items()` function:
+  @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
 
-    @code{cpp}
-    for (auto it = j_object.begin(); it != j_object.end(); ++it)
-    {
-        std::cout << "key: " << it.key() << ", value:" << it.value() << '\n';
-    }
-    @endcode
+  @return reference to the element at index @a idx
 
-    Range-based for loop without `items()` function:
+  @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an array or null; in that
+  cases, using the [] operator with an index makes no sense.
 
-    @code{cpp}
-    for (auto it : j_object)
-    {
-        // "it" is of type json::reference and has no key() member
-        std::cout << "value: " << it << '\n';
-    }
-    @endcode
+  @complexity Constant if @a idx is in the range of the array. Otherwise
+  linear in `idx - size()`.
 
-    Range-based for loop with `items()` function:
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
+  written using `[]` operator. Note the addition of `null`
+  values.,operatorarray__size_type}
 
-    @code{cpp}
-    for (auto& el : j_object.items())
-    {
-        std::cout << "key: " << el.key() << ", value:" << el.value() << '\n';
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  reference operator[](size_type idx) {
+    // implicitly convert null value to an empty array
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::array;
+      m_value.array = create<array_t>();
+      assert_invariant();
     }
-    @endcode
 
-    The `items()` function also allows to use
-    [structured bindings](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/structured_binding)
-    (C++17):
+    // operator[] only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      // fill up array with null values if given idx is outside range
+      if (idx >= m_value.array->size()) {
+        m_value.array->insert(m_value.array->end(),
+                              idx - m_value.array->size() + 1, basic_json());
+      }
 
-    @code{cpp}
-    for (auto& [key, val] : j_object.items())
-    {
-        std::cout << "key: " << key << ", value:" << val << '\n';
+      return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
     }
-    @endcode
 
-    @note When iterating over an array, `key()` will return the index of the
-          element as string (see example). For primitive types (e.g., numbers),
-          `key()` returns an empty string.
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+        305, "cannot use operator[] with a numeric argument with " +
+                 std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
-    @return iteration proxy object wrapping @a ref with an interface to use in
-            range-based for loops
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified array element
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows how the function is used.,items}
+  Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+  @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
 
-    @since version 3.1.0, structured bindings support since 3.5.0.
-    */
-    iteration_proxy<iterator> items() noexcept
-    {
-        return iteration_proxy<iterator>(*this);
-    }
+  @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an array; in that case,
+  using the [] operator with an index makes no sense.
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc items()
-    */
-    iteration_proxy<const_iterator> items() const noexcept
-    {
-        return iteration_proxy<const_iterator>(*this);
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
+  the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__size_type_const}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const {
+    // const operator[] only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
     }
 
-    /// @}
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+        305, "cannot use operator[] with a numeric argument with " +
+                 std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified object element
 
-    //////////////
-    // capacity //
-    //////////////
+  Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
 
-    /// @name capacity
-    /// @{
+  @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
+  the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
+  In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief checks whether the container is empty.
+  @param[in] key  key of the element to access
 
-    Checks if a JSON value has no elements (i.e. whether its @ref size is `0`).
+  @return reference to the element at key @a key
 
-    @return The return value depends on the different types and is
-            defined as follows:
-            Value type  | return value
-            ----------- | -------------
-            null        | `true`
-            boolean     | `false`
-            string      | `false`
-            number      | `false`
-            object      | result of function `object_t::empty()`
-            array       | result of function `array_t::empty()`
+  @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object or null; in that
+  cases, using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code uses `empty()` to check if a JSON
-    object contains any elements.,empty}
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
 
-    @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
-    the Container concept; that is, their `empty()` functions have constant
-    complexity.
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
+  written using the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
 
-    @iterators No changes.
+  @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+  with range checking
+  @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
+    // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::object;
+      m_value.object = create<object_t>();
+      assert_invariant();
+    }
 
-    @note This function does not return whether a string stored as JSON value
-    is empty - it returns whether the JSON container itself is empty which is
-    false in the case of a string.
+    // operator[] only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      return m_value.object->operator[](key);
+    }
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `begin() == end()`.
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+        305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " +
+                 std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
-    @sa @ref size() -- returns the number of elements
+  /*!
+  @brief read-only access specified object element
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    bool empty() const noexcept
-    {
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::null:
-            {
-                // null values are empty
-                return true;
-            }
+  Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key. No
+  bounds checking is performed.
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                // delegate call to array_t::empty()
-                return m_value.array->empty();
-            }
+  @warning If the element with key @a key does not exist, the behavior is
+  undefined.
 
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                // delegate call to object_t::empty()
-                return m_value.object->empty();
-            }
+  @param[in] key  key of the element to access
 
-            default:
-            {
-                // all other types are nonempty
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+  @return const reference to the element at key @a key
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns the number of elements
+  @pre The element with key @a key must exist. **This precondition is
+       enforced with an assertion.**
 
-    Returns the number of elements in a JSON value.
+  @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
+  using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
 
-    @return The return value depends on the different types and is
-            defined as follows:
-            Value type  | return value
-            ----------- | -------------
-            null        | `0`
-            boolean     | `1`
-            string      | `1`
-            number      | `1`
-            object      | result of function object_t::size()
-            array       | result of function array_t::size()
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code calls `size()` on the different value
-    types.,size}
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
+  the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
 
-    @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
-    the Container concept; that is, their size() functions have constant
-    complexity.
+  @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+  with range checking
+  @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
 
-    @iterators No changes.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  const_reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
+    // const operator[] only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
+      return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
+    }
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+        305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " +
+                 std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
-    @note This function does not return the length of a string stored as JSON
-    value - it returns the number of elements in the JSON value which is 1 in
-    the case of a string.
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified object element
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of `std::distance(begin(), end())`.
+  Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
 
-    @sa @ref empty() -- checks whether the container is empty
-    @sa @ref max_size() -- returns the maximal number of elements
+  @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
+  the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
+  In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    size_type size() const noexcept
-    {
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::null:
-            {
-                // null values are empty
-                return 0;
-            }
+  @param[in] key  key of the element to access
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                // delegate call to array_t::size()
-                return m_value.array->size();
-            }
+  @return reference to the element at key @a key
 
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                // delegate call to object_t::size()
-                return m_value.object->size();
-            }
+  @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object or null; in that
+  cases, using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
 
-            default:
-            {
-                // all other types have size 1
-                return 1;
-            }
-        }
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
+  written using the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
+
+  @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+  with range checking
+  @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+  @since version 1.1.0
+  */
+  template <typename T> JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2) reference operator[](T *key) {
+    // implicitly convert null to object
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::object;
+      m_value = value_t::object;
+      assert_invariant();
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief returns the maximum possible number of elements
+    // at only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      return m_value.object->operator[](key);
+    }
 
-    Returns the maximum number of elements a JSON value is able to hold due to
-    system or library implementation limitations, i.e. `std::distance(begin(),
-    end())` for the JSON value.
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+        305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " +
+                 std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
-    @return The return value depends on the different types and is
-            defined as follows:
-            Value type  | return value
-            ----------- | -------------
-            null        | `0` (same as `size()`)
-            boolean     | `1` (same as `size()`)
-            string      | `1` (same as `size()`)
-            number      | `1` (same as `size()`)
-            object      | result of function `object_t::max_size()`
-            array       | result of function `array_t::max_size()`
+  /*!
+  @brief read-only access specified object element
 
-    @liveexample{The following code calls `max_size()` on the different value
-    types. Note the output is implementation specific.,max_size}
+  Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key. No
+  bounds checking is performed.
 
-    @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
-    the Container concept; that is, their `max_size()` functions have constant
-    complexity.
+  @warning If the element with key @a key does not exist, the behavior is
+  undefined.
 
-    @iterators No changes.
+  @param[in] key  key of the element to access
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  @return const reference to the element at key @a key
 
-    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
-    [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
-    requirements:
-    - The complexity is constant.
-    - Has the semantics of returning `b.size()` where `b` is the largest
-      possible JSON value.
+  @pre The element with key @a key must exist. **This precondition is
+       enforced with an assertion.**
 
-    @sa @ref size() -- returns the number of elements
+  @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
+  using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    size_type max_size() const noexcept
-    {
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                // delegate call to array_t::max_size()
-                return m_value.array->max_size();
-            }
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
 
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                // delegate call to object_t::max_size()
-                return m_value.object->max_size();
-            }
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
+  the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
 
-            default:
-            {
-                // all other types have max_size() == size()
-                return size();
-            }
-        }
+  @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+  with range checking
+  @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+  @since version 1.1.0
+  */
+  template <typename T>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  const_reference operator[](T *key) const {
+    // at only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
+      return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
     }
 
-    /// @}
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
+        305, "cannot use operator[] with a string argument with " +
+                 std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified object element with default value
 
-    ///////////////
-    // modifiers //
-    ///////////////
+  Returns either a copy of an object's element at the specified key @a key
+  or a given default value if no element with key @a key exists.
 
-    /// @name modifiers
-    /// @{
+  The function is basically equivalent to executing
+  @code {.cpp}
+  try {
+      return at(key);
+  } catch(out_of_range) {
+      return default_value;
+  }
+  @endcode
 
-    /*!
-    @brief clears the contents
+  @note Unlike @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&), this function
+  does not throw if the given key @a key was not found.
 
-    Clears the content of a JSON value and resets it to the default value as
-    if @ref basic_json(value_t) would have been called with the current value
-    type from @ref type():
+  @note Unlike @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key), this
+  function does not implicitly add an element to the position defined by @a
+  key. This function is furthermore also applicable to const objects.
 
-    Value type  | initial value
-    ----------- | -------------
-    null        | `null`
-    boolean     | `false`
-    string      | `""`
-    number      | `0`
-    object      | `{}`
-    array       | `[]`
+  @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+  @param[in] default_value  the value to return if @a key is not found
 
-    @post Has the same effect as calling
-    @code {.cpp}
-    *this = basic_json(type());
-    @endcode
+  @tparam ValueType type compatible to JSON values, for instance `int` for
+  JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or `std::vector` types for
+  JSON arrays. Note the type of the expected value at @a key and the default
+  value @a default_value must be compatible.
+
+  @return copy of the element at key @a key or @a default_value if @a key
+  is not found
+
+  @throw type_error.302 if @a default_value does not match the type of the
+  value at @a key
+  @throw type_error.306 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
+  using `value()` with a key makes no sense.
+
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be queried
+  with a default value.,basic_json__value}
+
+  @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+  with range checking
+  @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
+  access by reference
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <
+      class ValueType,
+      typename std::enable_if<
+          std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  ValueType value(const typename object_t::key_type &key,
+                  const ValueType &default_value) const {
+    // at only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
+      const auto it = find(key);
+      if (it != end()) {
+        return *it;
+      }
+
+      return default_value;
+    }
+
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, "cannot use value() with " +
+                                           std::string(type_name())));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief overload for a default value of type const char*
+  @copydoc basic_json::value(const typename object_t::key_type&, const
+  ValueType&) const
+  */
+  string_t value(const typename object_t::key_type &key,
+                 const char *default_value) const {
+    return value(key, string_t(default_value));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified object element via JSON Pointer with default value
+
+  Returns either a copy of an object's element at the specified key @a key
+  or a given default value if no element with key @a key exists.
+
+  The function is basically equivalent to executing
+  @code {.cpp}
+  try {
+      return at(ptr);
+  } catch(out_of_range) {
+      return default_value;
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  @note Unlike @ref at(const json_pointer&), this function does not throw
+  if the given key @a key was not found.
+
+  @param[in] ptr  a JSON pointer to the element to access
+  @param[in] default_value  the value to return if @a ptr found no value
+
+  @tparam ValueType type compatible to JSON values, for instance `int` for
+  JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or `std::vector` types for
+  JSON arrays. Note the type of the expected value at @a key and the default
+  value @a default_value must be compatible.
+
+  @return copy of the element at key @a key or @a default_value if @a key
+  is not found
+
+  @throw type_error.302 if @a default_value does not match the type of the
+  value at @a ptr
+  @throw type_error.306 if the JSON value is not an object; in that case,
+  using `value()` with a key makes no sense.
+
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be queried
+  with a default value.,basic_json__value_ptr}
+
+  @sa @ref operator[](const json_pointer&) for unchecked access by reference
+
+  @since version 2.0.2
+  */
+  template <
+      class ValueType,
+      typename std::enable_if<
+          std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  ValueType value(const json_pointer &ptr,
+                  const ValueType &default_value) const {
+    // at only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      // if pointer resolves a value, return it or use default value
+      JSON_TRY { return ptr.get_checked(this); }
+      JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(out_of_range &) { return default_value; }
+    }
+
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, "cannot use value() with " +
+                                           std::string(type_name())));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief overload for a default value of type const char*
+  @copydoc basic_json::value(const json_pointer&, ValueType) const
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  string_t value(const json_pointer &ptr, const char *default_value) const {
+    return value(ptr, string_t(default_value));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief access the first element
+
+  Returns a reference to the first element in the container. For a JSON
+  container `c`, the expression `c.front()` is equivalent to `*c.begin()`.
+
+  @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
+  first element is returned. In case of number, string, or boolean values, a
+  reference to the value is returned.
+
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows the effect of `clear()` to different
-    JSON types.,clear}
+  @pre The JSON value must not be `null` (would throw `std::out_of_range`)
+  or an empty array or object (undefined behavior, **guarded by
+  assertions**).
+  @post The JSON value remains unchanged.
+
+  @throw invalid_iterator.214 when called on `null` value
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `front()`.,front}
+
+  @sa @ref back() -- access the last element
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  reference front() { return *begin(); }
 
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
+  /*!
+  @copydoc basic_json::front()
+  */
+  const_reference front() const { return *cbegin(); }
 
-    @iterators All iterators, pointers and references related to this container
-               are invalidated.
+  /*!
+  @brief access the last element
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  Returns a reference to the last element in the container. For a JSON
+  container `c`, the expression `c.back()` is equivalent to
+  @code {.cpp}
+  auto tmp = c.end();
+  --tmp;
+  return *tmp;
+  @endcode
 
-    @sa @ref basic_json(value_t) -- constructor that creates an object with the
-        same value than calling `clear()`
+  @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
+  last element is returned. In case of number, string, or boolean values, a
+  reference to the value is returned.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void clear() noexcept
-    {
-        switch (m_type)
-        {
-            case value_t::number_integer:
-            {
-                m_value.number_integer = 0;
-                break;
-            }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-            case value_t::number_unsigned:
-            {
-                m_value.number_unsigned = 0;
-                break;
-            }
+  @pre The JSON value must not be `null` (would throw `std::out_of_range`)
+  or an empty array or object (undefined behavior, **guarded by
+  assertions**).
+  @post The JSON value remains unchanged.
 
-            case value_t::number_float:
-            {
-                m_value.number_float = 0.0;
-                break;
-            }
+  @throw invalid_iterator.214 when called on a `null` value. See example
+  below.
 
-            case value_t::boolean:
-            {
-                m_value.boolean = false;
-                break;
-            }
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `back()`.,back}
 
-            case value_t::string:
-            {
-                m_value.string->clear();
-                break;
-            }
+  @sa @ref front() -- access the first element
 
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                m_value.array->clear();
-                break;
-            }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  reference back() {
+    auto tmp = end();
+    --tmp;
+    return *tmp;
+  }
 
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                m_value.object->clear();
-                break;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @copydoc basic_json::back()
+  */
+  const_reference back() const {
+    auto tmp = cend();
+    --tmp;
+    return *tmp;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief remove element given an iterator
+
+  Removes the element specified by iterator @a pos. The iterator @a pos must
+  be valid and dereferenceable. Thus the `end()` iterator (which is valid,
+  but is not dereferenceable) cannot be used as a value for @a pos.
+
+  If called on a primitive type other than `null`, the resulting JSON value
+  will be `null`.
+
+  @param[in] pos iterator to the element to remove
+  @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a
+  pos refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator is returned.
+
+  @tparam IteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
+
+  @post Invalidates iterators and references at or after the point of the
+  erase, including the `end()` iterator.
+
+  @throw type_error.307 if called on a `null` value; example: `"cannot use
+  erase() with null"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.202 if called on an iterator which does not belong
+  to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current
+  value"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.205 if called on a primitive type with invalid
+  iterator (i.e., any iterator which is not `begin()`); example: `"iterator
+  out of range"`
+
+  @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
+  - objects: amortized constant
+  - arrays: linear in distance between @a pos and the end of the container
+  - strings: linear in the length of the string
+  - other types: constant
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the result of `erase()` for different JSON
+  types.,erase__IteratorType}
+
+  @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
+  the given range
+  @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
+  from an object at the given key
+  @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
+  the given index
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <
+      class IteratorType,
+      typename std::enable_if<
+          std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
+              std::is_same<IteratorType,
+                           typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value,
+          int>::type = 0>
+  IteratorType erase(IteratorType pos) {
+    // make sure iterator fits the current value
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(this != pos.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+    }
+
+    IteratorType result = end();
+
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::boolean:
+    case value_t::number_float:
+    case value_t::number_integer:
+    case value_t::number_unsigned:
+    case value_t::string: {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not pos.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())) {
+        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(205, "iterator out of range"));
+      }
+
+      if (is_string()) {
+        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.string);
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc,
+                                                           m_value.string, 1);
+        m_value.string = nullptr;
+      }
+
+      m_type = value_t::null;
+      assert_invariant();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::object: {
+      result.m_it.object_iterator =
+          m_value.object->erase(pos.m_it.object_iterator);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::array: {
+      result.m_it.array_iterator =
+          m_value.array->erase(pos.m_it.array_iterator);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief remove elements given an iterator range
+
+  Removes the element specified by the range `[first; last)`. The iterator
+  @a first does not need to be dereferenceable if `first == last`: erasing
+  an empty range is a no-op.
+
+  If called on a primitive type other than `null`, the resulting JSON value
+  will be `null`.
+
+  @param[in] first iterator to the beginning of the range to remove
+  @param[in] last iterator past the end of the range to remove
+  @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a
+  second refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator is returned.
+
+  @tparam IteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
+
+  @post Invalidates iterators and references at or after the point of the
+  erase, including the `end()` iterator.
+
+  @throw type_error.307 if called on a `null` value; example: `"cannot use
+  erase() with null"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.203 if called on iterators which does not belong
+  to the current JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit current value"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.204 if called on a primitive type with invalid
+  iterators (i.e., if `first != begin()` and `last != end()`); example:
+  `"iterators out of range"`
+
+  @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
+  - objects: `log(size()) + std::distance(first, last)`
+  - arrays: linear in the distance between @a first and @a last, plus linear
+    in the distance between @a last and end of the container
+  - strings: linear in the length of the string
+  - other types: constant
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the result of `erase()` for different JSON
+  types.,erase__IteratorType_IteratorType}
+
+  @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
+  @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
+  from an object at the given key
+  @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
+  the given index
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <
+      class IteratorType,
+      typename std::enable_if<
+          std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
+              std::is_same<IteratorType,
+                           typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value,
+          int>::type = 0>
+  IteratorType erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) {
+    // make sure iterator fits the current value
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(this != first.m_object or this != last.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          invalid_iterator::create(203, "iterators do not fit current value"));
+    }
 
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
+    IteratorType result = end();
+
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::boolean:
+    case value_t::number_float:
+    case value_t::number_integer:
+    case value_t::number_unsigned:
+    case value_t::string: {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or
+                             not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())) {
+        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(204, "iterators out of range"));
+      }
+
+      if (is_string()) {
+        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.string);
+        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc,
+                                                           m_value.string, 1);
+        m_value.string = nullptr;
+      }
+
+      m_type = value_t::null;
+      assert_invariant();
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an array
+    case value_t::object: {
+      result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(
+          first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
+      break;
+    }
 
-    Appends the given element @a val to the end of the JSON value. If the
-    function is called on a JSON null value, an empty array is created before
-    appending @a val.
+    case value_t::array: {
+      result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(
+          first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
+      break;
+    }
 
-    @param[in] val the value to add to the JSON array
+    default:
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
 
-    @throw type_error.308 when called on a type other than JSON array or
-    null; example: `"cannot use push_back() with number"`
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    @complexity Amortized constant.
+  /*!
+  @brief remove element from a JSON object given a key
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to
-    add elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was silently
-    converted to a JSON array.,push_back}
+  Removes elements from a JSON object with the key value @a key.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void push_back(basic_json&& val)
-    {
-        // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_array())))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, "cannot use push_back() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  @param[in] key value of the elements to remove
 
-        // transform null object into an array
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::array;
-            m_value = value_t::array;
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  @return Number of elements removed. If @a ObjectType is the default
+  `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was not
+  found) or `1` (@a key was found).
 
-        // add element to array (move semantics)
-        m_value.array->push_back(std::move(val));
-        // invalidate object: mark it null so we do not call the destructor
-        // cppcheck-suppress accessMoved
-        val.m_type = value_t::null;
-    }
+  @post References and iterators to the erased elements are invalidated.
+  Other references and iterators are not affected.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an array
-    @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
-    */
-    reference operator+=(basic_json&& val)
-    {
-        push_back(std::move(val));
-        return *this;
-    }
+  @throw type_error.307 when called on a type other than JSON object;
+  example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an array
-    @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
-    */
-    void push_back(const basic_json& val)
-    {
-        // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_array())))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, "cannot use push_back() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  @complexity `log(size()) + count(key)`
 
-        // transform null object into an array
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::array;
-            m_value = value_t::array;
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  @liveexample{The example shows the effect of `erase()`.,erase__key_type}
 
-        // add element to array
-        m_value.array->push_back(val);
-    }
+  @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
+  @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
+  the given range
+  @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
+  the given index
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an array
-    @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
-    */
-    reference operator+=(const basic_json& val)
-    {
-        push_back(val);
-        return *this;
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  size_type erase(const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
+    // this erase only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      return m_value.object->erase(key);
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an object
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " +
+                                           std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
-    Inserts the given element @a val to the JSON object. If the function is
-    called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before inserting
-    @a val.
+  /*!
+  @brief remove element from a JSON array given an index
 
-    @param[in] val the value to add to the JSON object
+  Removes element from a JSON array at the index @a idx.
 
-    @throw type_error.308 when called on a type other than JSON object or
-    null; example: `"cannot use push_back() with number"`
+  @param[in] idx index of the element to remove
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
+  @throw type_error.307 when called on a type other than JSON object;
+  example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
+  @throw out_of_range.401 when `idx >= size()`; example: `"array index 17
+  is out of range"`
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to
-    add elements to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value was silently
-    converted to a JSON object.,push_back__object_t__value}
+  @complexity Linear in distance between @a idx and the end of the container.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void push_back(const typename object_t::value_type& val)
-    {
-        // push_back only works for null objects or objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_object())))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, "cannot use push_back() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  @liveexample{The example shows the effect of `erase()`.,erase__size_type}
 
-        // transform null object into an object
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::object;
-            m_value = value_t::object;
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
+  @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
+  the given range
+  @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
+  from an object at the given key
 
-        // add element to array
-        m_value.object->insert(val);
-    }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void erase(const size_type idx) {
+    // this erase only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(idx >= size())) {
+        JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
+            401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
+      }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an object
-    @copydoc push_back(const typename object_t::value_type&)
-    */
-    reference operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type& val)
-    {
-        push_back(val);
-        return *this;
+      m_value.array->erase(m_value.array->begin() +
+                           static_cast<difference_type>(idx));
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, "cannot use erase() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an object
+  /// @}
 
-    This function allows to use `push_back` with an initializer list. In case
+  ////////////
+  // lookup //
+  ////////////
 
-    1. the current value is an object,
-    2. the initializer list @a init contains only two elements, and
-    3. the first element of @a init is a string,
+  /// @name lookup
+  /// @{
 
-    @a init is converted into an object element and added using
-    @ref push_back(const typename object_t::value_type&). Otherwise, @a init
-    is converted to a JSON value and added using @ref push_back(basic_json&&).
+  /*!
+  @brief find an element in a JSON object
 
-    @param[in] init  an initializer list
+  Finds an element in a JSON object with key equivalent to @a key. If the
+  element is not found or the JSON value is not an object, end() is
+  returned.
 
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the initializer list @a init.
+  @note This method always returns @ref end() when executed on a JSON type
+        that is not an object.
 
-    @note This function is required to resolve an ambiguous overload error,
-          because pairs like `{"key", "value"}` can be both interpreted as
-          `object_t::value_type` or `std::initializer_list<basic_json>`, see
-          https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/235 for more information.
+  @param[in] key key value of the element to search for.
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how initializer lists are treated as
-    objects when possible.,push_back__initializer_list}
-    */
-    void push_back(initializer_list_t init)
-    {
-        if (is_object() and init.size() == 2 and (*init.begin())->is_string())
-        {
-            basic_json&& key = init.begin()->moved_or_copied();
-            push_back(typename object_t::value_type(
-                          std::move(key.get_ref<string_t&>()), (init.begin() + 1)->moved_or_copied()));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            push_back(basic_json(init));
-        }
-    }
+  @return Iterator to an element with key equivalent to @a key. If no such
+  element is found or the JSON value is not an object, past-the-end (see
+  @ref end()) iterator is returned.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an object
-    @copydoc push_back(initializer_list_t)
-    */
-    reference operator+=(initializer_list_t init)
-    {
-        push_back(init);
-        return *this;
-    }
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an array
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `find()` is used.,find__key_type}
 
-    Creates a JSON value from the passed parameters @a args to the end of the
-    JSON value. If the function is called on a JSON null value, an empty array
-    is created before appending the value created from @a args.
+  @sa @ref contains(KeyT&&) const -- checks whether a key exists
 
-    @param[in] args arguments to forward to a constructor of @ref basic_json
-    @tparam Args compatible types to create a @ref basic_json object
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <typename KeyT> iterator find(KeyT &&key) {
+    auto result = end();
 
-    @return reference to the inserted element
+    if (is_object()) {
+      result.m_it.object_iterator =
+          m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyT>(key));
+    }
 
-    @throw type_error.311 when called on a type other than JSON array or
-    null; example: `"cannot use emplace_back() with number"`
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    @complexity Amortized constant.
+  /*!
+  @brief find an element in a JSON object
+  @copydoc find(KeyT&&)
+  */
+  template <typename KeyT> const_iterator find(KeyT &&key) const {
+    auto result = cend();
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` can be used to add
-    elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was silently converted
-    to a JSON array.,emplace_back}
+    if (is_object()) {
+      result.m_it.object_iterator =
+          m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyT>(key));
+    }
 
-    @since version 2.0.8, returns reference since 3.7.0
-    */
-    template<class... Args>
-    reference emplace_back(Args&& ... args)
-    {
-        // emplace_back only works for null objects or arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_array())))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(311, "cannot use emplace_back() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+    return result;
+  }
 
-        // transform null object into an array
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::array;
-            m_value = value_t::array;
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
 
-        // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-        return m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-#else
-        m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        return m_value.array->back();
-#endif
-    }
+  Returns the number of elements with key @a key. If ObjectType is the
+  default `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was
+  not found) or `1` (@a key was found).
 
-    /*!
-    @brief add an object to an object if key does not exist
+  @note This method always returns `0` when executed on a JSON type that is
+        not an object.
 
-    Inserts a new element into a JSON object constructed in-place with the
-    given @a args if there is no element with the key in the container. If the
-    function is called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before
-    appending the value created from @a args.
+  @param[in] key key value of the element to count
 
-    @param[in] args arguments to forward to a constructor of @ref basic_json
-    @tparam Args compatible types to create a @ref basic_json object
+  @return Number of elements with key @a key. If the JSON value is not an
+  object, the return value will be `0`.
 
-    @return a pair consisting of an iterator to the inserted element, or the
-            already-existing element if no insertion happened, and a bool
-            denoting whether the insertion took place.
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
 
-    @throw type_error.311 when called on a type other than JSON object or
-    null; example: `"cannot use emplace() with number"`
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `count()` is used.,count}
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  template <typename KeyT> size_type count(KeyT &&key) const {
+    // return 0 for all nonobject types
+    return is_object() ? m_value.object->count(std::forward<KeyT>(key)) : 0;
+  }
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `emplace()` can be used to add elements
-    to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value was silently converted to a
-    JSON object. Further note how no value is added if there was already one
-    value stored with the same key.,emplace}
+  /*!
+  @brief check the existence of an element in a JSON object
 
-    @since version 2.0.8
-    */
-    template<class... Args>
-    std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&& ... args)
-    {
-        // emplace only works for null objects or arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_object())))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(311, "cannot use emplace() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  Check whether an element exists in a JSON object with key equivalent to
+  @a key. If the element is not found or the JSON value is not an object,
+  false is returned.
 
-        // transform null object into an object
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::object;
-            m_value = value_t::object;
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  @note This method always returns false when executed on a JSON type
+        that is not an object.
 
-        // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
-        auto res = m_value.object->emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        // create result iterator and set iterator to the result of emplace
-        auto it = begin();
-        it.m_it.object_iterator = res.first;
+  @param[in] key key value to check its existence.
 
-        // return pair of iterator and boolean
-        return {it, res.second};
-    }
+  @return true if an element with specified @a key exists. If no such
+  element with such key is found or the JSON value is not an object,
+  false is returned.
 
-    /// Helper for insertion of an iterator
-    /// @note: This uses std::distance to support GCC 4.8,
-    ///        see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1257
-    template<typename... Args>
-    iterator insert_iterator(const_iterator pos, Args&& ... args)
-    {
-        iterator result(this);
-        assert(m_value.array != nullptr);
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
 
-        auto insert_pos = std::distance(m_value.array->begin(), pos.m_it.array_iterator);
-        m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->begin() + insert_pos;
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `contains()`.,contains}
 
-        // This could have been written as:
-        // result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, cnt, val);
-        // but the return value of insert is missing in GCC 4.8, so it is written this way instead.
+  @sa @ref find(KeyT&&) -- returns an iterator to an object element
+  @sa @ref contains(const json_pointer&) const -- checks the existence for a
+  JSON pointer
 
-        return result;
-    }
+  @since version 3.6.0
+  */
+  template <typename KeyT, typename std::enable_if<
+                               not std::is_same<typename std::decay<KeyT>::type,
+                                                json_pointer>::value,
+                               int>::type = 0>
+  bool contains(KeyT &&key) const {
+    return is_object() and m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyT>(key)) !=
+                               m_value.object->end();
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief inserts element
+  /*!
+  @brief check the existence of an element in a JSON object given a JSON pointer
 
-    Inserts element @a val before iterator @a pos.
+  Check whether the given JSON pointer @a ptr can be resolved in the current
+  JSON value.
 
-    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
-    the end() iterator
-    @param[in] val element to insert
-    @return iterator pointing to the inserted @a val.
+  @note This method can be executed on any JSON value type.
 
-    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays;
-    example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
-    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+  @param[in] ptr JSON pointer to check its existence.
 
-    @complexity Constant plus linear in the distance between @a pos and end of
-    the container.
+  @return true if the JSON pointer can be resolved to a stored value, false
+  otherwise.
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert}
+  @post If `j.contains(ptr)` returns true, it is safe to call `j[ptr]`.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json& val)
-    {
-        // insert only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this))
-            {
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
-            }
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
 
-            // insert to array and return iterator
-            return insert_iterator(pos, val);
-        }
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for
+  `contains()`.,contains_json_pointer}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief inserts element
-    @copydoc insert(const_iterator, const basic_json&)
-    */
-    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, basic_json&& val)
-    {
-        return insert(pos, val);
-    }
+  @sa @ref contains(KeyT &&) const -- checks the existence of a key
 
-    /*!
-    @brief inserts elements
+  @since version 3.7.0
+  */
+  bool contains(const json_pointer &ptr) const { return ptr.contains(this); }
 
-    Inserts @a cnt copies of @a val before iterator @a pos.
+  /// @}
 
-    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
-    the end() iterator
-    @param[in] cnt number of copies of @a val to insert
-    @param[in] val element to insert
-    @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
-    `cnt==0`
+  ///////////////
+  // iterators //
+  ///////////////
 
-    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
-    `"cannot use insert() with string"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
-    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+  /// @name iterators
+  /// @{
 
-    @complexity Linear in @a cnt plus linear in the distance between @a pos
-    and end of the container.
+  /*!
+  @brief returns an iterator to the first element
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__count}
+  Returns an iterator to the first element.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json& val)
-    {
-        // insert only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this))
-            {
-                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
-            }
+  @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-            // insert to array and return iterator
-            return insert_iterator(pos, cnt, val);
-        }
+  @return iterator to the first element
 
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-    }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief inserts elements
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
 
-    Inserts elements from range `[first, last)` before iterator @a pos.
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `begin()`.,begin}
 
-    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
-    the end() iterator
-    @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
-    @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
+  @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
 
-    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
-    `"cannot use insert() with string"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
-    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.210 if @a first and @a last do not belong to the
-    same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.211 if @a first or @a last are iterators into
-    container for which insert is called; example: `"passed iterators may not
-    belong to container"`
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  iterator begin() noexcept {
+    iterator result(this);
+    result.set_begin();
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
-    `first==last`
+  /*!
+  @copydoc basic_json::cbegin()
+  */
+  const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return cbegin(); }
 
-    @complexity Linear in `std::distance(first, last)` plus linear in the
-    distance between @a pos and end of the container.
+  /*!
+  @brief returns a const iterator to the first element
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__range}
+  Returns a const iterator to the first element.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
-    {
-        // insert only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-        // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
-        }
+  @return const iterator to the first element
 
-        // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit"));
-        }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object == this))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(211, "passed iterators may not belong to container"));
-        }
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).begin()`.
 
-        // insert to array and return iterator
-        return insert_iterator(pos, first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
-    }
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `cbegin()`.,cbegin}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief inserts elements
+  @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
 
-    Inserts elements from initializer list @a ilist before iterator @a pos.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept {
+    const_iterator result(this);
+    result.set_begin();
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
-    the end() iterator
-    @param[in] ilist initializer list to insert the values from
+  /*!
+  @brief returns an iterator to one past the last element
 
-    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
-    `"cannot use insert() with string"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
-    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+  Returns an iterator to one past the last element.
 
-    @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
-    `ilist` is empty
+  @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-    @complexity Linear in `ilist.size()` plus linear in the distance between
-    @a pos and end of the container.
+  @return iterator one past the last element
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__ilist}
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, initializer_list_t ilist)
-    {
-        // insert only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
 
-        // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
-        }
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `end()`.,end}
 
-        // insert to array and return iterator
-        return insert_iterator(pos, ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
-    }
+  @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
 
-    /*!
-    @brief inserts elements
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  iterator end() noexcept {
+    iterator result(this);
+    result.set_end();
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    Inserts elements from range `[first, last)`.
+  /*!
+  @copydoc basic_json::cend()
+  */
+  const_iterator end() const noexcept { return cend(); }
 
-    @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
-    @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
+  /*!
+  @brief returns a const iterator to one past the last element
 
-    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than objects; example:
-    `"cannot use insert() with string"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if iterator @a first or @a last does does not
-    point to an object; example: `"iterators first and last must point to
-    objects"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.210 if @a first and @a last do not belong to the
-    same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
+  Returns a const iterator to one past the last element.
 
-    @complexity Logarithmic: `O(N*log(size() + N))`, where `N` is the number
-    of elements to insert.
+  @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__range_object}
+  @return const iterator one past the last element
 
-    @since version 3.0.0
-    */
-    void insert(const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
-    {
-        // insert only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-        // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit"));
-        }
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).end()`.
 
-        // passed iterators must belong to objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not first.m_object->is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterators first and last must point to objects"));
-        }
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `cend()`.,cend}
 
-        m_value.object->insert(first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
-    }
+  @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
 
-    /*!
-    @brief updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  const_iterator cend() const noexcept {
+    const_iterator result(this);
+    result.set_end();
+    return result;
+  }
 
-    Inserts all values from JSON object @a j and overwrites existing keys.
+  /*!
+  @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
 
-    @param[in] j  JSON object to read values from
+  Returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last element.
 
-    @throw type_error.312 if called on JSON values other than objects; example:
-    `"cannot use update() with string"`
+  @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-    @complexity O(N*log(size() + N)), where N is the number of elements to
-                insert.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `update()` is used.,update}
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(end())`.
 
-    @sa https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/stdtypes.html#dict.update
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `rbegin()`.,rbegin}
 
-    @since version 3.0.0
-    */
-    void update(const_reference j)
-    {
-        // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::object;
-            m_value.object = create<object_t>();
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(312, "cannot use update() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(312, "cannot use update() with " + std::string(j.type_name())));
-        }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
 
-        for (auto it = j.cbegin(); it != j.cend(); ++it)
-        {
-            m_value.object->operator[](it.key()) = it.value();
-        }
-    }
+  /*!
+  @copydoc basic_json::crbegin()
+  */
+  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept { return crbegin(); }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
+  /*!
+  @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-end
 
-    Inserts all values from from range `[first, last)` and overwrites existing
-    keys.
+  Returns an iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before the first
+  element.
 
-    @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
-    @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
+  @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-    @throw type_error.312 if called on JSON values other than objects; example:
-    `"cannot use update() with string"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if iterator @a first or @a last does does not
-    point to an object; example: `"iterators first and last must point to
-    objects"`
-    @throw invalid_iterator.210 if @a first and @a last do not belong to the
-    same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @complexity O(N*log(size() + N)), where N is the number of elements to
-                insert.
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(begin())`.
 
-    @liveexample{The example shows how `update()` is used__range.,update}
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `rend()`.,rend}
 
-    @sa https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/stdtypes.html#dict.update
+  @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
 
-    @since version 3.0.0
-    */
-    void update(const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
-    {
-        // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
-        if (is_null())
-        {
-            m_type = value_t::object;
-            m_value.object = create<object_t>();
-            assert_invariant();
-        }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  reverse_iterator rend() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
 
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(312, "cannot use update() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
+  /*!
+  @copydoc basic_json::crend()
+  */
+  const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept { return crend(); }
 
-        // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit"));
-        }
+  /*!
+  @brief returns a const reverse iterator to the last element
+
+  Returns a const iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last
+  element.
+
+  @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-        // passed iterators must belong to objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not first.m_object->is_object()
-                                 or not last.m_object->is_object()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterators first and last must point to objects"));
-        }
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-        for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it)
-        {
-            m_value.object->operator[](it.key()) = it.value();
-        }
-    }
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rbegin()`.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief exchanges the values
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `crbegin()`.,crbegin}
 
-    Exchanges the contents of the JSON value with those of @a other. Does not
-    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
-    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
-    invalidated.
+  @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
 
-    @param[in,out] other JSON value to exchange the contents with
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(cend());
+  }
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  /*!
+  @brief returns a const reverse iterator to one before the first
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values can be swapped with
-    `swap()`.,swap__reference}
+  Returns a const reverse iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before
+  the first element.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void swap(reference other) noexcept (
-        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
-        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
-        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
-        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
-    )
-    {
-        std::swap(m_type, other.m_type);
-        std::swap(m_value, other.m_value);
-        assert_invariant();
-    }
+  @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
 
-    /*!
-    @brief exchanges the values
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    Exchanges the contents of a JSON array with those of @a other. Does not
-    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
-    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
-    invalidated.
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [ReversibleContainer](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rend()`.
 
-    @param[in,out] other array to exchange the contents with
+  @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `crend()`.,crend}
 
-    @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not an array; example: `"cannot
-    use swap() with string"`
+  @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
+  @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
+  @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin());
+  }
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how arrays can be swapped with
-    `swap()`.,swap__array_t}
+public:
+  /*!
+  @brief wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void swap(array_t& other)
-    {
-        // swap only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array()))
-        {
-            std::swap(*(m_value.array), other);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, "cannot use swap() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+  This function allows to access @ref iterator::key() and @ref
+  iterator::value() during range-based for loops. In these loops, a
+  reference to the JSON values is returned, so there is no access to the
+  underlying iterator.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief exchanges the values
+  For loop without iterator_wrapper:
 
-    Exchanges the contents of a JSON object with those of @a other. Does not
-    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
-    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
-    invalidated.
+  @code{cpp}
+  for (auto it = j_object.begin(); it != j_object.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      std::cout << "key: " << it.key() << ", value:" << it.value() << '\n';
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  Range-based for loop without iterator proxy:
+
+  @code{cpp}
+  for (auto it : j_object)
+  {
+      // "it" is of type json::reference and has no key() member
+      std::cout << "value: " << it << '\n';
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  Range-based for loop with iterator proxy:
+
+  @code{cpp}
+  for (auto it : json::iterator_wrapper(j_object))
+  {
+      std::cout << "key: " << it.key() << ", value:" << it.value() << '\n';
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  @note When iterating over an array, `key()` will return the index of the
+        element as string (see example).
+
+  @param[in] ref  reference to a JSON value
+  @return iteration proxy object wrapping @a ref with an interface to use in
+          range-based for loops
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows how the wrapper is
+  used,iterator_wrapper}
+
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @note The name of this function is not yet final and may change in the
+  future.
+
+  @deprecated This stream operator is deprecated and will be removed in
+              future 4.0.0 of the library. Please use @ref items() instead;
+              that is, replace `json::iterator_wrapper(j)` with `j.items()`.
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.1.0)
+  static iteration_proxy<iterator> iterator_wrapper(reference ref) noexcept {
+    return ref.items();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @copydoc iterator_wrapper(reference)
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.1.0)
+  static iteration_proxy<const_iterator>
+  iterator_wrapper(const_reference ref) noexcept {
+    return ref.items();
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief helper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
+
+  This function allows to access @ref iterator::key() and @ref
+  iterator::value() during range-based for loops. In these loops, a
+  reference to the JSON values is returned, so there is no access to the
+  underlying iterator.
+
+  For loop without `items()` function:
+
+  @code{cpp}
+  for (auto it = j_object.begin(); it != j_object.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      std::cout << "key: " << it.key() << ", value:" << it.value() << '\n';
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  Range-based for loop without `items()` function:
+
+  @code{cpp}
+  for (auto it : j_object)
+  {
+      // "it" is of type json::reference and has no key() member
+      std::cout << "value: " << it << '\n';
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  Range-based for loop with `items()` function:
+
+  @code{cpp}
+  for (auto& el : j_object.items())
+  {
+      std::cout << "key: " << el.key() << ", value:" << el.value() << '\n';
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  The `items()` function also allows to use
+  [structured
+  bindings](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/structured_binding)
+  (C++17):
+
+  @code{cpp}
+  for (auto& [key, val] : j_object.items())
+  {
+      std::cout << "key: " << key << ", value:" << val << '\n';
+  }
+  @endcode
+
+  @note When iterating over an array, `key()` will return the index of the
+        element as string (see example). For primitive types (e.g., numbers),
+        `key()` returns an empty string.
 
-    @param[in,out] other object to exchange the contents with
+  @return iteration proxy object wrapping @a ref with an interface to use in
+          range-based for loops
 
-    @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not an object; example:
-    `"cannot use swap() with string"`
+  @liveexample{The following code shows how the function is used.,items}
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how objects can be swapped with
-    `swap()`.,swap__object_t}
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void swap(object_t& other)
-    {
-        // swap only works for objects
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object()))
-        {
-            std::swap(*(m_value.object), other);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, "cannot use swap() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+  @since version 3.1.0, structured bindings support since 3.5.0.
+  */
+  iteration_proxy<iterator> items() noexcept {
+    return iteration_proxy<iterator>(*this);
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief exchanges the values
+  /*!
+  @copydoc items()
+  */
+  iteration_proxy<const_iterator> items() const noexcept {
+    return iteration_proxy<const_iterator>(*this);
+  }
 
-    Exchanges the contents of a JSON string with those of @a other. Does not
-    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
-    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
-    invalidated.
+  /// @}
 
-    @param[in,out] other string to exchange the contents with
+  //////////////
+  // capacity //
+  //////////////
 
-    @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not a string; example: `"cannot
-    use swap() with boolean"`
+  /// @name capacity
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief checks whether the container is empty.
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  Checks if a JSON value has no elements (i.e. whether its @ref size is `0`).
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how strings can be swapped with
-    `swap()`.,swap__string_t}
+  @return The return value depends on the different types and is
+          defined as follows:
+          Value type  | return value
+          ----------- | -------------
+          null        | `true`
+          boolean     | `false`
+          string      | `false`
+          number      | `false`
+          object      | result of function `object_t::empty()`
+          array       | result of function `array_t::empty()`
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    void swap(string_t& other)
-    {
-        // swap only works for strings
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_string()))
-        {
-            std::swap(*(m_value.string), other);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, "cannot use swap() with " + std::string(type_name())));
-        }
-    }
+  @liveexample{The following code uses `empty()` to check if a JSON
+  object contains any elements.,empty}
 
-    /// @}
+  @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
+  the Container concept; that is, their `empty()` functions have constant
+  complexity.
 
-  public:
-    //////////////////////////////////////////
-    // lexicographical comparison operators //
-    //////////////////////////////////////////
+  @iterators No changes.
 
-    /// @name lexicographical comparison operators
-    /// @{
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: equal
+  @note This function does not return whether a string stored as JSON value
+  is empty - it returns whether the JSON container itself is empty which is
+  false in the case of a string.
 
-    Compares two JSON values for equality according to the following rules:
-    - Two JSON values are equal if (1) they are from the same type and (2)
-      their stored values are the same according to their respective
-      `operator==`.
-    - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
-      comparison. Note than two NaN values are always treated as unequal.
-    - Two JSON null values are equal.
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `begin() == end()`.
 
-    @note Floating-point inside JSON values numbers are compared with
-    `json::number_float_t::operator==` which is `double::operator==` by
-    default. To compare floating-point while respecting an epsilon, an alternative
-    [comparison function](https://github.com/mariokonrad/marnav/blob/master/src/marnav/math/floatingpoint.hpp#L34-#L39)
-    could be used, for instance
-    @code {.cpp}
-    template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, T>::type>
-    inline bool is_same(T a, T b, T epsilon = std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon()) noexcept
-    {
-        return std::abs(a - b) <= epsilon;
-    }
-    @endcode
+  @sa @ref size() -- returns the number of elements
 
-    @note NaN values never compare equal to themselves or to other NaN values.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  bool empty() const noexcept {
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::null: {
+      // null values are empty
+      return true;
+    }
 
-    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
-    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
-    @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are equal
+    case value_t::array: {
+      // delegate call to array_t::empty()
+      return m_value.array->empty();
+    }
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+    case value_t::object: {
+      // delegate call to object_t::empty()
+      return m_value.object->empty();
+    }
 
-    @complexity Linear.
+    default: {
+      // all other types are nonempty
+      return false;
+    }
+    }
+  }
 
-    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
-    types.,operator__equal}
+  /*!
+  @brief returns the number of elements
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
-        const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
+  Returns the number of elements in a JSON value.
 
-        if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
-        {
-            switch (lhs_type)
-            {
-                case value_t::array:
-                    return *lhs.m_value.array == *rhs.m_value.array;
+  @return The return value depends on the different types and is
+          defined as follows:
+          Value type  | return value
+          ----------- | -------------
+          null        | `0`
+          boolean     | `1`
+          string      | `1`
+          number      | `1`
+          object      | result of function object_t::size()
+          array       | result of function array_t::size()
 
-                case value_t::object:
-                    return *lhs.m_value.object == *rhs.m_value.object;
+  @liveexample{The following code calls `size()` on the different value
+  types.,size}
 
-                case value_t::null:
-                    return true;
+  @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
+  the Container concept; that is, their size() functions have constant
+  complexity.
 
-                case value_t::string:
-                    return *lhs.m_value.string == *rhs.m_value.string;
+  @iterators No changes.
 
-                case value_t::boolean:
-                    return lhs.m_value.boolean == rhs.m_value.boolean;
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
 
-                case value_t::number_integer:
-                    return lhs.m_value.number_integer == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
+  @note This function does not return the length of a string stored as JSON
+  value - it returns the number of elements in the JSON value which is 1 in
+  the case of a string.
 
-                case value_t::number_unsigned:
-                    return lhs.m_value.number_unsigned == rhs.m_value.number_unsigned;
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of `std::distance(begin(), end())`.
 
-                case value_t::number_float:
-                    return lhs.m_value.number_float == rhs.m_value.number_float;
+  @sa @ref empty() -- checks whether the container is empty
+  @sa @ref max_size() -- returns the maximal number of elements
 
-                default:
-                    return false;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
-        {
-            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) == rhs.m_value.number_float;
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
-        {
-            return lhs.m_value.number_float == static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
-        {
-            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) == rhs.m_value.number_float;
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
-        {
-            return lhs.m_value.number_float == static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
-        {
-            return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
-        {
-            return lhs.m_value.number_integer == static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
-        }
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  size_type size() const noexcept {
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::null: {
+      // null values are empty
+      return 0;
+    }
 
-        return false;
+    case value_t::array: {
+      // delegate call to array_t::size()
+      return m_value.array->size();
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: equal
-    @copydoc operator==(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs == basic_json(rhs);
+    case value_t::object: {
+      // delegate call to object_t::size()
+      return m_value.object->size();
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: equal
-    @copydoc operator==(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator==(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return basic_json(lhs) == rhs;
+    default: {
+      // all other types have size 1
+      return 1;
     }
+    }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: not equal
+  /*!
+  @brief returns the maximum possible number of elements
 
-    Compares two JSON values for inequality by calculating `not (lhs == rhs)`.
+  Returns the maximum number of elements a JSON value is able to hold due to
+  system or library implementation limitations, i.e. `std::distance(begin(),
+  end())` for the JSON value.
 
-    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
-    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
-    @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are not equal
+  @return The return value depends on the different types and is
+          defined as follows:
+          Value type  | return value
+          ----------- | -------------
+          null        | `0` (same as `size()`)
+          boolean     | `1` (same as `size()`)
+          string      | `1` (same as `size()`)
+          number      | `1` (same as `size()`)
+          object      | result of function `object_t::max_size()`
+          array       | result of function `array_t::max_size()`
 
-    @complexity Linear.
+  @liveexample{The following code calls `max_size()` on the different value
+  types. Note the output is implementation specific.,max_size}
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
+  the Container concept; that is, their `max_size()` functions have constant
+  complexity.
 
-    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
-    types.,operator__notequal}
+  @iterators No changes.
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return not (lhs == rhs);
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+  [Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container)
+  requirements:
+  - The complexity is constant.
+  - Has the semantics of returning `b.size()` where `b` is the largest
+    possible JSON value.
+
+  @sa @ref size() -- returns the number of elements
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  size_type max_size() const noexcept {
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::array: {
+      // delegate call to array_t::max_size()
+      return m_value.array->max_size();
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: not equal
-    @copydoc operator!=(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs != basic_json(rhs);
+    case value_t::object: {
+      // delegate call to object_t::max_size()
+      return m_value.object->max_size();
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: not equal
-    @copydoc operator!=(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator!=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return basic_json(lhs) != rhs;
+    default: {
+      // all other types have max_size() == size()
+      return size();
+    }
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: less than
+  /// @}
 
-    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than another JSON value @a
-    rhs according to the following rules:
-    - If @a lhs and @a rhs have the same type, the values are compared using
-      the default `<` operator.
-    - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
-      comparison
-    - In case @a lhs and @a rhs have different types, the values are ignored
-      and the order of the types is considered, see
-      @ref operator<(const value_t, const value_t).
+  ///////////////
+  // modifiers //
+  ///////////////
 
-    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
-    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
-    @return whether @a lhs is less than @a rhs
+  /// @name modifiers
+  /// @{
 
-    @complexity Linear.
+  /*!
+  @brief clears the contents
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  Clears the content of a JSON value and resets it to the default value as
+  if @ref basic_json(value_t) would have been called with the current value
+  type from @ref type():
 
-    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
-    types.,operator__less}
+  Value type  | initial value
+  ----------- | -------------
+  null        | `null`
+  boolean     | `false`
+  string      | `""`
+  number      | `0`
+  object      | `{}`
+  array       | `[]`
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
-        const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
+  @post Has the same effect as calling
+  @code {.cpp}
+  *this = basic_json(type());
+  @endcode
 
-        if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
-        {
-            switch (lhs_type)
-            {
-                case value_t::array:
-                    // note parentheses are necessary, see
-                    // https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1530
-                    return (*lhs.m_value.array) < (*rhs.m_value.array);
+  @liveexample{The example below shows the effect of `clear()` to different
+  JSON types.,clear}
 
-                case value_t::object:
-                    return (*lhs.m_value.object) < (*rhs.m_value.object);
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
 
-                case value_t::null:
-                    return false;
+  @iterators All iterators, pointers and references related to this container
+             are invalidated.
 
-                case value_t::string:
-                    return (*lhs.m_value.string) < (*rhs.m_value.string);
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
 
-                case value_t::boolean:
-                    return (lhs.m_value.boolean) < (rhs.m_value.boolean);
+  @sa @ref basic_json(value_t) -- constructor that creates an object with the
+      same value than calling `clear()`
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void clear() noexcept {
+    switch (m_type) {
+    case value_t::number_integer: {
+      m_value.number_integer = 0;
+      break;
+    }
 
-                case value_t::number_integer:
-                    return (lhs.m_value.number_integer) < (rhs.m_value.number_integer);
+    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+      m_value.number_unsigned = 0;
+      break;
+    }
 
-                case value_t::number_unsigned:
-                    return (lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < (rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+    case value_t::number_float: {
+      m_value.number_float = 0.0;
+      break;
+    }
 
-                case value_t::number_float:
-                    return (lhs.m_value.number_float) < (rhs.m_value.number_float);
+    case value_t::boolean: {
+      m_value.boolean = false;
+      break;
+    }
 
-                default:
-                    return false;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
-        {
-            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) < rhs.m_value.number_float;
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
-        {
-            return lhs.m_value.number_float < static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
-        {
-            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < rhs.m_value.number_float;
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
-        {
-            return lhs.m_value.number_float < static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
-        {
-            return lhs.m_value.number_integer < static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
-        }
-        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
-        {
-            return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < rhs.m_value.number_integer;
-        }
+    case value_t::string: {
+      m_value.string->clear();
+      break;
+    }
 
-        // We only reach this line if we cannot compare values. In that case,
-        // we compare types. Note we have to call the operator explicitly,
-        // because MSVC has problems otherwise.
-        return operator<(lhs_type, rhs_type);
+    case value_t::array: {
+      m_value.array->clear();
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: less than
-    @copydoc operator<(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs < basic_json(rhs);
+    case value_t::object: {
+      m_value.object->clear();
+      break;
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: less than
-    @copydoc operator<(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator<(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return basic_json(lhs) < rhs;
+    default:
+      break;
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: less than or equal
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an array
 
-    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than or equal to another
-    JSON value by calculating `not (rhs < lhs)`.
+  Appends the given element @a val to the end of the JSON value. If the
+  function is called on a JSON null value, an empty array is created before
+  appending @a val.
 
-    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
-    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
-    @return whether @a lhs is less than or equal to @a rhs
+  @param[in] val the value to add to the JSON array
 
-    @complexity Linear.
+  @throw type_error.308 when called on a type other than JSON array or
+  null; example: `"cannot use push_back() with number"`
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  @complexity Amortized constant.
 
-    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
-    types.,operator__greater}
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to
+  add elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was silently
+  converted to a JSON array.,push_back}
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return not (rhs < lhs);
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void push_back(basic_json &&val) {
+    // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_array()))) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, "cannot use push_back() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: less than or equal
-    @copydoc operator<=(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs <= basic_json(rhs);
+    // transform null object into an array
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::array;
+      m_value = value_t::array;
+      assert_invariant();
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: less than or equal
-    @copydoc operator<=(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator<=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return basic_json(lhs) <= rhs;
+    // add element to array (move semantics)
+    m_value.array->push_back(std::move(val));
+    // invalidate object: mark it null so we do not call the destructor
+    // cppcheck-suppress accessMoved
+    val.m_type = value_t::null;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an array
+  @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
+  */
+  reference operator+=(basic_json &&val) {
+    push_back(std::move(val));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an array
+  @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
+  */
+  void push_back(const basic_json &val) {
+    // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_array()))) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, "cannot use push_back() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: greater than
+    // transform null object into an array
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::array;
+      m_value = value_t::array;
+      assert_invariant();
+    }
 
-    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than another
-    JSON value by calculating `not (lhs <= rhs)`.
+    // add element to array
+    m_value.array->push_back(val);
+  }
 
-    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
-    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
-    @return whether @a lhs is greater than to @a rhs
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an array
+  @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
+  */
+  reference operator+=(const basic_json &val) {
+    push_back(val);
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-    @complexity Linear.
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an object
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  Inserts the given element @a val to the JSON object. If the function is
+  called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before inserting
+  @a val.
 
-    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
-    types.,operator__lessequal}
+  @param[in] val the value to add to the JSON object
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return not (lhs <= rhs);
-    }
+  @throw type_error.308 when called on a type other than JSON object or
+  null; example: `"cannot use push_back() with number"`
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: greater than
-    @copydoc operator>(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs > basic_json(rhs);
-    }
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: greater than
-    @copydoc operator>(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator>(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return basic_json(lhs) > rhs;
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to
+  add elements to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value was silently
+  converted to a JSON object.,push_back__object_t__value}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void push_back(const typename object_t::value_type &val) {
+    // push_back only works for null objects or objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_object()))) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, "cannot use push_back() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
+
+    // transform null object into an object
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::object;
+      m_value = value_t::object;
+      assert_invariant();
+    }
+
+    // add element to array
+    m_value.object->insert(val);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an object
+  @copydoc push_back(const typename object_t::value_type&)
+  */
+  reference operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type &val) {
+    push_back(val);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an object
+
+  This function allows to use `push_back` with an initializer list. In case
+
+  1. the current value is an object,
+  2. the initializer list @a init contains only two elements, and
+  3. the first element of @a init is a string,
+
+  @a init is converted into an object element and added using
+  @ref push_back(const typename object_t::value_type&). Otherwise, @a init
+  is converted to a JSON value and added using @ref push_back(basic_json&&).
+
+  @param[in] init  an initializer list
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the initializer list @a init.
+
+  @note This function is required to resolve an ambiguous overload error,
+        because pairs like `{"key", "value"}` can be both interpreted as
+        `object_t::value_type` or `std::initializer_list<basic_json>`, see
+        https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/235 for more information.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows how initializer lists are treated as
+  objects when possible.,push_back__initializer_list}
+  */
+  void push_back(initializer_list_t init) {
+    if (is_object() and init.size() == 2 and (*init.begin())->is_string()) {
+      basic_json &&key = init.begin()->moved_or_copied();
+      push_back(
+          typename object_t::value_type(std::move(key.get_ref<string_t &>()),
+                                        (init.begin() + 1)->moved_or_copied()));
+    } else {
+      push_back(basic_json(init));
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: greater than or equal
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an object
+  @copydoc push_back(initializer_list_t)
+  */
+  reference operator+=(initializer_list_t init) {
+    push_back(init);
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than or equal to another
-    JSON value by calculating `not (lhs < rhs)`.
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an array
 
-    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
-    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
-    @return whether @a lhs is greater than or equal to @a rhs
+  Creates a JSON value from the passed parameters @a args to the end of the
+  JSON value. If the function is called on a JSON null value, an empty array
+  is created before appending the value created from @a args.
 
-    @complexity Linear.
+  @param[in] args arguments to forward to a constructor of @ref basic_json
+  @tparam Args compatible types to create a @ref basic_json object
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  @return reference to the inserted element
 
-    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
-    types.,operator__greaterequal}
+  @throw type_error.311 when called on a type other than JSON array or
+  null; example: `"cannot use emplace_back() with number"`
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return not (lhs < rhs);
-    }
+  @complexity Amortized constant.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-    @copydoc operator>=(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return lhs >= basic_json(rhs);
-    }
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` can be used to add
+  elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was silently converted
+  to a JSON array.,emplace_back}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-    @copydoc operator>=(const_reference, const_reference)
-    */
-    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    friend bool operator>=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
-    {
-        return basic_json(lhs) >= rhs;
+  @since version 2.0.8, returns reference since 3.7.0
+  */
+  template <class... Args> reference emplace_back(Args &&...args) {
+    // emplace_back only works for null objects or arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_array()))) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(311, "cannot use emplace_back() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
 
-    /// @}
-
-    ///////////////////
-    // serialization //
-    ///////////////////
+    // transform null object into an array
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::array;
+      m_value = value_t::array;
+      assert_invariant();
+    }
 
-    /// @name serialization
-    /// @{
+    // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
+#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
+    return m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+#else
+    m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return m_value.array->back();
+#endif
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief add an object to an object if key does not exist
+
+  Inserts a new element into a JSON object constructed in-place with the
+  given @a args if there is no element with the key in the container. If the
+  function is called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before
+  appending the value created from @a args.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief serialize to stream
+  @param[in] args arguments to forward to a constructor of @ref basic_json
+  @tparam Args compatible types to create a @ref basic_json object
 
-    Serialize the given JSON value @a j to the output stream @a o. The JSON
-    value will be serialized using the @ref dump member function.
+  @return a pair consisting of an iterator to the inserted element, or the
+          already-existing element if no insertion happened, and a bool
+          denoting whether the insertion took place.
+
+  @throw type_error.311 when called on a type other than JSON object or
+  null; example: `"cannot use emplace() with number"`
+
+  @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `emplace()` can be used to add elements
+  to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value was silently converted to a
+  JSON object. Further note how no value is added if there was already one
+  value stored with the same key.,emplace}
 
-    - The indentation of the output can be controlled with the member variable
-      `width` of the output stream @a o. For instance, using the manipulator
-      `std::setw(4)` on @a o sets the indentation level to `4` and the
-      serialization result is the same as calling `dump(4)`.
+  @since version 2.0.8
+  */
+  template <class... Args> std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&...args) {
+    // emplace only works for null objects or arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not(is_null() or is_object()))) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(311, "cannot use emplace() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
+
+    // transform null object into an object
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::object;
+      m_value = value_t::object;
+      assert_invariant();
+    }
 
-    - The indentation character can be controlled with the member variable
-      `fill` of the output stream @a o. For instance, the manipulator
-      `std::setfill('\\t')` sets indentation to use a tab character rather than
-      the default space character.
+    // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
+    auto res = m_value.object->emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    // create result iterator and set iterator to the result of emplace
+    auto it = begin();
+    it.m_it.object_iterator = res.first;
+
+    // return pair of iterator and boolean
+    return {it, res.second};
+  }
+
+  /// Helper for insertion of an iterator
+  /// @note: This uses std::distance to support GCC 4.8,
+  ///        see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1257
+  template <typename... Args>
+  iterator insert_iterator(const_iterator pos, Args &&...args) {
+    iterator result(this);
+    assert(m_value.array != nullptr);
+
+    auto insert_pos =
+        std::distance(m_value.array->begin(), pos.m_it.array_iterator);
+    m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->begin() + insert_pos;
+
+    // This could have been written as:
+    // result.m_it.array_iterator =
+    // m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, cnt, val); but the return
+    // value of insert is missing in GCC 4.8, so it is written this way instead.
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief inserts element
+
+  Inserts element @a val before iterator @a pos.
+
+  @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+  the end() iterator
+  @param[in] val element to insert
+  @return iterator pointing to the inserted @a val.
+
+  @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays;
+  example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+  example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+
+  @complexity Constant plus linear in the distance between @a pos and end of
+  the container.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json &val) {
+    // insert only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
+        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+            202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+      }
+
+      // insert to array and return iterator
+      return insert_iterator(pos, val);
+    }
+
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " +
+                                           std::string(type_name())));
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief inserts element
+  @copydoc insert(const_iterator, const basic_json&)
+  */
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, basic_json &&val) {
+    return insert(pos, val);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief inserts elements
+
+  Inserts @a cnt copies of @a val before iterator @a pos.
 
-    @param[in,out] o  stream to serialize to
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+  the end() iterator
+  @param[in] cnt number of copies of @a val to insert
+  @param[in] val element to insert
+  @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
+  `cnt==0`
 
-    @return the stream @a o
+  @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
+  `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+  example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
 
-    @throw type_error.316 if a string stored inside the JSON value is not
-                          UTF-8 encoded
+  @complexity Linear in @a cnt plus linear in the distance between @a pos
+  and end of the container.
 
-    @complexity Linear.
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__count}
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows the serialization with different
-    parameters to `width` to adjust the indentation level.,operator_serialize}
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json &val) {
+    // insert only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
+        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+            202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+      }
 
-    @since version 1.0.0; indentation character added in version 3.0.0
-    */
-    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const basic_json& j)
-    {
-        // read width member and use it as indentation parameter if nonzero
-        const bool pretty_print = o.width() > 0;
-        const auto indentation = pretty_print ? o.width() : 0;
-
-        // reset width to 0 for subsequent calls to this stream
-        o.width(0);
-
-        // do the actual serialization
-        serializer s(detail::output_adapter<char>(o), o.fill());
-        s.dump(j, pretty_print, false, static_cast<unsigned int>(indentation));
-        return o;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief serialize to stream
-    @deprecated This stream operator is deprecated and will be removed in
-                future 4.0.0 of the library. Please use
-                @ref operator<<(std::ostream&, const basic_json&)
-                instead; that is, replace calls like `j >> o;` with `o << j;`.
-    @since version 1.0.0; deprecated since version 3.0.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.0.0)
-    friend std::ostream& operator>>(const basic_json& j, std::ostream& o)
-    {
-        return o << j;
+      // insert to array and return iterator
+      return insert_iterator(pos, cnt, val);
     }
 
-    /// @}
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " +
+                                           std::string(type_name())));
+  }
 
+  /*!
+  @brief inserts elements
 
-    /////////////////////
-    // deserialization //
-    /////////////////////
+  Inserts elements from range `[first, last)` before iterator @a pos.
 
-    /// @name deserialization
-    /// @{
+  @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+  the end() iterator
+  @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
+  @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
 
-    /*!
-    @brief deserialize from a compatible input
+  @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
+  `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+  example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.210 if @a first and @a last do not belong to the
+  same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.211 if @a first or @a last are iterators into
+  container for which insert is called; example: `"passed iterators may not
+  belong to container"`
 
-    This function reads from a compatible input. Examples are:
-    - an array of 1-byte values
-    - strings with character/literal type with size of 1 byte
-    - input streams
-    - container with contiguous storage of 1-byte values. Compatible container
-      types include `std::vector`, `std::string`, `std::array`,
-      `std::valarray`, and `std::initializer_list`. Furthermore, C-style
-      arrays can be used with `std::begin()`/`std::end()`. User-defined
-      containers can be used as long as they implement random-access iterators
-      and a contiguous storage.
+  @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
+  `first==last`
 
-    @pre Each element of the container has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
-    precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
-    with a static assertion.**
+  @complexity Linear in `std::distance(first, last)` plus linear in the
+  distance between @a pos and end of the container.
 
-    @pre The container storage is contiguous. Violating this precondition
-    yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an
-    assertion.**
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__range}
 
-    @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
-             the function is called with a noncompliant container and with
-             assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
-             likely yield segmentation violation.
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_iterator first,
+                  const_iterator last) {
+    // insert only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_array())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
 
-    @param[in] i  input to read from
-    @param[in] cb  a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
-    which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
-    (optional)
-    @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
-    parse error (optional, true by default)
+    // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+    }
 
-    @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
-            @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
-            value_t::discarded.
+    // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit"));
+    }
 
-    @throw parse_error.101 if a parse error occurs; example: `""unexpected end
-    of input; expected string literal""`
-    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
-    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object == this)) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          211, "passed iterators may not belong to container"));
+    }
 
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
-    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
-    @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+    // insert to array and return iterator
+    return insert_iterator(pos, first.m_it.array_iterator,
+                           last.m_it.array_iterator);
+  }
 
-    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+  /*!
+  @brief inserts elements
 
-    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
-    from an array.,parse__array__parser_callback_t}
+  Inserts elements from initializer list @a ilist before iterator @a pos.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function with
-    and without callback function.,parse__string__parser_callback_t}
+  @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+  the end() iterator
+  @param[in] ilist initializer list to insert the values from
 
-    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function with
-    and without callback function.,parse__istream__parser_callback_t}
+  @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
+  `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+  example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
 
-    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
-    from a contiguous container.,parse__contiguouscontainer__parser_callback_t}
+  @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
+  `ilist` is empty
 
-    @since version 2.0.3 (contiguous containers)
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json parse(detail::input_adapter&& i,
-                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
-                            const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        parser(i, cb, allow_exceptions).parse(true, result);
-        return result;
-    }
+  @complexity Linear in `ilist.size()` plus linear in the distance between
+  @a pos and end of the container.
 
-    static bool accept(detail::input_adapter&& i)
-    {
-        return parser(i).accept(true);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief generate SAX events
-
-    The SAX event lister must follow the interface of @ref json_sax.
-
-    This function reads from a compatible input. Examples are:
-    - an array of 1-byte values
-    - strings with character/literal type with size of 1 byte
-    - input streams
-    - container with contiguous storage of 1-byte values. Compatible container
-      types include `std::vector`, `std::string`, `std::array`,
-      `std::valarray`, and `std::initializer_list`. Furthermore, C-style
-      arrays can be used with `std::begin()`/`std::end()`. User-defined
-      containers can be used as long as they implement random-access iterators
-      and a contiguous storage.
-
-    @pre Each element of the container has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
-    precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
-    with a static assertion.**
-
-    @pre The container storage is contiguous. Violating this precondition
-    yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an
-    assertion.**
-
-    @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
-             the function is called with a noncompliant container and with
-             assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
-             likely yield segmentation violation.
-
-    @param[in] i  input to read from
-    @param[in,out] sax  SAX event listener
-    @param[in] format  the format to parse (JSON, CBOR, MessagePack, or UBJSON)
-    @param[in] strict  whether the input has to be consumed completely
-
-    @return return value of the last processed SAX event
-
-    @throw parse_error.101 if a parse error occurs; example: `""unexpected end
-    of input; expected string literal""`
-    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
-    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
-    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the SAX consumer @a sax has
-    a super-linear complexity.
-
-    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
-
-    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `sax_parse()` function
-    reading from string and processing the events with a user-defined SAX
-    event consumer.,sax_parse}
-
-    @since version 3.2.0
-    */
-    template <typename SAX>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-    static bool sax_parse(detail::input_adapter&& i, SAX* sax,
-                          input_format_t format = input_format_t::json,
-                          const bool strict = true)
-    {
-        assert(sax);
-        return format == input_format_t::json
-               ? parser(std::move(i)).sax_parse(sax, strict)
-               : detail::binary_reader<basic_json, SAX>(std::move(i)).sax_parse(format, sax, strict);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief deserialize from an iterator range with contiguous storage
-
-    This function reads from an iterator range of a container with contiguous
-    storage of 1-byte values. Compatible container types include
-    `std::vector`, `std::string`, `std::array`, `std::valarray`, and
-    `std::initializer_list`. Furthermore, C-style arrays can be used with
-    `std::begin()`/`std::end()`. User-defined containers can be used as long
-    as they implement random-access iterators and a contiguous storage.
-
-    @pre The iterator range is contiguous. Violating this precondition yields
-    undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an assertion.**
-    @pre Each element in the range has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
-    precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
-    with a static assertion.**
-
-    @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
-             the function is called with noncompliant iterators and with
-             assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
-             likely yield segmentation violation.
-
-    @tparam IteratorType iterator of container with contiguous storage
-    @param[in] first  begin of the range to parse (included)
-    @param[in] last  end of the range to parse (excluded)
-    @param[in] cb  a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
-    which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
-    (optional)
-    @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
-    parse error (optional, true by default)
-
-    @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
-            @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
-            value_t::discarded.
-
-    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
-    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
-    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
-
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
-    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
-    @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
-
-    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
-
-    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
-    from an iterator range.,parse__iteratortype__parser_callback_t}
-
-    @since version 2.0.3
-    */
-    template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_base_of<
-                     std::random_access_iterator_tag,
-                     typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
-                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
-                            const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        parser(detail::input_adapter(first, last), cb, allow_exceptions).parse(true, result);
-        return result;
-    }
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__ilist}
 
-    template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_base_of<
-                     std::random_access_iterator_tag,
-                     typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    static bool accept(IteratorType first, IteratorType last)
-    {
-        return parser(detail::input_adapter(first, last)).accept(true);
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, initializer_list_t ilist) {
+    // insert only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_array())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
 
-    template<class IteratorType, class SAX, typename std::enable_if<
-                 std::is_base_of<
-                     std::random_access_iterator_tag,
-                     typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-    static bool sax_parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, SAX* sax)
-    {
-        return parser(detail::input_adapter(first, last)).sax_parse(sax);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief deserialize from stream
-    @deprecated This stream operator is deprecated and will be removed in
-                version 4.0.0 of the library. Please use
-                @ref operator>>(std::istream&, basic_json&)
-                instead; that is, replace calls like `j << i;` with `i >> j;`.
-    @since version 1.0.0; deprecated since version 3.0.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.0.0)
-    friend std::istream& operator<<(basic_json& j, std::istream& i)
-    {
-        return operator>>(i, j);
+    // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
+      JSON_THROW(
+          invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief deserialize from stream
+    // insert to array and return iterator
+    return insert_iterator(pos, ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
+  }
 
-    Deserializes an input stream to a JSON value.
+  /*!
+  @brief inserts elements
 
-    @param[in,out] i  input stream to read a serialized JSON value from
-    @param[in,out] j  JSON value to write the deserialized input to
+  Inserts elements from range `[first, last)`.
 
-    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
-    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
-    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+  @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
+  @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
 
-    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
-    LL(1) parser.
+  @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than objects; example:
+  `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.202 if iterator @a first or @a last does does not
+  point to an object; example: `"iterators first and last must point to
+  objects"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.210 if @a first and @a last do not belong to the
+  same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
 
-    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+  @complexity Logarithmic: `O(N*log(size() + N))`, where `N` is the number
+  of elements to insert.
 
-    @liveexample{The example below shows how a JSON value is constructed by
-    reading a serialization from a stream.,operator_deserialize}
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__range_object}
 
-    @sa parse(std::istream&, const parser_callback_t) for a variant with a
-    parser callback function to filter values while parsing
+  @since version 3.0.0
+  */
+  void insert(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
+    // insert only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_object())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, "cannot use insert() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
 
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& i, basic_json& j)
-    {
-        parser(detail::input_adapter(i)).parse(false, j);
-        return i;
+    // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit"));
     }
 
-    /// @}
+    // passed iterators must belong to objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not first.m_object->is_object())) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          202, "iterators first and last must point to objects"));
+    }
 
-    ///////////////////////////
-    // convenience functions //
-    ///////////////////////////
+    m_value.object->insert(first.m_it.object_iterator,
+                           last.m_it.object_iterator);
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief return the type as string
+  /*!
+  @brief updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
 
-    Returns the type name as string to be used in error messages - usually to
-    indicate that a function was called on a wrong JSON type.
+  Inserts all values from JSON object @a j and overwrites existing keys.
 
-    @return a string representation of a the @a m_type member:
-            Value type  | return value
-            ----------- | -------------
-            null        | `"null"`
-            boolean     | `"boolean"`
-            string      | `"string"`
-            number      | `"number"` (for all number types)
-            object      | `"object"`
-            array       | `"array"`
-            discarded   | `"discarded"`
+  @param[in] j  JSON object to read values from
 
-    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+  @throw type_error.312 if called on JSON values other than objects; example:
+  `"cannot use update() with string"`
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @complexity O(N*log(size() + N)), where N is the number of elements to
+              insert.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `type_name()` for all JSON
-    types.,type_name}
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `update()` is used.,update}
 
-    @sa @ref type() -- return the type of the JSON value
-    @sa @ref operator value_t() -- return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
+  @sa https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/stdtypes.html#dict.update
 
-    @since version 1.0.0, public since 2.1.0, `const char*` and `noexcept`
-    since 3.0.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-    const char* type_name() const noexcept
-    {
-        {
-            switch (m_type)
-            {
-                case value_t::null:
-                    return "null";
-                case value_t::object:
-                    return "object";
-                case value_t::array:
-                    return "array";
-                case value_t::string:
-                    return "string";
-                case value_t::boolean:
-                    return "boolean";
-                case value_t::discarded:
-                    return "discarded";
-                default:
-                    return "number";
-            }
-        }
+  @since version 3.0.0
+  */
+  void update(const_reference j) {
+    // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::object;
+      m_value.object = create<object_t>();
+      assert_invariant();
     }
 
-
-  private:
-    //////////////////////
-    // member variables //
-    //////////////////////
-
-    /// the type of the current element
-    value_t m_type = value_t::null;
-
-    /// the value of the current element
-    json_value m_value = {};
-
-    //////////////////////////////////////////
-    // binary serialization/deserialization //
-    //////////////////////////////////////////
-
-    /// @name binary serialization/deserialization support
-    /// @{
-
-  public:
-    /*!
-    @brief create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
-
-    Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the CBOR (Concise
-    Binary Object Representation) serialization format. CBOR is a binary
-    serialization format which aims to be more compact than JSON itself, yet
-    more efficient to parse.
-
-    The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
-    CBOR types according to the CBOR specification (RFC 7049):
-
-    JSON value type | value/range                                | CBOR type                          | first byte
-    --------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------- | ---------------
-    null            | `null`                                     | Null                               | 0xF6
-    boolean         | `true`                                     | True                               | 0xF5
-    boolean         | `false`                                    | False                              | 0xF4
-    number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649          | Negative integer (8 bytes follow)  | 0x3B
-    number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769                        | Negative integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x3A
-    number_integer  | -32768..-129                               | Negative integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x39
-    number_integer  | -128..-25                                  | Negative integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x38
-    number_integer  | -24..-1                                    | Negative integer                   | 0x20..0x37
-    number_integer  | 0..23                                      | Integer                            | 0x00..0x17
-    number_integer  | 24..255                                    | Unsigned integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x18
-    number_integer  | 256..65535                                 | Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x19
-    number_integer  | 65536..4294967295                          | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x1A
-    number_integer  | 4294967296..18446744073709551615           | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow)  | 0x1B
-    number_unsigned | 0..23                                      | Integer                            | 0x00..0x17
-    number_unsigned | 24..255                                    | Unsigned integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x18
-    number_unsigned | 256..65535                                 | Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x19
-    number_unsigned | 65536..4294967295                          | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x1A
-    number_unsigned | 4294967296..18446744073709551615           | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow)  | 0x1B
-    number_float    | *any value*                                | Double-Precision Float             | 0xFB
-    string          | *length*: 0..23                            | UTF-8 string                       | 0x60..0x77
-    string          | *length*: 23..255                          | UTF-8 string (1 byte follow)       | 0x78
-    string          | *length*: 256..65535                       | UTF-8 string (2 bytes follow)      | 0x79
-    string          | *length*: 65536..4294967295                | UTF-8 string (4 bytes follow)      | 0x7A
-    string          | *length*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | UTF-8 string (8 bytes follow)      | 0x7B
-    array           | *size*: 0..23                              | array                              | 0x80..0x97
-    array           | *size*: 23..255                            | array (1 byte follow)              | 0x98
-    array           | *size*: 256..65535                         | array (2 bytes follow)             | 0x99
-    array           | *size*: 65536..4294967295                  | array (4 bytes follow)             | 0x9A
-    array           | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | array (8 bytes follow)             | 0x9B
-    object          | *size*: 0..23                              | map                                | 0xA0..0xB7
-    object          | *size*: 23..255                            | map (1 byte follow)                | 0xB8
-    object          | *size*: 256..65535                         | map (2 bytes follow)               | 0xB9
-    object          | *size*: 65536..4294967295                  | map (4 bytes follow)               | 0xBA
-    object          | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | map (8 bytes follow)               | 0xBB
-
-    @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
-          can be converted to a CBOR value.
-
-    @note If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are
-          serialized properly. This behavior differs from the @ref dump()
-          function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
-
-    @note The following CBOR types are not used in the conversion:
-          - byte strings (0x40..0x5F)
-          - UTF-8 strings terminated by "break" (0x7F)
-          - arrays terminated by "break" (0x9F)
-          - maps terminated by "break" (0xBF)
-          - date/time (0xC0..0xC1)
-          - bignum (0xC2..0xC3)
-          - decimal fraction (0xC4)
-          - bigfloat (0xC5)
-          - tagged items (0xC6..0xD4, 0xD8..0xDB)
-          - expected conversions (0xD5..0xD7)
-          - simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
-          - undefined (0xF7)
-          - half and single-precision floats (0xF9-0xFA)
-          - break (0xFF)
-
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @return MessagePack serialization as byte vector
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
-    vector in CBOR format.,to_cbor}
-
-    @sa http://cbor.io
-    @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        analogous deserialization
-    @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the related MessagePack format
-    @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
-             related UBJSON format
-
-    @since version 2.0.9
-    */
-    static std::vector<uint8_t> to_cbor(const basic_json& j)
-    {
-        std::vector<uint8_t> result;
-        to_cbor(j, result);
-        return result;
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_object())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(312, "cannot use update() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
-
-    static void to_cbor(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o)
-    {
-        binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_cbor(j);
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not j.is_object())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(312, "cannot use update() with " +
+                                             std::string(j.type_name())));
     }
 
-    static void to_cbor(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<char> o)
-    {
-        binary_writer<char>(o).write_cbor(j);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
-
-    Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the MessagePack
-    serialization format. MessagePack is a binary serialization format which
-    aims to be more compact than JSON itself, yet more efficient to parse.
-
-    The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
-    MessagePack types according to the MessagePack specification:
-
-    JSON value type | value/range                       | MessagePack type | first byte
-    --------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------- | ----------
-    null            | `null`                            | nil              | 0xC0
-    boolean         | `true`                            | true             | 0xC3
-    boolean         | `false`                           | false            | 0xC2
-    number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | int64            | 0xD3
-    number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769               | int32            | 0xD2
-    number_integer  | -32768..-129                      | int16            | 0xD1
-    number_integer  | -128..-33                         | int8             | 0xD0
-    number_integer  | -32..-1                           | negative fixint  | 0xE0..0xFF
-    number_integer  | 0..127                            | positive fixint  | 0x00..0x7F
-    number_integer  | 128..255                          | uint 8           | 0xCC
-    number_integer  | 256..65535                        | uint 16          | 0xCD
-    number_integer  | 65536..4294967295                 | uint 32          | 0xCE
-    number_integer  | 4294967296..18446744073709551615  | uint 64          | 0xCF
-    number_unsigned | 0..127                            | positive fixint  | 0x00..0x7F
-    number_unsigned | 128..255                          | uint 8           | 0xCC
-    number_unsigned | 256..65535                        | uint 16          | 0xCD
-    number_unsigned | 65536..4294967295                 | uint 32          | 0xCE
-    number_unsigned | 4294967296..18446744073709551615  | uint 64          | 0xCF
-    number_float    | *any value*                       | float 64         | 0xCB
-    string          | *length*: 0..31                   | fixstr           | 0xA0..0xBF
-    string          | *length*: 32..255                 | str 8            | 0xD9
-    string          | *length*: 256..65535              | str 16           | 0xDA
-    string          | *length*: 65536..4294967295       | str 32           | 0xDB
-    array           | *size*: 0..15                     | fixarray         | 0x90..0x9F
-    array           | *size*: 16..65535                 | array 16         | 0xDC
-    array           | *size*: 65536..4294967295         | array 32         | 0xDD
-    object          | *size*: 0..15                     | fix map          | 0x80..0x8F
-    object          | *size*: 16..65535                 | map 16           | 0xDE
-    object          | *size*: 65536..4294967295         | map 32           | 0xDF
-
-    @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
-          can be converted to a MessagePack value.
-
-    @note The following values can **not** be converted to a MessagePack value:
-          - strings with more than 4294967295 bytes
-          - arrays with more than 4294967295 elements
-          - objects with more than 4294967295 elements
-
-    @note The following MessagePack types are not used in the conversion:
-          - bin 8 - bin 32 (0xC4..0xC6)
-          - ext 8 - ext 32 (0xC7..0xC9)
-          - float 32 (0xCA)
-          - fixext 1 - fixext 16 (0xD4..0xD8)
-
-    @note Any MessagePack output created @ref to_msgpack can be successfully
-          parsed by @ref from_msgpack.
-
-    @note If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are
-          serialized properly. This behavior differs from the @ref dump()
-          function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
-
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @return MessagePack serialization as byte vector
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
-    vector in MessagePack format.,to_msgpack}
-
-    @sa http://msgpack.org
-    @sa @ref from_msgpack for the analogous deserialization
-    @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json& for the related CBOR format
-    @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
-             related UBJSON format
-
-    @since version 2.0.9
-    */
-    static std::vector<uint8_t> to_msgpack(const basic_json& j)
-    {
-        std::vector<uint8_t> result;
-        to_msgpack(j, result);
-        return result;
+    for (auto it = j.cbegin(); it != j.cend(); ++it) {
+      m_value.object->operator[](it.key()) = it.value();
     }
+  }
 
-    static void to_msgpack(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o)
-    {
-        binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_msgpack(j);
+  /*!
+  @brief updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
+
+  Inserts all values from from range `[first, last)` and overwrites existing
+  keys.
+
+  @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
+  @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
+
+  @throw type_error.312 if called on JSON values other than objects; example:
+  `"cannot use update() with string"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.202 if iterator @a first or @a last does does not
+  point to an object; example: `"iterators first and last must point to
+  objects"`
+  @throw invalid_iterator.210 if @a first and @a last do not belong to the
+  same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
+
+  @complexity O(N*log(size() + N)), where N is the number of elements to
+              insert.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows how `update()` is used__range.,update}
+
+  @sa https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/stdtypes.html#dict.update
+
+  @since version 3.0.0
+  */
+  void update(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
+    // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
+    if (is_null()) {
+      m_type = value_t::object;
+      m_value.object = create<object_t>();
+      assert_invariant();
     }
 
-    static void to_msgpack(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<char> o)
-    {
-        binary_writer<char>(o).write_msgpack(j);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a UBJSON serialization of a given JSON value
-
-    Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the UBJSON
-    (Universal Binary JSON) serialization format. UBJSON aims to be more compact
-    than JSON itself, yet more efficient to parse.
-
-    The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
-    UBJSON types according to the UBJSON specification:
-
-    JSON value type | value/range                       | UBJSON type | marker
-    --------------- | --------------------------------- | ----------- | ------
-    null            | `null`                            | null        | `Z`
-    boolean         | `true`                            | true        | `T`
-    boolean         | `false`                           | false       | `F`
-    number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | int64       | `L`
-    number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769               | int32       | `l`
-    number_integer  | -32768..-129                      | int16       | `I`
-    number_integer  | -128..127                         | int8        | `i`
-    number_integer  | 128..255                          | uint8       | `U`
-    number_integer  | 256..32767                        | int16       | `I`
-    number_integer  | 32768..2147483647                 | int32       | `l`
-    number_integer  | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | `L`
-    number_unsigned | 0..127                            | int8        | `i`
-    number_unsigned | 128..255                          | uint8       | `U`
-    number_unsigned | 256..32767                        | int16       | `I`
-    number_unsigned | 32768..2147483647                 | int32       | `l`
-    number_unsigned | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | `L`
-    number_float    | *any value*                       | float64     | `D`
-    string          | *with shortest length indicator*  | string      | `S`
-    array           | *see notes on optimized format*   | array       | `[`
-    object          | *see notes on optimized format*   | map         | `{`
-
-    @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
-          can be converted to a UBJSON value.
-
-    @note The following values can **not** be converted to a UBJSON value:
-          - strings with more than 9223372036854775807 bytes (theoretical)
-          - unsigned integer numbers above 9223372036854775807
-
-    @note The following markers are not used in the conversion:
-          - `Z`: no-op values are not created.
-          - `C`: single-byte strings are serialized with `S` markers.
-
-    @note Any UBJSON output created @ref to_ubjson can be successfully parsed
-          by @ref from_ubjson.
-
-    @note If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are
-          serialized properly. This behavior differs from the @ref dump()
-          function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
-
-    @note The optimized formats for containers are supported: Parameter
-          @a use_size adds size information to the beginning of a container and
-          removes the closing marker. Parameter @a use_type further checks
-          whether all elements of a container have the same type and adds the
-          type marker to the beginning of the container. The @a use_type
-          parameter must only be used together with @a use_size = true. Note
-          that @a use_size = true alone may result in larger representations -
-          the benefit of this parameter is that the receiving side is
-          immediately informed on the number of elements of the container.
-
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @param[in] use_size  whether to add size annotations to container types
-    @param[in] use_type  whether to add type annotations to container types
-                         (must be combined with @a use_size = true)
-    @return UBJSON serialization as byte vector
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
-    vector in UBJSON format.,to_ubjson}
-
-    @sa http://ubjson.org
-    @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        analogous deserialization
-    @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json& for the related CBOR format
-    @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the related MessagePack format
-
-    @since version 3.1.0
-    */
-    static std::vector<uint8_t> to_ubjson(const basic_json& j,
-                                          const bool use_size = false,
-                                          const bool use_type = false)
-    {
-        std::vector<uint8_t> result;
-        to_ubjson(j, result, use_size, use_type);
-        return result;
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not is_object())) {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(312, "cannot use update() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
 
-    static void to_ubjson(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o,
-                          const bool use_size = false, const bool use_type = false)
-    {
-        binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type);
+    // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit"));
     }
 
-    static void to_ubjson(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<char> o,
-                          const bool use_size = false, const bool use_type = false)
-    {
-        binary_writer<char>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type);
-    }
-
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Serializes the given JSON object `j` to BSON and returns a vector
-           containing the corresponding BSON-representation.
-
-    BSON (Binary JSON) is a binary format in which zero or more ordered key/value pairs are
-    stored as a single entity (a so-called document).
-
-    The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to BSON types:
-
-    JSON value type | value/range                       | BSON type   | marker
-    --------------- | --------------------------------- | ----------- | ------
-    null            | `null`                            | null        | 0x0A
-    boolean         | `true`, `false`                   | boolean     | 0x08
-    number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | int64       | 0x12
-    number_integer  | -2147483648..2147483647           | int32       | 0x10
-    number_integer  | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | 0x12
-    number_unsigned | 0..2147483647                     | int32       | 0x10
-    number_unsigned | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | 0x12
-    number_unsigned | 9223372036854775808..18446744073709551615| --   | --
-    number_float    | *any value*                       | double      | 0x01
-    string          | *any value*                       | string      | 0x02
-    array           | *any value*                       | document    | 0x04
-    object          | *any value*                       | document    | 0x03
-
-    @warning The mapping is **incomplete**, since only JSON-objects (and things
-    contained therein) can be serialized to BSON.
-    Also, integers larger than 9223372036854775807 cannot be serialized to BSON,
-    and the keys may not contain U+0000, since they are serialized a
-    zero-terminated c-strings.
-
-    @throw out_of_range.407  if `j.is_number_unsigned() && j.get<std::uint64_t>() > 9223372036854775807`
-    @throw out_of_range.409  if a key in `j` contains a NULL (U+0000)
-    @throw type_error.317    if `!j.is_object()`
-
-    @pre The input `j` is required to be an object: `j.is_object() == true`.
-
-    @note Any BSON output created via @ref to_bson can be successfully parsed
-          by @ref from_bson.
-
-    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-    @return BSON serialization as byte vector
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
-    vector in BSON format.,to_bson}
-
-    @sa http://bsonspec.org/spec.html
-    @sa @ref from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool strict) for the
-        analogous deserialization
-    @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
-             related UBJSON format
-    @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json&) for the related CBOR format
-    @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the related MessagePack format
-    */
-    static std::vector<uint8_t> to_bson(const basic_json& j)
-    {
-        std::vector<uint8_t> result;
-        to_bson(j, result);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Serializes the given JSON object `j` to BSON and forwards the
-           corresponding BSON-representation to the given output_adapter `o`.
-    @param j The JSON object to convert to BSON.
-    @param o The output adapter that receives the binary BSON representation.
-    @pre The input `j` shall be an object: `j.is_object() == true`
-    @sa @ref to_bson(const basic_json&)
-    */
-    static void to_bson(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o)
-    {
-        binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_bson(j);
+    // passed iterators must belong to objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not first.m_object->is_object() or
+                             not last.m_object->is_object())) {
+      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
+          202, "iterators first and last must point to objects"));
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @copydoc to_bson(const basic_json&, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t>)
-    */
-    static void to_bson(const basic_json& j, detail::output_adapter<char> o)
-    {
-        binary_writer<char>(o).write_bson(j);
-    }
-
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format
-
-    Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the CBOR (Concise
-    Binary Object Representation) serialization format.
-
-    The library maps CBOR types to JSON value types as follows:
-
-    CBOR type              | JSON value type | first byte
-    ---------------------- | --------------- | ----------
-    Integer                | number_unsigned | 0x00..0x17
-    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x18
-    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x19
-    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x1A
-    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x1B
-    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x20..0x37
-    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x38
-    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x39
-    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x3A
-    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x3B
-    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x40..0x57
-    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x60..0x77
-    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x78
-    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x79
-    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7A
-    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7B
-    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7F
-    array                  | array           | 0x80..0x97
-    array                  | array           | 0x98
-    array                  | array           | 0x99
-    array                  | array           | 0x9A
-    array                  | array           | 0x9B
-    array                  | array           | 0x9F
-    map                    | object          | 0xA0..0xB7
-    map                    | object          | 0xB8
-    map                    | object          | 0xB9
-    map                    | object          | 0xBA
-    map                    | object          | 0xBB
-    map                    | object          | 0xBF
-    False                  | `false`         | 0xF4
-    True                   | `true`          | 0xF5
-    Null                   | `null`          | 0xF6
-    Half-Precision Float   | number_float    | 0xF9
-    Single-Precision Float | number_float    | 0xFA
-    Double-Precision Float | number_float    | 0xFB
-
-    @warning The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all CBOR
-             types can be converted to a JSON value. The following CBOR types
-             are not supported and will yield parse errors (parse_error.112):
-             - byte strings (0x40..0x5F)
-             - date/time (0xC0..0xC1)
-             - bignum (0xC2..0xC3)
-             - decimal fraction (0xC4)
-             - bigfloat (0xC5)
-             - tagged items (0xC6..0xD4, 0xD8..0xDB)
-             - expected conversions (0xD5..0xD7)
-             - simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
-             - undefined (0xF7)
-
-    @warning CBOR allows map keys of any type, whereas JSON only allows
-             strings as keys in object values. Therefore, CBOR maps with keys
-             other than UTF-8 strings are rejected (parse_error.113).
-
-    @note Any CBOR output created @ref to_cbor can be successfully parsed by
-          @ref from_cbor.
-
-    @param[in] i  an input in CBOR format convertible to an input adapter
-    @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
-                       (true by default)
-    @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
-    parse error (optional, true by default)
-
-    @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
-            @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
-            value_t::discarded.
-
-    @throw parse_error.110 if the given input ends prematurely or the end of
-    file was not reached when @a strict was set to true
-    @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from CBOR were
-    used in the given input @a v or if the input is not valid CBOR
-    @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in CBOR
-    format to a JSON value.,from_cbor}
-
-    @sa http://cbor.io
-    @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
-    @sa @ref from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        related MessagePack format
-    @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        related UBJSON format
-
-    @since version 2.0.9; parameter @a start_index since 2.1.1; changed to
-           consume input adapters, removed start_index parameter, and added
-           @a strict parameter since 3.0.0; added @a allow_exceptions parameter
-           since 3.2.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&& i,
-                                const bool strict = true,
-                                const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i)).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @copydoc from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
-    */
-    template<typename A1, typename A2,
-             detail::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_cbor(A1 && a1, A2 && a2,
-                                const bool strict = true,
-                                const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1), std::forward<A2>(a2))).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
-
-    Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the MessagePack
-    serialization format.
-
-    The library maps MessagePack types to JSON value types as follows:
-
-    MessagePack type | JSON value type | first byte
-    ---------------- | --------------- | ----------
-    positive fixint  | number_unsigned | 0x00..0x7F
-    fixmap           | object          | 0x80..0x8F
-    fixarray         | array           | 0x90..0x9F
-    fixstr           | string          | 0xA0..0xBF
-    nil              | `null`          | 0xC0
-    false            | `false`         | 0xC2
-    true             | `true`          | 0xC3
-    float 32         | number_float    | 0xCA
-    float 64         | number_float    | 0xCB
-    uint 8           | number_unsigned | 0xCC
-    uint 16          | number_unsigned | 0xCD
-    uint 32          | number_unsigned | 0xCE
-    uint 64          | number_unsigned | 0xCF
-    int 8            | number_integer  | 0xD0
-    int 16           | number_integer  | 0xD1
-    int 32           | number_integer  | 0xD2
-    int 64           | number_integer  | 0xD3
-    str 8            | string          | 0xD9
-    str 16           | string          | 0xDA
-    str 32           | string          | 0xDB
-    array 16         | array           | 0xDC
-    array 32         | array           | 0xDD
-    map 16           | object          | 0xDE
-    map 32           | object          | 0xDF
-    negative fixint  | number_integer  | 0xE0-0xFF
-
-    @warning The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all
-             MessagePack types can be converted to a JSON value. The following
-             MessagePack types are not supported and will yield parse errors:
-              - bin 8 - bin 32 (0xC4..0xC6)
-              - ext 8 - ext 32 (0xC7..0xC9)
-              - fixext 1 - fixext 16 (0xD4..0xD8)
-
-    @note Any MessagePack output created @ref to_msgpack can be successfully
-          parsed by @ref from_msgpack.
-
-    @param[in] i  an input in MessagePack format convertible to an input
-                  adapter
-    @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
-                       (true by default)
-    @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
-    parse error (optional, true by default)
-
-    @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
-            @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
-            value_t::discarded.
-
-    @throw parse_error.110 if the given input ends prematurely or the end of
-    file was not reached when @a strict was set to true
-    @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from MessagePack were
-    used in the given input @a i or if the input is not valid MessagePack
-    @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in
-    MessagePack format to a JSON value.,from_msgpack}
-
-    @sa http://msgpack.org
-    @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
-    @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        related CBOR format
-    @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
-        the related UBJSON format
-    @sa @ref from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
-        the related BSON format
-
-    @since version 2.0.9; parameter @a start_index since 2.1.1; changed to
-           consume input adapters, removed start_index parameter, and added
-           @a strict parameter since 3.0.0; added @a allow_exceptions parameter
-           since 3.2.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&& i,
-                                   const bool strict = true,
-                                   const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i)).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @copydoc from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
-    */
-    template<typename A1, typename A2,
-             detail::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_msgpack(A1 && a1, A2 && a2,
-                                   const bool strict = true,
-                                   const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1), std::forward<A2>(a2))).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
-
-    Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the UBJSON (Universal
-    Binary JSON) serialization format.
-
-    The library maps UBJSON types to JSON value types as follows:
-
-    UBJSON type | JSON value type                         | marker
-    ----------- | --------------------------------------- | ------
-    no-op       | *no value, next value is read*          | `N`
-    null        | `null`                                  | `Z`
-    false       | `false`                                 | `F`
-    true        | `true`                                  | `T`
-    float32     | number_float                            | `d`
-    float64     | number_float                            | `D`
-    uint8       | number_unsigned                         | `U`
-    int8        | number_integer                          | `i`
-    int16       | number_integer                          | `I`
-    int32       | number_integer                          | `l`
-    int64       | number_integer                          | `L`
-    string      | string                                  | `S`
-    char        | string                                  | `C`
-    array       | array (optimized values are supported)  | `[`
-    object      | object (optimized values are supported) | `{`
-
-    @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any UBJSON value can
-          be converted to a JSON value.
-
-    @param[in] i  an input in UBJSON format convertible to an input adapter
-    @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
-                       (true by default)
-    @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
-    parse error (optional, true by default)
-
-    @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
-            @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
-            value_t::discarded.
-
-    @throw parse_error.110 if the given input ends prematurely or the end of
-    file was not reached when @a strict was set to true
-    @throw parse_error.112 if a parse error occurs
-    @throw parse_error.113 if a string could not be parsed successfully
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in
-    UBJSON format to a JSON value.,from_ubjson}
-
-    @sa http://ubjson.org
-    @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
-             analogous serialization
-    @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        related CBOR format
-    @sa @ref from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
-        the related MessagePack format
-    @sa @ref from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
-        the related BSON format
-
-    @since version 3.1.0; added @a allow_exceptions parameter since 3.2.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&& i,
-                                  const bool strict = true,
-                                  const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i)).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @copydoc from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
-    */
-    template<typename A1, typename A2,
-             detail::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_ubjson(A1 && a1, A2 && a2,
-                                  const bool strict = true,
-                                  const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1), std::forward<A2>(a2))).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief Create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
-
-    Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the BSON (Binary JSON)
-    serialization format.
-
-    The library maps BSON record types to JSON value types as follows:
-
-    BSON type       | BSON marker byte | JSON value type
-    --------------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------
-    double          | 0x01             | number_float
-    string          | 0x02             | string
-    document        | 0x03             | object
-    array           | 0x04             | array
-    binary          | 0x05             | still unsupported
-    undefined       | 0x06             | still unsupported
-    ObjectId        | 0x07             | still unsupported
-    boolean         | 0x08             | boolean
-    UTC Date-Time   | 0x09             | still unsupported
-    null            | 0x0A             | null
-    Regular Expr.   | 0x0B             | still unsupported
-    DB Pointer      | 0x0C             | still unsupported
-    JavaScript Code | 0x0D             | still unsupported
-    Symbol          | 0x0E             | still unsupported
-    JavaScript Code | 0x0F             | still unsupported
-    int32           | 0x10             | number_integer
-    Timestamp       | 0x11             | still unsupported
-    128-bit decimal float | 0x13       | still unsupported
-    Max Key         | 0x7F             | still unsupported
-    Min Key         | 0xFF             | still unsupported
-
-    @warning The mapping is **incomplete**. The unsupported mappings
-             are indicated in the table above.
-
-    @param[in] i  an input in BSON format convertible to an input adapter
-    @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
-                       (true by default)
-    @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
-    parse error (optional, true by default)
-
-    @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
-            @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
-            value_t::discarded.
-
-    @throw parse_error.114 if an unsupported BSON record type is encountered
-
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
-
-    @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in
-    BSON format to a JSON value.,from_bson}
-
-    @sa http://bsonspec.org/spec.html
-    @sa @ref to_bson(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
-    @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        related CBOR format
-    @sa @ref from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
-        the related MessagePack format
-    @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
-        related UBJSON format
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_bson(detail::input_adapter&& i,
-                                const bool strict = true,
-                                const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i)).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @copydoc from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
-    */
-    template<typename A1, typename A2,
-             detail::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json from_bson(A1 && a1, A2 && a2,
-                                const bool strict = true,
-                                const bool allow_exceptions = true)
-    {
-        basic_json result;
-        detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1), std::forward<A2>(a2))).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict);
-        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+    for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it) {
+      m_value.object->operator[](it.key()) = it.value();
     }
+  }
 
+  /*!
+  @brief exchanges the values
 
+  Exchanges the contents of the JSON value with those of @a other. Does not
+  invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+  iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+  invalidated.
 
-    /// @}
+  @param[in,out] other JSON value to exchange the contents with
 
-    //////////////////////////
-    // JSON Pointer support //
-    //////////////////////////
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    /// @name JSON Pointer functions
-    /// @{
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values can be swapped with
+  `swap()`.,swap__reference}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void swap(reference other) noexcept(
+      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value
+          and std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value
+              and std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value
+                  and std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value) {
+    std::swap(m_type, other.m_type);
+    std::swap(m_value, other.m_value);
+    assert_invariant();
+  }
 
-    Uses a JSON pointer to retrieve a reference to the respective JSON value.
-    No bound checking is performed. Similar to @ref operator[](const typename
-    object_t::key_type&), `null` values are created in arrays and objects if
-    necessary.
+  /*!
+  @brief exchanges the values
 
-    In particular:
-    - If the JSON pointer points to an object key that does not exist, it
-      is created an filled with a `null` value before a reference to it
-      is returned.
-    - If the JSON pointer points to an array index that does not exist, it
-      is created an filled with a `null` value before a reference to it
-      is returned. All indices between the current maximum and the given
-      index are also filled with `null`.
-    - The special value `-` is treated as a synonym for the index past the
-      end.
+  Exchanges the contents of a JSON array with those of @a other. Does not
+  invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+  iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+  invalidated.
 
-    @param[in] ptr  a JSON pointer
+  @param[in,out] other array to exchange the contents with
 
-    @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+  @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not an array; example: `"cannot
+  use swap() with string"`
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how arrays can be swapped with
+  `swap()`.,swap__array_t}
 
-    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,operatorjson_pointer}
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void swap(array_t &other) {
+    // swap only works for arrays
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
+      std::swap(*(m_value.array), other);
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, "cannot use swap() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
+  }
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr)
-    {
-        return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
+  /*!
+  @brief exchanges the values
+
+  Exchanges the contents of a JSON object with those of @a other. Does not
+  invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+  iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+  invalidated.
+
+  @param[in,out] other object to exchange the contents with
+
+  @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not an object; example:
+  `"cannot use swap() with string"`
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how objects can be swapped with
+  `swap()`.,swap__object_t}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void swap(object_t &other) {
+    // swap only works for objects
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
+      std::swap(*(m_value.object), other);
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, "cannot use swap() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
     }
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+  /*!
+  @brief exchanges the values
 
-    Uses a JSON pointer to retrieve a reference to the respective JSON value.
-    No bound checking is performed. The function does not change the JSON
-    value; no `null` values are created. In particular, the the special value
-    `-` yields an exception.
+  Exchanges the contents of a JSON string with those of @a other. Does not
+  invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+  iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+  invalidated.
 
-    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
+  @param[in,out] other string to exchange the contents with
 
-    @return const reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+  @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not a string; example: `"cannot
+  use swap() with boolean"`
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how strings can be swapped with
+  `swap()`.,swap__string_t}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  void swap(string_t &other) {
+    // swap only works for strings
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_string())) {
+      std::swap(*(m_value.string), other);
+    } else {
+      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, "cannot use swap() with " +
+                                             std::string(type_name())));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// @}
+
+public:
+  //////////////////////////////////////////
+  // lexicographical comparison operators //
+  //////////////////////////////////////////
 
-    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-    @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
-    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+  /// @name lexicographical comparison operators
+  /// @{
 
-    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,operatorjson_pointer_const}
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: equal
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    const_reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr) const
-    {
-        return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
-    }
+  Compares two JSON values for equality according to the following rules:
+  - Two JSON values are equal if (1) they are from the same type and (2)
+    their stored values are the same according to their respective
+    `operator==`.
+  - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
+    comparison. Note than two NaN values are always treated as unequal.
+  - Two JSON null values are equal.
+
+  @note Floating-point inside JSON values numbers are compared with
+  `json::number_float_t::operator==` which is `double::operator==` by
+  default. To compare floating-point while respecting an epsilon, an alternative
+  [comparison
+  function](https://github.com/mariokonrad/marnav/blob/master/src/marnav/math/floatingpoint.hpp#L34-#L39)
+  could be used, for instance
+  @code {.cpp}
+  template<typename T, typename = typename
+  std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, T>::type> inline bool
+  is_same(T a, T b, T epsilon = std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon()) noexcept
+  {
+      return std::abs(a - b) <= epsilon;
+  }
+  @endcode
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+  @note NaN values never compare equal to themselves or to other NaN values.
 
-    Returns a reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer @a ptr,
-    with bounds checking.
+  @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+  @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+  @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are equal
 
-    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @complexity Linear.
 
-    @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+  @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+  types.,operator__equal}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
+    const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
+
+    if (lhs_type == rhs_type) {
+      switch (lhs_type) {
+      case value_t::array:
+        return *lhs.m_value.array == *rhs.m_value.array;
+
+      case value_t::object:
+        return *lhs.m_value.object == *rhs.m_value.object;
+
+      case value_t::null:
+        return true;
 
-    @throw parse_error.106 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
-    begins with '0'. See example below.
+      case value_t::string:
+        return *lhs.m_value.string == *rhs.m_value.string;
 
-    @throw parse_error.109 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
-    is not a number. See example below.
+      case value_t::boolean:
+        return lhs.m_value.boolean == rhs.m_value.boolean;
 
-    @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
-    is out of range. See example below.
+      case value_t::number_integer:
+        return lhs.m_value.number_integer == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
 
-    @throw out_of_range.402 if the array index '-' is used in the passed JSON
-    pointer @a ptr. As `at` provides checked access (and no elements are
-    implicitly inserted), the index '-' is always invalid. See example below.
+      case value_t::number_unsigned:
+        return lhs.m_value.number_unsigned == rhs.m_value.number_unsigned;
 
-    @throw out_of_range.403 if the JSON pointer describes a key of an object
-    which cannot be found. See example below.
+      case value_t::number_float:
+        return lhs.m_value.number_float == rhs.m_value.number_float;
 
-    @throw out_of_range.404 if the JSON pointer @a ptr can not be resolved.
-    See example below.
+      default:
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+      return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) ==
+             rhs.m_value.number_float;
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+      return lhs.m_value.number_float ==
+             static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+      return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) ==
+             rhs.m_value.number_float;
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+      return lhs.m_value.number_float ==
+             static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+      return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) ==
+             rhs.m_value.number_integer;
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+      return lhs.m_value.number_integer ==
+             static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: equal
+  @copydoc operator==(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs == basic_json(rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: equal
+  @copydoc operator==(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator==(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return basic_json(lhs) == rhs;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: not equal
+
+  Compares two JSON values for inequality by calculating `not (lhs == rhs)`.
+
+  @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+  @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+  @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are not equal
+
+  @complexity Linear.
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+  types.,operator__notequal}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return not(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: not equal
+  @copydoc operator!=(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs != basic_json(rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: not equal
+  @copydoc operator!=(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator!=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return basic_json(lhs) != rhs;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: less than
+
+  Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than another JSON value @a
+  rhs according to the following rules:
+  - If @a lhs and @a rhs have the same type, the values are compared using
+    the default `<` operator.
+  - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
+    comparison
+  - In case @a lhs and @a rhs have different types, the values are ignored
+    and the order of the types is considered, see
+    @ref operator<(const value_t, const value_t).
+
+  @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+  @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+  @return whether @a lhs is less than @a rhs
+
+  @complexity Linear.
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+  types.,operator__less}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
+    const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
+
+    if (lhs_type == rhs_type) {
+      switch (lhs_type) {
+      case value_t::array:
+        // note parentheses are necessary, see
+        // https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1530
+        return (*lhs.m_value.array) < (*rhs.m_value.array);
+
+      case value_t::object:
+        return (*lhs.m_value.object) < (*rhs.m_value.object);
+
+      case value_t::null:
+        return false;
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+      case value_t::string:
+        return (*lhs.m_value.string) < (*rhs.m_value.string);
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+      case value_t::boolean:
+        return (lhs.m_value.boolean) < (rhs.m_value.boolean);
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
+      case value_t::number_integer:
+        return (lhs.m_value.number_integer) < (rhs.m_value.number_integer);
 
-    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,at_json_pointer}
-    */
-    reference at(const json_pointer& ptr)
-    {
-        return ptr.get_checked(this);
-    }
+      case value_t::number_unsigned:
+        return (lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < (rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
 
-    /*!
-    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+      case value_t::number_float:
+        return (lhs.m_value.number_float) < (rhs.m_value.number_float);
 
-    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer @a
-    ptr, with bounds checking.
+      default:
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+      return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) <
+             rhs.m_value.number_float;
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+      return lhs.m_value.number_float <
+             static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+      return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) <
+             rhs.m_value.number_float;
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+      return lhs.m_value.number_float <
+             static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+      return lhs.m_value.number_integer <
+             static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+    } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and
+               rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+      return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) <
+             rhs.m_value.number_integer;
+    }
+
+    // We only reach this line if we cannot compare values. In that case,
+    // we compare types. Note we have to call the operator explicitly,
+    // because MSVC has problems otherwise.
+    return operator<(lhs_type, rhs_type);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: less than
+  @copydoc operator<(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs < basic_json(rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: less than
+  @copydoc operator<(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator<(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return basic_json(lhs) < rhs;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: less than or equal
+
+  Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than or equal to another
+  JSON value by calculating `not (rhs < lhs)`.
+
+  @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+  @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+  @return whether @a lhs is less than or equal to @a rhs
+
+  @complexity Linear.
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+  types.,operator__greater}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return not(rhs < lhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: less than or equal
+  @copydoc operator<=(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs <= basic_json(rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: less than or equal
+  @copydoc operator<=(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator<=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return basic_json(lhs) <= rhs;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: greater than
+
+  Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than another
+  JSON value by calculating `not (lhs <= rhs)`.
+
+  @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+  @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+  @return whether @a lhs is greater than to @a rhs
+
+  @complexity Linear.
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+  types.,operator__lessequal}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return not(lhs <= rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: greater than
+  @copydoc operator>(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs > basic_json(rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: greater than
+  @copydoc operator>(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator>(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return basic_json(lhs) > rhs;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: greater than or equal
+
+  Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than or equal to another
+  JSON value by calculating `not (lhs < rhs)`.
+
+  @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+  @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+  @return whether @a lhs is greater than or equal to @a rhs
+
+  @complexity Linear.
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+  types.,operator__greaterequal}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return not(lhs < rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: greater than or equal
+  @copydoc operator>=(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs >= basic_json(rhs);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief comparison: greater than or equal
+  @copydoc operator>=(const_reference, const_reference)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename ScalarType,
+      typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  friend bool operator>=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+    return basic_json(lhs) >= rhs;
+  }
+
+  /// @}
+
+  ///////////////////
+  // serialization //
+  ///////////////////
+
+  /// @name serialization
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief serialize to stream
+
+  Serialize the given JSON value @a j to the output stream @a o. The JSON
+  value will be serialized using the @ref dump member function.
+
+  - The indentation of the output can be controlled with the member variable
+    `width` of the output stream @a o. For instance, using the manipulator
+    `std::setw(4)` on @a o sets the indentation level to `4` and the
+    serialization result is the same as calling `dump(4)`.
+
+  - The indentation character can be controlled with the member variable
+    `fill` of the output stream @a o. For instance, the manipulator
+    `std::setfill('\\t')` sets indentation to use a tab character rather than
+    the default space character.
+
+  @param[in,out] o  stream to serialize to
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+
+  @return the stream @a o
+
+  @throw type_error.316 if a string stored inside the JSON value is not
+                        UTF-8 encoded
+
+  @complexity Linear.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows the serialization with different
+  parameters to `width` to adjust the indentation level.,operator_serialize}
+
+  @since version 1.0.0; indentation character added in version 3.0.0
+  */
+  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const basic_json &j) {
+    // read width member and use it as indentation parameter if nonzero
+    const bool pretty_print = o.width() > 0;
+    const auto indentation = pretty_print ? o.width() : 0;
+
+    // reset width to 0 for subsequent calls to this stream
+    o.width(0);
+
+    // do the actual serialization
+    serializer s(detail::output_adapter<char>(o), o.fill());
+    s.dump(j, pretty_print, false, static_cast<unsigned int>(indentation));
+    return o;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief serialize to stream
+  @deprecated This stream operator is deprecated and will be removed in
+              future 4.0.0 of the library. Please use
+              @ref operator<<(std::ostream&, const basic_json&)
+              instead; that is, replace calls like `j >> o;` with `o << j;`.
+  @since version 1.0.0; deprecated since version 3.0.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.0.0)
+  friend std::ostream &operator>>(const basic_json &j, std::ostream &o) {
+    return o << j;
+  }
+
+  /// @}
+
+  /////////////////////
+  // deserialization //
+  /////////////////////
+
+  /// @name deserialization
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief deserialize from a compatible input
+
+  This function reads from a compatible input. Examples are:
+  - an array of 1-byte values
+  - strings with character/literal type with size of 1 byte
+  - input streams
+  - container with contiguous storage of 1-byte values. Compatible container
+    types include `std::vector`, `std::string`, `std::array`,
+    `std::valarray`, and `std::initializer_list`. Furthermore, C-style
+    arrays can be used with `std::begin()`/`std::end()`. User-defined
+    containers can be used as long as they implement random-access iterators
+    and a contiguous storage.
+
+  @pre Each element of the container has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
+  precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
+  with a static assertion.**
+
+  @pre The container storage is contiguous. Violating this precondition
+  yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an
+  assertion.**
+
+  @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
+           the function is called with a noncompliant container and with
+           assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
+           likely yield segmentation violation.
+
+  @param[in] i  input to read from
+  @param[in] cb  a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
+  which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
+  (optional)
+  @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
+  parse error (optional, true by default)
+
+  @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
+          @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
+          value_t::discarded.
+
+  @throw parse_error.101 if a parse error occurs; example: `""unexpected end
+  of input; expected string literal""`
+  @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+  @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+  LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
+  @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+
+  @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
+  from an array.,parse__array__parser_callback_t}
+
+  @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function with
+  and without callback function.,parse__string__parser_callback_t}
+
+  @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function with
+  and without callback function.,parse__istream__parser_callback_t}
+
+  @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
+  from a contiguous container.,parse__contiguouscontainer__parser_callback_t}
+
+  @since version 2.0.3 (contiguous containers)
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json parse(detail::input_adapter &&i,
+                          const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
+                          const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    parser(i, cb, allow_exceptions).parse(true, result);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  static bool accept(detail::input_adapter &&i) {
+    return parser(i).accept(true);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief generate SAX events
+
+  The SAX event lister must follow the interface of @ref json_sax.
+
+  This function reads from a compatible input. Examples are:
+  - an array of 1-byte values
+  - strings with character/literal type with size of 1 byte
+  - input streams
+  - container with contiguous storage of 1-byte values. Compatible container
+    types include `std::vector`, `std::string`, `std::array`,
+    `std::valarray`, and `std::initializer_list`. Furthermore, C-style
+    arrays can be used with `std::begin()`/`std::end()`. User-defined
+    containers can be used as long as they implement random-access iterators
+    and a contiguous storage.
+
+  @pre Each element of the container has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
+  precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
+  with a static assertion.**
+
+  @pre The container storage is contiguous. Violating this precondition
+  yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an
+  assertion.**
+
+  @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
+           the function is called with a noncompliant container and with
+           assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
+           likely yield segmentation violation.
+
+  @param[in] i  input to read from
+  @param[in,out] sax  SAX event listener
+  @param[in] format  the format to parse (JSON, CBOR, MessagePack, or UBJSON)
+  @param[in] strict  whether the input has to be consumed completely
+
+  @return return value of the last processed SAX event
+
+  @throw parse_error.101 if a parse error occurs; example: `""unexpected end
+  of input; expected string literal""`
+  @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+  @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+  LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the SAX consumer @a sax has
+  a super-linear complexity.
+
+  @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `sax_parse()` function
+  reading from string and processing the events with a user-defined SAX
+  event consumer.,sax_parse}
+
+  @since version 3.2.0
+  */
+  template <typename SAX>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
+  static bool sax_parse(detail::input_adapter &&i, SAX *sax,
+                        input_format_t format = input_format_t::json,
+                        const bool strict = true) {
+    assert(sax);
+    return format == input_format_t::json
+               ? parser(std::move(i)).sax_parse(sax, strict)
+               : detail::binary_reader<basic_json, SAX>(std::move(i))
+                     .sax_parse(format, sax, strict);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief deserialize from an iterator range with contiguous storage
+
+  This function reads from an iterator range of a container with contiguous
+  storage of 1-byte values. Compatible container types include
+  `std::vector`, `std::string`, `std::array`, `std::valarray`, and
+  `std::initializer_list`. Furthermore, C-style arrays can be used with
+  `std::begin()`/`std::end()`. User-defined containers can be used as long
+  as they implement random-access iterators and a contiguous storage.
+
+  @pre The iterator range is contiguous. Violating this precondition yields
+  undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an assertion.**
+  @pre Each element in the range has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
+  precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
+  with a static assertion.**
+
+  @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
+           the function is called with noncompliant iterators and with
+           assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
+           likely yield segmentation violation.
+
+  @tparam IteratorType iterator of container with contiguous storage
+  @param[in] first  begin of the range to parse (included)
+  @param[in] last  end of the range to parse (excluded)
+  @param[in] cb  a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
+  which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
+  (optional)
+  @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
+  parse error (optional, true by default)
+
+  @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
+          @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
+          value_t::discarded.
+
+  @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+  @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+  @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+  LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
+  @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+
+  @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
+  from an iterator range.,parse__iteratortype__parser_callback_t}
+
+  @since version 2.0.3
+  */
+  template <class IteratorType,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_base_of<std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                                typename std::iterator_traits<
+                                    IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value,
+                int>::type = 0>
+  static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+                          const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
+                          const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    parser(detail::input_adapter(first, last), cb, allow_exceptions)
+        .parse(true, result);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template <class IteratorType,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_base_of<std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                                typename std::iterator_traits<
+                                    IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value,
+                int>::type = 0>
+  static bool accept(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) {
+    return parser(detail::input_adapter(first, last)).accept(true);
+  }
+
+  template <class IteratorType, class SAX,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_base_of<std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                                typename std::iterator_traits<
+                                    IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value,
+                int>::type = 0>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
+  static bool sax_parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, SAX *sax) {
+    return parser(detail::input_adapter(first, last)).sax_parse(sax);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief deserialize from stream
+  @deprecated This stream operator is deprecated and will be removed in
+              version 4.0.0 of the library. Please use
+              @ref operator>>(std::istream&, basic_json&)
+              instead; that is, replace calls like `j << i;` with `i >> j;`.
+  @since version 1.0.0; deprecated since version 3.0.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(3.0.0)
+  friend std::istream &operator<<(basic_json &j, std::istream &i) {
+    return operator>>(i, j);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief deserialize from stream
+
+  Deserializes an input stream to a JSON value.
+
+  @param[in,out] i  input stream to read a serialized JSON value from
+  @param[in,out] j  JSON value to write the deserialized input to
+
+  @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+  @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+  @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+  @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+  LL(1) parser.
+
+  @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+  @liveexample{The example below shows how a JSON value is constructed by
+  reading a serialization from a stream.,operator_deserialize}
+
+  @sa parse(std::istream&, const parser_callback_t) for a variant with a
+  parser callback function to filter values while parsing
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &i, basic_json &j) {
+    parser(detail::input_adapter(i)).parse(false, j);
+    return i;
+  }
+
+  /// @}
+
+  ///////////////////////////
+  // convenience functions //
+  ///////////////////////////
+
+  /*!
+  @brief return the type as string
+
+  Returns the type name as string to be used in error messages - usually to
+  indicate that a function was called on a wrong JSON type.
+
+  @return a string representation of a the @a m_type member:
+          Value type  | return value
+          ----------- | -------------
+          null        | `"null"`
+          boolean     | `"boolean"`
+          string      | `"string"`
+          number      | `"number"` (for all number types)
+          object      | `"object"`
+          array       | `"array"`
+          discarded   | `"discarded"`
+
+  @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
+
+  @complexity Constant.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `type_name()` for all JSON
+  types.,type_name}
+
+  @sa @ref type() -- return the type of the JSON value
+  @sa @ref operator value_t() -- return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
+
+  @since version 1.0.0, public since 2.1.0, `const char*` and `noexcept`
+  since 3.0.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
+  const char *type_name() const noexcept {
+    {
+      switch (m_type) {
+      case value_t::null:
+        return "null";
+      case value_t::object:
+        return "object";
+      case value_t::array:
+        return "array";
+      case value_t::string:
+        return "string";
+      case value_t::boolean:
+        return "boolean";
+      case value_t::discarded:
+        return "discarded";
+      default:
+        return "number";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  //////////////////////
+  // member variables //
+  //////////////////////
+
+  /// the type of the current element
+  value_t m_type = value_t::null;
+
+  /// the value of the current element
+  json_value m_value = {};
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////
+  // binary serialization/deserialization //
+  //////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  /// @name binary serialization/deserialization support
+  /// @{
+
+public:
+  /*!
+  @brief create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
+
+  Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the CBOR (Concise
+  Binary Object Representation) serialization format. CBOR is a binary
+  serialization format which aims to be more compact than JSON itself, yet
+  more efficient to parse.
+
+  The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
+  CBOR types according to the CBOR specification (RFC 7049):
+
+  JSON value type | value/range                                | CBOR type |
+  first byte
+  --------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
+  ---------------------------------- | --------------- null            | `null`
+  | Null                               | 0xF6 boolean         | `true` | True |
+  0xF5 boolean         | `false`                                    | False |
+  0xF4 number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649          | Negative
+  integer (8 bytes follow)  | 0x3B number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769 |
+  Negative integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x3A number_integer  | -32768..-129 |
+  Negative integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x39 number_integer  | -128..-25 |
+  Negative integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x38 number_integer  | -24..-1 | Negative
+  integer                   | 0x20..0x37 number_integer  | 0..23 | Integer |
+  0x00..0x17 number_integer  | 24..255                                    |
+  Unsigned integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x18 number_integer  | 256..65535 |
+  Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x19 number_integer  | 65536..4294967295
+  | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x1A number_integer  |
+  4294967296..18446744073709551615           | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow)
+  | 0x1B number_unsigned | 0..23                                      | Integer
+  | 0x00..0x17 number_unsigned | 24..255                                    |
+  Unsigned integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x18 number_unsigned | 256..65535 |
+  Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x19 number_unsigned | 65536..4294967295
+  | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x1A number_unsigned |
+  4294967296..18446744073709551615           | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow)
+  | 0x1B number_float    | *any value*                                |
+  Double-Precision Float             | 0xFB string          | *length*: 0..23 |
+  UTF-8 string                       | 0x60..0x77 string          |
+  *length*: 23..255                          | UTF-8 string (1 byte follow) |
+  0x78 string          | *length*: 256..65535                       | UTF-8
+  string (2 bytes follow)      | 0x79 string          | *length*:
+  65536..4294967295                | UTF-8 string (4 bytes follow)      | 0x7A
+  string          | *length*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | UTF-8 string (8
+  bytes follow)      | 0x7B array           | *size*: 0..23 | array | 0x80..0x97
+  array           | *size*: 23..255                            | array (1 byte
+  follow)              | 0x98 array           | *size*: 256..65535 | array (2
+  bytes follow)             | 0x99 array           | *size*: 65536..4294967295
+  | array (4 bytes follow)             | 0x9A array           | *size*:
+  4294967296..18446744073709551615   | array (8 bytes follow)             | 0x9B
+  object          | *size*: 0..23                              | map |
+  0xA0..0xB7 object          | *size*: 23..255                            | map
+  (1 byte follow)                | 0xB8 object          | *size*: 256..65535 |
+  map (2 bytes follow)               | 0xB9 object          | *size*:
+  65536..4294967295                  | map (4 bytes follow)               | 0xBA
+  object          | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | map (8 bytes
+  follow)               | 0xBB
+
+  @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
+        can be converted to a CBOR value.
+
+  @note If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are
+        serialized properly. This behavior differs from the @ref dump()
+        function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
+
+  @note The following CBOR types are not used in the conversion:
+        - byte strings (0x40..0x5F)
+        - UTF-8 strings terminated by "break" (0x7F)
+        - arrays terminated by "break" (0x9F)
+        - maps terminated by "break" (0xBF)
+        - date/time (0xC0..0xC1)
+        - bignum (0xC2..0xC3)
+        - decimal fraction (0xC4)
+        - bigfloat (0xC5)
+        - tagged items (0xC6..0xD4, 0xD8..0xDB)
+        - expected conversions (0xD5..0xD7)
+        - simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
+        - undefined (0xF7)
+        - half and single-precision floats (0xF9-0xFA)
+        - break (0xFF)
+
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @return MessagePack serialization as byte vector
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
+  vector in CBOR format.,to_cbor}
+
+  @sa http://cbor.io
+  @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      analogous deserialization
+  @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the related MessagePack format
+  @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
+           related UBJSON format
+
+  @since version 2.0.9
+  */
+  static std::vector<uint8_t> to_cbor(const basic_json &j) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> result;
+    to_cbor(j, result);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  static void to_cbor(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o) {
+    binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_cbor(j);
+  }
+
+  static void to_cbor(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<char> o) {
+    binary_writer<char>(o).write_cbor(j);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
+
+  Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the MessagePack
+  serialization format. MessagePack is a binary serialization format which
+  aims to be more compact than JSON itself, yet more efficient to parse.
+
+  The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
+  MessagePack types according to the MessagePack specification:
+
+  JSON value type | value/range                       | MessagePack type | first
+  byte
+  --------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------- |
+  ---------- null            | `null`                            | nil | 0xC0
+  boolean         | `true`                            | true             | 0xC3
+  boolean         | `false`                           | false            | 0xC2
+  number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | int64            | 0xD3
+  number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769               | int32            | 0xD2
+  number_integer  | -32768..-129                      | int16            | 0xD1
+  number_integer  | -128..-33                         | int8             | 0xD0
+  number_integer  | -32..-1                           | negative fixint  |
+  0xE0..0xFF number_integer  | 0..127                            | positive
+  fixint  | 0x00..0x7F number_integer  | 128..255                          |
+  uint 8           | 0xCC number_integer  | 256..65535                        |
+  uint 16          | 0xCD number_integer  | 65536..4294967295                 |
+  uint 32          | 0xCE number_integer  | 4294967296..18446744073709551615  |
+  uint 64          | 0xCF number_unsigned | 0..127                            |
+  positive fixint  | 0x00..0x7F number_unsigned | 128..255 | uint 8           |
+  0xCC number_unsigned | 256..65535                        | uint 16          |
+  0xCD number_unsigned | 65536..4294967295                 | uint 32          |
+  0xCE number_unsigned | 4294967296..18446744073709551615  | uint 64          |
+  0xCF number_float    | *any value*                       | float 64         |
+  0xCB string          | *length*: 0..31                   | fixstr           |
+  0xA0..0xBF string          | *length*: 32..255                 | str 8 | 0xD9
+  string          | *length*: 256..65535              | str 16           | 0xDA
+  string          | *length*: 65536..4294967295       | str 32           | 0xDB
+  array           | *size*: 0..15                     | fixarray         |
+  0x90..0x9F array           | *size*: 16..65535                 | array 16 |
+  0xDC array           | *size*: 65536..4294967295         | array 32         |
+  0xDD object          | *size*: 0..15                     | fix map          |
+  0x80..0x8F object          | *size*: 16..65535                 | map 16 | 0xDE
+  object          | *size*: 65536..4294967295         | map 32           | 0xDF
+
+  @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
+        can be converted to a MessagePack value.
+
+  @note The following values can **not** be converted to a MessagePack value:
+        - strings with more than 4294967295 bytes
+        - arrays with more than 4294967295 elements
+        - objects with more than 4294967295 elements
+
+  @note The following MessagePack types are not used in the conversion:
+        - bin 8 - bin 32 (0xC4..0xC6)
+        - ext 8 - ext 32 (0xC7..0xC9)
+        - float 32 (0xCA)
+        - fixext 1 - fixext 16 (0xD4..0xD8)
+
+  @note Any MessagePack output created @ref to_msgpack can be successfully
+        parsed by @ref from_msgpack.
+
+  @note If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are
+        serialized properly. This behavior differs from the @ref dump()
+        function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
+
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @return MessagePack serialization as byte vector
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
+  vector in MessagePack format.,to_msgpack}
+
+  @sa http://msgpack.org
+  @sa @ref from_msgpack for the analogous deserialization
+  @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json& for the related CBOR format
+  @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
+           related UBJSON format
+
+  @since version 2.0.9
+  */
+  static std::vector<uint8_t> to_msgpack(const basic_json &j) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> result;
+    to_msgpack(j, result);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  static void to_msgpack(const basic_json &j,
+                         detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o) {
+    binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_msgpack(j);
+  }
+
+  static void to_msgpack(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<char> o) {
+    binary_writer<char>(o).write_msgpack(j);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a UBJSON serialization of a given JSON value
+
+  Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the UBJSON
+  (Universal Binary JSON) serialization format. UBJSON aims to be more compact
+  than JSON itself, yet more efficient to parse.
+
+  The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
+  UBJSON types according to the UBJSON specification:
+
+  JSON value type | value/range                       | UBJSON type | marker
+  --------------- | --------------------------------- | ----------- | ------
+  null            | `null`                            | null        | `Z`
+  boolean         | `true`                            | true        | `T`
+  boolean         | `false`                           | false       | `F`
+  number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | int64       | `L`
+  number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769               | int32       | `l`
+  number_integer  | -32768..-129                      | int16       | `I`
+  number_integer  | -128..127                         | int8        | `i`
+  number_integer  | 128..255                          | uint8       | `U`
+  number_integer  | 256..32767                        | int16       | `I`
+  number_integer  | 32768..2147483647                 | int32       | `l`
+  number_integer  | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | `L`
+  number_unsigned | 0..127                            | int8        | `i`
+  number_unsigned | 128..255                          | uint8       | `U`
+  number_unsigned | 256..32767                        | int16       | `I`
+  number_unsigned | 32768..2147483647                 | int32       | `l`
+  number_unsigned | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | `L`
+  number_float    | *any value*                       | float64     | `D`
+  string          | *with shortest length indicator*  | string      | `S`
+  array           | *see notes on optimized format*   | array       | `[`
+  object          | *see notes on optimized format*   | map         | `{`
+
+  @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
+        can be converted to a UBJSON value.
+
+  @note The following values can **not** be converted to a UBJSON value:
+        - strings with more than 9223372036854775807 bytes (theoretical)
+        - unsigned integer numbers above 9223372036854775807
+
+  @note The following markers are not used in the conversion:
+        - `Z`: no-op values are not created.
+        - `C`: single-byte strings are serialized with `S` markers.
+
+  @note Any UBJSON output created @ref to_ubjson can be successfully parsed
+        by @ref from_ubjson.
+
+  @note If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are
+        serialized properly. This behavior differs from the @ref dump()
+        function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
+
+  @note The optimized formats for containers are supported: Parameter
+        @a use_size adds size information to the beginning of a container and
+        removes the closing marker. Parameter @a use_type further checks
+        whether all elements of a container have the same type and adds the
+        type marker to the beginning of the container. The @a use_type
+        parameter must only be used together with @a use_size = true. Note
+        that @a use_size = true alone may result in larger representations -
+        the benefit of this parameter is that the receiving side is
+        immediately informed on the number of elements of the container.
+
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @param[in] use_size  whether to add size annotations to container types
+  @param[in] use_type  whether to add type annotations to container types
+                       (must be combined with @a use_size = true)
+  @return UBJSON serialization as byte vector
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
+  vector in UBJSON format.,to_ubjson}
+
+  @sa http://ubjson.org
+  @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      analogous deserialization
+  @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json& for the related CBOR format
+  @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the related MessagePack format
+
+  @since version 3.1.0
+  */
+  static std::vector<uint8_t> to_ubjson(const basic_json &j,
+                                        const bool use_size = false,
+                                        const bool use_type = false) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> result;
+    to_ubjson(j, result, use_size, use_type);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  static void to_ubjson(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o,
+                        const bool use_size = false,
+                        const bool use_type = false) {
+    binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type);
+  }
+
+  static void to_ubjson(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<char> o,
+                        const bool use_size = false,
+                        const bool use_type = false) {
+    binary_writer<char>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Serializes the given JSON object `j` to BSON and returns a vector
+         containing the corresponding BSON-representation.
+
+  BSON (Binary JSON) is a binary format in which zero or more ordered key/value
+  pairs are stored as a single entity (a so-called document).
+
+  The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to BSON types:
+
+  JSON value type | value/range                       | BSON type   | marker
+  --------------- | --------------------------------- | ----------- | ------
+  null            | `null`                            | null        | 0x0A
+  boolean         | `true`, `false`                   | boolean     | 0x08
+  number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | int64       | 0x12
+  number_integer  | -2147483648..2147483647           | int32       | 0x10
+  number_integer  | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | 0x12
+  number_unsigned | 0..2147483647                     | int32       | 0x10
+  number_unsigned | 2147483648..9223372036854775807   | int64       | 0x12
+  number_unsigned | 9223372036854775808..18446744073709551615| --   | --
+  number_float    | *any value*                       | double      | 0x01
+  string          | *any value*                       | string      | 0x02
+  array           | *any value*                       | document    | 0x04
+  object          | *any value*                       | document    | 0x03
+
+  @warning The mapping is **incomplete**, since only JSON-objects (and things
+  contained therein) can be serialized to BSON.
+  Also, integers larger than 9223372036854775807 cannot be serialized to BSON,
+  and the keys may not contain U+0000, since they are serialized a
+  zero-terminated c-strings.
+
+  @throw out_of_range.407  if `j.is_number_unsigned() && j.get<std::uint64_t>()
+  > 9223372036854775807`
+  @throw out_of_range.409  if a key in `j` contains a NULL (U+0000)
+  @throw type_error.317    if `!j.is_object()`
+
+  @pre The input `j` is required to be an object: `j.is_object() == true`.
+
+  @note Any BSON output created via @ref to_bson can be successfully parsed
+        by @ref from_bson.
+
+  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+  @return BSON serialization as byte vector
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
+  vector in BSON format.,to_bson}
+
+  @sa http://bsonspec.org/spec.html
+  @sa @ref from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool strict) for the
+      analogous deserialization
+  @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
+           related UBJSON format
+  @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json&) for the related CBOR format
+  @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the related MessagePack format
+  */
+  static std::vector<uint8_t> to_bson(const basic_json &j) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> result;
+    to_bson(j, result);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Serializes the given JSON object `j` to BSON and forwards the
+         corresponding BSON-representation to the given output_adapter `o`.
+  @param j The JSON object to convert to BSON.
+  @param o The output adapter that receives the binary BSON representation.
+  @pre The input `j` shall be an object: `j.is_object() == true`
+  @sa @ref to_bson(const basic_json&)
+  */
+  static void to_bson(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t> o) {
+    binary_writer<uint8_t>(o).write_bson(j);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @copydoc to_bson(const basic_json&, detail::output_adapter<uint8_t>)
+  */
+  static void to_bson(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<char> o) {
+    binary_writer<char>(o).write_bson(j);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format
+
+  Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the CBOR (Concise
+  Binary Object Representation) serialization format.
+
+  The library maps CBOR types to JSON value types as follows:
+
+  CBOR type              | JSON value type | first byte
+  ---------------------- | --------------- | ----------
+  Integer                | number_unsigned | 0x00..0x17
+  Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x18
+  Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x19
+  Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x1A
+  Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x1B
+  Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x20..0x37
+  Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x38
+  Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x39
+  Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x3A
+  Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x3B
+  Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x40..0x57
+  UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x60..0x77
+  UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x78
+  UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x79
+  UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7A
+  UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7B
+  UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7F
+  array                  | array           | 0x80..0x97
+  array                  | array           | 0x98
+  array                  | array           | 0x99
+  array                  | array           | 0x9A
+  array                  | array           | 0x9B
+  array                  | array           | 0x9F
+  map                    | object          | 0xA0..0xB7
+  map                    | object          | 0xB8
+  map                    | object          | 0xB9
+  map                    | object          | 0xBA
+  map                    | object          | 0xBB
+  map                    | object          | 0xBF
+  False                  | `false`         | 0xF4
+  True                   | `true`          | 0xF5
+  Null                   | `null`          | 0xF6
+  Half-Precision Float   | number_float    | 0xF9
+  Single-Precision Float | number_float    | 0xFA
+  Double-Precision Float | number_float    | 0xFB
+
+  @warning The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all CBOR
+           types can be converted to a JSON value. The following CBOR types
+           are not supported and will yield parse errors (parse_error.112):
+           - byte strings (0x40..0x5F)
+           - date/time (0xC0..0xC1)
+           - bignum (0xC2..0xC3)
+           - decimal fraction (0xC4)
+           - bigfloat (0xC5)
+           - tagged items (0xC6..0xD4, 0xD8..0xDB)
+           - expected conversions (0xD5..0xD7)
+           - simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
+           - undefined (0xF7)
+
+  @warning CBOR allows map keys of any type, whereas JSON only allows
+           strings as keys in object values. Therefore, CBOR maps with keys
+           other than UTF-8 strings are rejected (parse_error.113).
+
+  @note Any CBOR output created @ref to_cbor can be successfully parsed by
+        @ref from_cbor.
+
+  @param[in] i  an input in CBOR format convertible to an input adapter
+  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
+                     (true by default)
+  @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
+  parse error (optional, true by default)
+
+  @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
+          @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
+          value_t::discarded.
+
+  @throw parse_error.110 if the given input ends prematurely or the end of
+  file was not reached when @a strict was set to true
+  @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from CBOR were
+  used in the given input @a v or if the input is not valid CBOR
+  @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in CBOR
+  format to a JSON value.,from_cbor}
+
+  @sa http://cbor.io
+  @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
+  @sa @ref from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      related MessagePack format
+  @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      related UBJSON format
+
+  @since version 2.0.9; parameter @a start_index since 2.1.1; changed to
+         consume input adapters, removed start_index parameter, and added
+         @a strict parameter since 3.0.0; added @a allow_exceptions parameter
+         since 3.2.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json from_cbor(detail::input_adapter &&i,
+                              const bool strict = true,
+                              const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @copydoc from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename A1, typename A2,
+      detail::enable_if_t<
+          std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
+  from_cbor(A1 &&a1, A2 &&a2, const bool strict = true,
+            const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1),
+                                                         std::forward<A2>(a2)))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
+
+  Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the MessagePack
+  serialization format.
+
+  The library maps MessagePack types to JSON value types as follows:
+
+  MessagePack type | JSON value type | first byte
+  ---------------- | --------------- | ----------
+  positive fixint  | number_unsigned | 0x00..0x7F
+  fixmap           | object          | 0x80..0x8F
+  fixarray         | array           | 0x90..0x9F
+  fixstr           | string          | 0xA0..0xBF
+  nil              | `null`          | 0xC0
+  false            | `false`         | 0xC2
+  true             | `true`          | 0xC3
+  float 32         | number_float    | 0xCA
+  float 64         | number_float    | 0xCB
+  uint 8           | number_unsigned | 0xCC
+  uint 16          | number_unsigned | 0xCD
+  uint 32          | number_unsigned | 0xCE
+  uint 64          | number_unsigned | 0xCF
+  int 8            | number_integer  | 0xD0
+  int 16           | number_integer  | 0xD1
+  int 32           | number_integer  | 0xD2
+  int 64           | number_integer  | 0xD3
+  str 8            | string          | 0xD9
+  str 16           | string          | 0xDA
+  str 32           | string          | 0xDB
+  array 16         | array           | 0xDC
+  array 32         | array           | 0xDD
+  map 16           | object          | 0xDE
+  map 32           | object          | 0xDF
+  negative fixint  | number_integer  | 0xE0-0xFF
+
+  @warning The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all
+           MessagePack types can be converted to a JSON value. The following
+           MessagePack types are not supported and will yield parse errors:
+            - bin 8 - bin 32 (0xC4..0xC6)
+            - ext 8 - ext 32 (0xC7..0xC9)
+            - fixext 1 - fixext 16 (0xD4..0xD8)
+
+  @note Any MessagePack output created @ref to_msgpack can be successfully
+        parsed by @ref from_msgpack.
+
+  @param[in] i  an input in MessagePack format convertible to an input
+                adapter
+  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
+                     (true by default)
+  @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
+  parse error (optional, true by default)
+
+  @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
+          @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
+          value_t::discarded.
+
+  @throw parse_error.110 if the given input ends prematurely or the end of
+  file was not reached when @a strict was set to true
+  @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from MessagePack were
+  used in the given input @a i or if the input is not valid MessagePack
+  @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in
+  MessagePack format to a JSON value.,from_msgpack}
+
+  @sa http://msgpack.org
+  @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
+  @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      related CBOR format
+  @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
+      the related UBJSON format
+  @sa @ref from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
+      the related BSON format
+
+  @since version 2.0.9; parameter @a start_index since 2.1.1; changed to
+         consume input adapters, removed start_index parameter, and added
+         @a strict parameter since 3.0.0; added @a allow_exceptions parameter
+         since 3.2.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter &&i,
+                                 const bool strict = true,
+                                 const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @copydoc from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename A1, typename A2,
+      detail::enable_if_t<
+          std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
+  from_msgpack(A1 &&a1, A2 &&a2, const bool strict = true,
+               const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1),
+                                                         std::forward<A2>(a2)))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
+
+  Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the UBJSON (Universal
+  Binary JSON) serialization format.
+
+  The library maps UBJSON types to JSON value types as follows:
+
+  UBJSON type | JSON value type                         | marker
+  ----------- | --------------------------------------- | ------
+  no-op       | *no value, next value is read*          | `N`
+  null        | `null`                                  | `Z`
+  false       | `false`                                 | `F`
+  true        | `true`                                  | `T`
+  float32     | number_float                            | `d`
+  float64     | number_float                            | `D`
+  uint8       | number_unsigned                         | `U`
+  int8        | number_integer                          | `i`
+  int16       | number_integer                          | `I`
+  int32       | number_integer                          | `l`
+  int64       | number_integer                          | `L`
+  string      | string                                  | `S`
+  char        | string                                  | `C`
+  array       | array (optimized values are supported)  | `[`
+  object      | object (optimized values are supported) | `{`
+
+  @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any UBJSON value can
+        be converted to a JSON value.
+
+  @param[in] i  an input in UBJSON format convertible to an input adapter
+  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
+                     (true by default)
+  @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
+  parse error (optional, true by default)
+
+  @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
+          @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
+          value_t::discarded.
+
+  @throw parse_error.110 if the given input ends prematurely or the end of
+  file was not reached when @a strict was set to true
+  @throw parse_error.112 if a parse error occurs
+  @throw parse_error.113 if a string could not be parsed successfully
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in
+  UBJSON format to a JSON value.,from_ubjson}
+
+  @sa http://ubjson.org
+  @sa @ref to_ubjson(const basic_json&, const bool, const bool) for the
+           analogous serialization
+  @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      related CBOR format
+  @sa @ref from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
+      the related MessagePack format
+  @sa @ref from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
+      the related BSON format
+
+  @since version 3.1.0; added @a allow_exceptions parameter since 3.2.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter &&i,
+                                const bool strict = true,
+                                const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @copydoc from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename A1, typename A2,
+      detail::enable_if_t<
+          std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
+  from_ubjson(A1 &&a1, A2 &&a2, const bool strict = true,
+              const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1),
+                                                         std::forward<A2>(a2)))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief Create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
+
+  Deserializes a given input @a i to a JSON value using the BSON (Binary JSON)
+  serialization format.
+
+  The library maps BSON record types to JSON value types as follows:
+
+  BSON type       | BSON marker byte | JSON value type
+  --------------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------
+  double          | 0x01             | number_float
+  string          | 0x02             | string
+  document        | 0x03             | object
+  array           | 0x04             | array
+  binary          | 0x05             | still unsupported
+  undefined       | 0x06             | still unsupported
+  ObjectId        | 0x07             | still unsupported
+  boolean         | 0x08             | boolean
+  UTC Date-Time   | 0x09             | still unsupported
+  null            | 0x0A             | null
+  Regular Expr.   | 0x0B             | still unsupported
+  DB Pointer      | 0x0C             | still unsupported
+  JavaScript Code | 0x0D             | still unsupported
+  Symbol          | 0x0E             | still unsupported
+  JavaScript Code | 0x0F             | still unsupported
+  int32           | 0x10             | number_integer
+  Timestamp       | 0x11             | still unsupported
+  128-bit decimal float | 0x13       | still unsupported
+  Max Key         | 0x7F             | still unsupported
+  Min Key         | 0xFF             | still unsupported
+
+  @warning The mapping is **incomplete**. The unsupported mappings
+           are indicated in the table above.
+
+  @param[in] i  an input in BSON format convertible to an input adapter
+  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF
+                     (true by default)
+  @param[in] allow_exceptions  whether to throw exceptions in case of a
+  parse error (optional, true by default)
+
+  @return deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and
+          @a allow_exceptions set to `false`, the return value will be
+          value_t::discarded.
+
+  @throw parse_error.114 if an unsupported BSON record type is encountered
+
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the input @a i.
+
+  @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in
+  BSON format to a JSON value.,from_bson}
+
+  @sa http://bsonspec.org/spec.html
+  @sa @ref to_bson(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
+  @sa @ref from_cbor(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      related CBOR format
+  @sa @ref from_msgpack(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for
+      the related MessagePack format
+  @sa @ref from_ubjson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool) for the
+      related UBJSON format
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json from_bson(detail::input_adapter &&i,
+                              const bool strict = true,
+                              const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(i))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @copydoc from_bson(detail::input_adapter&&, const bool, const bool)
+  */
+  template <
+      typename A1, typename A2,
+      detail::enable_if_t<
+          std::is_constructible<detail::input_adapter, A1, A2>::value, int> = 0>
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
+  from_bson(A1 &&a1, A2 &&a2, const bool strict = true,
+            const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
+    basic_json result;
+    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
+    const bool res = binary_reader(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<A1>(a1),
+                                                         std::forward<A2>(a2)))
+                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict);
+    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+  }
+
+  /// @}
+
+  //////////////////////////
+  // JSON Pointer support //
+  //////////////////////////
+
+  /// @name JSON Pointer functions
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+
+  Uses a JSON pointer to retrieve a reference to the respective JSON value.
+  No bound checking is performed. Similar to @ref operator[](const typename
+  object_t::key_type&), `null` values are created in arrays and objects if
+  necessary.
+
+  In particular:
+  - If the JSON pointer points to an object key that does not exist, it
+    is created an filled with a `null` value before a reference to it
+    is returned.
+  - If the JSON pointer points to an array index that does not exist, it
+    is created an filled with a `null` value before a reference to it
+    is returned. All indices between the current maximum and the given
+    index are also filled with `null`.
+  - The special value `-` is treated as a synonym for the index past the
+    end.
+
+  @param[in] ptr  a JSON pointer
+
+  @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
 
-    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
 
-    @throw parse_error.106 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
-    begins with '0'. See example below.
+  @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,operatorjson_pointer}
 
-    @throw parse_error.109 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
-    is not a number. See example below.
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  reference operator[](const json_pointer &ptr) {
+    return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
+  }
 
-    @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
-    is out of range. See example below.
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
 
-    @throw out_of_range.402 if the array index '-' is used in the passed JSON
-    pointer @a ptr. As `at` provides checked access (and no elements are
-    implicitly inserted), the index '-' is always invalid. See example below.
+  Uses a JSON pointer to retrieve a reference to the respective JSON value.
+  No bound checking is performed. The function does not change the JSON
+  value; no `null` values are created. In particular, the the special value
+  `-` yields an exception.
 
-    @throw out_of_range.403 if the JSON pointer describes a key of an object
-    which cannot be found. See example below.
+  @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
 
-    @throw out_of_range.404 if the JSON pointer @a ptr can not be resolved.
-    See example below.
+  @return const reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
 
-    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
-    changes in the JSON value.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @complexity Constant.
+  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+  @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
+  @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,operatorjson_pointer_const}
 
-    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,at_json_pointer_const}
-    */
-    const_reference at(const json_pointer& ptr) const
-    {
-        return ptr.get_checked(this);
-    }
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  const_reference operator[](const json_pointer &ptr) const {
+    return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
+  }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief return flattened JSON value
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
 
-    The function creates a JSON object whose keys are JSON pointers (see [RFC
-    6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) and whose values are all
-    primitive. The original JSON value can be restored using the @ref
-    unflatten() function.
+  Returns a reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer @a ptr,
+  with bounds checking.
 
-    @return an object that maps JSON pointers to primitive values
+  @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
 
-    @note Empty objects and arrays are flattened to `null` and will not be
-          reconstructed correctly by the @ref unflatten() function.
+  @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
 
-    @complexity Linear in the size the JSON value.
+  @throw parse_error.106 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+  begins with '0'. See example below.
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON object is flattened to an
-    object whose keys consist of JSON pointers.,flatten}
+  @throw parse_error.109 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+  is not a number. See example below.
 
-    @sa @ref unflatten() for the reverse function
+  @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+  is out of range. See example below.
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json flatten() const
-    {
-        basic_json result(value_t::object);
-        json_pointer::flatten("", *this, result);
-        return result;
-    }
+  @throw out_of_range.402 if the array index '-' is used in the passed JSON
+  pointer @a ptr. As `at` provides checked access (and no elements are
+  implicitly inserted), the index '-' is always invalid. See example below.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief unflatten a previously flattened JSON value
+  @throw out_of_range.403 if the JSON pointer describes a key of an object
+  which cannot be found. See example below.
 
-    The function restores the arbitrary nesting of a JSON value that has been
-    flattened before using the @ref flatten() function. The JSON value must
-    meet certain constraints:
-    1. The value must be an object.
-    2. The keys must be JSON pointers (see
-       [RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901))
-    3. The mapped values must be primitive JSON types.
+  @throw out_of_range.404 if the JSON pointer @a ptr can not be resolved.
+  See example below.
 
-    @return the original JSON from a flattened version
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
 
-    @note Empty objects and arrays are flattened by @ref flatten() to `null`
-          values and can not unflattened to their original type. Apart from
-          this example, for a JSON value `j`, the following is always true:
-          `j == j.flatten().unflatten()`.
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @complexity Linear in the size the JSON value.
+  @since version 2.0.0
 
-    @throw type_error.314  if value is not an object
-    @throw type_error.315  if object values are not primitive
+  @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,at_json_pointer}
+  */
+  reference at(const json_pointer &ptr) { return ptr.get_checked(this); }
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows how a flattened JSON object is
-    unflattened into the original nested JSON object.,unflatten}
+  /*!
+  @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
 
-    @sa @ref flatten() for the reverse function
+  Returns a const reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer @a
+  ptr, with bounds checking.
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json unflatten() const
-    {
-        return json_pointer::unflatten(*this);
-    }
+  @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
 
-    /// @}
+  @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
 
-    //////////////////////////
-    // JSON Patch functions //
-    //////////////////////////
+  @throw parse_error.106 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+  begins with '0'. See example below.
 
-    /// @name JSON Patch functions
-    /// @{
+  @throw parse_error.109 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+  is not a number. See example below.
 
-    /*!
-    @brief applies a JSON patch
+  @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+  is out of range. See example below.
 
-    [JSON Patch](http://jsonpatch.com) defines a JSON document structure for
-    expressing a sequence of operations to apply to a JSON) document. With
-    this function, a JSON Patch is applied to the current JSON value by
-    executing all operations from the patch.
+  @throw out_of_range.402 if the array index '-' is used in the passed JSON
+  pointer @a ptr. As `at` provides checked access (and no elements are
+  implicitly inserted), the index '-' is always invalid. See example below.
 
-    @param[in] json_patch  JSON patch document
-    @return patched document
+  @throw out_of_range.403 if the JSON pointer describes a key of an object
+  which cannot be found. See example below.
 
-    @note The application of a patch is atomic: Either all operations succeed
-          and the patched document is returned or an exception is thrown. In
-          any case, the original value is not changed: the patch is applied
-          to a copy of the value.
+  @throw out_of_range.404 if the JSON pointer @a ptr can not be resolved.
+  See example below.
 
-    @throw parse_error.104 if the JSON patch does not consist of an array of
-    objects
+  @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+  changes in the JSON value.
 
-    @throw parse_error.105 if the JSON patch is malformed (e.g., mandatory
-    attributes are missing); example: `"operation add must have member path"`
+  @complexity Constant.
 
-    @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index is out of range.
+  @since version 2.0.0
 
-    @throw out_of_range.403 if a JSON pointer inside the patch could not be
-    resolved successfully in the current JSON value; example: `"key baz not
-    found"`
+  @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,at_json_pointer_const}
+  */
+  const_reference at(const json_pointer &ptr) const {
+    return ptr.get_checked(this);
+  }
 
-    @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent ("add", "remove",
-    "move")
+  /*!
+  @brief return flattened JSON value
 
-    @throw other_error.501 if "test" operation was unsuccessful
+  The function creates a JSON object whose keys are JSON pointers (see [RFC
+  6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) and whose values are all
+  primitive. The original JSON value can be restored using the @ref
+  unflatten() function.
 
-    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value and the length of the
-    JSON patch. As usually only a fraction of the JSON value is affected by
-    the patch, the complexity can usually be neglected.
+  @return an object that maps JSON pointers to primitive values
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON patch is applied to a
-    value.,patch}
+  @note Empty objects and arrays are flattened to `null` and will not be
+        reconstructed correctly by the @ref unflatten() function.
 
-    @sa @ref diff -- create a JSON patch by comparing two JSON values
+  @complexity Linear in the size the JSON value.
 
-    @sa [RFC 6902 (JSON Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)
-    @sa [RFC 6901 (JSON Pointer)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)
+  @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON object is flattened to an
+  object whose keys consist of JSON pointers.,flatten}
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    basic_json patch(const basic_json& json_patch) const
-    {
-        // make a working copy to apply the patch to
-        basic_json result = *this;
+  @sa @ref unflatten() for the reverse function
 
-        // the valid JSON Patch operations
-        enum class patch_operations {add, remove, replace, move, copy, test, invalid};
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json flatten() const {
+    basic_json result(value_t::object);
+    json_pointer::flatten("", *this, result);
+    return result;
+  }
 
-        const auto get_op = [](const std::string & op)
-        {
-            if (op == "add")
-            {
-                return patch_operations::add;
-            }
-            if (op == "remove")
-            {
-                return patch_operations::remove;
-            }
-            if (op == "replace")
-            {
-                return patch_operations::replace;
-            }
-            if (op == "move")
-            {
-                return patch_operations::move;
-            }
-            if (op == "copy")
-            {
-                return patch_operations::copy;
-            }
-            if (op == "test")
-            {
-                return patch_operations::test;
-            }
+  /*!
+  @brief unflatten a previously flattened JSON value
 
-            return patch_operations::invalid;
-        };
+  The function restores the arbitrary nesting of a JSON value that has been
+  flattened before using the @ref flatten() function. The JSON value must
+  meet certain constraints:
+  1. The value must be an object.
+  2. The keys must be JSON pointers (see
+     [RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901))
+  3. The mapped values must be primitive JSON types.
 
-        // wrapper for "add" operation; add value at ptr
-        const auto operation_add = [&result](json_pointer & ptr, basic_json val)
-        {
-            // adding to the root of the target document means replacing it
-            if (ptr.empty())
-            {
-                result = val;
-                return;
-            }
+  @return the original JSON from a flattened version
 
-            // make sure the top element of the pointer exists
-            json_pointer top_pointer = ptr.top();
-            if (top_pointer != ptr)
-            {
-                result.at(top_pointer);
-            }
+  @note Empty objects and arrays are flattened by @ref flatten() to `null`
+        values and can not unflattened to their original type. Apart from
+        this example, for a JSON value `j`, the following is always true:
+        `j == j.flatten().unflatten()`.
 
-            // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
-            const auto last_path = ptr.back();
-            ptr.pop_back();
-            basic_json& parent = result[ptr];
-
-            switch (parent.m_type)
-            {
-                case value_t::null:
-                case value_t::object:
-                {
-                    // use operator[] to add value
-                    parent[last_path] = val;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case value_t::array:
-                {
-                    if (last_path == "-")
-                    {
-                        // special case: append to back
-                        parent.push_back(val);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        const auto idx = json_pointer::array_index(last_path);
-                        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(static_cast<size_type>(idx) > parent.size()))
-                        {
-                            // avoid undefined behavior
-                            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
-                        }
-
-                        // default case: insert add offset
-                        parent.insert(parent.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx), val);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // if there exists a parent it cannot be primitive
-                default:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-                    assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-            }
-        };
+  @complexity Linear in the size the JSON value.
 
-        // wrapper for "remove" operation; remove value at ptr
-        const auto operation_remove = [&result](json_pointer & ptr)
-        {
-            // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
-            const auto last_path = ptr.back();
-            ptr.pop_back();
-            basic_json& parent = result.at(ptr);
-
-            // remove child
-            if (parent.is_object())
-            {
-                // perform range check
-                auto it = parent.find(last_path);
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(it != parent.end()))
-                {
-                    parent.erase(it);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, "key '" + last_path + "' not found"));
-                }
-            }
-            else if (parent.is_array())
-            {
-                // note erase performs range check
-                parent.erase(static_cast<size_type>(json_pointer::array_index(last_path)));
-            }
-        };
+  @throw type_error.314  if value is not an object
+  @throw type_error.315  if object values are not primitive
 
-        // type check: top level value must be an array
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not json_patch.is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(104, 0, "JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
-        }
+  @liveexample{The following code shows how a flattened JSON object is
+  unflattened into the original nested JSON object.,unflatten}
 
-        // iterate and apply the operations
-        for (const auto& val : json_patch)
-        {
-            // wrapper to get a value for an operation
-            const auto get_value = [&val](const std::string & op,
-                                          const std::string & member,
-                                          bool string_type) -> basic_json &
-            {
-                // find value
-                auto it = val.m_value.object->find(member);
-
-                // context-sensitive error message
-                const auto error_msg = (op == "op") ? "operation" : "operation '" + op + "'";
-
-                // check if desired value is present
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it == val.m_value.object->end()))
-                {
-                    JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(105, 0, error_msg + " must have member '" + member + "'"));
-                }
-
-                // check if result is of type string
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(string_type and not it->second.is_string()))
-                {
-                    JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(105, 0, error_msg + " must have string member '" + member + "'"));
-                }
-
-                // no error: return value
-                return it->second;
-            };
-
-            // type check: every element of the array must be an object
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not val.is_object()))
-            {
-                JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(104, 0, "JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
-            }
+  @sa @ref flatten() for the reverse function
 
-            // collect mandatory members
-            const std::string op = get_value("op", "op", true);
-            const std::string path = get_value(op, "path", true);
-            json_pointer ptr(path);
-
-            switch (get_op(op))
-            {
-                case patch_operations::add:
-                {
-                    operation_add(ptr, get_value("add", "value", false));
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case patch_operations::remove:
-                {
-                    operation_remove(ptr);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case patch_operations::replace:
-                {
-                    // the "path" location must exist - use at()
-                    result.at(ptr) = get_value("replace", "value", false);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case patch_operations::move:
-                {
-                    const std::string from_path = get_value("move", "from", true);
-                    json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
-
-                    // the "from" location must exist - use at()
-                    basic_json v = result.at(from_ptr);
-
-                    // The move operation is functionally identical to a
-                    // "remove" operation on the "from" location, followed
-                    // immediately by an "add" operation at the target
-                    // location with the value that was just removed.
-                    operation_remove(from_ptr);
-                    operation_add(ptr, v);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case patch_operations::copy:
-                {
-                    const std::string from_path = get_value("copy", "from", true);
-                    const json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
-
-                    // the "from" location must exist - use at()
-                    basic_json v = result.at(from_ptr);
-
-                    // The copy is functionally identical to an "add"
-                    // operation at the target location using the value
-                    // specified in the "from" member.
-                    operation_add(ptr, v);
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case patch_operations::test:
-                {
-                    bool success = false;
-                    JSON_TRY
-                    {
-                        // check if "value" matches the one at "path"
-                        // the "path" location must exist - use at()
-                        success = (result.at(ptr) == get_value("test", "value", false));
-                    }
-                    JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH (out_of_range&)
-                    {
-                        // ignore out of range errors: success remains false
-                    }
-
-                    // throw an exception if test fails
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not success))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(other_error::create(501, "unsuccessful: " + val.dump()));
-                    }
-
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                default:
-                {
-                    // op must be "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or
-                    // "test"
-                    JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(105, 0, "operation value '" + op + "' is invalid"));
-                }
-            }
-        }
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json unflatten() const { return json_pointer::unflatten(*this); }
 
-        return result;
-    }
+  /// @}
 
-    /*!
-    @brief creates a diff as a JSON patch
+  //////////////////////////
+  // JSON Patch functions //
+  //////////////////////////
 
-    Creates a [JSON Patch](http://jsonpatch.com) so that value @a source can
-    be changed into the value @a target by calling @ref patch function.
+  /// @name JSON Patch functions
+  /// @{
 
-    @invariant For two JSON values @a source and @a target, the following code
-    yields always `true`:
-    @code {.cpp}
-    source.patch(diff(source, target)) == target;
-    @endcode
+  /*!
+  @brief applies a JSON patch
 
-    @note Currently, only `remove`, `add`, and `replace` operations are
-          generated.
+  [JSON Patch](http://jsonpatch.com) defines a JSON document structure for
+  expressing a sequence of operations to apply to a JSON) document. With
+  this function, a JSON Patch is applied to the current JSON value by
+  executing all operations from the patch.
 
-    @param[in] source  JSON value to compare from
-    @param[in] target  JSON value to compare against
-    @param[in] path    helper value to create JSON pointers
+  @param[in] json_patch  JSON patch document
+  @return patched document
 
-    @return a JSON patch to convert the @a source to @a target
+  @note The application of a patch is atomic: Either all operations succeed
+        and the patched document is returned or an exception is thrown. In
+        any case, the original value is not changed: the patch is applied
+        to a copy of the value.
 
-    @complexity Linear in the lengths of @a source and @a target.
+  @throw parse_error.104 if the JSON patch does not consist of an array of
+  objects
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON patch is created as a
-    diff for two JSON values.,diff}
+  @throw parse_error.105 if the JSON patch is malformed (e.g., mandatory
+  attributes are missing); example: `"operation add must have member path"`
 
-    @sa @ref patch -- apply a JSON patch
-    @sa @ref merge_patch -- apply a JSON Merge Patch
+  @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index is out of range.
 
-    @sa [RFC 6902 (JSON Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)
+  @throw out_of_range.403 if a JSON pointer inside the patch could not be
+  resolved successfully in the current JSON value; example: `"key baz not
+  found"`
 
-    @since version 2.0.0
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-    static basic_json diff(const basic_json& source, const basic_json& target,
-                           const std::string& path = "")
-    {
-        // the patch
-        basic_json result(value_t::array);
+  @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent ("add", "remove",
+  "move")
 
-        // if the values are the same, return empty patch
-        if (source == target)
-        {
-            return result;
-        }
+  @throw other_error.501 if "test" operation was unsuccessful
 
-        if (source.type() != target.type())
-        {
-            // different types: replace value
-            result.push_back(
-            {
-                {"op", "replace"}, {"path", path}, {"value", target}
-            });
-            return result;
-        }
+  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value and the length of the
+  JSON patch. As usually only a fraction of the JSON value is affected by
+  the patch, the complexity can usually be neglected.
 
-        switch (source.type())
-        {
-            case value_t::array:
-            {
-                // first pass: traverse common elements
-                std::size_t i = 0;
-                while (i < source.size() and i < target.size())
-                {
-                    // recursive call to compare array values at index i
-                    auto temp_diff = diff(source[i], target[i], path + "/" + std::to_string(i));
-                    result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
-                    ++i;
-                }
-
-                // i now reached the end of at least one array
-                // in a second pass, traverse the remaining elements
-
-                // remove my remaining elements
-                const auto end_index = static_cast<difference_type>(result.size());
-                while (i < source.size())
-                {
-                    // add operations in reverse order to avoid invalid
-                    // indices
-                    result.insert(result.begin() + end_index, object(
-                    {
-                        {"op", "remove"},
-                        {"path", path + "/" + std::to_string(i)}
-                    }));
-                    ++i;
-                }
-
-                // add other remaining elements
-                while (i < target.size())
-                {
-                    result.push_back(
-                    {
-                        {"op", "add"},
-                        {"path", path + "/" + std::to_string(i)},
-                        {"value", target[i]}
-                    });
-                    ++i;
-                }
+  @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON patch is applied to a
+  value.,patch}
 
-                break;
-            }
+  @sa @ref diff -- create a JSON patch by comparing two JSON values
 
-            case value_t::object:
-            {
-                // first pass: traverse this object's elements
-                for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it)
-                {
-                    // escape the key name to be used in a JSON patch
-                    const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());
-
-                    if (target.find(it.key()) != target.end())
-                    {
-                        // recursive call to compare object values at key it
-                        auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path + "/" + key);
-                        result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // found a key that is not in o -> remove it
-                        result.push_back(object(
-                        {
-                            {"op", "remove"}, {"path", path + "/" + key}
-                        }));
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // second pass: traverse other object's elements
-                for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it)
-                {
-                    if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end())
-                    {
-                        // found a key that is not in this -> add it
-                        const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());
-                        result.push_back(
-                        {
-                            {"op", "add"}, {"path", path + "/" + key},
-                            {"value", it.value()}
-                        });
-                    }
-                }
+  @sa [RFC 6902 (JSON Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)
+  @sa [RFC 6901 (JSON Pointer)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)
 
-                break;
-            }
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  basic_json patch(const basic_json &json_patch) const {
+    // make a working copy to apply the patch to
+    basic_json result = *this;
 
-            default:
-            {
-                // both primitive type: replace value
-                result.push_back(
-                {
-                    {"op", "replace"}, {"path", path}, {"value", target}
-                });
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+    // the valid JSON Patch operations
+    enum class patch_operations {
+      add,
+      remove,
+      replace,
+      move,
+      copy,
+      test,
+      invalid
+    };
 
-        return result;
-    }
+    const auto get_op = [](const std::string &op) {
+      if (op == "add") {
+        return patch_operations::add;
+      }
+      if (op == "remove") {
+        return patch_operations::remove;
+      }
+      if (op == "replace") {
+        return patch_operations::replace;
+      }
+      if (op == "move") {
+        return patch_operations::move;
+      }
+      if (op == "copy") {
+        return patch_operations::copy;
+      }
+      if (op == "test") {
+        return patch_operations::test;
+      }
+
+      return patch_operations::invalid;
+    };
 
-    /// @}
+    // wrapper for "add" operation; add value at ptr
+    const auto operation_add = [&result](json_pointer &ptr, basic_json val) {
+      // adding to the root of the target document means replacing it
+      if (ptr.empty()) {
+        result = val;
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // make sure the top element of the pointer exists
+      json_pointer top_pointer = ptr.top();
+      if (top_pointer != ptr) {
+        result.at(top_pointer);
+      }
+
+      // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
+      const auto last_path = ptr.back();
+      ptr.pop_back();
+      basic_json &parent = result[ptr];
+
+      switch (parent.m_type) {
+      case value_t::null:
+      case value_t::object: {
+        // use operator[] to add value
+        parent[last_path] = val;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case value_t::array: {
+        if (last_path == "-") {
+          // special case: append to back
+          parent.push_back(val);
+        } else {
+          const auto idx = json_pointer::array_index(last_path);
+          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(static_cast<size_type>(idx) >
+                                   parent.size())) {
+            // avoid undefined behavior
+            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(401, "array index " +
+                                                     std::to_string(idx) +
+                                                     " is out of range"));
+          }
+
+          // default case: insert add offset
+          parent.insert(parent.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx),
+                        val);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // if there exists a parent it cannot be primitive
+      default:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        assert(false); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      }
+    };
 
-    ////////////////////////////////
-    // JSON Merge Patch functions //
-    ////////////////////////////////
+    // wrapper for "remove" operation; remove value at ptr
+    const auto operation_remove = [&result](json_pointer &ptr) {
+      // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
+      const auto last_path = ptr.back();
+      ptr.pop_back();
+      basic_json &parent = result.at(ptr);
+
+      // remove child
+      if (parent.is_object()) {
+        // perform range check
+        auto it = parent.find(last_path);
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(it != parent.end())) {
+          parent.erase(it);
+        } else {
+          JSON_THROW(
+              out_of_range::create(403, "key '" + last_path + "' not found"));
+        }
+      } else if (parent.is_array()) {
+        // note erase performs range check
+        parent.erase(
+            static_cast<size_type>(json_pointer::array_index(last_path)));
+      }
+    };
 
-    /// @name JSON Merge Patch functions
-    /// @{
+    // type check: top level value must be an array
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not json_patch.is_array())) {
+      JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(104, 0,
+                                     "JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
+    }
+
+    // iterate and apply the operations
+    for (const auto &val : json_patch) {
+      // wrapper to get a value for an operation
+      const auto get_value = [&val](const std::string &op,
+                                    const std::string &member,
+                                    bool string_type) -> basic_json & {
+        // find value
+        auto it = val.m_value.object->find(member);
+
+        // context-sensitive error message
+        const auto error_msg =
+            (op == "op") ? "operation" : "operation '" + op + "'";
+
+        // check if desired value is present
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it == val.m_value.object->end())) {
+          JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(
+              105, 0, error_msg + " must have member '" + member + "'"));
+        }
+
+        // check if result is of type string
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(string_type and not it->second.is_string())) {
+          JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(
+              105, 0, error_msg + " must have string member '" + member + "'"));
+        }
+
+        // no error: return value
+        return it->second;
+      };
+
+      // type check: every element of the array must be an object
+      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not val.is_object())) {
+        JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(
+            104, 0, "JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
+      }
+
+      // collect mandatory members
+      const std::string op = get_value("op", "op", true);
+      const std::string path = get_value(op, "path", true);
+      json_pointer ptr(path);
 
-    /*!
-    @brief applies a JSON Merge Patch
+      switch (get_op(op)) {
+      case patch_operations::add: {
+        operation_add(ptr, get_value("add", "value", false));
+        break;
+      }
 
-    The merge patch format is primarily intended for use with the HTTP PATCH
-    method as a means of describing a set of modifications to a target
-    resource's content. This function applies a merge patch to the current
-    JSON value.
+      case patch_operations::remove: {
+        operation_remove(ptr);
+        break;
+      }
 
-    The function implements the following algorithm from Section 2 of
-    [RFC 7396 (JSON Merge Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7396):
+      case patch_operations::replace: {
+        // the "path" location must exist - use at()
+        result.at(ptr) = get_value("replace", "value", false);
+        break;
+      }
 
-    ```
-    define MergePatch(Target, Patch):
-      if Patch is an Object:
-        if Target is not an Object:
-          Target = {} // Ignore the contents and set it to an empty Object
-        for each Name/Value pair in Patch:
-          if Value is null:
-            if Name exists in Target:
-              remove the Name/Value pair from Target
-          else:
-            Target[Name] = MergePatch(Target[Name], Value)
-        return Target
-      else:
-        return Patch
-    ```
+      case patch_operations::move: {
+        const std::string from_path = get_value("move", "from", true);
+        json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
 
-    Thereby, `Target` is the current object; that is, the patch is applied to
-    the current value.
+        // the "from" location must exist - use at()
+        basic_json v = result.at(from_ptr);
 
-    @param[in] apply_patch  the patch to apply
+        // The move operation is functionally identical to a
+        // "remove" operation on the "from" location, followed
+        // immediately by an "add" operation at the target
+        // location with the value that was just removed.
+        operation_remove(from_ptr);
+        operation_add(ptr, v);
+        break;
+      }
 
-    @complexity Linear in the lengths of @a patch.
+      case patch_operations::copy: {
+        const std::string from_path = get_value("copy", "from", true);
+        const json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
+
+        // the "from" location must exist - use at()
+        basic_json v = result.at(from_ptr);
 
-    @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON Merge Patch is applied to
-    a JSON document.,merge_patch}
+        // The copy is functionally identical to an "add"
+        // operation at the target location using the value
+        // specified in the "from" member.
+        operation_add(ptr, v);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case patch_operations::test: {
+        bool success = false;
+        JSON_TRY {
+          // check if "value" matches the one at "path"
+          // the "path" location must exist - use at()
+          success = (result.at(ptr) == get_value("test", "value", false));
+        }
+        JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(out_of_range &) {
+          // ignore out of range errors: success remains false
+        }
+
+        // throw an exception if test fails
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(not success)) {
+          JSON_THROW(other_error::create(501, "unsuccessful: " + val.dump()));
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        // op must be "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or
+        // "test"
+        JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(
+            105, 0, "operation value '" + op + "' is invalid"));
+      }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*!
+  @brief creates a diff as a JSON patch
+
+  Creates a [JSON Patch](http://jsonpatch.com) so that value @a source can
+  be changed into the value @a target by calling @ref patch function.
+
+  @invariant For two JSON values @a source and @a target, the following code
+  yields always `true`:
+  @code {.cpp}
+  source.patch(diff(source, target)) == target;
+  @endcode
+
+  @note Currently, only `remove`, `add`, and `replace` operations are
+        generated.
+
+  @param[in] source  JSON value to compare from
+  @param[in] target  JSON value to compare against
+  @param[in] path    helper value to create JSON pointers
+
+  @return a JSON patch to convert the @a source to @a target
+
+  @complexity Linear in the lengths of @a source and @a target.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON patch is created as a
+  diff for two JSON values.,diff}
+
+  @sa @ref patch -- apply a JSON patch
+  @sa @ref merge_patch -- apply a JSON Merge Patch
+
+  @sa [RFC 6902 (JSON Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)
 
-    @sa @ref patch -- apply a JSON patch
-    @sa [RFC 7396 (JSON Merge Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7396)
+  @since version 2.0.0
+  */
+  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+  static basic_json diff(const basic_json &source, const basic_json &target,
+                         const std::string &path = "") {
+    // the patch
+    basic_json result(value_t::array);
 
-    @since version 3.0.0
-    */
-    void merge_patch(const basic_json& apply_patch)
-    {
-        if (apply_patch.is_object())
-        {
-            if (not is_object())
-            {
-                *this = object();
-            }
-            for (auto it = apply_patch.begin(); it != apply_patch.end(); ++it)
-            {
-                if (it.value().is_null())
-                {
-                    erase(it.key());
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    operator[](it.key()).merge_patch(it.value());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            *this = apply_patch;
-        }
+    // if the values are the same, return empty patch
+    if (source == target) {
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    if (source.type() != target.type()) {
+      // different types: replace value
+      result.push_back({{"op", "replace"}, {"path", path}, {"value", target}});
+      return result;
     }
 
-    /// @}
+    switch (source.type()) {
+    case value_t::array: {
+      // first pass: traverse common elements
+      std::size_t i = 0;
+      while (i < source.size() and i < target.size()) {
+        // recursive call to compare array values at index i
+        auto temp_diff =
+            diff(source[i], target[i], path + "/" + std::to_string(i));
+        result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
+        ++i;
+      }
+
+      // i now reached the end of at least one array
+      // in a second pass, traverse the remaining elements
+
+      // remove my remaining elements
+      const auto end_index = static_cast<difference_type>(result.size());
+      while (i < source.size()) {
+        // add operations in reverse order to avoid invalid
+        // indices
+        result.insert(result.begin() + end_index,
+                      object({{"op", "remove"},
+                              {"path", path + "/" + std::to_string(i)}}));
+        ++i;
+      }
+
+      // add other remaining elements
+      while (i < target.size()) {
+        result.push_back({{"op", "add"},
+                          {"path", path + "/" + std::to_string(i)},
+                          {"value", target[i]}});
+        ++i;
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case value_t::object: {
+      // first pass: traverse this object's elements
+      for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it) {
+        // escape the key name to be used in a JSON patch
+        const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());
+
+        if (target.find(it.key()) != target.end()) {
+          // recursive call to compare object values at key it
+          auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path + "/" + key);
+          result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
+        } else {
+          // found a key that is not in o -> remove it
+          result.push_back(
+              object({{"op", "remove"}, {"path", path + "/" + key}}));
+        }
+      }
+
+      // second pass: traverse other object's elements
+      for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it) {
+        if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end()) {
+          // found a key that is not in this -> add it
+          const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());
+          result.push_back({{"op", "add"},
+                            {"path", path + "/" + key},
+                            {"value", it.value()}});
+        }
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      // both primitive type: replace value
+      result.push_back({{"op", "replace"}, {"path", path}, {"value", target}});
+      break;
+    }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /// @}
+
+  ////////////////////////////////
+  // JSON Merge Patch functions //
+  ////////////////////////////////
+
+  /// @name JSON Merge Patch functions
+  /// @{
+
+  /*!
+  @brief applies a JSON Merge Patch
+
+  The merge patch format is primarily intended for use with the HTTP PATCH
+  method as a means of describing a set of modifications to a target
+  resource's content. This function applies a merge patch to the current
+  JSON value.
+
+  The function implements the following algorithm from Section 2 of
+  [RFC 7396 (JSON Merge Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7396):
+
+  ```
+  define MergePatch(Target, Patch):
+    if Patch is an Object:
+      if Target is not an Object:
+        Target = {} // Ignore the contents and set it to an empty Object
+      for each Name/Value pair in Patch:
+        if Value is null:
+          if Name exists in Target:
+            remove the Name/Value pair from Target
+        else:
+          Target[Name] = MergePatch(Target[Name], Value)
+      return Target
+    else:
+      return Patch
+  ```
+
+  Thereby, `Target` is the current object; that is, the patch is applied to
+  the current value.
+
+  @param[in] apply_patch  the patch to apply
+
+  @complexity Linear in the lengths of @a patch.
+
+  @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON Merge Patch is applied to
+  a JSON document.,merge_patch}
+
+  @sa @ref patch -- apply a JSON patch
+  @sa [RFC 7396 (JSON Merge Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7396)
+
+  @since version 3.0.0
+  */
+  void merge_patch(const basic_json &apply_patch) {
+    if (apply_patch.is_object()) {
+      if (not is_object()) {
+        *this = object();
+      }
+      for (auto it = apply_patch.begin(); it != apply_patch.end(); ++it) {
+        if (it.value().is_null()) {
+          erase(it.key());
+        } else {
+          operator[](it.key()).merge_patch(it.value());
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      *this = apply_patch;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// @}
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -22617,10 +21629,7 @@ This function implements a user-defined to_string  for JSON objects.
 */
 
 NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-std::string to_string(const NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL& j)
-{
-    return j.dump();
-}
+std::string to_string(const NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL &j) { return j.dump(); }
 } // namespace nlohmann
 
 ///////////////////////
@@ -22628,41 +21637,34 @@ std::string to_string(const NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL& j)
 ///////////////////////
 
 // specialization of std::swap, and std::hash
-namespace std
-{
+namespace std {
 
 /// hash value for JSON objects
-template<>
-struct hash<nlohmann::json>
-{
-    /*!
-    @brief return a hash value for a JSON object
-
-    @since version 1.0.0
-    */
-    std::size_t operator()(const nlohmann::json& j) const
-    {
-        // a naive hashing via the string representation
-        const auto& h = hash<nlohmann::json::string_t>();
-        return h(j.dump());
-    }
+template <> struct hash<nlohmann::json> {
+  /*!
+  @brief return a hash value for a JSON object
+
+  @since version 1.0.0
+  */
+  std::size_t operator()(const nlohmann::json &j) const {
+    // a naive hashing via the string representation
+    const auto &h = hash<nlohmann::json::string_t>();
+    return h(j.dump());
+  }
 };
 
 /// specialization for std::less<value_t>
 /// @note: do not remove the space after '<',
 ///        see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/679
-template<>
-struct less<::nlohmann::detail::value_t>
-{
-    /*!
-    @brief compare two value_t enum values
-    @since version 3.0.0
-    */
-    bool operator()(nlohmann::detail::value_t lhs,
-                    nlohmann::detail::value_t rhs) const noexcept
-    {
-        return nlohmann::detail::operator<(lhs, rhs);
-    }
+template <> struct less<::nlohmann::detail::value_t> {
+  /*!
+  @brief compare two value_t enum values
+  @since version 3.0.0
+  */
+  bool operator()(nlohmann::detail::value_t lhs,
+                  nlohmann::detail::value_t rhs) const noexcept {
+    return nlohmann::detail::operator<(lhs, rhs);
+  }
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -22670,13 +21672,12 @@ struct less<::nlohmann::detail::value_t>
 
 @since version 1.0.0
 */
-template<>
-inline void swap<nlohmann::json>(nlohmann::json& j1, nlohmann::json& j2) noexcept(
-    is_nothrow_move_constructible<nlohmann::json>::value and
-    is_nothrow_move_assignable<nlohmann::json>::value
-)
-{
-    j1.swap(j2);
+template <>
+inline void
+swap<nlohmann::json>(nlohmann::json &j1, nlohmann::json &j2) noexcept(
+    is_nothrow_move_constructible<nlohmann::json>::value
+        and is_nothrow_move_assignable<nlohmann::json>::value) {
+  j1.swap(j2);
 }
 
 } // namespace std
@@ -22695,17 +21696,16 @@ if no parse error occurred.
 @since version 1.0.0
 */
 JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-inline nlohmann::json operator "" _json(const char* s, std::size_t n)
-{
-    return nlohmann::json::parse(s, s + n);
+inline nlohmann::json operator"" _json(const char *s, std::size_t n) {
+  return nlohmann::json::parse(s, s + n);
 }
 
 /*!
 @brief user-defined string literal for JSON pointer
 
 This operator implements a user-defined string literal for JSON Pointers. It
-can be used by adding `"_json_pointer"` to a string literal and returns a JSON pointer
-object if no parse error occurred.
+can be used by adding `"_json_pointer"` to a string literal and returns a JSON
+pointer object if no parse error occurred.
 
 @param[in] s  a string representation of a JSON Pointer
 @param[in] n  the length of string @a s
@@ -22714,20 +21714,19 @@ object if no parse error occurred.
 @since version 2.0.0
 */
 JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-inline nlohmann::json::json_pointer operator "" _json_pointer(const char* s, std::size_t n)
-{
-    return nlohmann::json::json_pointer(std::string(s, n));
+inline nlohmann::json::json_pointer operator"" _json_pointer(const char *s,
+                                                             std::size_t n) {
+  return nlohmann::json::json_pointer(std::string(s, n));
 }
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_unscope.hpp>
 
-
 // restore GCC/clang diagnostic settings
 #if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
-    #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 #endif
 #if defined(__clang__)
-    #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 #endif
 
 // clean up
@@ -22870,6 +21869,4 @@ inline nlohmann::json::json_pointer operator "" _json_pointer(const char* s, std
 #undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING
 #undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 
-
-
-#endif  // INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP_
+#endif // INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP_
diff --git a/include/cinatra/picohttpparser.h b/include/cinatra/picohttpparser.h
index 485f113..ae2f24d 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/picohttpparser.h
+++ b/include/cinatra/picohttpparser.h
@@ -52,30 +52,35 @@ extern "C" {
 /* contains name and value of a header (name == NULL if is a continuing line
  * of a multiline header */
 struct phr_header {
-    const char *name;
-    size_t name_len;
-    const char *value;
-    size_t value_len;
+  const char *name;
+  size_t name_len;
+  const char *value;
+  size_t value_len;
 };
 
 /* returns number of bytes consumed if successful, -2 if request is partial,
  * -1 if failed */
-//int phr_parse_request(const char *buf, size_t len, const char **method, size_t *method_len, const char **path, size_t *path_len,
-//                      int *minor_version, struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len);
+// int phr_parse_request(const char *buf, size_t len, const char **method,
+// size_t *method_len, const char **path, size_t *path_len,
+//                      int *minor_version, struct phr_header *headers, size_t
+//                      *num_headers, size_t last_len);
 
 /* ditto */
-//int phr_parse_response(const char *_buf, size_t len, int *minor_version, int *status, const char **msg, size_t *msg_len,
-//                       struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len);
+// int phr_parse_response(const char *_buf, size_t len, int *minor_version, int
+// *status, const char **msg, size_t *msg_len,
+//                       struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t
+//                       last_len);
 
 /* ditto */
-//int phr_parse_headers(const char *buf, size_t len, struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len);
+// int phr_parse_headers(const char *buf, size_t len, struct phr_header
+// *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len);
 
 /* should be zero-filled before start */
 struct phr_chunked_decoder {
-    size_t bytes_left_in_chunk; /* number of bytes left in current chunk */
-    char consume_trailer;       /* if trailing headers should be consumed */
-    char _hex_count;
-    char _state;
+  size_t bytes_left_in_chunk; /* number of bytes left in current chunk */
+  char consume_trailer;       /* if trailing headers should be consumed */
+  char _hex_count;
+  char _state;
 };
 
 /* the function rewrites the buffer given as (buf, bufsz) removing the chunked-
@@ -87,10 +92,11 @@ struct phr_chunked_decoder {
  * octets left undecoded at the tail of the supplied buffer.  Returns -1 on
  * error.
  */
-//ssize_t phr_decode_chunked(struct phr_chunked_decoder *decoder, char *buf, size_t *bufsz);
+// ssize_t phr_decode_chunked(struct phr_chunked_decoder *decoder, char *buf,
+// size_t *bufsz);
 
 /* returns if the chunked decoder is in middle of chunked data */
-//int phr_decode_chunked_is_in_data(struct phr_chunked_decoder *decoder);
+// int phr_decode_chunked_is_in_data(struct phr_chunked_decoder *decoder);
 
 /* $Id: a707070d11d499609f99d09f97535642cec910a8 $ */
 
@@ -110,566 +116,589 @@ struct phr_chunked_decoder {
 
 #define IS_PRINTABLE_ASCII(c) ((unsigned char)(c)-040u < 0137u)
 
-#define CHECK_EOF()                                                                                                                \
-    if (buf == buf_end) {                                                                                                          \
-        *ret = -2;                                                                                                                 \
-        return NULL;                                                                                                               \
-    }
-
-#define EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK(ch)                                                                                                   \
-    if (*buf++ != ch) {                                                                                                            \
-        *ret = -1;                                                                                                                 \
-        return NULL;                                                                                                               \
-    }
-
-#define EXPECT_CHAR(ch)                                                                                                            \
-    CHECK_EOF();                                                                                                                   \
-    EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK(ch);
-
-#define ADVANCE_TOKEN(tok, toklen)                                                                                                 \
-    do {                                                                                                                           \
-        const char *tok_start = buf;                                                                                               \
-        static const char ALIGNED(16) ranges2[] = "\000\040\177\177";                                                              \
-        int found2;                                                                                                                \
-        buf = findchar_fast(buf, buf_end, ranges2, sizeof(ranges2) - 1, &found2);                                                  \
-        if (!found2) {                                                                                                             \
-            CHECK_EOF();                                                                                                           \
-        }                                                                                                                          \
-        while (1) {                                                                                                                \
-            if (*buf == ' ') {                                                                                                     \
-                break;                                                                                                             \
-            } else if (unlikely(!IS_PRINTABLE_ASCII(*buf))) {                                                                      \
-                if ((unsigned char)*buf < '\040' || *buf == '\177') {                                                              \
-                    *ret = -1;                                                                                                     \
-                    return NULL;                                                                                                   \
-                }                                                                                                                  \
-            }                                                                                                                      \
-            ++buf;                                                                                                                 \
-            CHECK_EOF();                                                                                                           \
-        }                                                                                                                          \
-        tok = tok_start;                                                                                                           \
-        toklen = buf - tok_start;                                                                                                  \
-    } while (0)
-
-static const char *token_char_map = "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
-"\0\1\0\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\1\1\0\1\1\0\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0"
-"\0\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\1\1"
-"\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\1\0\1\0"
-"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
-"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
-"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
-"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0";
-
-static const char *findchar_fast(const char *buf, const char *buf_end, const char *ranges, int ranges_size, int *found) {
-	*found = 0;
+#define CHECK_EOF()                                                            \
+  if (buf == buf_end) {                                                        \
+    *ret = -2;                                                                 \
+    return NULL;                                                               \
+  }
+
+#define EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK(ch)                                               \
+  if (*buf++ != ch) {                                                          \
+    *ret = -1;                                                                 \
+    return NULL;                                                               \
+  }
+
+#define EXPECT_CHAR(ch)                                                        \
+  CHECK_EOF();                                                                 \
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK(ch);
+
+#define ADVANCE_TOKEN(tok, toklen)                                             \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    const char *tok_start = buf;                                               \
+    static const char ALIGNED(16) ranges2[] = "\000\040\177\177";              \
+    int found2;                                                                \
+    buf = findchar_fast(buf, buf_end, ranges2, sizeof(ranges2) - 1, &found2);  \
+    if (!found2) {                                                             \
+      CHECK_EOF();                                                             \
+    }                                                                          \
+    while (1) {                                                                \
+      if (*buf == ' ') {                                                       \
+        break;                                                                 \
+      } else if (unlikely(!IS_PRINTABLE_ASCII(*buf))) {                        \
+        if ((unsigned char)*buf < '\040' || *buf == '\177') {                  \
+          *ret = -1;                                                           \
+          return NULL;                                                         \
+        }                                                                      \
+      }                                                                        \
+      ++buf;                                                                   \
+      CHECK_EOF();                                                             \
+    }                                                                          \
+    tok = tok_start;                                                           \
+    toklen = buf - tok_start;                                                  \
+  } while (0)
+
+static const char *token_char_map =
+    "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
+    "\0\1\0\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\1\1\0\1\1\0\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0"
+    "\0\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\1\1"
+    "\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\1\0\1\0"
+    "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
+    "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
+    "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
+    "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0";
+
+static const char *findchar_fast(const char *buf, const char *buf_end,
+                                 const char *ranges, int ranges_size,
+                                 int *found) {
+  *found = 0;
 #if __SSE4_2__
-	if (likely(buf_end - buf >= 16)) {
-		__m128i ranges16 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)ranges);
-
-		size_t left = (buf_end - buf) & ~15;
-		do {
-			__m128i b16 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)buf);
-			int r = _mm_cmpestri(ranges16, ranges_size, b16, 16, _SIDD_LEAST_SIGNIFICANT | _SIDD_CMP_RANGES | _SIDD_UBYTE_OPS);
-			if (unlikely(r != 16)) {
-				buf += r;
-				*found = 1;
-				break;
-			}
-			buf += 16;
-			left -= 16;
-		} while (likely(left != 0));
-	}
+  if (likely(buf_end - buf >= 16)) {
+    __m128i ranges16 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)ranges);
+
+    size_t left = (buf_end - buf) & ~15;
+    do {
+      __m128i b16 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)buf);
+      int r = _mm_cmpestri(ranges16, ranges_size, b16, 16,
+                           _SIDD_LEAST_SIGNIFICANT | _SIDD_CMP_RANGES |
+                               _SIDD_UBYTE_OPS);
+      if (unlikely(r != 16)) {
+        buf += r;
+        *found = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+      buf += 16;
+      left -= 16;
+    } while (likely(left != 0));
+  }
 #else
-	/* suppress unused parameter warning */
-	(void)buf_end;
-	(void)ranges;
-	(void)ranges_size;
+  /* suppress unused parameter warning */
+  (void)buf_end;
+  (void)ranges;
+  (void)ranges_size;
 #endif
-	return buf;
+  return buf;
 }
 
-static const char *get_token_to_eol(const char *buf, const char *buf_end, const char **token, size_t *token_len, int *ret) {
-	const char *token_start = buf;
+static const char *get_token_to_eol(const char *buf, const char *buf_end,
+                                    const char **token, size_t *token_len,
+                                    int *ret) {
+  const char *token_start = buf;
 
 #ifdef __SSE4_2__
-	static const char ranges1[] = "\0\010"
-		/* allow HT */
-		"\012\037"
-		/* allow SP and up to but not including DEL */
-		"\177\177"
-		/* allow chars w. MSB set */
-		;
-	int found;
-	buf = findchar_fast(buf, buf_end, ranges1, sizeof(ranges1) - 1, &found);
-	if (found)
-		goto FOUND_CTL;
+  static const char ranges1[] = "\0\010"
+                                /* allow HT */
+                                "\012\037"
+                                /* allow SP and up to but not including DEL */
+                                "\177\177"
+      /* allow chars w. MSB set */
+      ;
+  int found;
+  buf = findchar_fast(buf, buf_end, ranges1, sizeof(ranges1) - 1, &found);
+  if (found)
+    goto FOUND_CTL;
 #else
-	/* find non-printable char within the next 8 bytes, this is the hottest code; manually inlined */
-	while (likely(buf_end - buf >= 8)) {
-#define DOIT()                                                                                                                     \
-    do {                                                                                                                           \
-        if (unlikely(!IS_PRINTABLE_ASCII(*buf)))                                                                                   \
-            goto NonPrintable;                                                                                                     \
-        ++buf;                                                                                                                     \
-    } while (0)
-		DOIT();
-		DOIT();
-		DOIT();
-		DOIT();
-		DOIT();
-		DOIT();
-		DOIT();
-		DOIT();
+  /* find non-printable char within the next 8 bytes, this is the hottest code;
+   * manually inlined */
+  while (likely(buf_end - buf >= 8)) {
+#define DOIT()                                                                 \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    if (unlikely(!IS_PRINTABLE_ASCII(*buf)))                                   \
+      goto NonPrintable;                                                       \
+    ++buf;                                                                     \
+  } while (0)
+    DOIT();
+    DOIT();
+    DOIT();
+    DOIT();
+    DOIT();
+    DOIT();
+    DOIT();
+    DOIT();
 #undef DOIT
-		continue;
-	NonPrintable:
-		if ((likely((unsigned char)*buf < '\040') && likely(*buf != '\011')) || unlikely(*buf == '\177')) {
-			goto FOUND_CTL;
-		}
-		++buf;
-	}
+    continue;
+  NonPrintable:
+    if ((likely((unsigned char)*buf < '\040') && likely(*buf != '\011')) ||
+        unlikely(*buf == '\177')) {
+      goto FOUND_CTL;
+    }
+    ++buf;
+  }
 #endif
-	for (;; ++buf) {
-		CHECK_EOF();
-		if (unlikely(!IS_PRINTABLE_ASCII(*buf))) {
-			if ((likely((unsigned char)*buf < '\040') && likely(*buf != '\011')) || unlikely(*buf == '\177')) {
-				goto FOUND_CTL;
-			}
-		}
-	}
+  for (;; ++buf) {
+    CHECK_EOF();
+    if (unlikely(!IS_PRINTABLE_ASCII(*buf))) {
+      if ((likely((unsigned char)*buf < '\040') && likely(*buf != '\011')) ||
+          unlikely(*buf == '\177')) {
+        goto FOUND_CTL;
+      }
+    }
+  }
 FOUND_CTL:
-	if (likely(*buf == '\015')) {
-		++buf;
-		EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
-		*token_len = buf - 2 - token_start;
-	}
-	else if (*buf == '\012') {
-		*token_len = buf - token_start;
-		++buf;
-	}
-	else {
-		*ret = -1;
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	*token = token_start;
-
-	return buf;
+  if (likely(*buf == '\015')) {
+    ++buf;
+    EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
+    *token_len = buf - 2 - token_start;
+  } else if (*buf == '\012') {
+    *token_len = buf - token_start;
+    ++buf;
+  } else {
+    *ret = -1;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  *token = token_start;
+
+  return buf;
 }
 
-static const char *is_complete(const char *buf, const char *buf_end, size_t last_len, int *ret) {
-	int ret_cnt = 0;
-	buf = last_len < 3 ? buf : buf + last_len - 3;
-
-	while (1) {
-		CHECK_EOF();
-		if (*buf == '\015') {
-			++buf;
-			CHECK_EOF();
-			EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
-			++ret_cnt;
-		}
-		else if (*buf == '\012') {
-			++buf;
-			++ret_cnt;
-		}
-		else {
-			++buf;
-			ret_cnt = 0;
-		}
-		if (ret_cnt == 2) {
-			return buf;
-		}
-	}
-
-	*ret = -2;
-	return NULL;
+static const char *is_complete(const char *buf, const char *buf_end,
+                               size_t last_len, int *ret) {
+  int ret_cnt = 0;
+  buf = last_len < 3 ? buf : buf + last_len - 3;
+
+  while (1) {
+    CHECK_EOF();
+    if (*buf == '\015') {
+      ++buf;
+      CHECK_EOF();
+      EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
+      ++ret_cnt;
+    } else if (*buf == '\012') {
+      ++buf;
+      ++ret_cnt;
+    } else {
+      ++buf;
+      ret_cnt = 0;
+    }
+    if (ret_cnt == 2) {
+      return buf;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ret = -2;
+  return NULL;
 }
 
-#define PARSE_INT(valp_, mul_)                                                                                                     \
-    if (*buf < '0' || '9' < *buf) {                                                                                                \
-        buf++;                                                                                                                     \
-        *ret = -1;                                                                                                                 \
-        return NULL;                                                                                                               \
-    }                                                                                                                              \
-    *(valp_) = (mul_) * (*buf++ - '0');
-
-#define PARSE_INT_3(valp_)                                                                                                         \
-    do {                                                                                                                           \
-        int res_ = 0;                                                                                                              \
-        PARSE_INT(&res_, 100)                                                                                                      \
-        *valp_ = res_;                                                                                                             \
-        PARSE_INT(&res_, 10)                                                                                                       \
-        *valp_ += res_;                                                                                                            \
-        PARSE_INT(&res_, 1)                                                                                                        \
-        *valp_ += res_;                                                                                                            \
-    } while (0)
+#define PARSE_INT(valp_, mul_)                                                 \
+  if (*buf < '0' || '9' < *buf) {                                              \
+    buf++;                                                                     \
+    *ret = -1;                                                                 \
+    return NULL;                                                               \
+  }                                                                            \
+  *(valp_) = (mul_) * (*buf++ - '0');
+
+#define PARSE_INT_3(valp_)                                                     \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    int res_ = 0;                                                              \
+    PARSE_INT(&res_, 100)                                                      \
+    *valp_ = res_;                                                             \
+    PARSE_INT(&res_, 10)                                                       \
+    *valp_ += res_;                                                            \
+    PARSE_INT(&res_, 1)                                                        \
+    *valp_ += res_;                                                            \
+  } while (0)
 
 /* returned pointer is always within [buf, buf_end), or null */
-static const char *parse_http_version(const char *buf, const char *buf_end, int *minor_version, int *ret) {
-	/* we want at least [HTTP/1.<two chars>] to try to parse */
-	if (buf_end - buf < 9) {
-		*ret = -2;
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('H');
-	EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('T');
-	EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('T');
-	EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('P');
-	EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('/');
-	EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('1');
-	EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('.');
-	PARSE_INT(minor_version, 1);
-	return buf;
+static const char *parse_http_version(const char *buf, const char *buf_end,
+                                      int *minor_version, int *ret) {
+  /* we want at least [HTTP/1.<two chars>] to try to parse */
+  if (buf_end - buf < 9) {
+    *ret = -2;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('H');
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('T');
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('T');
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('P');
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('/');
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('1');
+  EXPECT_CHAR_NO_CHECK('.');
+  PARSE_INT(minor_version, 1);
+  return buf;
 }
 
-static const char *parse_headers(const char *buf, const char *buf_end, struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers,
-	size_t max_headers, int *ret) {
-	for (;; ++*num_headers) {
-		CHECK_EOF();
-		if (*buf == '\015') {
-			++buf;
-			EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
-			break;
-		}
-		else if (*buf == '\012') {
-			++buf;
-			break;
-		}
-		if (*num_headers == max_headers) {
-			*ret = -1;
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		if (!(*num_headers != 0 && (*buf == ' ' || *buf == '\t'))) {
-			/* parsing name, but do not discard SP before colon, see
-			* http://www.mozilla.org/security/announce/2006/mfsa2006-33.html */
-			headers[*num_headers].name = buf;
-			static const char ALIGNED(16) ranges1[] = "\x00 "  /* control chars and up to SP */
-				"\"\""   /* 0x22 */
-				"()"     /* 0x28,0x29 */
-				",,"     /* 0x2c */
-				"//"     /* 0x2f */
-				":@"     /* 0x3a-0x40 */
-				"[]"     /* 0x5b-0x5d */
-				"{\377"; /* 0x7b-0xff */
-			int found;
-			buf = findchar_fast(buf, buf_end, ranges1, sizeof(ranges1) - 1, &found);
-			if (!found) {
-				CHECK_EOF();
-			}
-			while (1) {
-				if (*buf == ':') {
-					break;
-				}
-				else if (!token_char_map[(unsigned char)*buf]) {
-					*ret = -1;
-					return NULL;
-				}
-				++buf;
-				CHECK_EOF();
-			}
-			if ((headers[*num_headers].name_len = buf - headers[*num_headers].name) == 0) {
-				*ret = -1;
-				return NULL;
-			}
-			++buf;
-			for (;; ++buf) {
-				CHECK_EOF();
-				if (!(*buf == ' ' || *buf == '\t')) {
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		else {
-			headers[*num_headers].name = NULL;
-			headers[*num_headers].name_len = 0;
-		}
-		if ((buf = get_token_to_eol(buf, buf_end, &headers[*num_headers].value, &headers[*num_headers].value_len, ret)) == NULL) {
-			return NULL;
-		}
-	}
-	return buf;
+static const char *parse_headers(const char *buf, const char *buf_end,
+                                 struct phr_header *headers,
+                                 size_t *num_headers, size_t max_headers,
+                                 int *ret) {
+  for (;; ++*num_headers) {
+    CHECK_EOF();
+    if (*buf == '\015') {
+      ++buf;
+      EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
+      break;
+    } else if (*buf == '\012') {
+      ++buf;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (*num_headers == max_headers) {
+      *ret = -1;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!(*num_headers != 0 && (*buf == ' ' || *buf == '\t'))) {
+      /* parsing name, but do not discard SP before colon, see
+       * http://www.mozilla.org/security/announce/2006/mfsa2006-33.html */
+      headers[*num_headers].name = buf;
+      static const char ALIGNED(16) ranges1[] =
+          "\x00 "  /* control chars and up to SP */
+          "\"\""   /* 0x22 */
+          "()"     /* 0x28,0x29 */
+          ",,"     /* 0x2c */
+          "//"     /* 0x2f */
+          ":@"     /* 0x3a-0x40 */
+          "[]"     /* 0x5b-0x5d */
+          "{\377"; /* 0x7b-0xff */
+      int found;
+      buf = findchar_fast(buf, buf_end, ranges1, sizeof(ranges1) - 1, &found);
+      if (!found) {
+        CHECK_EOF();
+      }
+      while (1) {
+        if (*buf == ':') {
+          break;
+        } else if (!token_char_map[(unsigned char)*buf]) {
+          *ret = -1;
+          return NULL;
+        }
+        ++buf;
+        CHECK_EOF();
+      }
+      if ((headers[*num_headers].name_len = buf - headers[*num_headers].name) ==
+          0) {
+        *ret = -1;
+        return NULL;
+      }
+      ++buf;
+      for (;; ++buf) {
+        CHECK_EOF();
+        if (!(*buf == ' ' || *buf == '\t')) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      headers[*num_headers].name = NULL;
+      headers[*num_headers].name_len = 0;
+    }
+    if ((buf = get_token_to_eol(buf, buf_end, &headers[*num_headers].value,
+                                &headers[*num_headers].value_len, ret)) ==
+        NULL) {
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  }
+  return buf;
 }
 
-static const char *parse_request(const char *buf, const char *buf_end, const char **method, size_t *method_len, const char **path,
-	size_t *path_len, int *minor_version, struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers,
-	size_t max_headers, int *ret) {
-	/* skip first empty line (some clients add CRLF after POST content) */
-	CHECK_EOF();
-	if (*buf == '\015') {
-		++buf;
-		EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
-	}
-	else if (*buf == '\012') {
-		++buf;
-	}
-
-	/* parse request line */
-	ADVANCE_TOKEN(*method, *method_len);
-	++buf;
-	ADVANCE_TOKEN(*path, *path_len);
-	++buf;
-	if ((buf = parse_http_version(buf, buf_end, minor_version, ret)) == NULL) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	if (*buf == '\015') {
-		++buf;
-		EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
-	}
-	else if (*buf == '\012') {
-		++buf;
-	}
-	else {
-		*ret = -1;
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	return parse_headers(buf, buf_end, headers, num_headers, max_headers, ret);
+static const char *parse_request(const char *buf, const char *buf_end,
+                                 const char **method, size_t *method_len,
+                                 const char **path, size_t *path_len,
+                                 int *minor_version, struct phr_header *headers,
+                                 size_t *num_headers, size_t max_headers,
+                                 int *ret) {
+  /* skip first empty line (some clients add CRLF after POST content) */
+  CHECK_EOF();
+  if (*buf == '\015') {
+    ++buf;
+    EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
+  } else if (*buf == '\012') {
+    ++buf;
+  }
+
+  /* parse request line */
+  ADVANCE_TOKEN(*method, *method_len);
+  ++buf;
+  ADVANCE_TOKEN(*path, *path_len);
+  ++buf;
+  if ((buf = parse_http_version(buf, buf_end, minor_version, ret)) == NULL) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  if (*buf == '\015') {
+    ++buf;
+    EXPECT_CHAR('\012');
+  } else if (*buf == '\012') {
+    ++buf;
+  } else {
+    *ret = -1;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  return parse_headers(buf, buf_end, headers, num_headers, max_headers, ret);
 }
 
-inline int phr_parse_request(const char *buf_start, size_t len, const char **method, size_t *method_len, const char **path,
-	size_t *path_len, int *minor_version, struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len) {
-	const char *buf = buf_start, *buf_end = buf_start + len;
-	size_t max_headers = *num_headers;
-	int r;
-
-	*method = NULL;
-	*method_len = 0;
-	*path = NULL;
-	*path_len = 0;
-	*minor_version = -1;
-	*num_headers = 0;
-
-	/* if last_len != 0, check if the request is complete (a fast countermeasure
-	againt slowloris */
-	if (last_len != 0 && is_complete(buf, buf_end, last_len, &r) == NULL) {
-		return r;
-	}
-
-	if ((buf = parse_request(buf+last_len, buf_end, method, method_len, path, path_len, minor_version, headers, num_headers, max_headers,
-		&r)) == NULL) {
-		return r;
-	}
-
-	return (int)(buf - buf_start - last_len);
+inline int phr_parse_request(const char *buf_start, size_t len,
+                             const char **method, size_t *method_len,
+                             const char **path, size_t *path_len,
+                             int *minor_version, struct phr_header *headers,
+                             size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len) {
+  const char *buf = buf_start, *buf_end = buf_start + len;
+  size_t max_headers = *num_headers;
+  int r;
+
+  *method = NULL;
+  *method_len = 0;
+  *path = NULL;
+  *path_len = 0;
+  *minor_version = -1;
+  *num_headers = 0;
+
+  /* if last_len != 0, check if the request is complete (a fast countermeasure
+  againt slowloris */
+  if (last_len != 0 && is_complete(buf, buf_end, last_len, &r) == NULL) {
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  if ((buf = parse_request(buf + last_len, buf_end, method, method_len, path,
+                           path_len, minor_version, headers, num_headers,
+                           max_headers, &r)) == NULL) {
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  return (int)(buf - buf_start - last_len);
 }
 
-inline const char *parse_response(const char *buf, const char *buf_end, int *minor_version, int *status, const char **msg,
-	size_t *msg_len, struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t max_headers, int *ret) {
-	/* parse "HTTP/1.x" */
-	if ((buf = parse_http_version(buf, buf_end, minor_version, ret)) == NULL) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	/* skip space */
-	if (*buf++ != ' ') {
-		*ret = -1;
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	/* parse status code, we want at least [:digit:][:digit:][:digit:]<other char> to try to parse */
-	if (buf_end - buf < 4) {
-		*ret = -2;
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	PARSE_INT_3(status);
-
-	/* skip space */
-	if (*buf++ != ' ') {
-		*ret = -1;
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	/* get message */
-	if ((buf = get_token_to_eol(buf, buf_end, msg, msg_len, ret)) == NULL) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	return parse_headers(buf, buf_end, headers, num_headers, max_headers, ret);
+inline const char *parse_response(const char *buf, const char *buf_end,
+                                  int *minor_version, int *status,
+                                  const char **msg, size_t *msg_len,
+                                  struct phr_header *headers,
+                                  size_t *num_headers, size_t max_headers,
+                                  int *ret) {
+  /* parse "HTTP/1.x" */
+  if ((buf = parse_http_version(buf, buf_end, minor_version, ret)) == NULL) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  /* skip space */
+  if (*buf++ != ' ') {
+    *ret = -1;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  /* parse status code, we want at least [:digit:][:digit:][:digit:]<other char>
+   * to try to parse */
+  if (buf_end - buf < 4) {
+    *ret = -2;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  PARSE_INT_3(status);
+
+  /* skip space */
+  if (*buf++ != ' ') {
+    *ret = -1;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  /* get message */
+  if ((buf = get_token_to_eol(buf, buf_end, msg, msg_len, ret)) == NULL) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  return parse_headers(buf, buf_end, headers, num_headers, max_headers, ret);
 }
 
-inline int phr_parse_response(const char *buf_start, size_t len, int *minor_version, int *status, const char **msg, size_t *msg_len,
-	struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len) {
-	const char *buf = buf_start, *buf_end = buf + len;
-	size_t max_headers = *num_headers;
-	int r;
-
-	*minor_version = -1;
-	*status = 0;
-	*msg = NULL;
-	*msg_len = 0;
-	*num_headers = 0;
-
-	/* if last_len != 0, check if the response is complete (a fast countermeasure
-	against slowloris */
-	if (last_len != 0 && is_complete(buf, buf_end, last_len, &r) == NULL) {
-		return r;
-	}
-
-	if ((buf = parse_response(buf, buf_end, minor_version, status, msg, msg_len, headers, num_headers, max_headers, &r)) == NULL) {
-		return r;
-	}
-
-	return (int)(buf - buf_start);
+inline int phr_parse_response(const char *buf_start, size_t len,
+                              int *minor_version, int *status, const char **msg,
+                              size_t *msg_len, struct phr_header *headers,
+                              size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len) {
+  const char *buf = buf_start, *buf_end = buf + len;
+  size_t max_headers = *num_headers;
+  int r;
+
+  *minor_version = -1;
+  *status = 0;
+  *msg = NULL;
+  *msg_len = 0;
+  *num_headers = 0;
+
+  /* if last_len != 0, check if the response is complete (a fast countermeasure
+  against slowloris */
+  if (last_len != 0 && is_complete(buf, buf_end, last_len, &r) == NULL) {
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  if ((buf = parse_response(buf, buf_end, minor_version, status, msg, msg_len,
+                            headers, num_headers, max_headers, &r)) == NULL) {
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  return (int)(buf - buf_start);
 }
 
-inline int phr_parse_headers(const char *buf_start, size_t len, struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers, size_t last_len) {
-	const char *buf = buf_start, *buf_end = buf + len;
-	size_t max_headers = *num_headers;
-	int r;
+inline int phr_parse_headers(const char *buf_start, size_t len,
+                             struct phr_header *headers, size_t *num_headers,
+                             size_t last_len) {
+  const char *buf = buf_start, *buf_end = buf + len;
+  size_t max_headers = *num_headers;
+  int r;
 
-	*num_headers = 0;
+  *num_headers = 0;
 
-	/* if last_len != 0, check if the response is complete (a fast countermeasure
-	against slowloris */
-	if (last_len != 0 && is_complete(buf, buf_end, last_len, &r) == NULL) {
-		return r;
-	}
+  /* if last_len != 0, check if the response is complete (a fast countermeasure
+  against slowloris */
+  if (last_len != 0 && is_complete(buf, buf_end, last_len, &r) == NULL) {
+    return r;
+  }
 
-	if ((buf = parse_headers(buf, buf_end, headers, num_headers, max_headers, &r)) == NULL) {
-		return r;
-	}
+  if ((buf = parse_headers(buf, buf_end, headers, num_headers, max_headers,
+                           &r)) == NULL) {
+    return r;
+  }
 
-	return (int)(buf - buf_start);
+  return (int)(buf - buf_start);
 }
 
 enum {
-	CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_SIZE,
-	CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_EXT,
-	CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA,
-	CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_CRLF,
-	CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD,
-	CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_MIDDLE
+  CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_SIZE,
+  CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_EXT,
+  CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA,
+  CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_CRLF,
+  CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD,
+  CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_MIDDLE
 };
 
 static int decode_hex(int ch) {
-	if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') {
-		return ch - '0';
-	}
-	else if ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'F') {
-		return ch - 'A' + 0xa;
-	}
-	else if ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'f') {
-		return ch - 'a' + 0xa;
-	}
-	else {
-		return -1;
-	}
+  if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') {
+    return ch - '0';
+  } else if ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'F') {
+    return ch - 'A' + 0xa;
+  } else if ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'f') {
+    return ch - 'a' + 0xa;
+  } else {
+    return -1;
+  }
 }
 
-inline ssize_t phr_decode_chunked(struct phr_chunked_decoder *decoder, char *buf, size_t *_bufsz) {
-	size_t dst = 0, src = 0, bufsz = *_bufsz;
-	ssize_t ret = -2; /* incomplete */
-
-	while (1) {
-		switch (decoder->_state) {
-		case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_SIZE:
-			for (;; ++src) {
-				int v;
-				if (src == bufsz)
-					goto Exit;
-				if ((v = decode_hex(buf[src])) == -1) {
-					if (decoder->_hex_count == 0) {
-						ret = -1;
-						goto Exit;
-					}
-					break;
-				}
-				if (decoder->_hex_count == sizeof(size_t) * 2) {
-					ret = -1;
-					goto Exit;
-				}
-				decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk = decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk * 16 + v;
-				++decoder->_hex_count;
-			}
-			decoder->_hex_count = 0;
-			decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_EXT;
-			/* fallthru */
-		case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_EXT:
-			/* RFC 7230 A.2 "Line folding in chunk extensions is disallowed" */
-			for (;; ++src) {
-				if (src == bufsz)
-					goto Exit;
-				if (buf[src] == '\012')
-					break;
-			}
-			++src;
-			if (decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk == 0) {
-				if (decoder->consume_trailer) {
-					decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD;
-					break;
-				}
-				else {
-					goto Complete;
-				}
-			}
-			decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA;
-			/* fallthru */
-		case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA: {
-			size_t avail = bufsz - src;
-			if (avail < decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk) {
-				if (dst != src)
-					memmove(buf + dst, buf + src, avail);
-				src += avail;
-				dst += avail;
-				decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk -= avail;
-				goto Exit;
-			}
-			if (dst != src)
-				memmove(buf + dst, buf + src, decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk);
-			src += decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk;
-			dst += decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk;
-			decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk = 0;
-			decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_CRLF;
-		}
-									/* fallthru */
-		case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_CRLF:
-			for (;; ++src) {
-				if (src == bufsz)
-					goto Exit;
-				if (buf[src] != '\015')
-					break;
-			}
-			if (buf[src] != '\012') {
-				ret = -1;
-				goto Exit;
-			}
-			++src;
-			decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_SIZE;
-			break;
-		case CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD:
-			for (;; ++src) {
-				if (src == bufsz)
-					goto Exit;
-				if (buf[src] != '\015')
-					break;
-			}
-			if (buf[src++] == '\012')
-				goto Complete;
-			decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_MIDDLE;
-			/* fallthru */
-		case CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_MIDDLE:
-			for (;; ++src) {
-				if (src == bufsz)
-					goto Exit;
-				if (buf[src] == '\012')
-					break;
-			}
-			++src;
-			decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD;
-			break;
-		default:
-			assert(!"decoder is corrupt");
-		}
-	}
+inline ssize_t phr_decode_chunked(struct phr_chunked_decoder *decoder,
+                                  char *buf, size_t *_bufsz) {
+  size_t dst = 0, src = 0, bufsz = *_bufsz;
+  ssize_t ret = -2; /* incomplete */
+
+  while (1) {
+    switch (decoder->_state) {
+    case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_SIZE:
+      for (;; ++src) {
+        int v;
+        if (src == bufsz)
+          goto Exit;
+        if ((v = decode_hex(buf[src])) == -1) {
+          if (decoder->_hex_count == 0) {
+            ret = -1;
+            goto Exit;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        if (decoder->_hex_count == sizeof(size_t) * 2) {
+          ret = -1;
+          goto Exit;
+        }
+        decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk = decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk * 16 + v;
+        ++decoder->_hex_count;
+      }
+      decoder->_hex_count = 0;
+      decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_EXT;
+      /* fallthru */
+    case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_EXT:
+      /* RFC 7230 A.2 "Line folding in chunk extensions is disallowed" */
+      for (;; ++src) {
+        if (src == bufsz)
+          goto Exit;
+        if (buf[src] == '\012')
+          break;
+      }
+      ++src;
+      if (decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk == 0) {
+        if (decoder->consume_trailer) {
+          decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD;
+          break;
+        } else {
+          goto Complete;
+        }
+      }
+      decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA;
+      /* fallthru */
+    case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA: {
+      size_t avail = bufsz - src;
+      if (avail < decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk) {
+        if (dst != src)
+          memmove(buf + dst, buf + src, avail);
+        src += avail;
+        dst += avail;
+        decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk -= avail;
+        goto Exit;
+      }
+      if (dst != src)
+        memmove(buf + dst, buf + src, decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk);
+      src += decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk;
+      dst += decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk;
+      decoder->bytes_left_in_chunk = 0;
+      decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_CRLF;
+    }
+      /* fallthru */
+    case CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_CRLF:
+      for (;; ++src) {
+        if (src == bufsz)
+          goto Exit;
+        if (buf[src] != '\015')
+          break;
+      }
+      if (buf[src] != '\012') {
+        ret = -1;
+        goto Exit;
+      }
+      ++src;
+      decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_SIZE;
+      break;
+    case CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD:
+      for (;; ++src) {
+        if (src == bufsz)
+          goto Exit;
+        if (buf[src] != '\015')
+          break;
+      }
+      if (buf[src++] == '\012')
+        goto Complete;
+      decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_MIDDLE;
+      /* fallthru */
+    case CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_MIDDLE:
+      for (;; ++src) {
+        if (src == bufsz)
+          goto Exit;
+        if (buf[src] == '\012')
+          break;
+      }
+      ++src;
+      decoder->_state = CHUNKED_IN_TRAILERS_LINE_HEAD;
+      break;
+    default:
+      assert(!"decoder is corrupt");
+    }
+  }
 
 Complete:
-	ret = bufsz - src;
+  ret = bufsz - src;
 Exit:
-	if (dst != src)
-		memmove(buf + dst, buf + src, bufsz - src);
-	*_bufsz = dst;
-	return ret;
+  if (dst != src)
+    memmove(buf + dst, buf + src, bufsz - src);
+  *_bufsz = dst;
+  return ret;
 }
 
 inline int phr_decode_chunked_is_in_data(struct phr_chunked_decoder *decoder) {
-	return decoder->_state == CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA;
+  return decoder->_state == CHUNKED_IN_CHUNK_DATA;
 }
 
 #undef CHECK_EOF
diff --git a/include/cinatra/render.h b/include/cinatra/render.h
index 69d6c85..b44db6d 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/render.h
+++ b/include/cinatra/render.h
@@ -1,122 +1,116 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <iostream>
+#include "nlohmann_json.hpp"
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cctype>
 #include <exception>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
-#include <map>
 #include <vector>
-#include <cassert>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <functional>
-#include <memory>
-#include <iomanip>
-#include <cctype>
-#include "nlohmann_json.hpp"
 
 namespace render {
 
-	template<class Input, class Dictionary, class Output>
-	static void parse(Input&& input, Dictionary&& dic, Output&& out);
+template <class Input, class Dictionary, class Output>
+static void parse(Input &&input, Dictionary &&dic, Output &&out);
 
 class object {
-    struct holder {
-        virtual ~holder() { }
-        virtual bool cond() const = 0;
-        virtual void map(const std::function<void (object)>& f) const = 0;
-        virtual std::string str() const = 0;
-        virtual object get(std::string name) = 0;
+  struct holder {
+    virtual ~holder() {}
+    virtual bool cond() const = 0;
+    virtual void map(const std::function<void(object)> &f) const = 0;
+    virtual std::string str() const = 0;
+    virtual object get(std::string name) = 0;
+  };
+
+  template <class T> struct holder_impl : holder {
+    T obj;
+    holder_impl(T obj) : obj(std::move(obj)) {}
+
+    template <class U, int = sizeof(std::declval<U>() ? true : false)>
+    bool cond_(int) const {
+      return static_cast<bool>(obj);
+    }
+    template <class> bool cond_(...) const {
+      throw "This value does not evaluate.";
+    }
+    virtual bool cond() const override { return cond_<T>(0); }
+
+    template <class U,
+              int = sizeof(std::declval<U>().begin(), std::declval<U>().end())>
+    void map_(int, const std::function<void(object)> &f) const {
+      for (auto &&v : obj) {
+        f(v);
+      }
+    }
+    template <class>
+    void map_(long, const std::function<void(object)> &, ...) const {
+      throw "This value does not have begin() or end().";
+    }
+    virtual void map(const std::function<void(object)> &f) const override {
+      map_<T>(0, f);
     };
 
-    template<class T>
-    struct holder_impl : holder {
-        T obj;
-        holder_impl(T obj) : obj(std::move(obj)) { }
+    template <class U, int = sizeof(std::declval<std::stringstream &>()
+                                    << std::declval<U>())>
+    std::string str_(int) const {
+      return str_help(obj);
+    }
 
-        template<class U, int = sizeof(std::declval<U>() ? true : false)>
-        bool cond_(int) const {
-            return static_cast<bool>(obj);
-        }
-        template<class>
-        bool cond_(...) const {
-            throw "This value does not evaluate.";
-        }
-        virtual bool cond() const override {
-            return cond_<T>(0);
-        }
+    template <typename Object> std::string str_help(Object &t) const {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << t;
+      return ss.str();
+    }
 
-        template<class U, int = sizeof(std::declval<U>().begin(), std::declval<U>().end())>
-        void map_(int, const std::function<void (object)>& f) const {
-            for (auto&& v: obj) {
-                f(v);
-            }
-        }
-        template<class>
-        void map_(long, const std::function<void (object)>&, ...) const {
-            throw "This value does not have begin() or end().";
-        }
-        virtual void map(const std::function<void (object)>& f) const override {
-            map_<T>(0, f);
-        };
-
-		template<class U, int = sizeof(std::declval<std::stringstream&>() << std::declval<U>())>
-		std::string str_(int) const {
-			return str_help(obj);
-		}
-
-		template<typename Object>
-		std::string str_help(Object& t) const {
-			std::stringstream ss;
-			ss << t;
-			return ss.str();
-		}
-
-		std::string str_help(double t) const {
-			std::stringstream ss;
-			ss << std::setprecision(64) << t;
-			return ss.str();
-		}
-        template<class U>
-        std::string str_(...) const {
-            throw "This value does not have operator<<().";
-        }
-        virtual std::string str() const override {
-            return str_<T>(0);
-        }
+    std::string str_help(double t) const {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << std::setprecision(64) << t;
+      return ss.str();
+    }
+    template <class U> std::string str_(...) const {
+      throw "This value does not have operator<<().";
+    }
+    virtual std::string str() const override { return str_<T>(0); }
 
-        template<class U, int = sizeof(std::declval<U>()[std::declval<std::string>()])>
-        object get_(int, std::string name) {
-            return obj[std::move(name)];
-        }
-        template<class U>
-        object get_(long, std::string, ...) {
-            throw "This value does not have operator[]().";
-        }
-        virtual object get(std::string name) override {
-            return get_<T>(0, std::move(name));
-        }
-    };
+    template <class U,
+              int = sizeof(std::declval<U>()[std::declval<std::string>()])>
+    object get_(int, std::string name) {
+      return obj[std::move(name)];
+    }
+    template <class U> object get_(long, std::string, ...) {
+      throw "This value does not have operator[]().";
+    }
+    virtual object get(std::string name) override {
+      return get_<T>(0, std::move(name));
+    }
+  };
 
-    std::shared_ptr<holder> holder_;
+  std::shared_ptr<holder> holder_;
 
 public:
-    object() = default;
-    object(const object&) = default;
-    object(object&&) = default;
-    object& operator=(const object&) = default;
-    object& operator=(object&&) = default;
-
-    template<class T>
-    object(T v) : holder_(new holder_impl<T>(std::move(v))) { }
-
-    template<class T>
-    void operator=(T v) { holder_.reset(new holder_impl<T>(std::move(v))); }
-
-    explicit operator bool() const { return holder_->cond(); }
-    void map(const std::function<void (object)>& f) const { holder_->map(f); }
-    std::string str() const { return holder_->str(); }
-    object operator[](std::string name) { return holder_->get(std::move(name)); }
+  object() = default;
+  object(const object &) = default;
+  object(object &&) = default;
+  object &operator=(const object &) = default;
+  object &operator=(object &&) = default;
+
+  template <class T> object(T v) : holder_(new holder_impl<T>(std::move(v))) {}
+
+  template <class T> void operator=(T v) {
+    holder_.reset(new holder_impl<T>(std::move(v)));
+  }
+
+  explicit operator bool() const { return holder_->cond(); }
+  void map(const std::function<void(object)> &f) const { holder_->map(f); }
+  std::string str() const { return holder_->str(); }
+  object operator[](std::string name) { return holder_->get(std::move(name)); }
 };
 
 using json = nlohmann::json;
@@ -124,727 +118,678 @@ using json = nlohmann::json;
 typedef std::map<std::string, object> temple;
 
 class parse_error : public std::exception {
-    std::string message_;
-    int line_number_;
-    std::string line1_;
-    std::string line2_;
-    std::string what_;
-    std::string long_error_;
+  std::string message_;
+  int line_number_;
+  std::string line1_;
+  std::string line2_;
+  std::string what_;
+  std::string long_error_;
 
 public:
-    parse_error(std::string message, int line_number, std::string line1, std::string line2)
-        : message_(std::move(message))
-        , line_number_(line_number)
-        , line1_(line1)
-        , line2_(line2) {
-        {
-            std::stringstream ss;
-            ss << "line " << line_number_ << ": " << message_ << std::endl;
-            what_ = ss.str();
-        }
-        {
-            std::stringstream ss;
-            ss << "ERROR: " << message_ << "\n";
-            ss << "LINE: " << line_number_ << "\n";
-            ss << line1_ << line2_ << std::endl;
-            ss << std::string(line1_.length(), ' ') << '^' << "  <-- current cursor is here\n";
-            long_error_ = ss.str();
-        }
-    }
-    virtual const char* what() const noexcept { return what_.c_str(); }
-    int line_number() const noexcept { return line_number_; }
-    const std::string& line1() const noexcept { return line1_; }
-    const std::string& line2() const noexcept { return line2_; }
-    const std::string& long_error() const noexcept { return long_error_; }
+  parse_error(std::string message, int line_number, std::string line1,
+              std::string line2)
+      : message_(std::move(message)), line_number_(line_number), line1_(line1),
+        line2_(line2) {
+    {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "line " << line_number_ << ": " << message_ << std::endl;
+      what_ = ss.str();
+    }
+    {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "ERROR: " << message_ << "\n";
+      ss << "LINE: " << line_number_ << "\n";
+      ss << line1_ << line2_ << std::endl;
+      ss << std::string(line1_.length(), ' ') << '^'
+         << "  <-- current cursor is here\n";
+      long_error_ = ss.str();
+    }
+  }
+  virtual const char *what() const noexcept { return what_.c_str(); }
+  int line_number() const noexcept { return line_number_; }
+  const std::string &line1() const noexcept { return line1_; }
+  const std::string &line2() const noexcept { return line2_; }
+  const std::string &long_error() const noexcept { return long_error_; }
 };
 
 namespace internal {
 
 typedef std::map<std::string, std::vector<object>> tmpl_context;
 
-template<class Iterator>
-class parser {
+template <class Iterator> class parser {
 public:
-    Iterator current_;
-    Iterator next_;
-    Iterator last_;
-    std::string line_;
-    int line_number_;
-	const std::string& src_str_;
+  Iterator current_;
+  Iterator next_;
+  Iterator last_;
+  std::string line_;
+  int line_number_;
+  const std::string &src_str_;
 
 public:
-    typedef std::pair<Iterator, Iterator> range_t;
-
-    parser(Iterator first, Iterator last, const std::string& str) : next_(first), last_(last),
-		line_number_(1), src_str_(str){
-        assert(first != last);
-        current_ = next_++;
-    }
-
-    void read() {
-        if (current_ == last_)
-            throw "End of string suddenly at read()";
-        if (*current_ == '\n') {
-            line_.clear();
-            ++line_number_;
-        } else {
-            line_.push_back(*current_);
-        }
-        current_ = next_;
-        if (next_ != last_)
-            ++next_;
-    }
-    parse_error read_error(std::string message) {
-        std::string line;
-        while (current_ != last_ && *current_ != '\n')
-            line.push_back(*current_++);
-        return parse_error(std::move(message), line_number_, line_, line);
-    }
-
-    explicit operator bool() const {
-        return current_ != last_;
-    }
-    char peek() const {
-        if (current_ == last_)
-            throw "Do not access end of string at peek()";
-        return *current_;
-    }
-    bool has_next() const {
-        return next_ != last_;
-    }
-    char next() const {
-        if (next_ == last_)
-            throw "Next value is already end of string";
-        return *next_;
-    }
-
-    typedef std::tuple<Iterator, const std::string*, int> context_t;
-    context_t save() const {
-        return std::make_tuple(current_, &line_, line_number_);
-    }
-    void load(context_t context) {
-        current_ = next_ = std::get<0>(context);
-        if (next_ != last_)
-            ++next_;
-        line_ = *std::get<1>(context);
-        line_number_ = std::get<2>(context);
-    }
-
-	inline std::string_view sv_str() {
-		size_t b = current_ - src_str_.begin();
-		size_t e = (size_t)line_number_ + 20;
-		size_t len = e > src_str_.length() ? src_str_.length() : e;
-		return { src_str_.data()+(current_- src_str_.begin()), len };
-	}
-
-    template<class F>
-    range_t read_while(F f) {
-        if (current_ == last_)
-            throw "End of string suddenly at read_while()";
-        auto first = current_;
-        while (f(peek()))
-            read();
-        return std::make_pair(first, current_);
-    }
-    template<class F>
-    range_t read_while_or_eof(F f) {
-        auto first = current_;
-        while (current_ != last_ && f(*current_))
-            read();
-        return std::make_pair(first, current_);
-    }
-
-    void skip_whitespace() {
-        read_while([](char c) { return c <= 32; });
-    }
-    void skip_whitespace_or_eof() {
-        read_while_or_eof([](char c) { return c <= 32; });
-    }
-    range_t read_ident() {
-        skip_whitespace();
-        return read_while([](char c) { return c > 32 && c != '{' && c != '}'; });
-    }
-    std::string read_ident_str() {
-        auto r = read_ident();
-        return std::string(r.first, r.second);
-    }
-    range_t read_variable() {
-        auto r = read_while([](char c) { return c > 32 && c != '.' && c != '{' && c != '}'; });
-        if (r.first == r.second)
-            throw "Did not find variable at read_variable().";
-        return r;
-    }
-    std::string read_variable_str() {
-        auto r = read_variable();
-        return std::string(r.first, r.second);
-    }
-	range_t read_include_variable() {
-		skip_whitespace();
-		auto r = read_while([](char c) { return  c>32&&c != '}'; });
-		if (r.first == r.second)
-			throw "Did not find variable at read_variable().";
-		return r;
-	}
-	std::string read_include_str() {
-		auto r = read_include_variable();
-		return std::string(r.first, r.second);
-	}
-	std::string read_inline_str() {		
-		return read_include_str();
-	}
-
-    void eat(char c) {
-        if (peek() != c)
-            throw std::string("Unexpected character ") + peek() + ". Expected character is " + c;
-        read();
-    }
-    void eat(const char* p) {
-        while (*p)
-            eat(*p++);
-    }
-    void eat_with_whitespace(const char* p) {
-        skip_whitespace();
-        eat(p);
-    }
-
-    static bool equal(std::pair<Iterator, Iterator> p, const char* str) {
-        while (p.first != p.second && *str)
-            if (*p.first++ != *str++)
-                return false;
-        return p.first == p.second && not *str;
-    }
+  typedef std::pair<Iterator, Iterator> range_t;
+
+  parser(Iterator first, Iterator last, const std::string &str)
+      : next_(first), last_(last), line_number_(1), src_str_(str) {
+    assert(first != last);
+    current_ = next_++;
+  }
+
+  void read() {
+    if (current_ == last_)
+      throw "End of string suddenly at read()";
+    if (*current_ == '\n') {
+      line_.clear();
+      ++line_number_;
+    } else {
+      line_.push_back(*current_);
+    }
+    current_ = next_;
+    if (next_ != last_)
+      ++next_;
+  }
+  parse_error read_error(std::string message) {
+    std::string line;
+    while (current_ != last_ && *current_ != '\n')
+      line.push_back(*current_++);
+    return parse_error(std::move(message), line_number_, line_, line);
+  }
+
+  explicit operator bool() const { return current_ != last_; }
+  char peek() const {
+    if (current_ == last_)
+      throw "Do not access end of string at peek()";
+    return *current_;
+  }
+  bool has_next() const { return next_ != last_; }
+  char next() const {
+    if (next_ == last_)
+      throw "Next value is already end of string";
+    return *next_;
+  }
+
+  typedef std::tuple<Iterator, const std::string *, int> context_t;
+  context_t save() const {
+    return std::make_tuple(current_, &line_, line_number_);
+  }
+  void load(context_t context) {
+    current_ = next_ = std::get<0>(context);
+    if (next_ != last_)
+      ++next_;
+    line_ = *std::get<1>(context);
+    line_number_ = std::get<2>(context);
+  }
+
+  inline std::string_view sv_str() {
+    size_t b = current_ - src_str_.begin();
+    size_t e = (size_t)line_number_ + 20;
+    size_t len = e > src_str_.length() ? src_str_.length() : e;
+    return {src_str_.data() + (current_ - src_str_.begin()), len};
+  }
+
+  template <class F> range_t read_while(F f) {
+    if (current_ == last_)
+      throw "End of string suddenly at read_while()";
+    auto first = current_;
+    while (f(peek()))
+      read();
+    return std::make_pair(first, current_);
+  }
+  template <class F> range_t read_while_or_eof(F f) {
+    auto first = current_;
+    while (current_ != last_ && f(*current_))
+      read();
+    return std::make_pair(first, current_);
+  }
+
+  void skip_whitespace() {
+    read_while([](char c) { return c <= 32; });
+  }
+  void skip_whitespace_or_eof() {
+    read_while_or_eof([](char c) { return c <= 32; });
+  }
+  range_t read_ident() {
+    skip_whitespace();
+    return read_while([](char c) { return c > 32 && c != '{' && c != '}'; });
+  }
+  std::string read_ident_str() {
+    auto r = read_ident();
+    return std::string(r.first, r.second);
+  }
+  range_t read_variable() {
+    auto r = read_while(
+        [](char c) { return c > 32 && c != '.' && c != '{' && c != '}'; });
+    if (r.first == r.second)
+      throw "Did not find variable at read_variable().";
+    return r;
+  }
+  std::string read_variable_str() {
+    auto r = read_variable();
+    return std::string(r.first, r.second);
+  }
+  range_t read_include_variable() {
+    skip_whitespace();
+    auto r = read_while([](char c) { return c > 32 && c != '}'; });
+    if (r.first == r.second)
+      throw "Did not find variable at read_variable().";
+    return r;
+  }
+  std::string read_include_str() {
+    auto r = read_include_variable();
+    return std::string(r.first, r.second);
+  }
+  std::string read_inline_str() { return read_include_str(); }
+
+  void eat(char c) {
+    if (peek() != c)
+      throw std::string("Unexpected character ") + peek() +
+          ". Expected character is " + c;
+    read();
+  }
+  void eat(const char *p) {
+    while (*p)
+      eat(*p++);
+  }
+  void eat_with_whitespace(const char *p) {
+    skip_whitespace();
+    eat(p);
+  }
+
+  static bool equal(std::pair<Iterator, Iterator> p, const char *str) {
+    while (p.first != p.second && *str)
+      if (*p.first++ != *str++)
+        return false;
+    return p.first == p.second && not *str;
+  }
 };
 
-template<class F, std::size_t N>
-static void output_string(F& out, const char (&s)[N]) {
-    out.put(s, s + N - 1);
+template <class F, std::size_t N>
+static void output_string(F &out, const char (&s)[N]) {
+  out.put(s, s + N - 1);
 }
 
-template<class Iterator, class Dictionary>
-static object get_variable(parser<Iterator>& p, const Dictionary& dic, tmpl_context& ctx, bool skip) {
-    p.skip_whitespace();
-    if (skip) {
-        p.read_variable();
-        while (p.peek() == '.') {
-            p.read();
-            p.read_variable();
-        }
-        return object();
+template <class Iterator, class Dictionary>
+static object get_variable(parser<Iterator> &p, const Dictionary &dic,
+                           tmpl_context &ctx, bool skip) {
+  p.skip_whitespace();
+  if (skip) {
+    p.read_variable();
+    while (p.peek() == '.') {
+      p.read();
+      p.read_variable();
+    }
+    return object();
+  } else {
+    std::string var = p.read_variable_str();
+    auto it = ctx.find(var);
+    object obj;
+    if (it != ctx.end() && not it->second.empty()) {
+      obj = it->second.back();
     } else {
-        std::string var = p.read_variable_str();
-        auto it = ctx.find(var);
-        object obj;
-        if (it != ctx.end() && not it->second.empty()) {
-            obj = it->second.back();
-        } else {
-            auto it2 = dic.find(var);
-            if (it2 != dic.end()) {
-                obj = it2->second;
-            } else {
-                throw std::string("Variable \"") + var + "\" is not found";
-            }
-        }
-        while (p.peek() == '.') {
-            p.read();
-            std::string var = p.read_variable_str();
-            obj = obj[var];
-        }
-        return obj;
-    }
+      auto it2 = dic.find(var);
+      if (it2 != dic.end()) {
+        obj = it2->second;
+      } else {
+        throw std::string("Variable \"") + var + "\" is not found";
+      }
+    }
+    while (p.peek() == '.') {
+      p.read();
+      std::string var = p.read_variable_str();
+      obj = obj[var];
+    }
+    return obj;
+  }
 }
 
 static inline void ltrim(std::string &s) {
-	s.erase(s.begin(), std::find_if(s.begin(), s.end(), [](int ch) {
-		return !std::isspace(ch);
-	}));
+  s.erase(s.begin(), std::find_if(s.begin(), s.end(),
+                                  [](int ch) { return !std::isspace(ch); }));
 }
 
 static inline void rtrim(std::string &s) {
-	s.erase(std::find_if(s.rbegin(), s.rend(), [](int ch) {
-		return !std::isspace(ch);
-	}).base(), s.end());
+  s.erase(std::find_if(s.rbegin(), s.rend(),
+                       [](int ch) { return !std::isspace(ch); })
+              .base(),
+          s.end());
 }
 
-template<class Dictionary>
-static object get_variable0(const Dictionary& dic, tmpl_context& ctx, bool skip, std::string_view str, const std::string& val) {
-	if (skip) {
-		return object();
-	}
-
-	auto pos0 = str.find_first_of(".");
-	if (pos0 == std::string_view::npos) {
-		pos0 = str.find_first_of("=");
-	}
-	auto key = str.substr(0, pos0);
-	auto s = std::string(key.data(), key.length());
-	ltrim(s);
-	object obj;
-	auto it = ctx.find(s);
-	if (it == ctx.end()) {
-		auto it2 = dic.find(s);
-		if (it2 != dic.end()) {
-			obj = it2->second;
-			obj = (obj.str() == val);
-			return obj;
-		}
-		else {
-			throw std::string("Variable is not found");
-		}
-	}
-
-	obj = it->second.back();
-	auto pos = str.find("=");
-	auto name = str.substr(pos0 + 1, pos - 3);
-	std::string name_s = std::string(name.data(), name.length());
-	rtrim(name_s);
-
-	bool b = val == "true";
-
-	if (val == "false" || val == "true") {
-		bool r = static_cast<bool>(obj[name_s]);
-		obj = r == b;
-	}
-	else {
-		std::string s = obj[name_s].str();
-		obj = s == val;
-	}
-	
-
-	return obj;
+template <class Dictionary>
+static object get_variable0(const Dictionary &dic, tmpl_context &ctx, bool skip,
+                            std::string_view str, const std::string &val) {
+  if (skip) {
+    return object();
+  }
+
+  auto pos0 = str.find_first_of(".");
+  if (pos0 == std::string_view::npos) {
+    pos0 = str.find_first_of("=");
+  }
+  auto key = str.substr(0, pos0);
+  auto s = std::string(key.data(), key.length());
+  ltrim(s);
+  object obj;
+  auto it = ctx.find(s);
+  if (it == ctx.end()) {
+    auto it2 = dic.find(s);
+    if (it2 != dic.end()) {
+      obj = it2->second;
+      obj = (obj.str() == val);
+      return obj;
+    } else {
+      throw std::string("Variable is not found");
+    }
+  }
+
+  obj = it->second.back();
+  auto pos = str.find("=");
+  auto name = str.substr(pos0 + 1, pos - 3);
+  std::string name_s = std::string(name.data(), name.length());
+  rtrim(name_s);
+
+  bool b = val == "true";
+
+  if (val == "false" || val == "true") {
+    bool r = static_cast<bool>(obj[name_s]);
+    obj = r == b;
+  } else {
+    std::string s = obj[name_s].str();
+    obj = s == val;
+  }
+
+  return obj;
 }
 
-template<class IOS>
-struct output_type {
-    IOS ios;
-    output_type(IOS ios) : ios(std::forward<IOS>(ios)) { }
+template <class IOS> struct output_type {
+  IOS ios;
+  output_type(IOS ios) : ios(std::forward<IOS>(ios)) {}
 
-    template<class Iterator>
-    void put(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
-        std::copy(first, last, std::ostreambuf_iterator<char>(ios));
-    }
-    void flush() {
-        ios << std::flush;
-    }
+  template <class Iterator> void put(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+    std::copy(first, last, std::ostreambuf_iterator<char>(ios));
+  }
+  void flush() { ios << std::flush; }
 
-	void operator<<(std::stringstream& s) {
-		ios << s.rdbuf();
-	}
+  void operator<<(std::stringstream &s) { ios << s.rdbuf(); }
 
-    output_type(output_type&&) = default;
-    output_type& operator=(output_type&&) = default;
+  output_type(output_type &&) = default;
+  output_type &operator=(output_type &&) = default;
 
-    output_type(const output_type&) = delete;
-    output_type& operator=(const output_type&) = delete;
+  output_type(const output_type &) = delete;
+  output_type &operator=(const output_type &) = delete;
 };
 
-template<class IOS>
-static output_type<IOS> from_ios(IOS&& ios) {
-	return output_type<IOS>(std::forward<IOS>(ios));
+template <class IOS> static output_type<IOS> from_ios(IOS &&ios) {
+  return output_type<IOS>(std::forward<IOS>(ios));
 }
 
-template<class Iterator, class Dictionary, class F>
-static void block(parser<Iterator>& p, const Dictionary& dic, tmpl_context& ctx, bool skip, F& out) {
-	while (p) {
-		auto r = p.read_while_or_eof([](char c) { return c != '}' && c != '$'; });
-		if (not skip)
-			out.put(r.first, r.second);
-		if (!p)
-			break;
-
-		char c = p.peek();
-		if (c == '}') {
-			if (p.has_next() && p.next() == '}') {
-				// end of block
-				break;
-			}
-			else {
-				p.read();
-				if (not skip)
-					output_string(out, "}");
-			}
-		}
-		else if (c == '$') {
-			p.read();
-			c = p.peek();
-			if (c == '$') {
-				// $$
-				p.read();
-				if (not skip)
-					output_string(out, "$");
-			}
-			else if (c == '#') {
-				// $# comments
-				p.read_while_or_eof([](char peek) {
-					return peek != '\n';
-				});
-			}
-			else if (c == '{') {
-				p.read();
-				c = p.peek();
-				if (c == '{') {
-					// ${{
-					p.read();
-					if (not skip)
-						output_string(out, "{{");
-				}
-				else {
-					// ${variable}
-					object obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip);
-					p.eat_with_whitespace("}");
-
-					if (not skip) {
-						std::string str = obj.str();
-						out.put(str.begin(), str.end());
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			else if (c == '}') {
-				p.read();
-				c = p.peek();
-				if (c == '}') {
-					// $}}
-					p.read();
-					if (not skip)
-						output_string(out, "}}");
-				}
-				else {
-					throw std::string("Unexpected character '") + c + "'. It must be '}' after \"$}\"";
-				}
-			}
-			else {
-				auto command = p.read_ident();
-				if (p.equal(command, "for")) {
-					// $for x in xs {{ <block> }}
-					auto var1 = p.read_ident_str();
-					auto in = p.read_ident();
-					if (not p.equal(in, "in"))
-						throw "Unexpected string \"" + std::string(in.first, in.second) + "\". It must be \"in\"";
-					object obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip);
-					p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
-
-					if (skip) {
-						block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
-					}
-					else {
-						auto context = p.save();
-						auto& vec = ctx[var1];
-						obj.map([&](object v) {
-							vec.push_back(std::move(v));
-							block(p, dic, ctx, skip, out);
-							vec.pop_back();
-							p.load(context);
-						});
-						block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
-					}
-					p.eat("}}");
-				}
-				else if (p.equal(command, "if")) {
-					// $if x {{ <block> }}
-					// $elseif y {{ <block> }}
-					// $elseif z {{ <block> }}
-					// $else {{ <block> }}
-					object obj;
-					auto cmd_sv = p.sv_str();
-					if (cmd_sv.find("==")!= std::string_view::npos) {
-						auto pos = cmd_sv.find("{{");
-						std::string_view str1 = cmd_sv.substr(0, pos);
-						auto left = str1.substr(str1.find("=")+2);
-						std::string left_s = std::string(left.data(), left.length());
-						rtrim(left_s);
-						obj = get_variable0(dic, ctx, skip, str1, left_s);
-						while (p.has_next()) {
-							if (p.peek() == '{')
-								break;
-
-							p.read();
-						}
-					}
-					else 
-					{
-						obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip);
-					}
-					
-					p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
-					bool run; // if `skip` is true, `run` is an unspecified value.
-					if (skip) {
-						block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
-					}
-					else {
-						run = static_cast<bool>(obj);
-						block(p, dic, ctx, not run, out);
-					}
-					p.eat("}}");
-					while (true) {
-						auto context = p.save();
-						p.skip_whitespace_or_eof();
-						if (!p) {
-							p.load(context);
-							break;
-						}
-						c = p.peek();
-						if (c == '$') {
-							p.read();
-							auto command = p.read_ident();
-							if (p.equal(command, "elseif")) {
-								object obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip || run);
-								p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
-								if (skip || run) {
-									block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
-								}
-								else {
-									bool run_ = static_cast<bool>(obj);
-									block(p, dic, ctx, not run_, out);
-									if (run_)
-										run = true;
-								}
-								p.eat("}}");
-							}
-							else if (p.equal(command, "else")) {
-								p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
-								block(p, dic, ctx, skip || run, out);
-								p.eat("}}");
-								break;
-							}
-							else {
-								p.load(context);
-								break;
-							}
-						}
-						else {
-							p.load(context);
-							break;
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				else if (p.equal(command, "inline")) {
-					// $inline {{ <block> }}
-					p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
-
-					if (skip) {
-						block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
-					}
-					else {
-						std::string include_file = p.read_inline_str();
-						std::stringstream buff;
-						std::ifstream file(include_file);
-						if (!file.is_open()) {
-							throw std::runtime_error("html template file can not open");
-						}
-						buff << file.rdbuf();
-						out << buff;
-					}
-					p.skip_whitespace();
-					p.eat("}}");
-				}
-				else if (p.equal(command, "include")) {
-					// $include {{ <block> }}
-					p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
-
-					if (skip) {
-						block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
-					}
-					else {
-						std::string include_file = p.read_include_str();
-						std::stringstream buff;
-						std::ifstream file(include_file);
-						if (!file.is_open()) {
-							throw std::runtime_error("html template file can not open");
-						}
-						buff << file.rdbuf();
-						std::stringstream result;
-						render::parse(buff.str(), dic, internal::from_ios(result));
-						out << result;
-					}
-					p.skip_whitespace();
-					p.eat("}}");
-				}
-				else {
-					throw "Unexpected command " + std::string(command.first, command.second) + ". It must be \"for\" or \"if\"";
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		else {
-			assert(false && "must not go through.");
-			throw "Must not go through.";
-		}
-	}
+template <class Iterator, class Dictionary, class F>
+static void block(parser<Iterator> &p, const Dictionary &dic, tmpl_context &ctx,
+                  bool skip, F &out) {
+  while (p) {
+    auto r = p.read_while_or_eof([](char c) { return c != '}' && c != '$'; });
+    if (not skip)
+      out.put(r.first, r.second);
+    if (!p)
+      break;
+
+    char c = p.peek();
+    if (c == '}') {
+      if (p.has_next() && p.next() == '}') {
+        // end of block
+        break;
+      } else {
+        p.read();
+        if (not skip)
+          output_string(out, "}");
+      }
+    } else if (c == '$') {
+      p.read();
+      c = p.peek();
+      if (c == '$') {
+        // $$
+        p.read();
+        if (not skip)
+          output_string(out, "$");
+      } else if (c == '#') {
+        // $# comments
+        p.read_while_or_eof([](char peek) { return peek != '\n'; });
+      } else if (c == '{') {
+        p.read();
+        c = p.peek();
+        if (c == '{') {
+          // ${{
+          p.read();
+          if (not skip)
+            output_string(out, "{{");
+        } else {
+          // ${variable}
+          object obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip);
+          p.eat_with_whitespace("}");
+
+          if (not skip) {
+            std::string str = obj.str();
+            out.put(str.begin(), str.end());
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (c == '}') {
+        p.read();
+        c = p.peek();
+        if (c == '}') {
+          // $}}
+          p.read();
+          if (not skip)
+            output_string(out, "}}");
+        } else {
+          throw std::string("Unexpected character '") + c +
+              "'. It must be '}' after \"$}\"";
+        }
+      } else {
+        auto command = p.read_ident();
+        if (p.equal(command, "for")) {
+          // $for x in xs {{ <block> }}
+          auto var1 = p.read_ident_str();
+          auto in = p.read_ident();
+          if (not p.equal(in, "in"))
+            throw "Unexpected string \"" + std::string(in.first, in.second) +
+                "\". It must be \"in\"";
+          object obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip);
+          p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
+
+          if (skip) {
+            block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
+          } else {
+            auto context = p.save();
+            auto &vec = ctx[var1];
+            obj.map([&](object v) {
+              vec.push_back(std::move(v));
+              block(p, dic, ctx, skip, out);
+              vec.pop_back();
+              p.load(context);
+            });
+            block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
+          }
+          p.eat("}}");
+        } else if (p.equal(command, "if")) {
+          // $if x {{ <block> }}
+          // $elseif y {{ <block> }}
+          // $elseif z {{ <block> }}
+          // $else {{ <block> }}
+          object obj;
+          auto cmd_sv = p.sv_str();
+          if (cmd_sv.find("==") != std::string_view::npos) {
+            auto pos = cmd_sv.find("{{");
+            std::string_view str1 = cmd_sv.substr(0, pos);
+            auto left = str1.substr(str1.find("=") + 2);
+            std::string left_s = std::string(left.data(), left.length());
+            rtrim(left_s);
+            obj = get_variable0(dic, ctx, skip, str1, left_s);
+            while (p.has_next()) {
+              if (p.peek() == '{')
+                break;
+
+              p.read();
+            }
+          } else {
+            obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip);
+          }
+
+          p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
+          bool run; // if `skip` is true, `run` is an unspecified value.
+          if (skip) {
+            block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
+          } else {
+            run = static_cast<bool>(obj);
+            block(p, dic, ctx, not run, out);
+          }
+          p.eat("}}");
+          while (true) {
+            auto context = p.save();
+            p.skip_whitespace_or_eof();
+            if (!p) {
+              p.load(context);
+              break;
+            }
+            c = p.peek();
+            if (c == '$') {
+              p.read();
+              auto command = p.read_ident();
+              if (p.equal(command, "elseif")) {
+                object obj = get_variable(p, dic, ctx, skip || run);
+                p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
+                if (skip || run) {
+                  block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
+                } else {
+                  bool run_ = static_cast<bool>(obj);
+                  block(p, dic, ctx, not run_, out);
+                  if (run_)
+                    run = true;
+                }
+                p.eat("}}");
+              } else if (p.equal(command, "else")) {
+                p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
+                block(p, dic, ctx, skip || run, out);
+                p.eat("}}");
+                break;
+              } else {
+                p.load(context);
+                break;
+              }
+            } else {
+              p.load(context);
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (p.equal(command, "inline")) {
+          // $inline {{ <block> }}
+          p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
+
+          if (skip) {
+            block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
+          } else {
+            std::string include_file = p.read_inline_str();
+            std::stringstream buff;
+            std::ifstream file(include_file);
+            if (!file.is_open()) {
+              throw std::runtime_error("html template file can not open");
+            }
+            buff << file.rdbuf();
+            out << buff;
+          }
+          p.skip_whitespace();
+          p.eat("}}");
+        } else if (p.equal(command, "include")) {
+          // $include {{ <block> }}
+          p.eat_with_whitespace("{{");
+
+          if (skip) {
+            block(p, dic, ctx, true, out);
+          } else {
+            std::string include_file = p.read_include_str();
+            std::stringstream buff;
+            std::ifstream file(include_file);
+            if (!file.is_open()) {
+              throw std::runtime_error("html template file can not open");
+            }
+            buff << file.rdbuf();
+            std::stringstream result;
+            render::parse(buff.str(), dic, internal::from_ios(result));
+            out << result;
+          }
+          p.skip_whitespace();
+          p.eat("}}");
+        } else {
+          throw "Unexpected command " +
+              std::string(command.first, command.second) +
+              ". It must be \"for\" or \"if\"";
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      assert(false && "must not go through.");
+      throw "Must not go through.";
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 struct cstring : std::iterator<std::forward_iterator_tag, char> {
-    cstring() : p(nullptr) { }
-    cstring(const char* p) : p(p) { }
-    cstring(const cstring& c) : p(c.p) { }
-    cstring begin() { return cstring(p); }
-    cstring end() { return cstring(); }
-    cstring& operator++() {
-        assert(*p != '\0');
-        ++p;
-        return *this;
-    }
-    cstring operator++(int) {
-        assert(*p != '\0');
-        cstring t = *this;
-        ++p;
-        return t;
-    }
-    const char& operator*() {
-        return *p;
-    }
-    const char& operator*() const {
-        return *p;
-    }
-    friend bool operator==(const cstring& a, const cstring& b) {
-        return
-            not a.p && not b.p ? true :
-            not a.p &&     b.p ? *b.p == '\0' :
-                a.p && not b.p ? *a.p == '\0' :
-                                 a.p == b.p;
-    }
-    friend bool operator!=(const cstring& a, const cstring& b) {
-        return !(a == b);
-    }
+  cstring() : p(nullptr) {}
+  cstring(const char *p) : p(p) {}
+  cstring(const cstring &c) : p(c.p) {}
+  cstring begin() { return cstring(p); }
+  cstring end() { return cstring(); }
+  cstring &operator++() {
+    assert(*p != '\0');
+    ++p;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  cstring operator++(int) {
+    assert(*p != '\0');
+    cstring t = *this;
+    ++p;
+    return t;
+  }
+  const char &operator*() { return *p; }
+  const char &operator*() const { return *p; }
+  friend bool operator==(const cstring &a, const cstring &b) {
+    return not a.p && not b.p ? true
+           : not a.p && b.p   ? *b.p == '\0'
+           : a.p && not b.p   ? *a.p == '\0'
+                              : a.p == b.p;
+  }
+  friend bool operator!=(const cstring &a, const cstring &b) {
+    return !(a == b);
+  }
+
 private:
-    const char* p;
+  const char *p;
 };
 
+} // namespace internal
+
+template <class Input, class Dictionary, class Output>
+static void parse(Input &&input, Dictionary &&dic, Output &&out) {
+  auto first = std::begin(input);
+  auto last = std::end(input);
+  if (first == last)
+    return;
+
+  auto p = internal::parser<decltype(first)>(first, last, input);
+  internal::tmpl_context ctx;
+  try {
+    internal::block(p, dic, ctx, false, out);
+  } catch (std::string message) {
+    throw p.read_error(std::move(message));
+  } catch (...) {
+    throw p.read_error("unexpected error");
+  }
+  out.flush();
 }
-
-template<class Input, class Dictionary, class Output>
-static void parse(Input&& input, Dictionary&& dic, Output&& out) {
-    auto first = std::begin(input);
-    auto last = std::end(input);
-    if (first == last) return;
-
-    auto p = internal::parser<decltype(first)>(first, last, input);
-    internal::tmpl_context ctx;
-    try {
-        internal::block(p, dic, ctx, false, out);
-    } catch (std::string message) {
-        throw p.read_error(std::move(message));
-    } catch (...) {
-        throw p.read_error("unexpected error");
-    }
-    out.flush();
-}
-template<class Input, class Dictionary>
-static void parse(Input&& input, Dictionary&& dic) {
-    parse(std::forward<Input>(input), std::forward<Dictionary>(dic), internal::from_ios(std::cout));
+template <class Input, class Dictionary>
+static void parse(Input &&input, Dictionary &&dic) {
+  parse(std::forward<Input>(input), std::forward<Dictionary>(dic),
+        internal::from_ios(std::cout));
 }
-template<class Dictionary, class Output>
-static void parse(const char* input, Dictionary&& dic, Output&& out) {
-    parse(internal::cstring(input), std::forward<Dictionary>(dic), std::forward<Output>(out));
+template <class Dictionary, class Output>
+static void parse(const char *input, Dictionary &&dic, Output &&out) {
+  parse(internal::cstring(input), std::forward<Dictionary>(dic),
+        std::forward<Output>(out));
 }
-template<class Dictionary>
-static void parse(const char* input, Dictionary&& dic) {
-    parse(internal::cstring(input), std::forward<Dictionary>(dic), internal::from_ios(std::cout));
+template <class Dictionary>
+static void parse(const char *input, Dictionary &&dic) {
+  parse(internal::cstring(input), std::forward<Dictionary>(dic),
+        internal::from_ios(std::cout));
 }
 
-static void to_render_data(const nlohmann::json& json, std::map<std::string, object>& render_map);
-template<typename Object>
-static void to_render_data_impl(const nlohmann::json& json, Object&& render_data, const std::string& key);
-
-template<typename Object>
-static void to_render_data_impl(const nlohmann::json& json, Object&& render_data, const std::string& key)
-{
-	if (json.is_object()) {
-		for (auto it = json.begin(); it != json.end(); ++it)
-		{
-			auto name = it.key();
-			to_render_data_impl(it.value(), render_data[key], name);
-		}
-	}
-	else if (json.is_array()) {
-		std::vector<object> list;
-		for (auto it = json.begin(); it != json.end(); ++it)
-		{
-			if (!(*it).is_object()) {
-				if ((*it).is_string()) {
-					list.push_back((*it).get<std::string>());
-				}
-				else if ((*it).is_number_float()) {
-					list.push_back((*it).get<double>());
-				}
-				else if ((*it).is_number_integer()) {
-					list.push_back((*it).get<int>());
-				}
-				else if ((*it).is_boolean()) {
-					list.push_back((*it).get<bool>());
-				}
-				else if ((*it).is_null()) {
-					list.push_back("null");
-				}
-				else if ((*it).is_number_unsigned()) {
-					list.push_back((*it).get<unsigned int>());
-				}
-			}
-			else {
-				std::map<std::string, object> object_tmp;
-				to_render_data(*it, object_tmp);
-				list.push_back(object_tmp);
-			}
-		}
-		render_data[key] = list;
-	}
-	else if (json.is_string()) {
-		render_data[key] = json.get<std::string>();
-	}
-	else if (json.is_number_float()) {
-		render_data[key] = json.get<double>();
-	}
-	else if (json.is_number_integer()) {
-		render_data[key] = json.get<int>();
-	}
-	else if (json.is_boolean()) {
-		render_data[key] = json.get<bool>();
-	}
-	else if (json.is_null()) {
-		render_data[key] = "null";
-	}
-	else if (json.is_number_unsigned()) {
-		render_data[key] = json.get<unsigned int>();
-	}
-}
-
-static void to_render_data(const nlohmann::json& json, std::map<std::string, object>& render_map)
-{
-	for (auto iter = json.begin(); iter != json.end(); ++iter) {
-		to_render_data_impl(iter.value(), render_map, iter.key());
-	}
+static void to_render_data(const nlohmann::json &json,
+                           std::map<std::string, object> &render_map);
+template <typename Object>
+static void to_render_data_impl(const nlohmann::json &json,
+                                Object &&render_data, const std::string &key);
+
+template <typename Object>
+static void to_render_data_impl(const nlohmann::json &json,
+                                Object &&render_data, const std::string &key) {
+  if (json.is_object()) {
+    for (auto it = json.begin(); it != json.end(); ++it) {
+      auto name = it.key();
+      to_render_data_impl(it.value(), render_data[key], name);
+    }
+  } else if (json.is_array()) {
+    std::vector<object> list;
+    for (auto it = json.begin(); it != json.end(); ++it) {
+      if (!(*it).is_object()) {
+        if ((*it).is_string()) {
+          list.push_back((*it).get<std::string>());
+        } else if ((*it).is_number_float()) {
+          list.push_back((*it).get<double>());
+        } else if ((*it).is_number_integer()) {
+          list.push_back((*it).get<int>());
+        } else if ((*it).is_boolean()) {
+          list.push_back((*it).get<bool>());
+        } else if ((*it).is_null()) {
+          list.push_back("null");
+        } else if ((*it).is_number_unsigned()) {
+          list.push_back((*it).get<unsigned int>());
+        }
+      } else {
+        std::map<std::string, object> object_tmp;
+        to_render_data(*it, object_tmp);
+        list.push_back(object_tmp);
+      }
+    }
+    render_data[key] = list;
+  } else if (json.is_string()) {
+    render_data[key] = json.get<std::string>();
+  } else if (json.is_number_float()) {
+    render_data[key] = json.get<double>();
+  } else if (json.is_number_integer()) {
+    render_data[key] = json.get<int>();
+  } else if (json.is_boolean()) {
+    render_data[key] = json.get<bool>();
+  } else if (json.is_null()) {
+    render_data[key] = "null";
+  } else if (json.is_number_unsigned()) {
+    render_data[key] = json.get<unsigned int>();
+  }
 }
 
-static std::string render_file(const std::string& tpl_filepath, const nlohmann::json& data)
-{
-	std::stringstream buff;
-	std::ifstream file(tpl_filepath);
-	if (!file.is_open()) {
-		throw std::runtime_error("html template file can not open");
-	}
-	buff << file.rdbuf();
-	std::stringstream result;
-	std::map<std::string, object> render_map;
-	to_render_data(data, render_map);
-	render::parse(buff.str(), render_map, internal::from_ios(result));
-	return result.str();
+static void to_render_data(const nlohmann::json &json,
+                           std::map<std::string, object> &render_map) {
+  for (auto iter = json.begin(); iter != json.end(); ++iter) {
+    to_render_data_impl(iter.value(), render_map, iter.key());
+  }
 }
 
-static std::string render_file(const std::string& tpl_filepath) {
-	std::stringstream buff;
-	std::ifstream file(tpl_filepath);
-	if (!file.is_open()) {
-		throw std::runtime_error("html file can not open");
-	}
-	buff << file.rdbuf();
-	return buff.str();
+static std::string render_file(const std::string &tpl_filepath,
+                               const nlohmann::json &data) {
+  std::stringstream buff;
+  std::ifstream file(tpl_filepath);
+  if (!file.is_open()) {
+    throw std::runtime_error("html template file can not open");
+  }
+  buff << file.rdbuf();
+  std::stringstream result;
+  std::map<std::string, object> render_map;
+  to_render_data(data, render_map);
+  render::parse(buff.str(), render_map, internal::from_ios(result));
+  return result.str();
 }
 
-static std::string render_string(const std::string& tpl_str, const nlohmann::json& data)
-{
-	std::stringstream result;
-	std::map<std::string, object> render_map;
-	to_render_data(data, render_map);
-	render::parse(tpl_str, render_map, internal::from_ios(result));
-	return result.str();
+static std::string render_file(const std::string &tpl_filepath) {
+  std::stringstream buff;
+  std::ifstream file(tpl_filepath);
+  if (!file.is_open()) {
+    throw std::runtime_error("html file can not open");
+  }
+  buff << file.rdbuf();
+  return buff.str();
 }
 
+static std::string render_string(const std::string &tpl_str,
+                                 const nlohmann::json &data) {
+  std::stringstream result;
+  std::map<std::string, object> render_map;
+  to_render_data(data, render_map);
+  render::parse(tpl_str, render_map, internal::from_ios(result));
+  return result.str();
 }
 
+} // namespace render
diff --git a/include/cinatra/request.hpp b/include/cinatra/request.hpp
index cb8b769..97290ea 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/request.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/request.hpp
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <fstream>
-#include <any>
+#include "multipart_reader.hpp"
 #include "picohttpparser.h"
 #include "utils.hpp"
-#include "multipart_reader.hpp"
+#include <any>
+#include <fstream>
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_GZIP
 #include "gzip.hpp"
 #endif
 #include "define.h"
-#include "upload_file.hpp"
+#include "mime_types.hpp"
+#include "response.hpp"
 #include "session.hpp"
 #include "session_manager.hpp"
+#include "upload_file.hpp"
 #include "url_encode_decode.hpp"
-#include "mime_types.hpp"
-#include "response.hpp"
 namespace cinatra {
 enum class data_proc_state : int8_t {
   data_begin,
@@ -503,9 +503,7 @@ public:
     return {url_str_.data(), url_str_.length()};
   }
 
-  std::string_view get_full_url() const {
-    return {raw_url_};
-  }
+  std::string_view get_full_url() const { return {raw_url_}; }
 
   std::string_view get_res_path() const {
     auto url = get_url();
@@ -769,11 +767,11 @@ public:
       event_call_backs_[(size_t)event_type](*this);
   }
 
-  void set_aspect_data(const std::string&& key, const std::any &data) {
-    aspect_data_.insert({ key, data });
+  void set_aspect_data(const std::string &&key, const std::any &data) {
+    aspect_data_.insert({key, data});
   }
 
-  template <typename T> T get_aspect_data(const std::string&& key) {
+  template <typename T> T get_aspect_data(const std::string &&key) {
     return std::any_cast<T>(aspect_data_[key]);
   }
 
@@ -884,4 +882,4 @@ private:
   std::array<event_call_back, (size_t)data_proc_state::data_error + 1>
       event_call_backs_ = {};
 };
-}
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/response.hpp b/include/cinatra/response.hpp
index 8a96668..088e025 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/response.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/response.hpp
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@
 
 #ifndef CINATRA_RESPONSE_HPP
 #define CINATRA_RESPONSE_HPP
-#include "use_asio.hpp"
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-#include <string_view>
-#include <chrono>
-#include "response_cv.hpp"
+#include "http_cache.hpp"
 #include "itoa.hpp"
-#include "utils.hpp"
 #include "mime_types.hpp"
+#include "response_cv.hpp"
 #include "session_manager.hpp"
-#include "http_cache.hpp"
+#include "use_asio.hpp"
+#include "utils.hpp"
+#include <chrono>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
 namespace cinatra {
 class response {
 public:
@@ -366,5 +366,5 @@ private:
   req_content_type res_type_;
   bool need_response_time_ = false;
 };
-}
-#endif //CINATRA_RESPONSE_HPP
+} // namespace cinatra
+#endif // CINATRA_RESPONSE_HPP
diff --git a/include/cinatra/response_cv.hpp b/include/cinatra/response_cv.hpp
index aad8f5c..ed92960 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/response_cv.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/response_cv.hpp
@@ -3,377 +3,415 @@
 #include <string_view>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	enum class status_type {
-		init,
-		switching_protocols = 101,
-		ok = 200,
-		created = 201,
-		accepted = 202,
-		no_content = 204,
-		partial_content = 206,
-		multiple_choices = 300,
-		moved_permanently = 301,
-		moved_temporarily = 302,
-		not_modified = 304,
-		temporary_redirect = 307,
-		bad_request = 400,
-		unauthorized = 401,
-		forbidden = 403,
-		not_found = 404,
-		conflict = 409,
-		internal_server_error = 500,
-		not_implemented = 501,
-		bad_gateway = 502,
-		service_unavailable = 503
-	};
-
-	enum class content_encoding {
-		gzip,
-		none
-	};
-
-	inline std::string_view ok = "OK";
-	inline std::string_view created = "<html>"
-		"<head><title>Created</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>201 Created</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view accepted =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Accepted</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>202 Accepted</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view no_content =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>No Content</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>204 Content</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view multiple_choices =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Multiple Choices</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>300 Multiple Choices</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view moved_permanently =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Moved Permanently</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view temporary_redirect =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Temporary Redirect</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>307 Temporary Redirect</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view moved_temporarily =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Moved Temporarily</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>302 Moved Temporarily</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view not_modified =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Not Modified</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>304 Not Modified</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view bad_request =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Bad Request</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>400 Bad Request</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view unauthorized =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Unauthorized</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>401 Unauthorized</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view forbidden =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Forbidden</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view not_found =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Not Found</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>404 Not Found</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-	
-	inline std::string_view conflict =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Conflict</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>409 Conflict</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view internal_server_error =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Internal Server Error</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view not_implemented =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Not Implemented</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>501 Not Implemented</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view bad_gateway =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Bad Gateway</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>502 Bad Gateway</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline std::string_view service_unavailable =
-		"<html>"
-		"<head><title>Service Unavailable</title></head>"
-		"<body><h1>503 Service Unavailable</h1></body>"
-		"</html>";
-
-	inline constexpr std::string_view switching_protocols = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocals\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_ok = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_created = "HTTP/1.1 201 Created\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_accepted = "HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_no_content = "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_partial_content = "HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_multiple_choices = "HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_moved_permanently =	"HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_temporary_redirect =	"HTTP/1.1 307 Temporary Redirect\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_moved_temporarily =	"HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_not_modified = "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_bad_request = "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_unauthorized = "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_forbidden =	"HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_not_found =	"HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_conflict =	"HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_internal_server_error = "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_not_implemented = "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_bad_gateway = "HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway\r\n";
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_service_unavailable = "HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\n";
-
-	inline constexpr std::string_view rep_html = "Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8\r\n";
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_json = "Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n";
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_string = "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\r\n";
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_multipart = "Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=";
-
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_keep = "Connection: keep-alive\r\n";
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_close = "Connection: close     \r\n";
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_len = "Content-Length: ";
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_crcf = "\r\n";
-    inline constexpr std::string_view rep_server = "Server: cinatra\r\n";
-
-	inline const char name_value_separator[] = { ':', ' ' };
-	//inline std::string_view crlf = "\r\n";
-
-	inline const char crlf[] = { '\r', '\n' };
-	inline const char last_chunk[] = { '0', '\r', '\n' };
-	inline const std::string http_chunk_header =
-		"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
-		"Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n";
-		/*"Content-Type: video/mp4\r\n"
-		"\r\n";*/
-
-	inline const std::string http_range_chunk_header =
-				"HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content\r\n"
-				"Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n";
-				/*"Content-Type: video/mp4\r\n"
-				"\r\n";*/
-
-    inline constexpr auto to_content_type_str(req_content_type type) {
-        switch(type){
-        case req_content_type::html:
-                return rep_html;
-        case req_content_type::json:
-                return rep_json;
-        case req_content_type::string:
-                return rep_string;
-        case req_content_type::multipart:
-                return rep_multipart;
-        default:
-                return ""sv;
-        }
-    }
-
-    namespace detail {
-        template<unsigned... digits>
-        struct to_chars {
-            static constexpr std::array<char, sizeof...(digits)+18> value = { 'C','o','n','t','e','n','t','-','L','e','n','g',
-                                                                             't','h',':',' ',('0' + digits)... , '\r', '\n' };
-        };
+enum class status_type {
+  init,
+  switching_protocols = 101,
+  ok = 200,
+  created = 201,
+  accepted = 202,
+  no_content = 204,
+  partial_content = 206,
+  multiple_choices = 300,
+  moved_permanently = 301,
+  moved_temporarily = 302,
+  not_modified = 304,
+  temporary_redirect = 307,
+  bad_request = 400,
+  unauthorized = 401,
+  forbidden = 403,
+  not_found = 404,
+  conflict = 409,
+  internal_server_error = 500,
+  not_implemented = 501,
+  bad_gateway = 502,
+  service_unavailable = 503
+};
+
+enum class content_encoding { gzip, none };
+
+inline std::string_view ok = "OK";
+inline std::string_view created = "<html>"
+                                  "<head><title>Created</title></head>"
+                                  "<body><h1>201 Created</h1></body>"
+                                  "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view accepted = "<html>"
+                                   "<head><title>Accepted</title></head>"
+                                   "<body><h1>202 Accepted</h1></body>"
+                                   "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view no_content = "<html>"
+                                     "<head><title>No Content</title></head>"
+                                     "<body><h1>204 Content</h1></body>"
+                                     "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view multiple_choices =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Multiple Choices</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>300 Multiple Choices</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view moved_permanently =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Moved Permanently</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view temporary_redirect =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Temporary Redirect</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>307 Temporary Redirect</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view moved_temporarily =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Moved Temporarily</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>302 Moved Temporarily</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view not_modified =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Not Modified</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>304 Not Modified</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view bad_request = "<html>"
+                                      "<head><title>Bad Request</title></head>"
+                                      "<body><h1>400 Bad Request</h1></body>"
+                                      "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view unauthorized =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Unauthorized</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>401 Unauthorized</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view forbidden = "<html>"
+                                    "<head><title>Forbidden</title></head>"
+                                    "<body><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></body>"
+                                    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view not_found = "<html>"
+                                    "<head><title>Not Found</title></head>"
+                                    "<body><h1>404 Not Found</h1></body>"
+                                    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view conflict = "<html>"
+                                   "<head><title>Conflict</title></head>"
+                                   "<body><h1>409 Conflict</h1></body>"
+                                   "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view internal_server_error =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Internal Server Error</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view not_implemented =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Not Implemented</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>501 Not Implemented</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view bad_gateway = "<html>"
+                                      "<head><title>Bad Gateway</title></head>"
+                                      "<body><h1>502 Bad Gateway</h1></body>"
+                                      "</html>";
+
+inline std::string_view service_unavailable =
+    "<html>"
+    "<head><title>Service Unavailable</title></head>"
+    "<body><h1>503 Service Unavailable</h1></body>"
+    "</html>";
+
+inline constexpr std::string_view switching_protocols =
+    "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocals\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_ok = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_created = "HTTP/1.1 201 Created\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_accepted = "HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_no_content =
+    "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_partial_content =
+    "HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_multiple_choices =
+    "HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_moved_permanently =
+    "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_temporary_redirect =
+    "HTTP/1.1 307 Temporary Redirect\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_moved_temporarily =
+    "HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_not_modified =
+    "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_bad_request =
+    "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_unauthorized =
+    "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_forbidden = "HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_not_found = "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_conflict = "HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_internal_server_error =
+    "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_not_implemented =
+    "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_bad_gateway =
+    "HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_service_unavailable =
+    "HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\n";
+
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_html =
+    "Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_json =
+    "Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_string =
+    "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_multipart =
+    "Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=";
+
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_keep = "Connection: keep-alive\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_close = "Connection: close     \r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_len = "Content-Length: ";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_crcf = "\r\n";
+inline constexpr std::string_view rep_server = "Server: cinatra\r\n";
+
+inline const char name_value_separator[] = {':', ' '};
+// inline std::string_view crlf = "\r\n";
+
+inline const char crlf[] = {'\r', '\n'};
+inline const char last_chunk[] = {'0', '\r', '\n'};
+inline const std::string http_chunk_header = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
+                                             "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n";
+/*"Content-Type: video/mp4\r\n"
+"\r\n";*/
+
+inline const std::string http_range_chunk_header =
+    "HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content\r\n"
+    "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n";
+/*"Content-Type: video/mp4\r\n"
+"\r\n";*/
+
+inline constexpr auto to_content_type_str(req_content_type type) {
+  switch (type) {
+  case req_content_type::html:
+    return rep_html;
+  case req_content_type::json:
+    return rep_json;
+  case req_content_type::string:
+    return rep_string;
+  case req_content_type::multipart:
+    return rep_multipart;
+  default:
+    return ""sv;
+  }
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+template <unsigned... digits> struct to_chars {
+  static constexpr std::array<char, sizeof...(digits) + 18> value = {
+      'C',
+      'o',
+      'n',
+      't',
+      'e',
+      'n',
+      't',
+      '-',
+      'L',
+      'e',
+      'n',
+      'g',
+      't',
+      'h',
+      ':',
+      ' ',
+      ('0' + digits)...,
+      '\r',
+      '\n'};
+};
 
 //        template<unsigned... digits>
-//        const char to_chars<digits...>::value[] = { ('0' + digits)... , '\r', '\n', 0 };
-
-        template<unsigned rem, unsigned... digits>
-        struct explode : explode<rem / 10, rem % 10, digits...> {};
-
-        template<unsigned... digits>
-        struct explode<0, digits...> : to_chars<digits...> {};
-    }
-
-    template<unsigned num>
-    struct num_to_string : detail::explode<num / 10, num % 10> {};
-
-	inline boost::asio::const_buffer to_buffer(status_type status) {
-		switch (status) {
-		case status_type::switching_protocols:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(switching_protocols.data(), switching_protocols.length());
-		case status_type::ok:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_ok.data(), rep_ok.length());
-		case status_type::created:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_created.data(), rep_created.length());
-		case status_type::accepted:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_accepted.data(), rep_created.length());
-		case status_type::no_content:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_no_content.data(), rep_no_content.length());
-		case status_type::partial_content:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_partial_content.data(), rep_partial_content.length());
-		case status_type::multiple_choices:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_multiple_choices.data(), rep_multiple_choices.length());
-		case status_type::moved_permanently:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_moved_permanently.data(), rep_moved_permanently.length());
-		case status_type::temporary_redirect:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_temporary_redirect.data(), rep_temporary_redirect.length());
-		case status_type::moved_temporarily:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_moved_temporarily.data(), rep_moved_temporarily.length());
-		case status_type::not_modified:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_not_modified.data(), rep_not_modified.length());
-		case status_type::bad_request:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_bad_request.data(), rep_bad_request.length());
-		case status_type::unauthorized:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_unauthorized.data(), rep_unauthorized.length());
-		case status_type::forbidden:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_forbidden.data(), rep_forbidden.length());
-		case status_type::not_found:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_not_found.data(), rep_not_found.length());
-		case status_type::conflict:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_conflict.data(), rep_conflict.length());
-		case status_type::internal_server_error:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_internal_server_error.data(), rep_internal_server_error.length());
-		case status_type::not_implemented:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_not_implemented.data(), rep_not_implemented.length());
-		case status_type::bad_gateway:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_bad_gateway.data(), rep_bad_gateway.length());
-		case status_type::service_unavailable:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_service_unavailable.data(), rep_service_unavailable.length());
-		default:
-			return boost::asio::buffer(rep_internal_server_error.data(), rep_internal_server_error.length());
-		}
-	}
-
-	inline constexpr std::string_view to_rep_string(status_type status) {
-		switch (status) {
-		case cinatra::status_type::switching_protocols:
-			return switching_protocols;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::ok:
-			return rep_ok;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::created:
-			return rep_created;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::accepted:
-			return rep_accepted;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::no_content:
-			return rep_no_content;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::partial_content:
-			return rep_partial_content;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::multiple_choices:
-			return rep_multiple_choices;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::moved_permanently:
-			return rep_moved_permanently;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::moved_temporarily:
-			return rep_moved_temporarily;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::not_modified:
-			return rep_not_modified;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::temporary_redirect:
-			return rep_temporary_redirect;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::bad_request:
-			return rep_bad_request;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::unauthorized:
-			return rep_unauthorized;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::forbidden:
-			return rep_forbidden;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::not_found:
-			return rep_not_found;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::conflict:
-			return rep_conflict;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::internal_server_error:
-			return rep_internal_server_error;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::not_implemented:
-			return rep_not_implemented;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::bad_gateway:
-			return rep_bad_gateway;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::status_type::service_unavailable:
-			return rep_service_unavailable;
-			break;
-		default:
-			return rep_not_implemented;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	inline std::string_view to_string(status_type status) {
-		switch (status) {
-		case status_type::ok:
-			return ok;
-		case status_type::created:
-			return created;
-		case status_type::accepted:
-			return accepted;
-		case status_type::no_content:
-			return no_content;
-		case status_type::multiple_choices:
-			return multiple_choices;
-		case status_type::moved_permanently:
-			return moved_permanently;
-		case status_type::moved_temporarily:
-			return moved_temporarily;
-		case status_type::temporary_redirect:
-			return temporary_redirect;
-		case status_type::not_modified:
-			return not_modified;
-		case status_type::bad_request:
-			return bad_request;
-		case status_type::unauthorized:
-			return unauthorized;
-		case status_type::forbidden:
-			return forbidden;
-		case status_type::not_found:
-			return not_found;
-		case status_type::conflict:
-			return conflict;
-		case status_type::internal_server_error:
-			return internal_server_error;
-		case status_type::not_implemented:
-			return not_implemented;
-		case status_type::bad_gateway:
-			return bad_gateway;
-		case status_type::service_unavailable:
-			return service_unavailable;
-		default:
-			return internal_server_error;
-		}
-	}
+//        const char to_chars<digits...>::value[] = { ('0' + digits)... , '\r',
+//        '\n', 0 };
+
+template <unsigned rem, unsigned... digits>
+struct explode : explode<rem / 10, rem % 10, digits...> {};
+
+template <unsigned... digits>
+struct explode<0, digits...> : to_chars<digits...> {};
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <unsigned num>
+struct num_to_string : detail::explode<num / 10, num % 10> {};
+
+inline boost::asio::const_buffer to_buffer(status_type status) {
+  switch (status) {
+  case status_type::switching_protocols:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(switching_protocols.data(),
+                               switching_protocols.length());
+  case status_type::ok:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_ok.data(), rep_ok.length());
+  case status_type::created:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_created.data(), rep_created.length());
+  case status_type::accepted:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_accepted.data(), rep_created.length());
+  case status_type::no_content:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_no_content.data(), rep_no_content.length());
+  case status_type::partial_content:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_partial_content.data(),
+                               rep_partial_content.length());
+  case status_type::multiple_choices:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_multiple_choices.data(),
+                               rep_multiple_choices.length());
+  case status_type::moved_permanently:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_moved_permanently.data(),
+                               rep_moved_permanently.length());
+  case status_type::temporary_redirect:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_temporary_redirect.data(),
+                               rep_temporary_redirect.length());
+  case status_type::moved_temporarily:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_moved_temporarily.data(),
+                               rep_moved_temporarily.length());
+  case status_type::not_modified:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_not_modified.data(),
+                               rep_not_modified.length());
+  case status_type::bad_request:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_bad_request.data(),
+                               rep_bad_request.length());
+  case status_type::unauthorized:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_unauthorized.data(),
+                               rep_unauthorized.length());
+  case status_type::forbidden:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_forbidden.data(), rep_forbidden.length());
+  case status_type::not_found:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_not_found.data(), rep_not_found.length());
+  case status_type::conflict:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_conflict.data(), rep_conflict.length());
+  case status_type::internal_server_error:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_internal_server_error.data(),
+                               rep_internal_server_error.length());
+  case status_type::not_implemented:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_not_implemented.data(),
+                               rep_not_implemented.length());
+  case status_type::bad_gateway:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_bad_gateway.data(),
+                               rep_bad_gateway.length());
+  case status_type::service_unavailable:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_service_unavailable.data(),
+                               rep_service_unavailable.length());
+  default:
+    return boost::asio::buffer(rep_internal_server_error.data(),
+                               rep_internal_server_error.length());
+  }
 }
 
+inline constexpr std::string_view to_rep_string(status_type status) {
+  switch (status) {
+  case cinatra::status_type::switching_protocols:
+    return switching_protocols;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::ok:
+    return rep_ok;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::created:
+    return rep_created;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::accepted:
+    return rep_accepted;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::no_content:
+    return rep_no_content;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::partial_content:
+    return rep_partial_content;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::multiple_choices:
+    return rep_multiple_choices;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::moved_permanently:
+    return rep_moved_permanently;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::moved_temporarily:
+    return rep_moved_temporarily;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::not_modified:
+    return rep_not_modified;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::temporary_redirect:
+    return rep_temporary_redirect;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::bad_request:
+    return rep_bad_request;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::unauthorized:
+    return rep_unauthorized;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::forbidden:
+    return rep_forbidden;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::not_found:
+    return rep_not_found;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::conflict:
+    return rep_conflict;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::internal_server_error:
+    return rep_internal_server_error;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::not_implemented:
+    return rep_not_implemented;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::bad_gateway:
+    return rep_bad_gateway;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::status_type::service_unavailable:
+    return rep_service_unavailable;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return rep_not_implemented;
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+inline std::string_view to_string(status_type status) {
+  switch (status) {
+  case status_type::ok:
+    return ok;
+  case status_type::created:
+    return created;
+  case status_type::accepted:
+    return accepted;
+  case status_type::no_content:
+    return no_content;
+  case status_type::multiple_choices:
+    return multiple_choices;
+  case status_type::moved_permanently:
+    return moved_permanently;
+  case status_type::moved_temporarily:
+    return moved_temporarily;
+  case status_type::temporary_redirect:
+    return temporary_redirect;
+  case status_type::not_modified:
+    return not_modified;
+  case status_type::bad_request:
+    return bad_request;
+  case status_type::unauthorized:
+    return unauthorized;
+  case status_type::forbidden:
+    return forbidden;
+  case status_type::not_found:
+    return not_found;
+  case status_type::conflict:
+    return conflict;
+  case status_type::internal_server_error:
+    return internal_server_error;
+  case status_type::not_implemented:
+    return not_implemented;
+  case status_type::bad_gateway:
+    return bad_gateway;
+  case status_type::service_unavailable:
+    return service_unavailable;
+  default:
+    return internal_server_error;
+  }
+}
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/response_parser.hpp b/include/cinatra/response_parser.hpp
index cc64fcd..96a52c8 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/response_parser.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/response_parser.hpp
@@ -1,229 +1,210 @@
 #pragma once
+#include "picohttpparser.h"
 #include <array>
 #include <string_view>
-#include "picohttpparser.h"
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	constexpr const static size_t MAX_RESPONSE_SIZE = 1024*1024*10;
-	class response_parser {
-	public:
-		response_parser() {
-			buf_.resize(10*1024);
-		}
-		
-		int parse(int last_len) {
-            if (!copy_headers_.empty())
-                copy_headers_.clear();
-
-			int minor_version;
-
-			num_headers_ = sizeof(headers_) / sizeof(headers_[0]);
-			const char* msg;
-			size_t msg_len;
-			header_len_ = phr_parse_response(buf_.data(), cur_size_, &minor_version, &status_, &msg, &msg_len, headers_, &num_headers_, last_len);
-			msg_ = { msg, msg_len };
-			auto header_value = get_header_value(headers_, num_headers_, "content-length");
-			if (header_value.empty()) {
-				body_len_ = 0;
-			}
-			else {
-				body_len_ = atoi(header_value.data());
-			}
-
-			return header_len_;
-		}
-
-		int parse(const char* buf, size_t cur_size, int last_len) {
-            if (!copy_headers_.empty())
-                copy_headers_.clear();
-
-			int minor_version;
-
-			num_headers_ = sizeof(headers_) / sizeof(headers_[0]);
-			const char* msg;
-			size_t msg_len;
-			header_len_ = phr_parse_response(buf, cur_size, &minor_version, &status_, &msg, &msg_len, headers_, &num_headers_, last_len);
-			msg_ = { msg, msg_len };
-			auto header_value = get_header_value(headers_, num_headers_, "content-length");
-			if (header_value.empty()) {
-				body_len_ = 0;
-			}
-			else {
-				body_len_ = atoi(header_value.data());
-			}
-
-			return header_len_;
-		}
-
-		bool at_capacity() {
-			return (header_len_ + body_len_) > buf_.size();
-		}
-
-        void expand() {
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
-                copy_headers_.emplace_back(std::string(headers_[i].name, headers_[i].name_len),
-                    std::string(headers_[i].value, headers_[i].value_len));
-            }
-
-            buf_.resize(total_len());
-        }
-
-		bool has_body() const {
-			return body_len_ != 0;
-		}
-
-		std::string_view message() {
-			return msg_;
-		}
-
-		std::string_view body() {
-			return std::string_view(buf_.data() + header_len_, body_len_);
-		}
-
-        std::string_view head() {
-            return std::string_view(buf_.data(), header_len_);
-        }
-
-        std::string_view curr_content() {
-            return std::string_view(buf_.data() + header_len_, cur_size_ - header_len_);
-        }
-
-		int body_len() const {
-			return body_len_;
-		}
-
-		char* buffer() {
-			return &buf_[cur_size_];
-		}
-
-		size_t left_size() {
-			return buf_.size() - cur_size_;
-		}
-
-        std::pair<phr_header*, size_t> get_headers() {
-            if (copy_headers_.empty())
-                return { headers_ , num_headers_ };
-
-            num_headers_ = copy_headers_.size();
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
-                headers_[i].name = copy_headers_[i].first.data();
-                headers_[i].name_len = copy_headers_[i].first.size();
-                headers_[i].value = copy_headers_[i].second.data();
-                headers_[i].value_len = copy_headers_[i].second.size();
-            }
-            return { headers_ , num_headers_ };
-        }
-
-		bool update_size(size_t size) {
-			cur_size_ += size;
-			if (cur_size_ > MAX_RESPONSE_SIZE)
-				return true;
-
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		size_t current_size() const {
-			return cur_size_;
-		}
-
-		void reset() {
-			cur_size_ = 0;
-			header_len_ = 0;
-			body_len_ = 0;
-			status_ = 0;
-		}
-
-		size_t total_len() {
-			return header_len_ + body_len_;
-		}
-
-		bool has_recieved_all() {
-			return (total_len() == current_size());
-		}
-
-		int status() const {
-			return status_;
-		}
-
-        void set_status(status_type status) {
-            status_ = (int)status;
-        }
-
-        std::string_view get_header_value(std::string_view key) {
-            if (copy_headers_.empty()) {
-                for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
-                    if (iequal(headers_[i].name, headers_[i].name_len, key.data()))
-                        return std::string_view(headers_[i].value, headers_[i].value_len);
-                }
-
-                return {};
-            }
-
-            auto it = std::find_if(copy_headers_.begin(), copy_headers_.end(), [this, key](auto& pair) {
-                if (iequal(pair.first.data(), pair.first.size(), key.data())) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-
-                return false;
-            });
-
-            if (it != copy_headers_.end()) {
-                return (*it).second;
-            }
-
-            return {};
-        }
-
-		bool is_chunked() {
-			if (has_length()) {
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			auto transfer_encoding = get_header_value("transfer-encoding");
-			if (transfer_encoding == "chunked"sv) {
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		bool has_length() {
-			auto header_value = get_header_value("content-length");
-			return !header_value.empty();
-		}
-
-	private:
-		std::string_view get_header_value(phr_header* headers, size_t num_headers, std::string_view key) {
-			for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
-				if (iequal(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len, key.data()))
-					return std::string_view(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len);
-			}
-
-			return {};
-		}
-
-		bool iequal(const char* s, size_t l, const char* t) {
-			if (strlen(t) != l)
-				return false;
-
-			for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
-				if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
-					return false;
-			}
-
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		size_t cur_size_ = 0;
-		int header_len_ = 0;
-		int body_len_ = 0;
-		std::string_view msg_;
-		size_t msg_len_;
-		int status_ = 0;
-
-		size_t num_headers_ = 0;
-		struct phr_header headers_[100];
-		std::vector<char> buf_;
-        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> copy_headers_;
-	};
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+constexpr const static size_t MAX_RESPONSE_SIZE = 1024 * 1024 * 10;
+class response_parser {
+public:
+  response_parser() { buf_.resize(10 * 1024); }
+
+  int parse(int last_len) {
+    if (!copy_headers_.empty())
+      copy_headers_.clear();
+
+    int minor_version;
+
+    num_headers_ = sizeof(headers_) / sizeof(headers_[0]);
+    const char *msg;
+    size_t msg_len;
+    header_len_ =
+        phr_parse_response(buf_.data(), cur_size_, &minor_version, &status_,
+                           &msg, &msg_len, headers_, &num_headers_, last_len);
+    msg_ = {msg, msg_len};
+    auto header_value =
+        get_header_value(headers_, num_headers_, "content-length");
+    if (header_value.empty()) {
+      body_len_ = 0;
+    } else {
+      body_len_ = atoi(header_value.data());
+    }
+
+    return header_len_;
+  }
+
+  int parse(const char *buf, size_t cur_size, int last_len) {
+    if (!copy_headers_.empty())
+      copy_headers_.clear();
+
+    int minor_version;
+
+    num_headers_ = sizeof(headers_) / sizeof(headers_[0]);
+    const char *msg;
+    size_t msg_len;
+    header_len_ =
+        phr_parse_response(buf, cur_size, &minor_version, &status_, &msg,
+                           &msg_len, headers_, &num_headers_, last_len);
+    msg_ = {msg, msg_len};
+    auto header_value =
+        get_header_value(headers_, num_headers_, "content-length");
+    if (header_value.empty()) {
+      body_len_ = 0;
+    } else {
+      body_len_ = atoi(header_value.data());
+    }
+
+    return header_len_;
+  }
+
+  bool at_capacity() { return (header_len_ + body_len_) > buf_.size(); }
+
+  void expand() {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
+      copy_headers_.emplace_back(
+          std::string(headers_[i].name, headers_[i].name_len),
+          std::string(headers_[i].value, headers_[i].value_len));
+    }
+
+    buf_.resize(total_len());
+  }
+
+  bool has_body() const { return body_len_ != 0; }
+
+  std::string_view message() { return msg_; }
+
+  std::string_view body() {
+    return std::string_view(buf_.data() + header_len_, body_len_);
+  }
+
+  std::string_view head() { return std::string_view(buf_.data(), header_len_); }
+
+  std::string_view curr_content() {
+    return std::string_view(buf_.data() + header_len_, cur_size_ - header_len_);
+  }
+
+  int body_len() const { return body_len_; }
+
+  char *buffer() { return &buf_[cur_size_]; }
+
+  size_t left_size() { return buf_.size() - cur_size_; }
+
+  std::pair<phr_header *, size_t> get_headers() {
+    if (copy_headers_.empty())
+      return {headers_, num_headers_};
+
+    num_headers_ = copy_headers_.size();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
+      headers_[i].name = copy_headers_[i].first.data();
+      headers_[i].name_len = copy_headers_[i].first.size();
+      headers_[i].value = copy_headers_[i].second.data();
+      headers_[i].value_len = copy_headers_[i].second.size();
+    }
+    return {headers_, num_headers_};
+  }
+
+  bool update_size(size_t size) {
+    cur_size_ += size;
+    if (cur_size_ > MAX_RESPONSE_SIZE)
+      return true;
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  size_t current_size() const { return cur_size_; }
+
+  void reset() {
+    cur_size_ = 0;
+    header_len_ = 0;
+    body_len_ = 0;
+    status_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  size_t total_len() { return header_len_ + body_len_; }
+
+  bool has_recieved_all() { return (total_len() == current_size()); }
+
+  int status() const { return status_; }
+
+  void set_status(status_type status) { status_ = (int)status; }
+
+  std::string_view get_header_value(std::string_view key) {
+    if (copy_headers_.empty()) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers_; i++) {
+        if (iequal(headers_[i].name, headers_[i].name_len, key.data()))
+          return std::string_view(headers_[i].value, headers_[i].value_len);
+      }
+
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    auto it = std::find_if(
+        copy_headers_.begin(), copy_headers_.end(), [this, key](auto &pair) {
+          if (iequal(pair.first.data(), pair.first.size(), key.data())) {
+            return true;
+          }
+
+          return false;
+        });
+
+    if (it != copy_headers_.end()) {
+      return (*it).second;
+    }
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  bool is_chunked() {
+    if (has_length()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    auto transfer_encoding = get_header_value("transfer-encoding");
+    if (transfer_encoding == "chunked"sv) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  bool has_length() {
+    auto header_value = get_header_value("content-length");
+    return !header_value.empty();
+  }
+
+private:
+  std::string_view get_header_value(phr_header *headers, size_t num_headers,
+                                    std::string_view key) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_headers; i++) {
+      if (iequal(headers[i].name, headers[i].name_len, key.data()))
+        return std::string_view(headers[i].value, headers[i].value_len);
+    }
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  bool iequal(const char *s, size_t l, const char *t) {
+    if (strlen(t) != l)
+      return false;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+      if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  size_t cur_size_ = 0;
+  int header_len_ = 0;
+  int body_len_ = 0;
+  std::string_view msg_;
+  size_t msg_len_;
+  int status_ = 0;
+
+  size_t num_headers_ = 0;
+  struct phr_header headers_[100];
+  std::vector<char> buf_;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> copy_headers_;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/router.hpp b/include/cinatra/router.hpp
index f8bddc9..6264f25 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/router.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/router.hpp
@@ -1,86 +1,83 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <vector>
+#include "function_traits.hpp"
+#include "utils.hpp"
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
-#include "utils.hpp"
-#include "function_traits.hpp"
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	template<typename... Args>
-	class router {
-	public:
-		template<http_method... Is, typename Function>
-		void register_handler(std::string_view name, Function&& f) {
-			if constexpr(sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
-				auto arr = get_arr<Is...>(name);
+template <typename... Args> class router {
+public:
+  template <http_method... Is, typename Function>
+  void register_handler(std::string_view name, Function &&f) {
+    if constexpr (sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
+      auto arr = get_arr<Is...>(name);
 
-				for (auto& s : arr) {
-					register_nonmember_func(s, std::forward<Function>(f));
-				}
-			}
-			else {
-				register_nonmember_func(std::string(name.data(), name.length()), std::forward<Function>(f));
-			}
-		}
+      for (auto &s : arr) {
+        register_nonmember_func(s, std::forward<Function>(f));
+      }
+    } else {
+      register_nonmember_func(std::string(name.data(), name.length()),
+                              std::forward<Function>(f));
+    }
+  }
 
-		template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1>
-		void register_handler(std::string_view name, Type T::* f, T1 t) {
-			register_handler_impl<Is...>(name, f, t);
-		}
+  template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1>
+  void register_handler(std::string_view name, Type T::*f, T1 t) {
+    register_handler_impl<Is...>(name, f, t);
+  }
 
-		bool route(std::string_view method, std::string_view url, Args... args) {
-			if (map_invokers_.empty())
-				return false;
+  bool route(std::string_view method, std::string_view url, Args... args) {
+    if (map_invokers_.empty())
+      return false;
 
-			std::string key(method.data(), method.length());
-			key += std::string(url.data(), url.length());
+    std::string key(method.data(), method.length());
+    key += std::string(url.data(), url.length());
 
-			auto it = map_invokers_.find(key);
-			if (it == map_invokers_.end()) {
-				return false;
-			}
+    auto it = map_invokers_.find(key);
+    if (it == map_invokers_.end()) {
+      return false;
+    }
 
-			it->second(args...);
-			return true;
-		}
+    it->second(args...);
+    return true;
+  }
 
-		void remove_handler(std::string name) {
-			this->map_invokers_.erase(name);
-		}
+  void remove_handler(std::string name) { this->map_invokers_.erase(name); }
 
-	private:
-		template<typename Function>
-		void register_nonmember_func(const std::string& name, Function&& f) {
-			this->map_invokers_[name] = [this, f=std::move(f)](Args&&... args) {
-				f(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-			};
-		}
+private:
+  template <typename Function>
+  void register_nonmember_func(const std::string &name, Function &&f) {
+    this->map_invokers_[name] = [this, f = std::move(f)](Args &&...args) {
+      f(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    };
+  }
 
-		template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1>
-		void register_handler_impl(std::string_view name, Type T::* f, T1 t) {
-			if constexpr(sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
-				auto arr = get_arr<Is...>(name);
+  template <http_method... Is, class T, class Type, typename T1>
+  void register_handler_impl(std::string_view name, Type T::*f, T1 t) {
+    if constexpr (sizeof...(Is) > 0) {
+      auto arr = get_arr<Is...>(name);
 
-				for (auto& s : arr) {
-					register_member_func(s, f, t);
-				}
-			}
-			else {
-				register_member_func(std::string(name.data(), name.length()), f, t);
-			}
-		}
+      for (auto &s : arr) {
+        register_member_func(s, f, t);
+      }
+    } else {
+      register_member_func(std::string(name.data(), name.length()), f, t);
+    }
+  }
 
-		template<typename Function, typename Self, typename... AP>
-		void register_member_func(const std::string& name, Function f, Self self) {
-			this->map_invokers_[name] = [this, self, f](Args&&... args) {
-				(*self.*f)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-			};
-			/*this->map_invokers_[name] = std::bind(&http_router::invoke_mem<Function, Self, AP...>, this,
-				std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, f, std::move(self));*/
-		}
+  template <typename Function, typename Self, typename... AP>
+  void register_member_func(const std::string &name, Function f, Self self) {
+    this->map_invokers_[name] = [this, self, f](Args &&...args) {
+      (*self.*f)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    };
+    /*this->map_invokers_[name] = std::bind(&http_router::invoke_mem<Function,
+       Self, AP...>, this, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, f,
+       std::move(self));*/
+  }
 
-		typedef std::function<void(Args...)> invoker_function;
-		std::map<std::string, invoker_function> map_invokers_;
-	};
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  typedef std::function<void(Args...)> invoker_function;
+  std::map<std::string, invoker_function> map_invokers_;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/server.crt b/include/cinatra/server.crt
index 2ed256b..46bdcdc 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/server.crt
+++ b/include/cinatra/server.crt
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICjTCCAfYCCQDwQXnvdBAiYjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADCBijELMAkGA1UEBhMC
-Y24xEjAQBgNVBAgMCWd1YW5nZG9uZzEPMA0GA1UEBwwGemh1aGFpMRQwEgYDVQQK
-DAtwdXJlY3BwLm9yZzEOMAwGA1UECwwFdGltYXgxEDAOBgNVBAMMB3B1cmVjcHAx
-HjAcBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWD3B1cmVjcHBAMTYzLmNvbTAeFw0xODAyMDExMDE0MTZa
-Fw0yODAxMzAxMDE0MTZaMIGKMQswCQYDVQQGEwJjbjESMBAGA1UECAwJZ3Vhbmdk
-b25nMQ8wDQYDVQQHDAZ6aHVoYWkxFDASBgNVBAoMC3B1cmVjcHAub3JnMQ4wDAYD
-VQQLDAV0aW1heDEQMA4GA1UEAwwHcHVyZWNwcDEeMBwGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYPcHVy
-ZWNwcEAxNjMuY29tMIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCbioDsTB4f
-ta69PO3Ug68JII6kV2AmfQyR/moP/RR7OlD5QUrJnV6H4h4svd/bAN2v+PZlL7Vk
-GegNm+9lHFUcO8aqrUON8PNtoTOuOqThs7v2StACUEjG0hsvu8TYFbN54iGqjVCi
-VaNPPHL/ZuVlQp8Xgh8LdbbVZzBWvQ1T5wIDAQABMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4GB
-AEyG1qi4TazyeihBpWROW83oGQtlw0x2tQH/i8eixfGKizWR3Hq/3izqQwVIM4jc
-dWOfWFVxaKqMMt+YvVWZMzFdHXvre/cUGFMAqtzMHbih+gLlHIYTKPYEN45IIlOp
-6WTLbnbPwjqn9VDkbbSvJJcvwOo8uILjOZu5TTvZ4YqV
------END CERTIFICATE-----
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-- ---MIICjTCCAfYCCQDwQXnvdBAiYjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADCBijELMAkGA1UEBhMC
+            Y24xEjAQBgNVBAgMCWd1YW5nZG9uZzEPMA0GA1UEBwwGemh1aGFpMRQwEgYDVQQK
+                DAtwdXJlY3BwLm9yZzEOMAwGA1UECwwFdGltYXgxEDAOBgNVBAMMB3B1cmVjcHAx
+                    HjAcBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWD3B1cmVjcHBAMTYzLmNvbTAeFw0xODAyMDExMDE0MTZa
+                        Fw0yODAxMzAxMDE0MTZaMIGKMQswCQYDVQQGEwJjbjESMBAGA1UECAwJZ3Vhbmdk
+                            b25nMQ8wDQYDVQQHDAZ6aHVoYWkxFDASBgNVBAoMC3B1cmVjcHAub3JnMQ4wDAYD
+                                VQQLDAV0aW1heDEQMA4GA1UEAwwHcHVyZWNwcDEeMBwGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYPcHVy
+                                    ZWNwcEAxNjMuY29tMIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCbioDsTB4f
+                                        ta69PO3Ug68JII6kV2AmfQyR /
+        moP / RR7OlD5QUrJnV6H4h4svd / bAN2v +
+    PZlL7Vk GegNm +
+    9lHFUcO8aqrUON8PNtoTOuOqThs7v2StACUEjG0hsvu8TYFbN54iGqjVCi VaNPPHL /
+        ZuVlQp8Xgh8LdbbVZzBWvQ1T5wIDAQABMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4GB
+            AEyG1qi4TazyeihBpWROW83oGQtlw0x2tQH /
+        i8eixfGKizWR3Hq / 3izqQwVIM4jc dWOfWFVxaKqMMt +
+    YvVWZMzFdHXvre / cUGFMAqtzMHbih +
+    gLlHIYTKPYEN45IIlOp 6WTLbnbPwjqn9VDkbbSvJJcvwOo8uILjOZu5TTvZ4YqV -----END
+        CERTIFICATE-- ---
diff --git a/include/cinatra/server.key b/include/cinatra/server.key
index 90a0982..3e1b4db 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/server.key
+++ b/include/cinatra/server.key
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
------BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
-DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,6908C3604219EECA
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-- ---Proc - Type : 4,
+    ENCRYPTED DEK - Info : DES - EDE3 - CBC,
+    6908C3604219EECA
 
-KP1wsoaH2RUysWCwPsF5tSxCMwROSbcdJT1xhGeOv20AZwH7048qUH2LWf0AwqSS
-6ksIN9LfXm2nxKDbN9RJZ65Fa+o2hh7ehfPxZL5WkyXpbbuhCj1BjQwZI8TkqT1D
-1xua8HA3DTJi1WKZ7lqrUhOv8sbbnAC2ELPLgZHXuJH/l5rV7W/dR39sk1j3440w
-cKN6/WcxhqEpCxnSyrZC6i8jh+RIfyNRJDn7b6b2H9BOmWrLIJ5QjsDJ6yvq8q1p
-V9aob6wADbn//+XRjE4EHorssku7Iwq20eFZnfsJRTfypV/K5Yhev8bxOlAFkBnv
-8fkd5kDw7M7egYCWARPrMR8JcCeCmGbtYsRuwzbjS1b1HVwWkVaaRVSMQMB3KB0c
-x98jNc6/EC7fG09aUMWGjbZrPil5a3JUUSAup8X8z+dTGC2lrENTjQ9vEzzUKzfu
-pwgrbZ+1xHYoYytZoXMQHWaW4NuYHxePySA1FHgF+3BdGvccorXcc8FnsyI2YrlE
-Dz1Oo/CKvRoWgUYk6fiiW4tWuLvvMLjjUgSWqzAcWV6VoGJVeUUiSI9fbJft+QQD
-vzsthOSEaYnd48OrLYXN9XWgJdWuaujyYtLnmb33j64T76QbTbrwNSMNwu65+xo5
-2BPZw1PnorFnXtCi73Ci+Jbd99ZA/J4jf7Un2GlRI0BAV8Eun8fNVCGLfelEU6L8
-6Is5NpzARmjh7zZvLQIUwS9k37c2fn6wx+0AB3SczrlOYU1+U+PMZH4Ea1LzMRvJ
-yY3omqvKqg0d/3zk0tT40aA5siniuo4M7f9XuvEiAEk=
------END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+        KP1wsoaH2RUysWCwPsF5tSxCMwROSbcdJT1xhGeOv20AZwH7048qUH2LWf0AwqSS 6ksIN9LfXm2nxKDbN9RJZ65Fa +
+        o2hh7ehfPxZL5WkyXpbbuhCj1BjQwZI8TkqT1D 1xua8HA3DTJi1WKZ7lqrUhOv8sbbnAC2ELPLgZHXuJH /
+            l5rV7W / dR39sk1j3440w cKN6 / WcxhqEpCxnSyrZC6i8jh +
+        RIfyNRJDn7b6b2H9BOmWrLIJ5QjsDJ6yvq8q1p
+                V9aob6wADbn //+XRjE4EHorssku7Iwq20eFZnfsJRTfypV/K5Yhev8bxOlAFkBnv
+            8fkd5kDw7M7egYCWARPrMR8JcCeCmGbtYsRuwzbjS1b1HVwWkVaaRVSMQMB3KB0c x98jNc6 /
+            EC7fG09aUMWGjbZrPil5a3JUUSAup8X8z +
+        dTGC2lrENTjQ9vEzzUKzfu pwgrbZ + 1xHYoYytZoXMQHWaW4NuYHxePySA1FHgF +
+        3BdGvccorXcc8FnsyI2YrlE Dz1Oo /
+            CKvRoWgUYk6fiiW4tWuLvvMLjjUgSWqzAcWV6VoGJVeUUiSI9fbJft +
+        QQD vzsthOSEaYnd48OrLYXN9XWgJdWuaujyYtLnmb33j64T76QbTbrwNSMNwu65 +
+        xo5 2BPZw1PnorFnXtCi73Ci +
+        Jbd99ZA /
+            J4jf7Un2GlRI0BAV8Eun8fNVCGLfelEU6L8 6Is5NpzARmjh7zZvLQIUwS9k37c2fn6wx +
+        0AB3SczrlOYU1 + U +
+        PMZH4Ea1LzMRvJ yY3omqvKqg0d / 3zk0tT40aA5siniuo4M7f9XuvEiAEk =
+        -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-- ---
diff --git a/include/cinatra/session.hpp b/include/cinatra/session.hpp
index c817489..e2939fe 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/session.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/session.hpp
@@ -2,109 +2,90 @@
 // Created by xmh on 18-5-7.
 //
 #pragma once
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
+#include "cookie.hpp"
 #include <any>
-#include <map>
 #include <chrono>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <mutex>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <map>
 #include <memory>
-#include "cookie.hpp"
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
 namespace cinatra {
 
-	class session
-	{
-	public:
-		session(const std::string& name, const std::string& uuid_str, std::size_t expire, 
-			const std::string& path = "/", const std::string& domain = "")
-		{
-			id_ = uuid_str;
-			expire_ = expire == -1 ? 86400 : expire;
-			std::time_t now = std::time(nullptr);
-			time_stamp_ = expire_ + now;
-			cookie_.set_name(name);
-			cookie_.set_path(path);
-			cookie_.set_domain(domain);
-			cookie_.set_value(uuid_str);
-			cookie_.set_version(0);
-			cookie_.set_max_age(expire == -1 ? -1 : time_stamp_);
-		}
+class session {
+public:
+  session(const std::string &name, const std::string &uuid_str,
+          std::size_t expire, const std::string &path = "/",
+          const std::string &domain = "") {
+    id_ = uuid_str;
+    expire_ = expire == -1 ? 86400 : expire;
+    std::time_t now = std::time(nullptr);
+    time_stamp_ = expire_ + now;
+    cookie_.set_name(name);
+    cookie_.set_path(path);
+    cookie_.set_domain(domain);
+    cookie_.set_value(uuid_str);
+    cookie_.set_version(0);
+    cookie_.set_max_age(expire == -1 ? -1 : time_stamp_);
+  }
 
-		void set_data(const std::string& name, std::any data)
-		{
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			data_[name] = std::move(data);
-		}
+  void set_data(const std::string &name, std::any data) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    data_[name] = std::move(data);
+  }
 
-		template<typename T>
-		T get_data(const std::string& name)
-		{
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			auto itert = data_.find(name);
-			if (itert != data_.end())
-			{
-				return std::any_cast<T>(itert->second);
-			}
-			return T{};
-		}
+  template <typename T> T get_data(const std::string &name) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    auto itert = data_.find(name);
+    if (itert != data_.end()) {
+      return std::any_cast<T>(itert->second);
+    }
+    return T{};
+  }
 
-		bool has(const std::string& name) {
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			return data_.find(name) != data_.end();
-		}
+  bool has(const std::string &name) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    return data_.find(name) != data_.end();
+  }
 
-		const std::string get_id()
-		{
-			return id_;
-		}
+  const std::string get_id() { return id_; }
 
-		void set_max_age(const std::time_t seconds)
-		{
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			is_update_ = true;
-			expire_ = seconds == -1 ? 86400 : seconds;
-			std::time_t now = std::time(nullptr);
-			time_stamp_ = now + expire_;
-			cookie_.set_max_age(seconds == -1 ? -1 : time_stamp_);
-		}
+  void set_max_age(const std::time_t seconds) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    is_update_ = true;
+    expire_ = seconds == -1 ? 86400 : seconds;
+    std::time_t now = std::time(nullptr);
+    time_stamp_ = now + expire_;
+    cookie_.set_max_age(seconds == -1 ? -1 : time_stamp_);
+  }
 
-		void remove()
-		{
-			set_max_age(0);
-		}
+  void remove() { set_max_age(0); }
 
-		cinatra::cookie& get_cookie()
-		{
-			return cookie_;
-		}
+  cinatra::cookie &get_cookie() { return cookie_; }
 
-		std::time_t time_stamp() {
-			return time_stamp_;
-		}
+  std::time_t time_stamp() { return time_stamp_; }
 
-		bool is_need_update()
-		{
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			return is_update_;
-		}
+  bool is_need_update() {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    return is_update_;
+  }
 
-		void set_need_update(bool flag)
-		{
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			is_update_ = flag;
-		}
+  void set_need_update(bool flag) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    is_update_ = flag;
+  }
 
-	private:
-		session() = delete;
+private:
+  session() = delete;
 
-		std::string id_;
-		std::size_t expire_;
-		std::time_t time_stamp_;
-		std::map<std::string, std::any> data_;
-		std::mutex mtx_;
-		cookie cookie_;
-		bool is_update_ = true;
-	};
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  std::string id_;
+  std::size_t expire_;
+  std::time_t time_stamp_;
+  std::map<std::string, std::any> data_;
+  std::mutex mtx_;
+  cookie cookie_;
+  bool is_update_ = true;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/session_manager.hpp b/include/cinatra/session_manager.hpp
index 4c1c332..0839fab 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/session_manager.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/session_manager.hpp
@@ -4,86 +4,88 @@
 
 #ifndef CINATRA_SESSION_UTILS_HPP
 #define CINATRA_SESSION_UTILS_HPP
-#include "session.hpp"
 #include "request.hpp"
+#include "session.hpp"
 namespace cinatra {
-	class session_manager {
-	public:
-		static session_manager& get() {
-			static session_manager instance;
-			return instance;
-		}
+class session_manager {
+public:
+  static session_manager &get() {
+    static session_manager instance;
+    return instance;
+  }
 
-		std::shared_ptr<session> create_session(const std::string& name, std::size_t expire, 
-			const std::string& path = "/", const std::string& domain = ""){
-            auto tp = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
-            auto nano = tp.time_since_epoch().count();
-            auto id = std::hash<std::thread::id>{}(std::this_thread::get_id());
-            id_++;
-            std::string uuid_str = std::to_string(nano) + std::to_string(id_);
+  std::shared_ptr<session> create_session(const std::string &name,
+                                          std::size_t expire,
+                                          const std::string &path = "/",
+                                          const std::string &domain = "") {
+    auto tp = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+    auto nano = tp.time_since_epoch().count();
+    auto id = std::hash<std::thread::id>{}(std::this_thread::get_id());
+    id_++;
+    std::string uuid_str = std::to_string(nano) + std::to_string(id_);
 
-			auto s = std::make_shared<session>(name, uuid_str, expire, path, domain);
+    auto s = std::make_shared<session>(name, uuid_str, expire, path, domain);
 
-			{
-				std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-				map_.emplace(std::move(uuid_str), s);
-			}
+    {
+      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+      map_.emplace(std::move(uuid_str), s);
+    }
 
-			return s;
-		}
+    return s;
+  }
 
-		std::shared_ptr<session> create_session(std::string_view host, const std::string& name,
-			std::time_t expire = -1, const std::string &path = "/") {
-			auto pos = host.find(":");
-			if (pos != std::string_view::npos){
-				host = host.substr(0, pos);
-			}
+  std::shared_ptr<session> create_session(std::string_view host,
+                                          const std::string &name,
+                                          std::time_t expire = -1,
+                                          const std::string &path = "/") {
+    auto pos = host.find(":");
+    if (pos != std::string_view::npos) {
+      host = host.substr(0, pos);
+    }
 
-			return create_session(name, expire, path, std::string(host.data(), host.length()));
-		}
+    return create_session(name, expire, path,
+                          std::string(host.data(), host.length()));
+  }
 
-		std::weak_ptr<session> get_session(const std::string& id) {
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			auto it = map_.find(id);
-			return (it != map_.end()) ? it->second : nullptr;
-		}
+  std::weak_ptr<session> get_session(const std::string &id) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    auto it = map_.find(id);
+    return (it != map_.end()) ? it->second : nullptr;
+  }
 
-		void del_session(const std::string& id) {
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			auto it = map_.find(id);
-			if (it != map_.end())
-				map_.erase(it);
-		}
+  void del_session(const std::string &id) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    auto it = map_.find(id);
+    if (it != map_.end())
+      map_.erase(it);
+  }
 
-		void check_expire() {
-			if (map_.empty())
-				return;
+  void check_expire() {
+    if (map_.empty())
+      return;
 
-			auto now = std::time(nullptr);
-			std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-			for (auto it = map_.begin(); it != map_.end();) {
-				if (now - it->second->time_stamp() >= max_age_) {
-					it = map_.erase(it);
-				}
-				else {
-					++it;
-				}
-			}
-		}
+    auto now = std::time(nullptr);
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+    for (auto it = map_.begin(); it != map_.end();) {
+      if (now - it->second->time_stamp() >= max_age_) {
+        it = map_.erase(it);
+      } else {
+        ++it;
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
-		void set_max_inactive_interval(int seconds) {
-			max_age_ = seconds;
-		}
+  void set_max_inactive_interval(int seconds) { max_age_ = seconds; }
 
-	private:
-		session_manager() = default;
-		session_manager(const session_manager&) = delete;
-		session_manager(session_manager&&) = delete;
+private:
+  session_manager() = default;
+  session_manager(const session_manager &) = delete;
+  session_manager(session_manager &&) = delete;
 
-		std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<session>> map_;
-		std::mutex mtx_;
-		int max_age_ = 0;
-        std::atomic_int64_t id_ = 0;
-	};
-}
-#endif //CINATRA_SESSION_UTILS_HPP
+  std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<session>> map_;
+  std::mutex mtx_;
+  int max_age_ = 0;
+  std::atomic_int64_t id_ = 0;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
+#endif // CINATRA_SESSION_UTILS_HPP
diff --git a/include/cinatra/sha1.hpp b/include/cinatra/sha1.hpp
index eb664b1..ffb0d34 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/sha1.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/sha1.hpp
@@ -12,244 +12,237 @@ Volker Grabsch (Translation to simpler C++ Code)
 Eugene Hopkinson (Safety improvements)
 Vincent Falco (beast adaptation)
 */
-namespace cinatra{
+namespace cinatra {
 namespace sha1 {
 
-	static std::size_t constexpr BLOCK_INTS = 16;
-	static std::size_t constexpr BLOCK_BYTES = 64;
-	static std::size_t constexpr DIGEST_BYTES = 20;
-
-	inline std::uint32_t rol(std::uint32_t value, std::size_t bits) {
-		return (value << bits) | (value >> (32 - bits));
-	}
-
-	inline std::uint32_t blk(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::size_t i) {
-		return rol(
-			block[(i + 13) & 15] ^ block[(i + 8) & 15] ^
-			block[(i + 2) & 15] ^ block[i], 1);
-	}
-
-	inline void R0(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
-			std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
-			std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
-		z += ((w&(x^y)) ^ y) + block[i] + 0x5a827999 + rol(v, 5);
-		w = rol(w, 30);
-	}
-
-
-	inline void R1(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
-			std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
-			std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
-		block[i] = blk(block, i);
-		z += ((w&(x^y)) ^ y) + block[i] + 0x5a827999 + rol(v, 5);
-		w = rol(w, 30);
-	}
-
-	inline void R2(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
-			std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
-			std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
-		block[i] = blk(block, i);
-		z += (w^x^y) + block[i] + 0x6ed9eba1 + rol(v, 5);
-		w = rol(w, 30);
-	}
-
-	inline void R3(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
-			std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
-			std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
-		block[i] = blk(block, i);
-		z += (((w | x)&y) | (w&x)) + block[i] + 0x8f1bbcdc + rol(v, 5);
-		w = rol(w, 30);
-	}
-
-	inline void R4(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
-			std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
-			std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
-		block[i] = blk(block, i);
-		z += (w^x^y) + block[i] + 0xca62c1d6 + rol(v, 5);
-		w = rol(w, 30);
-	}
-
-	inline void make_block(std::uint8_t const* p, std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS]) {
-		for (std::size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_INTS; i++)
-			block[i] =
-			(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 3])) |
-			(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 2])) << 8 |
-			(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 1])) << 16 |
-			(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 0])) << 24;
-	}
-
-	template<class = void>
-	void transform(std::uint32_t digest[], std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS]) {
-		std::uint32_t a = digest[0];
-		std::uint32_t b = digest[1];
-		std::uint32_t c = digest[2];
-		std::uint32_t d = digest[3];
-		std::uint32_t e = digest[4];
-
-		R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 0);
-		R0(block, e, a, b, c, d, 1);
-		R0(block, d, e, a, b, c, 2);
-		R0(block, c, d, e, a, b, 3);
-		R0(block, b, c, d, e, a, 4);
-		R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 5);
-		R0(block, e, a, b, c, d, 6);
-		R0(block, d, e, a, b, c, 7);
-		R0(block, c, d, e, a, b, 8);
-		R0(block, b, c, d, e, a, 9);
-		R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 10);
-		R0(block, e, a, b, c, d, 11);
-		R0(block, d, e, a, b, c, 12);
-		R0(block, c, d, e, a, b, 13);
-		R0(block, b, c, d, e, a, 14);
-		R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 15);
-		R1(block, e, a, b, c, d, 0);
-		R1(block, d, e, a, b, c, 1);
-		R1(block, c, d, e, a, b, 2);
-		R1(block, b, c, d, e, a, 3);
-		R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 4);
-		R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 5);
-		R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 6);
-		R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 7);
-		R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 8);
-		R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 9);
-		R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 10);
-		R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 11);
-		R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 12);
-		R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 13);
-		R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 14);
-		R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 15);
-		R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 0);
-		R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 1);
-		R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 2);
-		R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 3);
-		R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 4);
-		R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 5);
-		R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 6);
-		R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 7);
-		R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 8);
-		R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 9);
-		R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 10);
-		R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 11);
-		R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 12);
-		R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 13);
-		R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 14);
-		R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 15);
-		R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 0);
-		R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 1);
-		R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 2);
-		R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 3);
-		R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 4);
-		R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 5);
-		R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 6);
-		R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 7);
-		R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 8);
-		R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 9);
-		R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 10);
-		R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 11);
-		R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 12);
-		R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 13);
-		R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 14);
-		R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 15);
-		R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 0);
-		R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 1);
-		R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 2);
-		R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 3);
-		R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 4);
-		R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 5);
-		R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 6);
-		R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 7);
-		R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 8);
-		R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 9);
-		R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 10);
-		R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 11);
-		R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 12);
-		R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 13);
-		R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 14);
-		R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 15);
-
-		digest[0] += a;
-		digest[1] += b;
-		digest[2] += c;
-		digest[3] += d;
-		digest[4] += e;
-	}
-
-} // sha1
+static std::size_t constexpr BLOCK_INTS = 16;
+static std::size_t constexpr BLOCK_BYTES = 64;
+static std::size_t constexpr DIGEST_BYTES = 20;
+
+inline std::uint32_t rol(std::uint32_t value, std::size_t bits) {
+  return (value << bits) | (value >> (32 - bits));
+}
+
+inline std::uint32_t blk(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::size_t i) {
+  return rol(block[(i + 13) & 15] ^ block[(i + 8) & 15] ^ block[(i + 2) & 15] ^
+                 block[i],
+             1);
+}
+
+inline void R0(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
+               std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
+               std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
+  z += ((w & (x ^ y)) ^ y) + block[i] + 0x5a827999 + rol(v, 5);
+  w = rol(w, 30);
+}
+
+inline void R1(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
+               std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
+               std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
+  block[i] = blk(block, i);
+  z += ((w & (x ^ y)) ^ y) + block[i] + 0x5a827999 + rol(v, 5);
+  w = rol(w, 30);
+}
+
+inline void R2(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
+               std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
+               std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
+  block[i] = blk(block, i);
+  z += (w ^ x ^ y) + block[i] + 0x6ed9eba1 + rol(v, 5);
+  w = rol(w, 30);
+}
+
+inline void R3(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
+               std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
+               std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
+  block[i] = blk(block, i);
+  z += (((w | x) & y) | (w & x)) + block[i] + 0x8f1bbcdc + rol(v, 5);
+  w = rol(w, 30);
+}
+
+inline void R4(std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS], std::uint32_t v,
+               std::uint32_t &w, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t y,
+               std::uint32_t &z, std::size_t i) {
+  block[i] = blk(block, i);
+  z += (w ^ x ^ y) + block[i] + 0xca62c1d6 + rol(v, 5);
+  w = rol(w, 30);
+}
+
+inline void make_block(std::uint8_t const *p, std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS]) {
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_INTS; i++)
+    block[i] = (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 3])) |
+               (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 2])) << 8 |
+               (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 1])) << 16 |
+               (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(p[4 * i + 0])) << 24;
+}
+
+template <class = void>
+void transform(std::uint32_t digest[], std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS]) {
+  std::uint32_t a = digest[0];
+  std::uint32_t b = digest[1];
+  std::uint32_t c = digest[2];
+  std::uint32_t d = digest[3];
+  std::uint32_t e = digest[4];
+
+  R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 0);
+  R0(block, e, a, b, c, d, 1);
+  R0(block, d, e, a, b, c, 2);
+  R0(block, c, d, e, a, b, 3);
+  R0(block, b, c, d, e, a, 4);
+  R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 5);
+  R0(block, e, a, b, c, d, 6);
+  R0(block, d, e, a, b, c, 7);
+  R0(block, c, d, e, a, b, 8);
+  R0(block, b, c, d, e, a, 9);
+  R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 10);
+  R0(block, e, a, b, c, d, 11);
+  R0(block, d, e, a, b, c, 12);
+  R0(block, c, d, e, a, b, 13);
+  R0(block, b, c, d, e, a, 14);
+  R0(block, a, b, c, d, e, 15);
+  R1(block, e, a, b, c, d, 0);
+  R1(block, d, e, a, b, c, 1);
+  R1(block, c, d, e, a, b, 2);
+  R1(block, b, c, d, e, a, 3);
+  R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 4);
+  R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 5);
+  R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 6);
+  R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 7);
+  R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 8);
+  R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 9);
+  R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 10);
+  R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 11);
+  R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 12);
+  R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 13);
+  R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 14);
+  R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 15);
+  R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 0);
+  R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 1);
+  R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 2);
+  R2(block, a, b, c, d, e, 3);
+  R2(block, e, a, b, c, d, 4);
+  R2(block, d, e, a, b, c, 5);
+  R2(block, c, d, e, a, b, 6);
+  R2(block, b, c, d, e, a, 7);
+  R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 8);
+  R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 9);
+  R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 10);
+  R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 11);
+  R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 12);
+  R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 13);
+  R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 14);
+  R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 15);
+  R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 0);
+  R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 1);
+  R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 2);
+  R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 3);
+  R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 4);
+  R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 5);
+  R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 6);
+  R3(block, a, b, c, d, e, 7);
+  R3(block, e, a, b, c, d, 8);
+  R3(block, d, e, a, b, c, 9);
+  R3(block, c, d, e, a, b, 10);
+  R3(block, b, c, d, e, a, 11);
+  R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 12);
+  R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 13);
+  R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 14);
+  R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 15);
+  R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 0);
+  R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 1);
+  R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 2);
+  R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 3);
+  R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 4);
+  R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 5);
+  R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 6);
+  R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 7);
+  R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 8);
+  R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 9);
+  R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 10);
+  R4(block, a, b, c, d, e, 11);
+  R4(block, e, a, b, c, d, 12);
+  R4(block, d, e, a, b, c, 13);
+  R4(block, c, d, e, a, b, 14);
+  R4(block, b, c, d, e, a, 15);
+
+  digest[0] += a;
+  digest[1] += b;
+  digest[2] += c;
+  digest[3] += d;
+  digest[4] += e;
+}
+
+} // namespace sha1
 
 struct sha1_context {
-	static unsigned int constexpr block_size = sha1::BLOCK_BYTES;
-	static unsigned int constexpr digest_size = 20;
+  static unsigned int constexpr block_size = sha1::BLOCK_BYTES;
+  static unsigned int constexpr digest_size = 20;
 
-	std::size_t buflen;
-	std::size_t blocks;
-	std::uint32_t digest[5];
-	std::uint8_t buf[block_size];
+  std::size_t buflen;
+  std::size_t blocks;
+  std::uint32_t digest[5];
+  std::uint8_t buf[block_size];
 };
 
-template<class = void>
-inline void init(sha1_context& ctx) noexcept {
-	ctx.buflen = 0;
-	ctx.blocks = 0;
-	ctx.digest[0] = 0x67452301;
-	ctx.digest[1] = 0xefcdab89;
-	ctx.digest[2] = 0x98badcfe;
-	ctx.digest[3] = 0x10325476;
-	ctx.digest[4] = 0xc3d2e1f0;
+template <class = void> inline void init(sha1_context &ctx) noexcept {
+  ctx.buflen = 0;
+  ctx.blocks = 0;
+  ctx.digest[0] = 0x67452301;
+  ctx.digest[1] = 0xefcdab89;
+  ctx.digest[2] = 0x98badcfe;
+  ctx.digest[3] = 0x10325476;
+  ctx.digest[4] = 0xc3d2e1f0;
 }
 
-template<class = void>
-inline void update(sha1_context& ctx,
-	void const* message, std::size_t size) noexcept {
-	auto p = reinterpret_cast<
-		std::uint8_t const*>(message);
-	for (;;) {
-		auto const n = (std::min)(
-			size, sizeof(ctx.buf) - ctx.buflen);
-		std::memcpy(ctx.buf + ctx.buflen, p, n);
-		ctx.buflen += n;
-		if (ctx.buflen != 64)
-			return;
-		p += n;
-		size -= n;
-		ctx.buflen = 0;
-		std::uint32_t block[sha1::BLOCK_INTS];
-		sha1::make_block(ctx.buf, block);
-		sha1::transform(ctx.digest, block);
-		++ctx.blocks;
-	}
+template <class = void>
+inline void update(sha1_context &ctx, void const *message,
+                   std::size_t size) noexcept {
+  auto p = reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t const *>(message);
+  for (;;) {
+    auto const n = (std::min)(size, sizeof(ctx.buf) - ctx.buflen);
+    std::memcpy(ctx.buf + ctx.buflen, p, n);
+    ctx.buflen += n;
+    if (ctx.buflen != 64)
+      return;
+    p += n;
+    size -= n;
+    ctx.buflen = 0;
+    std::uint32_t block[sha1::BLOCK_INTS];
+    sha1::make_block(ctx.buf, block);
+    sha1::transform(ctx.digest, block);
+    ++ctx.blocks;
+  }
 }
 
-template<class = void>
-inline void finish(sha1_context& ctx, void* digest) noexcept {
-	using sha1::BLOCK_INTS;
-	using sha1::BLOCK_BYTES;
-
-	std::uint64_t total_bits =
-		(ctx.blocks * 64 + ctx.buflen) * 8;
-	// pad
-	ctx.buf[ctx.buflen++] = 0x80;
-	auto const buflen = ctx.buflen;
-	while (ctx.buflen < 64)
-		ctx.buf[ctx.buflen++] = 0x00;
-	std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS];
-	sha1::make_block(ctx.buf, block);
-	if (buflen > BLOCK_BYTES - 8) {
-		sha1::transform(ctx.digest, block);
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_INTS - 2; i++)
-			block[i] = 0;
-	}
-
-	/* Append total_bits, split this uint64_t into two uint32_t */
-	block[BLOCK_INTS - 1] = total_bits & 0xffffffff;
-	block[BLOCK_INTS - 2] = (total_bits >> 32);
-	sha1::transform(ctx.digest, block);
-	for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sha1::DIGEST_BYTES / 4; i++) {
-		std::uint8_t* d =
-			reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(digest) + 4 * i;
-		d[3] = ctx.digest[i] & 0xff;
-		d[2] = (ctx.digest[i] >> 8) & 0xff;
-		d[1] = (ctx.digest[i] >> 16) & 0xff;
-		d[0] = (ctx.digest[i] >> 24) & 0xff;
-	}
-}
+template <class = void>
+inline void finish(sha1_context &ctx, void *digest) noexcept {
+  using sha1::BLOCK_BYTES;
+  using sha1::BLOCK_INTS;
+
+  std::uint64_t total_bits = (ctx.blocks * 64 + ctx.buflen) * 8;
+  // pad
+  ctx.buf[ctx.buflen++] = 0x80;
+  auto const buflen = ctx.buflen;
+  while (ctx.buflen < 64)
+    ctx.buf[ctx.buflen++] = 0x00;
+  std::uint32_t block[BLOCK_INTS];
+  sha1::make_block(ctx.buf, block);
+  if (buflen > BLOCK_BYTES - 8) {
+    sha1::transform(ctx.digest, block);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_INTS - 2; i++)
+      block[i] = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Append total_bits, split this uint64_t into two uint32_t */
+  block[BLOCK_INTS - 1] = total_bits & 0xffffffff;
+  block[BLOCK_INTS - 2] = (total_bits >> 32);
+  sha1::transform(ctx.digest, block);
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sha1::DIGEST_BYTES / 4; i++) {
+    std::uint8_t *d = reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t *>(digest) + 4 * i;
+    d[3] = ctx.digest[i] & 0xff;
+    d[2] = (ctx.digest[i] >> 8) & 0xff;
+    d[1] = (ctx.digest[i] >> 16) & 0xff;
+    d[0] = (ctx.digest[i] >> 24) & 0xff;
+  }
 }
+} // namespace cinatra
diff --git a/include/cinatra/upload_file.hpp b/include/cinatra/upload_file.hpp
index d51b488..bd25300 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/upload_file.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/upload_file.hpp
@@ -1,107 +1,103 @@
 #pragma once
+#include "utils.hpp"
 #include <fstream>
 #include <string>
-#include "utils.hpp"
 namespace cinatra {
-	class upload_file {
-	public:
-		void write(const char* data, size_t size) {
-			file_size_ += size;
-			file_.write(data, size);
-		}
-
-		bool open(const std::string& file_name) {
-			file_.open(file_name, std::ios::binary| std::ios::app);
-			bool r = file_.is_open();
-			if(r)
-				file_path_ = std::string(&file_name[0], file_name.length());
+class upload_file {
+public:
+  void write(const char *data, size_t size) {
+    file_size_ += size;
+    file_.write(data, size);
+  }
 
-			return r;
-		}
+  bool open(const std::string &file_name) {
+    file_.open(file_name, std::ios::binary | std::ios::app);
+    bool r = file_.is_open();
+    if (r)
+      file_path_ = std::string(&file_name[0], file_name.length());
 
-        bool remove()
-        {
-			file_.close();
-            bool flag = fs::remove(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()));
-            file_path_ = "";
-            file_size_ = 0;
-            return flag;
-        }
+    return r;
+  }
 
-        bool copy_to(const std::string& directory_path,const std::string& file_name = "") const
-        {
-			check_and_create_directory(directory_path);
-			auto write_file_name = file_path_.substr(file_path_.rfind("/")+1);
-			if(!file_name.empty()){
-				write_file_name = file_name;
-			}
-			auto write_directory_path = directory_path.back()=='/'?directory_path:directory_path+"/";
-            bool flag = fs::copy_file(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()),fs::path(write_directory_path+write_file_name));
-            return flag;
-        }
+  bool remove() {
+    file_.close();
+    bool flag = fs::remove(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()));
+    file_path_ = "";
+    file_size_ = 0;
+    return flag;
+  }
 
-		bool move_to(const std::string& directory_path,const std::string& file_name = "")
-		{
-			check_and_create_directory(directory_path);
-			auto write_file_name = file_path_.substr(file_path_.rfind("/")+1);
-			if(!file_name.empty()){
-				write_file_name = file_name;
-			}
-			auto write_directory_path = directory_path.back()=='/'?directory_path:directory_path+"/";
-			bool flag0 = fs::copy_file(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()),fs::path(write_directory_path+write_file_name));
-			file_.close();
-			bool flag1 = fs::remove(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()));
-			file_path_ = write_directory_path+write_file_name;
-			return (flag0&&flag1);
-		}
+  bool copy_to(const std::string &directory_path,
+               const std::string &file_name = "") const {
+    check_and_create_directory(directory_path);
+    auto write_file_name = file_path_.substr(file_path_.rfind("/") + 1);
+    if (!file_name.empty()) {
+      write_file_name = file_name;
+    }
+    auto write_directory_path =
+        directory_path.back() == '/' ? directory_path : directory_path + "/";
+    bool flag = fs::copy_file(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()),
+                              fs::path(write_directory_path + write_file_name));
+    return flag;
+  }
 
-		void rename_file(const std::string& new_file_name)
-		{
-			//auto directory_path = file_path_.substr(0,file_path_.rfind("/"));
-			//auto new_file_path = directory_path+"/"+new_file_name;
-			std::error_code code;
-			fs::rename(file_path_, new_file_name, code);
-			if (!code) {
-				file_path_ = new_file_name;
-			}			
-		}
+  bool move_to(const std::string &directory_path,
+               const std::string &file_name = "") {
+    check_and_create_directory(directory_path);
+    auto write_file_name = file_path_.substr(file_path_.rfind("/") + 1);
+    if (!file_name.empty()) {
+      write_file_name = file_name;
+    }
+    auto write_directory_path =
+        directory_path.back() == '/' ? directory_path : directory_path + "/";
+    bool flag0 =
+        fs::copy_file(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()),
+                      fs::path(write_directory_path + write_file_name));
+    file_.close();
+    bool flag1 = fs::remove(fs::path(file_path_.c_str()));
+    file_path_ = write_directory_path + write_file_name;
+    return (flag0 && flag1);
+  }
 
+  void rename_file(const std::string &new_file_name) {
+    // auto directory_path = file_path_.substr(0,file_path_.rfind("/"));
+    // auto new_file_path = directory_path+"/"+new_file_name;
+    std::error_code code;
+    fs::rename(file_path_, new_file_name, code);
+    if (!code) {
+      file_path_ = new_file_name;
+    }
+  }
 
-		void close() {
-			file_.close();
-		}
+  void close() { file_.close(); }
 
-		size_t get_file_size() const{
-			return file_size_;
-		}
+  size_t get_file_size() const { return file_size_; }
 
-		std::string get_file_path() const{
-			return file_path_;
-		}
+  std::string get_file_path() const { return file_path_; }
 
-		bool is_open() const {
-			return file_.is_open();
-		}
+  bool is_open() const { return file_.is_open(); }
 
-    private:
-        void check_and_create_directory(const std::string& direcotry_path) const
-        {
-           auto vec = cinatra::split(std::string_view(direcotry_path.data(),direcotry_path.size()),"/");
-           std::string tmp_directory = "";
-            for(auto iter=vec.begin();iter!=vec.end();++iter){
-                tmp_directory+=std::string(iter->data(),iter->size())+"/";
-                if(iter!=vec.begin()){
-					auto current_direcotry = tmp_directory.substr(0,tmp_directory.size()-1);
-					if(!fs::exists(current_direcotry)){
-						fs::create_directory(current_direcotry.data());
-					}
-                }
-            }
+private:
+  void check_and_create_directory(const std::string &direcotry_path) const {
+    auto vec = cinatra::split(
+        std::string_view(direcotry_path.data(), direcotry_path.size()), "/");
+    std::string tmp_directory = "";
+    for (auto iter = vec.begin(); iter != vec.end(); ++iter) {
+      tmp_directory += std::string(iter->data(), iter->size()) + "/";
+      if (iter != vec.begin()) {
+        auto current_direcotry =
+            tmp_directory.substr(0, tmp_directory.size() - 1);
+        if (!fs::exists(current_direcotry)) {
+          fs::create_directory(current_direcotry.data());
         }
-	private:
-		//std::string file_name_;
-		std::string file_path_;
-		std::ofstream file_;
-		size_t file_size_ = 0;
-	};
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  // std::string file_name_;
+  std::string file_path_;
+  std::ofstream file_;
+  size_t file_size_ = 0;
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/uri.hpp b/include/cinatra/uri.hpp
index 9907907..ed95997 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/uri.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/uri.hpp
@@ -1,291 +1,299 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <string_view>
 #include <cctype>
+#include <string_view>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-    //most of this code is from cpprestsdk
-    class uri_t {
-    public:
-        std::string_view schema;
-        std::string_view uinfo;
-        std::string_view host;
-        std::string_view port;
-        std::string_view path;
-        std::string_view query;
-        std::string_view fragment;
-        bool is_ssl;
-
-        bool is_unreserved(int c) {
-            return std::isalnum((char)c) || c == '-' || c == '.' || c == '_' || c == '~';
-        }
+// most of this code is from cpprestsdk
+class uri_t {
+public:
+  std::string_view schema;
+  std::string_view uinfo;
+  std::string_view host;
+  std::string_view port;
+  std::string_view path;
+  std::string_view query;
+  std::string_view fragment;
+  bool is_ssl;
+
+  bool is_unreserved(int c) {
+    return std::isalnum((char)c) || c == '-' || c == '.' || c == '_' ||
+           c == '~';
+  }
+
+  bool is_sub_delim(int c) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case '!':
+    case '$':
+    case '&':
+    case '\'':
+    case '(':
+    case ')':
+    case '*':
+    case '+':
+    case ',':
+    case ';':
+    case '=':
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool is_user_info_character(int c) {
+    return is_unreserved(c) || is_sub_delim(c) || c == '%' || c == ':';
+  }
+  bool is_path_character(int c) {
+    return is_unreserved(c) || is_sub_delim(c) || c == '%' || c == '/' ||
+           c == ':' || c == '@';
+  }
+  bool is_query_character(int c) { return is_path_character(c) || c == '?'; }
+
+  bool is_authority_character(int c) {
+    return is_unreserved(c) || is_sub_delim(c) || c == '%' || c == '@' ||
+           c == ':' || c == '[' || c == ']';
+  }
+  bool is_fragment_character(int c) {
+    // this is intentional, they have the same set of legal characters
+    return is_query_character(c);
+  }
+
+  bool is_scheme_character(int c) {
+    return std::isalnum((char)c) || c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '.';
+  }
+
+  bool parse_from(const char *encoded) {
+    const char *p = encoded;
+
+    // IMPORTANT -- A uri may either be an absolute uri, or an
+    // relative-reference Absolute: 'http://host.com' Relative-Reference:
+    // '//:host.com', '/path1/path2?query', './path1:path2' A Relative-Reference
+    // can be disambiguated by parsing for a ':' before the first slash
+
+    bool is_relative_reference = true;
+    const char *p2 = p;
+    for (; *p2 != ('/') && *p2 != ('\0'); p2++) {
+      if (*p2 == (':')) {
+        // found a colon, the first portion is a scheme
+        is_relative_reference = false;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
 
-        bool is_sub_delim(int c) {
-            switch (c) {
-            case '!':
-            case '$':
-            case '&':
-            case '\'':
-            case '(':
-            case ')':
-            case '*':
-            case '+':
-            case ',':
-            case ';':
-            case '=': return true;
-            default: return false;
-            }
+    if (!is_relative_reference) {
+      // the first character of a scheme must be a letter
+      if (!isalpha(*p)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // start parsing the scheme, it's always delimited by a colon (must be
+      // present)
+      auto scheme_begin = p++;
+      for (; *p != ':'; p++) {
+        if (!is_scheme_character(*p)) {
+          return false;
         }
+      }
+      auto scheme_end = p;
+      schema = std::string_view(scheme_begin, scheme_end - scheme_begin);
+      is_ssl = (schema == "https");
 
-        bool is_user_info_character(int c) { return is_unreserved(c) || is_sub_delim(c) || c == '%' || c == ':'; }
-        bool is_path_character(int c) {
-            return is_unreserved(c) || is_sub_delim(c) || c == '%' || c == '/' || c == ':' || c == '@';
-        }
-        bool is_query_character(int c) { return is_path_character(c) || c == '?'; }
+      // skip over the colon
+      p++;
+    }
+
+    // the uri must have http or https
+    if (schema.empty()) {
+      return false;
+    }
 
-        bool is_authority_character(int c) {
-            return is_unreserved(c) || is_sub_delim(c) || c == '%' || c == '@' || c == ':' || c == '[' || c == ']';
+    // if we see two slashes next, then we're going to parse the authority
+    // portion later on we'll break up the authority into the port and host
+    const char *authority_begin = nullptr;
+    const char *authority_end = nullptr;
+    if (*p == ('/') && p[1] == ('/')) {
+      // skip over the slashes
+      p += 2;
+      authority_begin = p;
+
+      // the authority is delimited by a slash (resource), question-mark (query)
+      // or octothorpe (fragment) or by EOS. The authority could be empty
+      // ('file:///C:\file_name.txt')
+      for (; *p != ('/') && *p != ('?') && *p != ('#') && *p != ('\0'); p++) {
+        // We're NOT currently supporting IPvFuture or username/password in
+        // authority IPv6 as the host (i.e. http://[:::::::]) is allowed as
+        // valid URI and passed to subsystem for support.
+        if (!is_authority_character(*p)) {
+          return false;
         }
-        bool is_fragment_character(int c) {
-            // this is intentional, they have the same set of legal characters
-            return is_query_character(c);
+      }
+      authority_end = p;
+
+      // now lets see if we have a port specified -- by working back from the
+      // end
+      if (authority_begin != authority_end) {
+        // the port is made up of all digits
+        const char *port_begin = authority_end - 1;
+        for (; isdigit(*port_begin) && port_begin != authority_begin;
+             port_begin--) {
         }
 
-        bool is_scheme_character(int c) {
-            return std::isalnum((char)c) || c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '.';
+        const char *host_begin = nullptr;
+        const char *host_end = nullptr;
+        if (*port_begin == (':')) {
+          // has a port
+          host_begin = authority_begin;
+          host_end = port_begin;
+
+          // skip the colon
+          port_begin++;
+
+          port = std::string_view(port_begin, authority_end - port_begin);
+        } else {
+          // no port
+          host_begin = authority_begin;
+          host_end = authority_end;
         }
 
-        bool parse_from(const char* encoded) {
-            const char* p = encoded;
-
-            // IMPORTANT -- A uri may either be an absolute uri, or an relative-reference
-            // Absolute: 'http://host.com'
-            // Relative-Reference: '//:host.com', '/path1/path2?query', './path1:path2'
-            // A Relative-Reference can be disambiguated by parsing for a ':' before the first slash
-
-            bool is_relative_reference = true;
-            const char* p2 = p;
-            for (; *p2 != ('/') && *p2 != ('\0'); p2++) {
-                if (*p2 == (':')) {
-                    // found a colon, the first portion is a scheme
-                    is_relative_reference = false;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!is_relative_reference) {
-                // the first character of a scheme must be a letter
-                if (!isalpha(*p)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                // start parsing the scheme, it's always delimited by a colon (must be present)
-                auto scheme_begin = p++;
-                for (; *p != ':'; p++) {
-                    if (!is_scheme_character(*p)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-                auto scheme_end = p;
-                schema = std::string_view( scheme_begin , scheme_end - scheme_begin );
-                is_ssl = (schema == "https");
-
-                // skip over the colon
-                p++;
-            }
-
-            //the uri must have http or https
-            if (schema.empty()) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            // if we see two slashes next, then we're going to parse the authority portion
-            // later on we'll break up the authority into the port and host
-            const char* authority_begin = nullptr;
-            const char* authority_end = nullptr;
-            if (*p == ('/') && p[1] == ('/')) {
-                // skip over the slashes
-                p += 2;
-                authority_begin = p;
-
-                // the authority is delimited by a slash (resource), question-mark (query) or octothorpe (fragment)
-                // or by EOS. The authority could be empty ('file:///C:\file_name.txt')
-                for (; *p != ('/') && *p != ('?') && *p != ('#') && *p != ('\0'); p++) {
-                    // We're NOT currently supporting IPvFuture or username/password in authority
-                    // IPv6 as the host (i.e. http://[:::::::]) is allowed as valid URI and passed to subsystem for support.
-                    if (!is_authority_character(*p)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-                authority_end = p;
-
-                // now lets see if we have a port specified -- by working back from the end
-                if (authority_begin != authority_end) {
-                    // the port is made up of all digits
-                    const char* port_begin = authority_end - 1;
-                    for (; isdigit(*port_begin) && port_begin != authority_begin; port_begin--) {
-                    }
-
-                    const char* host_begin = nullptr;
-                    const char* host_end = nullptr;
-                    if (*port_begin == (':')) {
-                        // has a port
-                        host_begin = authority_begin;
-                        host_end = port_begin;
-
-                        // skip the colon
-                        port_begin++;
-
-                        port = std::string_view( port_begin, authority_end - port_begin );
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        // no port
-                        host_begin = authority_begin;
-                        host_end = authority_end;
-                    }
-
-                    // look for a user_info component
-                    const char* u_end = host_begin;
-                    for (; is_user_info_character(*u_end) && u_end != host_end; u_end++) {
-                    }
-
-                    if (*u_end == ('@')) {
-                        host_begin = u_end + 1;
-                        auto uinfo_begin = authority_begin;
-                        auto uinfo_end = u_end;
-                        uinfo = std::string_view( uinfo_begin , uinfo_end - uinfo_begin );
-                    }
-                    host = std::string_view( host_begin,  host_end - host_begin );
-                }
-            }
-
-            // if we see a path character or a slash, then the
-            // if we see a slash, or any other legal path character, parse the path next
-            if (*p == ('/') || is_path_character(*p)) {
-                auto path_begin = p;
-
-                // the path is delimited by a question-mark (query) or octothorpe (fragment) or by EOS
-                for (; *p != ('?') && *p != ('#') && *p != ('\0'); p++) {
-                    if (!is_path_character(*p)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-                auto path_end = p;
-                path = std::string_view( path_begin, path_end - path_begin );
-            }
-
-            // if we see a ?, then the query is next
-            if (*p == ('?')) {
-                // skip over the question mark
-                p++;
-                auto query_begin = p;
-
-                // the query is delimited by a '#' (fragment) or EOS
-                for (; *p != ('#') && *p != ('\0'); p++) {
-                    if (!is_query_character(*p)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-                auto query_end = p;
-                query = std::string_view( query_begin, query_end - query_begin );
-            }
-
-            // if we see a #, then the fragment is next
-            if (*p == ('#')) {
-                // skip over the hash mark
-                p++;
-                auto fragment_begin = p;
-
-                // the fragment is delimited by EOS
-                for (; *p != ('\0'); p++) {
-                    if (!is_fragment_character(*p)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-                auto fragment_end = p;
-                fragment = std::string_view( fragment_begin, fragment_end - fragment_begin );
-            }
-
-            return true;
-        }
-        
-        std::string get_host() const{
-            return std::string(host);
+        // look for a user_info component
+        const char *u_end = host_begin;
+        for (; is_user_info_character(*u_end) && u_end != host_end; u_end++) {
         }
 
-        std::string get_port() const {
-            std::string port_str;
-            if (is_ssl) {
-                if (port.empty()) {
-                    port_str = "https";
-                }
-                else {
-                    port_str = std::string(port);
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                if (port.empty()) {
-                    port_str = "http";
-                }
-                else {
-                    port_str = std::string(port);
-                }
-            }
-
-            return port_str;
+        if (*u_end == ('@')) {
+          host_begin = u_end + 1;
+          auto uinfo_begin = authority_begin;
+          auto uinfo_end = u_end;
+          uinfo = std::string_view(uinfo_begin, uinfo_end - uinfo_begin);
         }
+        host = std::string_view(host_begin, host_end - host_begin);
+      }
+    }
 
-        std::string get_path() const {
-            if (path.empty())
-                return "/";
+    // if we see a path character or a slash, then the
+    // if we see a slash, or any other legal path character, parse the path next
+    if (*p == ('/') || is_path_character(*p)) {
+      auto path_begin = p;
 
-            return std::string(path);
+      // the path is delimited by a question-mark (query) or octothorpe
+      // (fragment) or by EOS
+      for (; *p != ('?') && *p != ('#') && *p != ('\0'); p++) {
+        if (!is_path_character(*p)) {
+          return false;
         }
+      }
+      auto path_end = p;
+      path = std::string_view(path_begin, path_end - path_begin);
+    }
 
-        std::string get_query() const {
-            return std::string(query);
-        }
-    };
-    
-    inline std::string url_encode(const std::string& str) {
-        std::string new_str = "";
-        char c;
-        int ic;
-        const char* chars = str.c_str();
-        char buf_hex[10];
-        size_t len = strlen(chars);
-
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            c = chars[i];
-            ic = c;
-            // uncomment this if you want to encode spaces with +
-            /*if (c==' ') new_str += '+';
-            else */if (isalnum(c) || c == '-' || c == '_' || c == '.' || c == '~') new_str += c;
-            else {
-                sprintf(buf_hex, "%X", c);
-                if (ic < 16)
-                    new_str += "%0";
-                else
-                    new_str += "%";
-                new_str += buf_hex;
-            }
+    // if we see a ?, then the query is next
+    if (*p == ('?')) {
+      // skip over the question mark
+      p++;
+      auto query_begin = p;
+
+      // the query is delimited by a '#' (fragment) or EOS
+      for (; *p != ('#') && *p != ('\0'); p++) {
+        if (!is_query_character(*p)) {
+          return false;
         }
-        return new_str;
+      }
+      auto query_end = p;
+      query = std::string_view(query_begin, query_end - query_begin);
     }
 
-    struct context {
-        std::string host;
-        std::string port;
-        std::string path;
-        std::string query;
-        std::string body;        
-        http_method method = http_method::UNKNOW;
-
-        context() = default;
-        context(const uri_t& u, http_method mthd) : host(u.get_host()), port(u.get_port()),
-            path(u.get_path()), query(u.get_query()), method(mthd) {
-        }
-        context(const uri_t& u, http_method mthd, std::string b) : host(u.get_host()), port(u.get_port()),
-            path(u.get_path()), query(u.get_query()), method(mthd), body(std::move(b)){
+    // if we see a #, then the fragment is next
+    if (*p == ('#')) {
+      // skip over the hash mark
+      p++;
+      auto fragment_begin = p;
+
+      // the fragment is delimited by EOS
+      for (; *p != ('\0'); p++) {
+        if (!is_fragment_character(*p)) {
+          return false;
         }
-    };
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+      }
+      auto fragment_end = p;
+      fragment =
+          std::string_view(fragment_begin, fragment_end - fragment_begin);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  std::string get_host() const { return std::string(host); }
+
+  std::string get_port() const {
+    std::string port_str;
+    if (is_ssl) {
+      if (port.empty()) {
+        port_str = "https";
+      } else {
+        port_str = std::string(port);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (port.empty()) {
+        port_str = "http";
+      } else {
+        port_str = std::string(port);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return port_str;
+  }
+
+  std::string get_path() const {
+    if (path.empty())
+      return "/";
+
+    return std::string(path);
+  }
+
+  std::string get_query() const { return std::string(query); }
+};
+
+inline std::string url_encode(const std::string &str) {
+  std::string new_str = "";
+  char c;
+  int ic;
+  const char *chars = str.c_str();
+  char buf_hex[10];
+  size_t len = strlen(chars);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    c = chars[i];
+    ic = c;
+    // uncomment this if you want to encode spaces with +
+    /*if (c==' ') new_str += '+';
+    else */
+    if (isalnum(c) || c == '-' || c == '_' || c == '.' || c == '~')
+      new_str += c;
+    else {
+      sprintf(buf_hex, "%X", c);
+      if (ic < 16)
+        new_str += "%0";
+      else
+        new_str += "%";
+      new_str += buf_hex;
+    }
+  }
+  return new_str;
+}
+
+struct context {
+  std::string host;
+  std::string port;
+  std::string path;
+  std::string query;
+  std::string body;
+  http_method method = http_method::UNKNOW;
+
+  context() = default;
+  context(const uri_t &u, http_method mthd)
+      : host(u.get_host()), port(u.get_port()), path(u.get_path()),
+        query(u.get_query()), method(mthd) {}
+  context(const uri_t &u, http_method mthd, std::string b)
+      : host(u.get_host()), port(u.get_port()), path(u.get_path()),
+        query(u.get_query()), method(mthd), body(std::move(b)) {}
+};
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/url_encode_decode.hpp b/include/cinatra/url_encode_decode.hpp
index ac6d3de..baa4415 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/url_encode_decode.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/url_encode_decode.hpp
@@ -4,67 +4,70 @@
 
 #ifndef CPPWEBSERVER_URL_ENCODE_DECODE_HPP
 #define CPPWEBSERVER_URL_ENCODE_DECODE_HPP
-#include <string_view>
-#include <string>
-#include <locale>
 #include <codecvt>
+#include <locale>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 namespace code_utils {
-	inline static std::string url_encode(const std::string &value) noexcept {
-		static auto hex_chars = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+inline static std::string url_encode(const std::string &value) noexcept {
+  static auto hex_chars = "0123456789ABCDEF";
 
-		std::string result;
-		result.reserve(value.size()); // Minimum size of result
+  std::string result;
+  result.reserve(value.size()); // Minimum size of result
 
-		for (auto &chr : value) {
-			if (!((chr >= '0' && chr <= '9') || (chr >= 'A' && chr <= 'Z') || (chr >= 'a' && chr <= 'z') || chr == '-' || chr == '.' || chr == '_' || chr == '~'))
-				result += std::string("%") + hex_chars[static_cast<unsigned char>(chr) >> 4] + hex_chars[static_cast<unsigned char>(chr) & 15];
-			else
-				result += chr;
-		}
+  for (auto &chr : value) {
+    if (!((chr >= '0' && chr <= '9') || (chr >= 'A' && chr <= 'Z') ||
+          (chr >= 'a' && chr <= 'z') || chr == '-' || chr == '.' ||
+          chr == '_' || chr == '~'))
+      result += std::string("%") +
+                hex_chars[static_cast<unsigned char>(chr) >> 4] +
+                hex_chars[static_cast<unsigned char>(chr) & 15];
+    else
+      result += chr;
+  }
 
-		return result;
-	}
+  return result;
+}
 
-	inline static std::string url_decode(const std::string &value) noexcept {
-		std::string result;
-		result.reserve(value.size() / 3 + (value.size() % 3)); // Minimum size of result
+inline static std::string url_decode(const std::string &value) noexcept {
+  std::string result;
+  result.reserve(value.size() / 3 +
+                 (value.size() % 3)); // Minimum size of result
 
-		for (std::size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); ++i) {
-			auto &chr = value[i];
-			if (chr == '%' && i + 2 < value.size()) {
-				auto hex = value.substr(i + 1, 2);
-				auto decoded_chr = static_cast<char>(std::strtol(hex.c_str(), nullptr, 16));
-				result += decoded_chr;
-				i += 2;
-			}
-			else if (chr == '+')
-				result += ' ';
-			else
-				result += chr;
-		}
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); ++i) {
+    auto &chr = value[i];
+    if (chr == '%' && i + 2 < value.size()) {
+      auto hex = value.substr(i + 1, 2);
+      auto decoded_chr =
+          static_cast<char>(std::strtol(hex.c_str(), nullptr, 16));
+      result += decoded_chr;
+      i += 2;
+    } else if (chr == '+')
+      result += ' ';
+    else
+      result += chr;
+  }
 
-		return result;
-	}
+  return result;
+}
 
-	inline static  std::string u8wstring_to_string(const std::wstring& wstr)
-	{
-		std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> conv;
-		return conv.to_bytes(wstr);
-	}
+inline static std::string u8wstring_to_string(const std::wstring &wstr) {
+  std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> conv;
+  return conv.to_bytes(wstr);
+}
 
-	inline static std::wstring u8string_to_wstring(const std::string& str)
-	{
-		std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t> > conv;
-		return conv.from_bytes(str);
-	}
+inline static std::wstring u8string_to_wstring(const std::string &str) {
+  std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> conv;
+  return conv.from_bytes(str);
+}
 
-	inline static std::string get_string_by_urldecode(std::string_view content)
-	{
-		return url_decode(std::string(content.data(), content.size()));
-	}
+inline static std::string get_string_by_urldecode(std::string_view content) {
+  return url_decode(std::string(content.data(), content.size()));
+}
 
-	inline static  bool is_url_encode(std::string_view str) {
-		return str.find("%") != std::string_view::npos || str.find("+") != std::string_view::npos;
-	}
+inline static bool is_url_encode(std::string_view str) {
+  return str.find("%") != std::string_view::npos ||
+         str.find("+") != std::string_view::npos;
 }
-#endif //CPPWEBSERVER_URL_ENCODE_DECODE_HPP
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace code_utils
+#endif // CPPWEBSERVER_URL_ENCODE_DECODE_HPP
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/use_asio.hpp b/include/cinatra/use_asio.hpp
index b971c32..b2e0a16 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/use_asio.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/use_asio.hpp
@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #if defined(ASIO_STANDALONE)
-//MSVC : define environment path 'ASIO_STANDALONE_INCLUDE', e.g. 'E:\bdlibs\asio-1.10.6\include'
+// MSVC : define environment path 'ASIO_STANDALONE_INCLUDE', e.g.
+// 'E:\bdlibs\asio-1.10.6\include'
 
 #include <asio.hpp>
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
 #include <asio/ssl.hpp>
 #endif
 #include <asio/steady_timer.hpp>
-namespace boost
-{
-	namespace asio
-	{
-		using namespace ::asio;
-	}
-	namespace system
-	{
-		using ::std::error_code;
-	}
+namespace boost {
+namespace asio {
+using namespace ::asio;
 }
+namespace system {
+using ::std::error_code;
+}
+} // namespace boost
 #else
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #ifdef CINATRA_ENABLE_SSL
diff --git a/include/cinatra/utils.hpp b/include/cinatra/utils.hpp
index 09564ee..95cf92a 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/utils.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/utils.hpp
@@ -6,708 +6,705 @@
 #define CINATRA_UTILS_HPP
 
 #pragma once
-#include <string>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <iomanip>
+#include "define.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
 #include <cstddef> //std::byte
-#include <string_view>
 #include <cstdlib>
-#include <cctype>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <map>
+#include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "define.h"
+#include <map>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	struct ci_less
-	{
-		// case-independent (ci) compare_less binary function
-		struct nocase_compare
-		{
-			bool operator() (const unsigned char& c1, const unsigned char& c2) const {
-				return tolower(c1) < tolower(c2);
-			}
-		};
-
-		bool operator() (const std::string & s1, const std::string & s2) const {
-			return std::lexicographical_compare
-			(s1.begin(), s1.end(),   // source range
-				s2.begin(), s2.end(),   // dest range
-				nocase_compare());  // comparison
-		}
-
-		bool operator() (std::string_view s1, std::string_view s2) const {
-			return std::lexicographical_compare
-			(s1.begin(), s1.end(),   // source range
-				s2.begin(), s2.end(),   // dest range
-				nocase_compare());  // comparison
-		}
-	};
-
-	class noncopyable {
-	public:
-		noncopyable() = default;
-		~noncopyable() = default;
-
-	private:
-		noncopyable(const noncopyable&) = delete;
-		noncopyable& operator=(const noncopyable&) = delete;
-	};
-
-	using namespace std::string_view_literals;
-
-	template <class T>
-	struct sv_char_trait : std::char_traits<T> {
-		using base_t = std::char_traits<T>;
-		using char_type = typename base_t::char_type;
-
-		static constexpr int compare(std::string_view s1, std::string_view s2) noexcept {
-			if (s1.length() != s2.length())
-				return -1;
-
-			size_t n = s1.length();
-			for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-				if (!base_t::eq(s1[i], s2[i])) {
-					return base_t::eq(s1[i], s2[i]) ? -1 : 1;
-				}
-			}
-
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		static constexpr size_t find(std::string_view str, const char_type& a) noexcept {
-			auto s = str.data();
-			for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
-				if (base_t::eq(s[i], a)) {
-					return i;
-				}
-			}
-
-			return  std::string_view::npos;
-		}
-	};
-
-	inline std::string_view trim_left(std::string_view v) {
-		v.remove_prefix((std::min)(v.find_first_not_of(" "), v.size()));
-		return v;
-	}
-
-	inline std::string_view trim_right(std::string_view v) {
-		v.remove_suffix((std::min)(v.size() - v.find_last_not_of(" ") - 1, v.size()));
-		return v;
-	}
-
-	inline std::string_view trim(std::string_view v) {
-		v.remove_prefix((std::min)(v.find_first_not_of(" "), v.size()));
-		v.remove_suffix((std::min)(v.size() - v.find_last_not_of(" ") - 1, v.size()));
-		return v;
-	}
-
-    inline std::pair<std::string_view, std::string_view> get_domain_url(std::string_view path) {
-        size_t size = path.size();
-        size_t pos = std::string_view::npos;
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-            if (path[i] == '/') {
-                if (i == size - 1) {
-                    pos = i;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                if (i + 1 < size - 1 && path[i + 1] == '/') {
-                    i++;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                else {
-                    pos = i;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+struct ci_less {
+  // case-independent (ci) compare_less binary function
+  struct nocase_compare {
+    bool operator()(const unsigned char &c1, const unsigned char &c2) const {
+      return tolower(c1) < tolower(c2);
+    }
+  };
+
+  bool operator()(const std::string &s1, const std::string &s2) const {
+    return std::lexicographical_compare(s1.begin(), s1.end(), // source range
+                                        s2.begin(), s2.end(), // dest range
+                                        nocase_compare());    // comparison
+  }
+
+  bool operator()(std::string_view s1, std::string_view s2) const {
+    return std::lexicographical_compare(s1.begin(), s1.end(), // source range
+                                        s2.begin(), s2.end(), // dest range
+                                        nocase_compare());    // comparison
+  }
+};
+
+class noncopyable {
+public:
+  noncopyable() = default;
+  ~noncopyable() = default;
+
+private:
+  noncopyable(const noncopyable &) = delete;
+  noncopyable &operator=(const noncopyable &) = delete;
+};
+
+using namespace std::string_view_literals;
+
+template <class T> struct sv_char_trait : std::char_traits<T> {
+  using base_t = std::char_traits<T>;
+  using char_type = typename base_t::char_type;
+
+  static constexpr int compare(std::string_view s1,
+                               std::string_view s2) noexcept {
+    if (s1.length() != s2.length())
+      return -1;
+
+    size_t n = s1.length();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+      if (!base_t::eq(s1[i], s2[i])) {
+        return base_t::eq(s1[i], s2[i]) ? -1 : 1;
+      }
+    }
 
-        if (pos == std::string_view::npos) {
-            return { path, "/" };
-        }
+    return 0;
+  }
 
-        std::string_view host = path.substr(0, pos);
-        std::string_view url = path.substr(pos);
-        if (url.length() > 1 && url.back() == '/') {
-            url = url.substr(0, url.length() - 1);
-        }
+  static constexpr size_t find(std::string_view str,
+                               const char_type &a) noexcept {
+    auto s = str.data();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+      if (base_t::eq(s[i], a)) {
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
 
-        return { host, url };
+    return std::string_view::npos;
+  }
+};
+
+inline std::string_view trim_left(std::string_view v) {
+  v.remove_prefix((std::min)(v.find_first_not_of(" "), v.size()));
+  return v;
+}
+
+inline std::string_view trim_right(std::string_view v) {
+  v.remove_suffix((std::min)(v.size() - v.find_last_not_of(" ") - 1, v.size()));
+  return v;
+}
+
+inline std::string_view trim(std::string_view v) {
+  v.remove_prefix((std::min)(v.find_first_not_of(" "), v.size()));
+  v.remove_suffix((std::min)(v.size() - v.find_last_not_of(" ") - 1, v.size()));
+  return v;
+}
+
+inline std::pair<std::string_view, std::string_view>
+get_domain_url(std::string_view path) {
+  size_t size = path.size();
+  size_t pos = std::string_view::npos;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    if (path[i] == '/') {
+      if (i == size - 1) {
+        pos = i;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (i + 1 < size - 1 && path[i + 1] == '/') {
+        i++;
+        continue;
+      } else {
+        pos = i;
+        break;
+      }
     }
-    inline std::string_view remove_www(std::string_view path) {
-        if (path.back() == '/') {
-            path = std::string_view(path.data(), path.length() - 1);
-        }
-        if (path.find("www.") != std::string_view::npos)
-            return path.substr(4);
+  }
 
-        return path;
+  if (pos == std::string_view::npos) {
+    return {path, "/"};
+  }
+
+  std::string_view host = path.substr(0, pos);
+  std::string_view url = path.substr(pos);
+  if (url.length() > 1 && url.back() == '/') {
+    url = url.substr(0, url.length() - 1);
+  }
+
+  return {host, url};
+}
+inline std::string_view remove_www(std::string_view path) {
+  if (path.back() == '/') {
+    path = std::string_view(path.data(), path.length() - 1);
+  }
+  if (path.find("www.") != std::string_view::npos)
+    return path.substr(4);
+
+  return path;
+}
+
+inline std::pair<std::string, std::string> get_host_port(std::string_view path,
+                                                         bool is_ssl) {
+  std::string_view old_path = path;
+  size_t pos = path.rfind(':');
+  if (pos == std::string_view::npos) {
+    if (path.find("https") != std::string_view::npos) {
+      return {std::string(remove_www(path)), "https"};
     }
 
-    inline std::pair<std::string, std::string> get_host_port(std::string_view path, bool is_ssl) {
-        std::string_view old_path = path;
-        size_t pos = path.rfind(':');
-        if (pos == std::string_view::npos) {
-            if (path.find("https") != std::string_view::npos) {
-                return { std::string(remove_www(path)), "https" };
-            }
+    return {std::string(remove_www(path)), is_ssl ? "https" : "http"};
+  }
 
-            return { std::string(remove_www(path)), is_ssl ? "https" : "http" };
-        }
+  if (pos > path.length() - 1) {
+    return {};
+  }
 
-        if (pos > path.length() - 1) {
-            return {};
-        }
+  if (path.find("http") != std::string_view::npos) {
+    size_t pos1 = path.find(':');
+    if (pos1 + 3 > path.length() - 1)
+      return {};
 
-        if (path.find("http") != std::string_view::npos) {
-            size_t pos1 = path.find(':');
-            if (pos1 + 3 > path.length() - 1)
-                return {};
+    path = path.substr(pos1 + 3);
+    if (pos >= (pos1 + 3))
+      pos -= (pos1 + 3);
+  }
 
-            path = path.substr(pos1 + 3);
-            if (pos >= (pos1 + 3))
-                pos -= (pos1 + 3);
-        }
+  if (old_path[pos - 1] == 'p') {
+    return {std::string(remove_www(path)), "http"};
+  } else if (old_path[pos - 1] == 's') {
+    return {std::string(remove_www(path)), "https"};
+  }
 
-        if (old_path[pos - 1] == 'p') {
-            return { std::string(remove_www(path)), "http" };
-        }
-        else if (old_path[pos - 1] == 's') {
-            return { std::string(remove_www(path)), "https" };
-        }
+  return {std::string(path.substr(0, pos)), std::string(path.substr(pos + 1))};
+}
 
-        return { std::string(path.substr(0, pos)), std::string(path.substr(pos + 1)) };
-    }
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_int64_v =
+    std::is_same_v<T, std::int64_t> || std::is_same_v<T, std::uint64_t>;
+
+enum class http_method {
+  UNKNOW,
+  DEL,
+  GET,
+  HEAD,
+  POST,
+  PUT,
+  CONNECT,
+  OPTIONS,
+  TRACE
+};
+constexpr inline auto GET = http_method::GET;
+constexpr inline auto POST = http_method::POST;
+constexpr inline auto DEL = http_method::DEL;
+constexpr inline auto HEAD = http_method::HEAD;
+constexpr inline auto PUT = http_method::PUT;
+constexpr inline auto CONNECT = http_method::CONNECT;
+constexpr inline auto TRACE = http_method::TRACE;
+constexpr inline auto OPTIONS = http_method::OPTIONS;
+
+enum class transfer_type { CHUNKED, ACCEPT_RANGES };
+
+inline constexpr std::string_view method_name(http_method mthd) {
+  switch (mthd) {
+  case cinatra::http_method::DEL:
+    return "DELETE"sv;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::http_method::GET:
+    return "GET"sv;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::http_method::HEAD:
+    return "HEAD"sv;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::http_method::POST:
+    return "POST"sv;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::http_method::PUT:
+    return "PUT"sv;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::http_method::CONNECT:
+    return "CONNECT"sv;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::http_method::OPTIONS:
+    return "OPTIONS"sv;
+    break;
+  case cinatra::http_method::TRACE:
+    return "TRACE"sv;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return "UNKONWN"sv;
+    break;
+  }
+}
 
-	template<typename T>
-	constexpr bool  is_int64_v = std::is_same_v<T, std::int64_t> || std::is_same_v<T, std::uint64_t>;
-
-	enum class http_method {
-        UNKNOW,
-		DEL,
-		GET,
-		HEAD,
-		POST,
-		PUT,
-		CONNECT,
-		OPTIONS,
-		TRACE
-	};
-	constexpr inline auto GET = http_method::GET;
-	constexpr inline auto POST = http_method::POST;
-	constexpr inline auto DEL = http_method::DEL;
-	constexpr inline auto HEAD = http_method::HEAD;
-	constexpr inline auto PUT = http_method::PUT;
-	constexpr inline auto CONNECT = http_method::CONNECT;
-	constexpr inline auto TRACE = http_method::TRACE;
-	constexpr inline auto OPTIONS = http_method::OPTIONS;
-
-    enum class transfer_type {
-        CHUNKED,
-        ACCEPT_RANGES
-    };
-
-	inline constexpr std::string_view method_name(http_method mthd) {
-		switch (mthd)
-		{
-		case cinatra::http_method::DEL:
-			return "DELETE"sv;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::http_method::GET:
-			return "GET"sv;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::http_method::HEAD:
-			return "HEAD"sv;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::http_method::POST:
-			return "POST"sv;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::http_method::PUT:
-			return "PUT"sv;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::http_method::CONNECT:
-			return "CONNECT"sv;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::http_method::OPTIONS:
-			return "OPTIONS"sv;
-			break;
-		case cinatra::http_method::TRACE:
-			return "TRACE"sv;
-			break;
-		default:
-			return "UNKONWN"sv;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-    inline std::string get_content_type_str(req_content_type type) {
-        std::string str;
-        switch (type) {
-        case req_content_type::html:
-            str = "text/html; charset=UTF-8";
-            break;
-        case req_content_type::json:
-            str = "application/json; charset=UTF-8";
-            break;
-        case req_content_type::string:
-            str = "text/html; charset=UTF-8";
-            break;
-        case req_content_type::multipart:
-            str = "multipart/form-data; boundary=";
-            break;
-        case req_content_type::none:
-        default:
-            break;
-        }
+inline std::string get_content_type_str(req_content_type type) {
+  std::string str;
+  switch (type) {
+  case req_content_type::html:
+    str = "text/html; charset=UTF-8";
+    break;
+  case req_content_type::json:
+    str = "application/json; charset=UTF-8";
+    break;
+  case req_content_type::string:
+    str = "text/html; charset=UTF-8";
+    break;
+  case req_content_type::multipart:
+    str = "multipart/form-data; boundary=";
+    break;
+  case req_content_type::none:
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return str;
+}
 
-        return str;
-    }
+constexpr auto
+type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::DEL>) noexcept {
+  return "DELETE"sv;
+}
+constexpr auto
+type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::GET>) noexcept {
+  return "GET"sv;
+}
+constexpr auto
+type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::HEAD>) noexcept {
+  return "HEAD"sv;
+}
 
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::DEL>) noexcept { return "DELETE"sv; }
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::GET>) noexcept { return "GET"sv; }
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::HEAD>) noexcept { return "HEAD"sv; }
+constexpr auto
+type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::POST>) noexcept {
+  return "POST"sv;
+}
+constexpr auto
+type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::PUT>) noexcept {
+  return "PUT"sv;
+}
 
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::POST>) noexcept { return "POST"sv; }
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::PUT>) noexcept { return "PUT"sv; }
+constexpr auto type_to_name(
+    std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::CONNECT>) noexcept {
+  return "CONNECT"sv;
+}
+constexpr auto type_to_name(
+    std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::OPTIONS>) noexcept {
+  return "OPTIONS"sv;
+}
+constexpr auto
+type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::TRACE>) noexcept {
+  return "TRACE"sv;
+}
 
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::CONNECT>) noexcept { return "CONNECT"sv; }
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::OPTIONS>) noexcept { return "OPTIONS"sv; }
-	constexpr auto type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, http_method::TRACE>) noexcept { return "TRACE"sv; }
+inline bool iequal(const char *s, size_t l, const char *t) {
+  if (strlen(t) != l)
+    return false;
 
-	inline bool iequal(const char *s, size_t l, const char *t) {
-		if (strlen(t) != l)
-			return false;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+    if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
+      return false;
+  }
 
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
-			if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
-				return false;
-		}
+  return true;
+}
 
-		return true;
-	}
+inline bool iequal(const char *s, size_t l, const char *t, size_t size) {
+  if (size != l)
+    return false;
 
-    inline bool iequal(const char *s, size_t l, const char *t, size_t size) {
-        if (size != l)
-            return false;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+    if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
+      return false;
+  }
 
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i++) {
-            if (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(t[i]))
-                return false;
-        }
+  return true;
+}
 
-        return true;
-    }
+template <typename T> inline bool find_strIC(const T &src, const T &dest) {
+  auto it = std::search(src.begin(), src.end(), dest.begin(), dest.end(),
+                        [](char ch1, char ch2) {
+                          return std::toupper(ch1) == std::toupper(ch2);
+                        });
+  return (it != src.end());
+}
 
-	template<typename T>
-	inline bool find_strIC(const T & src, const T & dest)
-	{
-		auto it = std::search(
-			src.begin(), src.end(),
-			dest.begin(), dest.end(),
-			[](char ch1, char ch2) { return std::toupper(ch1) == std::toupper(ch2); }
-		);
-		return (it != src.end());
-	}
-
-	inline std::vector<std::string_view> split(std::string_view s, std::string_view delimiter) {
-		size_t start = 0;
-		size_t end = s.find_first_of(delimiter);
-
-		std::vector<std::string_view> output;
-
-		while (end <= std::string_view::npos)
-		{
-			output.emplace_back(s.substr(start, end - start));
-
-			if (end == std::string_view::npos)
-				break;
-
-			start = end + 1;
-			end = s.find_first_of(delimiter, start);
-		}
-
-		return output;
-	}
-
-	inline void remove_char(std::string &str, const char ch) {
-		str.erase(std::remove(str.begin(), str.end(), ch), str.end());
-	}
-
-    template<typename... Args>
-    inline void print(Args... args) {
-        ((std::cout << args << ' '), ...);
-        std::cout << "\n";
-    }
+inline std::vector<std::string_view> split(std::string_view s,
+                                           std::string_view delimiter) {
+  size_t start = 0;
+  size_t end = s.find_first_of(delimiter);
 
-    inline void print(const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
-        print(ec.value(), ec.message());
-    }
+  std::vector<std::string_view> output;
 
-    // var bools = [];
-    // var valid_chr = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_.-';
-    // for(var i = 0; i <= 127; ++ i) {
-    // 	var contain = valid_chr.indexOf(String.fromCharCode(i)) == -1;
-    // 	bools.push(contain?false:true);
-    // }
-    // console.log(JSON.stringify(bools))
-
-    inline const constexpr bool valid_chr[128] =
-    {
-        false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,false,false,false,false,false,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,false,false,false,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,false,false,false,false
-    };
-
-    inline std::ostringstream& quote_impl(std::ostringstream& os, std::string_view str, std::string_view safe) {
-        os << std::setiosflags(std::ios::right) << std::setfill('0');
-        auto begin = reinterpret_cast<const std::byte*>(str.data());
-        auto end = begin + sizeof(char) * str.size();
-        std::for_each(begin, end, [&os, &safe] (auto& chr)
-        {
-            char chrval = (char) chr;
-            unsigned int intval = (unsigned int) chr;
-            if ((intval > 127 || !valid_chr[intval]) && safe.find(chrval) == std::string_view::npos)
-                os << '%' << std::setw(2) << std::hex << std::uppercase << intval;
-            else 
-                os << chrval;
-        });
-        return os;
-    }
+  while (end <= std::string_view::npos) {
+    output.emplace_back(s.substr(start, end - start));
 
-    inline const std::string quote(std::string_view str)
-    {
-        std::ostringstream os;
-        return quote_impl(os, str, "/").str();
-    }
+    if (end == std::string_view::npos)
+      break;
 
-    inline const std::string quote_plus(std::string_view str)
-    {
-        if (str.find(' ') == std::string_view::npos) return quote(str);
+    start = end + 1;
+    end = s.find_first_of(delimiter, start);
+  }
 
-        std::ostringstream os;
-        auto strval = quote_impl(os, str, " ").str();
-        std::replace(strval.begin(), strval.end(), ' ', '+');
-        return strval;
-    }
+  return output;
+}
+
+inline void remove_char(std::string &str, const char ch) {
+  str.erase(std::remove(str.begin(), str.end(), ch), str.end());
+}
+
+template <typename... Args> inline void print(Args... args) {
+  ((std::cout << args << ' '), ...);
+  std::cout << "\n";
+}
+
+inline void print(const boost::system::error_code &ec) {
+  print(ec.value(), ec.message());
+}
+
+// var bools = [];
+// var valid_chr =
+// 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_.-'; for(var
+// i = 0; i <= 127; ++ i) { 	var contain =
+// valid_chr.indexOf(String.fromCharCode(i)) == -1;
+// 	bools.push(contain?false:true);
+// }
+// console.log(JSON.stringify(bools))
+
+inline const constexpr bool valid_chr[128] = {
+    false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
+    false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
+    false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
+    false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
+    false, true,  true,  false, true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
+    true,  true,  true,  false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true,
+    true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
+    true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
+    true,  true,  true,  false, false, false, false, true,  false, true,  true,
+    true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
+    true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
+    true,  true,  false, false, false, false, false};
+
+inline std::ostringstream &quote_impl(std::ostringstream &os,
+                                      std::string_view str,
+                                      std::string_view safe) {
+  os << std::setiosflags(std::ios::right) << std::setfill('0');
+  auto begin = reinterpret_cast<const std::byte *>(str.data());
+  auto end = begin + sizeof(char) * str.size();
+  std::for_each(begin, end, [&os, &safe](auto &chr) {
+    char chrval = (char)chr;
+    unsigned int intval = (unsigned int)chr;
+    if ((intval > 127 || !valid_chr[intval]) &&
+        safe.find(chrval) == std::string_view::npos)
+      os << '%' << std::setw(2) << std::hex << std::uppercase << intval;
+    else
+      os << chrval;
+  });
+  return os;
+}
+
+inline const std::string quote(std::string_view str) {
+  std::ostringstream os;
+  return quote_impl(os, str, "/").str();
+}
+
+inline const std::string quote_plus(std::string_view str) {
+  if (str.find(' ') == std::string_view::npos)
+    return quote(str);
+
+  std::ostringstream os;
+  auto strval = quote_impl(os, str, " ").str();
+  std::replace(strval.begin(), strval.end(), ' ', '+');
+  return strval;
+}
 
-	inline std::string form_urldecode(const std::string &src) {
-		std::string ret;
-		char ch;
-		int i, ii;
-		for (i = 0; i<src.length(); i++) {
-			if (int(src[i]) == 37) {
-				sscanf(src.substr(i + 1, 2).c_str(), "%x", &ii);
-				ch = static_cast<char>(ii);
-				ret += ch;
-				i = i + 2;
-			}
-			else {
-				ret += src[i];
-			}
-		}
-		return ret;
-	}
-
-	inline bool is_form_url_encode(std::string_view str) {
-		return str.find("%") != std::string_view::npos || str.find("+") != std::string_view::npos;
-	}
-
-	inline std::string_view get_extension(std::string_view name) {
-		size_t pos = name.rfind('.');
-		if (pos == std::string_view::npos) {
-			return {};
-		}
-
-		return name.substr(pos);
-	}
-
-    inline bool is_status_ok(int status) {
-        return (status == 200) || (status >= 301 && status <= 307 && status != 306);
+inline std::string form_urldecode(const std::string &src) {
+  std::string ret;
+  char ch;
+  int i, ii;
+  for (i = 0; i < src.length(); i++) {
+    if (int(src[i]) == 37) {
+      sscanf(src.substr(i + 1, 2).c_str(), "%x", &ii);
+      ch = static_cast<char>(ii);
+      ret += ch;
+      i = i + 2;
+    } else {
+      ret += src[i];
     }
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+inline bool is_form_url_encode(std::string_view str) {
+  return str.find("%") != std::string_view::npos ||
+         str.find("+") != std::string_view::npos;
+}
+
+inline std::string_view get_extension(std::string_view name) {
+  size_t pos = name.rfind('.');
+  if (pos == std::string_view::npos) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  return name.substr(pos);
+}
+
+inline bool is_status_ok(int status) {
+  return (status == 200) || (status >= 301 && status <= 307 && status != 306);
+}
 
-	inline std::string to_hex_string(std::size_t value) {
-		std::ostringstream stream;
-		stream << std::hex << value;
-		return stream.str();
-	}
+inline std::string to_hex_string(std::size_t value) {
+  std::ostringstream stream;
+  stream << std::hex << value;
+  return stream.str();
+}
+
+inline int64_t hex_to_int(std::string_view s) {
+  if (s.empty())
+    return -1;
+
+  char *p;
+  int64_t n = strtoll(s.data(), &p, 16);
+  if (n == 0 && s.front() != '0') {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return n;
+}
+inline const char *MAP = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+                         "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+                         "0123456789+/";
+
+inline const char *MAP_URL_ENCODED = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+                                     "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+                                     "0123456789-_";
+// from h2o
+inline size_t base64_encode(char *_dst, const void *_src, size_t len,
+                            int url_encoded) {
+  char *dst = _dst;
+  const uint8_t *src = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(_src);
+  const char *map = url_encoded ? MAP_URL_ENCODED : MAP;
+  uint32_t quad;
+
+  for (; len >= 3; src += 3, len -= 3) {
+    quad = ((uint32_t)src[0] << 16) | ((uint32_t)src[1] << 8) | src[2];
+    *dst++ = map[quad >> 18];
+    *dst++ = map[(quad >> 12) & 63];
+    *dst++ = map[(quad >> 6) & 63];
+    *dst++ = map[quad & 63];
+  }
+  if (len != 0) {
+    quad = (uint32_t)src[0] << 16;
+    *dst++ = map[quad >> 18];
+    if (len == 2) {
+      quad |= (uint32_t)src[1] << 8;
+      *dst++ = map[(quad >> 12) & 63];
+      *dst++ = map[(quad >> 6) & 63];
+      if (!url_encoded)
+        *dst++ = '=';
+    } else {
+      *dst++ = map[(quad >> 12) & 63];
+      if (!url_encoded) {
+        *dst++ = '=';
+        *dst++ = '=';
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
-    inline int64_t hex_to_int(std::string_view s) {
-        if (s.empty())
-            return -1;
+  *dst = '\0';
+  return dst - _dst;
+}
 
-        char* p;
-        int64_t n = strtoll(s.data(), &p, 16);
-        if (n == 0 && s.front() != '0') {
-            return -1;
+inline bool is_valid_utf8(unsigned char *s, size_t length) {
+  for (unsigned char *e = s + length; s != e;) {
+    if (s + 4 <= e && ((*(uint32_t *)s) & 0x80808080) == 0) {
+      s += 4;
+    } else {
+      while (!(*s & 0x80)) {
+        if (++s == e) {
+          return true;
         }
+      }
 
-        return n;
+      if ((s[0] & 0x60) == 0x40) {
+        if (s + 1 >= e || (s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[0] & 0xfe) == 0xc0) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        s += 2;
+      } else if ((s[0] & 0xf0) == 0xe0) {
+        if (s + 2 >= e || (s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+            (s[0] == 0xe0 && (s[1] & 0xe0) == 0x80) ||
+            (s[0] == 0xed && (s[1] & 0xe0) == 0xa0)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        s += 3;
+      } else if ((s[0] & 0xf8) == 0xf0) {
+        if (s + 3 >= e || (s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+            (s[3] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[0] == 0xf0 && (s[1] & 0xf0) == 0x80) ||
+            (s[0] == 0xf4 && s[1] > 0x8f) || s[0] > 0xf4) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        s += 4;
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
     }
-	inline const char *MAP = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-		"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-		"0123456789+/";
-
-	inline const char *MAP_URL_ENCODED = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-		"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-		"0123456789-_";
-	// from h2o
-	inline size_t base64_encode(char *_dst, const void *_src, size_t len, int url_encoded) {
-		char *dst = _dst;
-		const uint8_t *src = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(_src);
-		const char *map = url_encoded ? MAP_URL_ENCODED : MAP;
-		uint32_t quad;
-
-		for (; len >= 3; src += 3, len -= 3) {
-			quad = ((uint32_t)src[0] << 16) | ((uint32_t)src[1] << 8) | src[2];
-			*dst++ = map[quad >> 18];
-			*dst++ = map[(quad >> 12) & 63];
-			*dst++ = map[(quad >> 6) & 63];
-			*dst++ = map[quad & 63];
-		}
-		if (len != 0) {
-			quad = (uint32_t)src[0] << 16;
-			*dst++ = map[quad >> 18];
-			if (len == 2) {
-				quad |= (uint32_t)src[1] << 8;
-				*dst++ = map[(quad >> 12) & 63];
-				*dst++ = map[(quad >> 6) & 63];
-				if (!url_encoded)
-					*dst++ = '=';
-			}
-			else {
-				*dst++ = map[(quad >> 12) & 63];
-				if (!url_encoded) {
-					*dst++ = '=';
-					*dst++ = '=';
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		*dst = '\0';
-		return dst - _dst;
-	}
-
-	inline bool is_valid_utf8(unsigned char *s, size_t length)
-	{
-		for (unsigned char *e = s + length; s != e; )
-		{
-			if (s + 4 <= e && ((*(uint32_t *)s) & 0x80808080) == 0)
-			{
-				s += 4;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				while (!(*s & 0x80))
-				{
-					if (++s == e)
-					{
-						return true;
-					}
-				}
-
-				if ((s[0] & 0x60) == 0x40)
-				{
-					if (s + 1 >= e || (s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[0] & 0xfe) == 0xc0)
-					{
-						return false;
-					}
-					s += 2;
-				}
-				else if ((s[0] & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
-				{
-					if (s + 2 >= e || (s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
-						(s[0] == 0xe0 && (s[1] & 0xe0) == 0x80) || (s[0] == 0xed && (s[1] & 0xe0) == 0xa0))
-					{
-						return false;
-					}
-					s += 3;
-				}
-				else if ((s[0] & 0xf8) == 0xf0)
-				{
-					if (s + 3 >= e || (s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (s[3] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
-						(s[0] == 0xf0 && (s[1] & 0xf0) == 0x80) || (s[0] == 0xf4 && s[1] > 0x8f) || s[0] > 0xf4)
-					{
-						return false;
-					}
-					s += 4;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					return false;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	template<typename T>
-	inline std::string to_str(T&& value) {
-		using U = std::remove_const_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>;
-		if constexpr(std::is_integral_v<U> && !is_int64_v<U>) {
-			std::vector<char> temp(20, '\0');
-			itoa_fwd(value, temp.data());
-			return std::string(temp.data());
-		}
-		else if constexpr (is_int64_v<U>) {
-			std::vector<char> temp(65, '\0');
-			xtoa(value, temp.data(), 10, std::is_signed_v<U>);
-			return std::string(temp.data());
-		}
-		else if constexpr (std::is_floating_point_v<U>) {
-			std::vector<char> temp(20, '\0');
-			sprintf(temp.data(), "%f", value);
-			return std::string(temp.data());
-		}
-		else if constexpr(std::is_same_v<std::string, U> || std::is_same_v<const char*, U>) {
-			return value;
-		}
-		else {
-			std::cout << "this type has not supported yet" << std::endl;
-		}
-	}
-
-	//for is_detective
-	namespace {
-		struct nonesuch {
-			nonesuch() = delete;
-			~nonesuch() = delete;
-			nonesuch(const nonesuch&) = delete;
-			void operator=(const nonesuch&) = delete;
-		};
-
-		template<class Default, class AlwaysVoid,
-			template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
-		struct detector {
-			using value_t = std::false_type;
-			using type = Default;
-		};
-
-
-		template<class Default, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
-		struct detector<Default, std::void_t<Op<Args...>>, Op, Args...> {
-			using value_t = std::true_type;
-			using type = Op<Args...>;
-		};
-
-		template<template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
-		using is_detected = typename detector<nonesuch, void, Op, Args...>::value_t;
-
-		template<template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
-		using detected_t = typename detector<nonesuch, void, Op, Args...>::type;
-
-		template<class T, typename... Args>
-		using has_before_t = decltype(std::declval<T>().before(std::declval<Args>()...));
-
-		template<class T, typename... Args>
-		using has_after_t = decltype(std::declval<T>().after(std::declval<Args>()...));
-	}
-	
-	template<typename T, typename... Args>
-	using has_before = is_detected<has_before_t, T, Args...>;
-
-	template<typename T, typename... Args>
-	using has_after = is_detected<has_after_t, T, Args...>;
-
-	template <typename... Args, typename F, std::size_t... Idx>
-	constexpr void for_each_l(std::tuple<Args...>& t, F&& f, std::index_sequence<Idx...>) {
-		(std::forward<F>(f)(std::get<Idx>(t)), ...);
-	}
-
-	template <typename... Args, typename F, std::size_t... Idx>
-	constexpr void for_each_r(std::tuple<Args...>& t, F&& f, std::index_sequence<Idx...>) {
-		constexpr auto size = sizeof...(Idx);
-		(std::forward<F>(f)(std::get<size - Idx - 1>(t)), ...);
-	}
-
-	template<http_method N>
-	constexpr void get_str(std::string& s, std::string_view name) {
-		s = type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, N>{}).data();
-		s += std::string(name.data(), name.length());
-	}
-
-	template<http_method... Is>
-	constexpr auto get_arr(std::string_view name) {
-		std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Is)> arr = {};
-		size_t index = 0;
-		(get_str<Is>(arr[index++], name), ...);
-
-		return arr;
-	}
-
-	template<http_method... Is>
-	constexpr auto get_method_arr() {
-		std::array<char, 26> arr{0};
-		std::string_view s;
-		((s = type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, Is>{}), arr[s[0]-65] = s[0]), ...);
-
-		return arr;
-	}
-
-	inline std::string get_time_str(std::time_t t) {
-		std::stringstream ss;
-		ss << std::put_time(std::localtime(&t), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S");
-		return ss.str();
-	}
-
-    inline std::string get_gmt_time_str(std::time_t t)
-    {
-        struct tm* GMTime = gmtime(&t);
-        char buff[512]={0};
-        strftime(buff,sizeof(buff),"%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %Z",GMTime);
-        return buff;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <typename T> inline std::string to_str(T &&value) {
+  using U = std::remove_const_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>;
+  if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<U> && !is_int64_v<U>) {
+    std::vector<char> temp(20, '\0');
+    itoa_fwd(value, temp.data());
+    return std::string(temp.data());
+  } else if constexpr (is_int64_v<U>) {
+    std::vector<char> temp(65, '\0');
+    xtoa(value, temp.data(), 10, std::is_signed_v<U>);
+    return std::string(temp.data());
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_floating_point_v<U>) {
+    std::vector<char> temp(20, '\0');
+    sprintf(temp.data(), "%f", value);
+    return std::string(temp.data());
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::string, U> ||
+                       std::is_same_v<const char *, U>) {
+    return value;
+  } else {
+    std::cout << "this type has not supported yet" << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+// for is_detective
+namespace {
+struct nonesuch {
+  nonesuch() = delete;
+  ~nonesuch() = delete;
+  nonesuch(const nonesuch &) = delete;
+  void operator=(const nonesuch &) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class Default, class AlwaysVoid, template <class...> class Op,
+          class... Args>
+struct detector {
+  using value_t = std::false_type;
+  using type = Default;
+};
+
+template <class Default, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
+struct detector<Default, std::void_t<Op<Args...>>, Op, Args...> {
+  using value_t = std::true_type;
+  using type = Op<Args...>;
+};
+
+template <template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
+using is_detected = typename detector<nonesuch, void, Op, Args...>::value_t;
+
+template <template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
+using detected_t = typename detector<nonesuch, void, Op, Args...>::type;
+
+template <class T, typename... Args>
+using has_before_t =
+    decltype(std::declval<T>().before(std::declval<Args>()...));
+
+template <class T, typename... Args>
+using has_after_t = decltype(std::declval<T>().after(std::declval<Args>()...));
+} // namespace
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+using has_before = is_detected<has_before_t, T, Args...>;
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+using has_after = is_detected<has_after_t, T, Args...>;
+
+template <typename... Args, typename F, std::size_t... Idx>
+constexpr void for_each_l(std::tuple<Args...> &t, F &&f,
+                          std::index_sequence<Idx...>) {
+  (std::forward<F>(f)(std::get<Idx>(t)), ...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename F, std::size_t... Idx>
+constexpr void for_each_r(std::tuple<Args...> &t, F &&f,
+                          std::index_sequence<Idx...>) {
+  constexpr auto size = sizeof...(Idx);
+  (std::forward<F>(f)(std::get<size - Idx - 1>(t)), ...);
+}
+
+template <http_method N>
+constexpr void get_str(std::string &s, std::string_view name) {
+  s = type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, N>{}).data();
+  s += std::string(name.data(), name.length());
+}
+
+template <http_method... Is> constexpr auto get_arr(std::string_view name) {
+  std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Is)> arr = {};
+  size_t index = 0;
+  (get_str<Is>(arr[index++], name), ...);
+
+  return arr;
+}
+
+template <http_method... Is> constexpr auto get_method_arr() {
+  std::array<char, 26> arr{0};
+  std::string_view s;
+  ((s = type_to_name(std::integral_constant<http_method, Is>{}),
+    arr[s[0] - 65] = s[0]),
+   ...);
+
+  return arr;
+}
+
+inline std::string get_time_str(std::time_t t) {
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  ss << std::put_time(std::localtime(&t), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S");
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+inline std::string get_gmt_time_str(std::time_t t) {
+  struct tm *GMTime = gmtime(&t);
+  char buff[512] = {0};
+  strftime(buff, sizeof(buff), "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %Z", GMTime);
+  return buff;
+}
+
+inline std::string get_cur_time_str() {
+  return get_time_str(std::time(nullptr));
+}
+
+inline const std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view>
+get_cookies_map(std::string_view cookies_str) {
+  std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view> cookies;
+  auto cookies_vec = split(cookies_str, "; ");
+  for (auto iter : cookies_vec) {
+    auto cookie_key_vlaue = split(iter, "=");
+    if (cookie_key_vlaue.size() == 2) {
+      cookies[cookie_key_vlaue[0]] = cookie_key_vlaue[1];
     }
+  }
+  return cookies;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Tuple> struct has_type;
+
+template <typename T, typename... Us>
+struct has_type<T, std::tuple<Us...>>
+    : std::disjunction<std::is_same<T, Us>...> {};
+
+template <typename T> struct filter_helper {
+  static constexpr auto func() { return std::tuple<>(); }
+
+  template <class... Args> static constexpr auto func(T &&, Args &&...args) {
+    return filter_helper::func(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class X, class... Args>
+  static constexpr auto func(X &&x, Args &&...args) {
+    return std::tuple_cat(std::make_tuple(std::forward<X>(x)),
+                          filter_helper::func(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args> inline auto filter(Args &&...args) {
+  return filter_helper<T>::func(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+} // namespace cinatra
 
-	inline std::string get_cur_time_str() {
-		return get_time_str(std::time(nullptr));
-	}
-
-	inline const std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view> get_cookies_map(std::string_view cookies_str)
-	{
-		std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view> cookies;
-		auto cookies_vec = split(cookies_str,"; ");
-		for(auto iter:cookies_vec)
-		{
-			auto cookie_key_vlaue = split(iter,"=");
-			if(cookie_key_vlaue.size()==2)
-			{
-				cookies[cookie_key_vlaue[0]] = cookie_key_vlaue[1];
-			}
-		}
-		return cookies;
-	};
-
-	template <typename T, typename Tuple>
-	struct has_type;
-
-	template <typename T, typename... Us>
-	struct has_type<T, std::tuple<Us...>> : std::disjunction<std::is_same<T, Us>...> {};
-
-	template< typename T>
-	struct filter_helper
-	{
-		static constexpr auto func()
-		{
-			return std::tuple<>();
-		}
-
-		template< class... Args >
-		static constexpr auto func(T&&, Args&&...args)
-		{
-			return filter_helper::func(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-		}
-
-		template< class X, class... Args >
-		static constexpr auto func(X&&x, Args&&...args)
-		{
-			return std::tuple_cat(std::make_tuple(std::forward<X>(x)), filter_helper::func(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
-		}
-	};
-
-	template<typename T, typename... Args>
-	inline auto filter(Args&&... args) {
-		return filter_helper<T>::func(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-	}
-}
-
-#endif //CINATRA_UTILS_HPP
+#endif // CINATRA_UTILS_HPP
diff --git a/include/cinatra/websocket.hpp b/include/cinatra/websocket.hpp
index 2f51fc7..517a6d6 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/websocket.hpp
+++ b/include/cinatra/websocket.hpp
@@ -1,247 +1,250 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "request.hpp"
-#include "ws_define.h"
 #include "sha1.hpp"
-#include "ws_define.h"
 #include "utils.hpp"
+#include "ws_define.h"
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	class websocket {
-	public:
-		bool is_upgrade(const request& req) {
-			if (req.get_method() != "GET"sv)
-				return false;
-
-			auto h = req.get_header_value("connection");
-			if (h.empty())
-				return false;
-
-			auto u = req.get_header_value("upgrade");
-			if (u.empty())
-				return false;
-
-			if (!find_strIC(h, UPGRADE))
-				return false;
-
-			if (!iequal(u.data(), u.length(), WEBSOCKET.data()))
-				return false;
-
-			sec_ws_key_ = req.get_header_value("sec-websocket-key");
-			if (sec_ws_key_.empty()|| sec_ws_key_.size()!=24)
-				return false;
-
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		void upgrade_to_websocket(const request& req, response& res) {
-			uint8_t sha1buf[20], key_src[60];
-			char accept_key[29];
-
-			std::memcpy(key_src, sec_ws_key_.data(), 24);
-			std::memcpy(key_src + 24, ws_guid, 36);
-			SHA1(key_src, sizeof(key_src), sha1buf);
-			base64_encode(accept_key, sha1buf, sizeof(sha1buf), 0);
-
-			res.set_status(status_type::switching_protocols);
-
-			res.add_header("Upgrade", "WebSocket");
-			res.add_header("Connection", "Upgrade");
-			res.add_header("Sec-WebSocket-Accept", std::string(accept_key, 28));
-			//res.add_header("content-length", "0");
-			auto protocal_str = req.get_header_value("sec-websocket-protocol");
-			if (!protocal_str.empty()) {
-				res.add_header("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol", { protocal_str.data(), protocal_str.length()});
-			}
-		}
-
-		/*
-		0               1               2               3
-		 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
-		+-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+
-		|F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len |    Extended payload length    |
-		|I|S|S|S|  (4)  |A|     (7)     |             (16/64)           |
-		|N|V|V|V|       |S|             |   (if payload len==126/127)   |
-		| |1|2|3|       |K|             |                               |
-		+-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
-		|     Extended payload length continued, if payload len == 127  |
-		+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------------------------+
-		|                               |Masking-key, if MASK set to 1  |
-		+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
-		| Masking-key (continued)       |          Payload Data         |
-		+-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
-		:                     Payload Data continued ...                :
-		+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
-		|                     Payload Data continued ...                |
-		+---------------------------------------------------------------+
-		opcode:
-		*  %x0 denotes a continuation frame
-		*  %x1 denotes a text frame
-		*  %x2 denotes a binary frame
-		*  %x3-7 are reserved for further non-control frames
-		*  %x8 denotes a connection close
-		*  %x9 denotes a ping
-		*  %xA denotes a pong
-		*  %xB-F are reserved for further control frames
-		Payload length:  7 bits, 7+16 bits, or 7+64 bits
-		Masking-key:  0 or 4 bytes
-		*/
-		int parse_header(const char* buf, size_t size) {
-			const unsigned char* inp = (const unsigned char*)(buf);
-
-			msg_opcode_ = inp[0] & 0x0F;
-			msg_fin_ = (inp[0] >> 7) & 0x01;
-			unsigned char msg_masked = (inp[1] >> 7) & 0x01;
-
-			int pos = 2;
-			int length_field = inp[1] & (~0x80);
-			
-			left_header_len_ = 0;
-			if (length_field <= 125) {
-				payload_length_ = length_field;
-			}
-			else if (length_field == 126)  //msglen is 16bit!
-			{
-				payload_length_ = ntohs(*(uint16_t *)&inp[2]);// (inp[2] << 8) + inp[3];
-				pos += 2;
-				left_header_len_ = MEDIUM_HEADER - size;
-			}
-			else if (length_field == 127)  //msglen is 64bit!
-			{
-				payload_length_ = (size_t)be64toh(*(uint64_t *)&inp[2]);
-				pos += 8;
-				left_header_len_ = LONG_HEADER - size;
-			}
-			else {
-				return -1;
-			}
-
-			if (msg_masked) {
-				mask_ = *((unsigned int*)(inp + pos));
-			}
-
-			return left_header_len_ == 0 ? 0 : -2;
-		}
-
-		ws_frame_type parse_payload(const char* buf, size_t size, std::string& outbuf) {
-			const unsigned char* inp = (const unsigned char*)(buf);
-			if (payload_length_ > size)
-				return ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_FRAME;
-
-			if (payload_length_ > outbuf.size()) {
-				outbuf.resize((size_t)payload_length_ );
-			}
-
-			if (mask_!=0) {
-				memcpy(&outbuf[0], (void*)(inp), payload_length_);
-				// unmask data:
-				for (size_t i = 0; i < payload_length_; i++) {
-					outbuf[i] = outbuf[i] ^ ((unsigned char*)(&mask_))[i % 4];
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (msg_opcode_ == 0x0) return (msg_fin_) ? ws_frame_type::WS_TEXT_FRAME : ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_TEXT_FRAME; // continuation frame ?
-			if (msg_opcode_ == 0x1) return (msg_fin_) ? ws_frame_type::WS_TEXT_FRAME : ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_TEXT_FRAME;
-			if (msg_opcode_ == 0x2) return (msg_fin_) ? ws_frame_type::WS_BINARY_FRAME : ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_BINARY_FRAME;
-			if (msg_opcode_ == 0x8) return ws_frame_type::WS_CLOSE_FRAME;
-			if (msg_opcode_ == 0x9) return ws_frame_type::WS_PING_FRAME;
-			if (msg_opcode_ == 0xA) return ws_frame_type::WS_PONG_FRAME;
-			return ws_frame_type::WS_BINARY_FRAME;
-		}
-
-		std::string format_header(size_t length, opcode code) {
-			size_t header_length = encode_header(length, code);
-			return { msg_header_, header_length };
-		}
-
-		std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> format_message(const char *src, size_t length, opcode code) {
-			size_t header_length = encode_header(length, code);
-			return{ boost::asio::buffer(msg_header_, header_length), boost::asio::buffer(src, length) };
-		}
-
-		close_frame parse_close_payload(char *src, size_t length)
-		{
-			close_frame cf = {};
-			if (length >= 2)
-			{
-				std::memcpy(&cf.code, src, 2);
-				cf = { ntohs(cf.code), src + 2, length - 2 };
-				if (cf.code < 1000 || cf.code > 4999 || (cf.code > 1011 && cf.code < 4000) ||
-					(cf.code >= 1004 && cf.code <= 1006) || !is_valid_utf8((unsigned char *)cf.message, cf.length))
-				{
-					return{};
-				}
-			}
-			return cf;
-		}
-
-		std::string format_close_payload(uint16_t code, char *message, size_t length) {
-			std::string close_payload;
-			if (code) {
-				close_payload.resize(length + 2);
-				code = htons(code);
-				std::memcpy(close_payload.data(), &code, 2);
-				std::memcpy(close_payload.data() + 2, message, length);
-			}
-			return close_payload;
-		}
-
-		size_t left_header_len() const {
-			return left_header_len_;
-		}
-
-		size_t payload_length() const {
-			return payload_length_;
-		}
-
-		opcode get_opcode() {
-			return (opcode)msg_opcode_;
-		}
-	private:
-		size_t encode_header(size_t length, opcode code) {
-			size_t header_length;
-
-			if (length < 126) {
-				header_length = 2;
-				msg_header_[1] = static_cast<char>(length);
-			}
-			else if (length <= UINT16_MAX) {
-				header_length = 4;
-				msg_header_[1] = 126;
-				*((uint16_t *)&msg_header_[2]) = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(length));
-			}
-			else {
-				header_length = 10;
-				msg_header_[1] = 127;
-				*((uint64_t *)&msg_header_[2]) = htobe64(length);
-			}
-
-			int flags = 0;
-			msg_header_[0] = (flags & SND_NO_FIN ? 0 : 128);
-			if (!(flags & SND_CONTINUATION)) {
-				msg_header_[0] |= code;
-			}
-
-			return header_length;
-		}
-
-		void SHA1(uint8_t* key_src, size_t size, uint8_t* sha1buf) {
-			sha1_context ctx;
-			init(ctx);
-			update(ctx, key_src, size);
-			finish(ctx, sha1buf);
-		}
-
-		std::string_view sec_ws_key_;
-
-		size_t payload_length_ = 0;
-		size_t left_payload_length_ = 0;
-
-		size_t left_header_len_ = 0;
-		unsigned int mask_ = 0;
-		unsigned char msg_opcode_ = 0;
-		unsigned char msg_fin_ = 0;
-
-		char msg_header_[10];
-	};
-	
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+class websocket {
+public:
+  bool is_upgrade(const request &req) {
+    if (req.get_method() != "GET"sv)
+      return false;
+
+    auto h = req.get_header_value("connection");
+    if (h.empty())
+      return false;
+
+    auto u = req.get_header_value("upgrade");
+    if (u.empty())
+      return false;
+
+    if (!find_strIC(h, UPGRADE))
+      return false;
+
+    if (!iequal(u.data(), u.length(), WEBSOCKET.data()))
+      return false;
+
+    sec_ws_key_ = req.get_header_value("sec-websocket-key");
+    if (sec_ws_key_.empty() || sec_ws_key_.size() != 24)
+      return false;
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void upgrade_to_websocket(const request &req, response &res) {
+    uint8_t sha1buf[20], key_src[60];
+    char accept_key[29];
+
+    std::memcpy(key_src, sec_ws_key_.data(), 24);
+    std::memcpy(key_src + 24, ws_guid, 36);
+    SHA1(key_src, sizeof(key_src), sha1buf);
+    base64_encode(accept_key, sha1buf, sizeof(sha1buf), 0);
+
+    res.set_status(status_type::switching_protocols);
+
+    res.add_header("Upgrade", "WebSocket");
+    res.add_header("Connection", "Upgrade");
+    res.add_header("Sec-WebSocket-Accept", std::string(accept_key, 28));
+    // res.add_header("content-length", "0");
+    auto protocal_str = req.get_header_value("sec-websocket-protocol");
+    if (!protocal_str.empty()) {
+      res.add_header("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol",
+                     {protocal_str.data(), protocal_str.length()});
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+  0               1               2               3
+   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+  +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+
+  |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len |    Extended payload length    |
+  |I|S|S|S|  (4)  |A|     (7)     |             (16/64)           |
+  |N|V|V|V|       |S|             |   (if payload len==126/127)   |
+  | |1|2|3|       |K|             |                               |
+  +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
+  |     Extended payload length continued, if payload len == 127  |
+  + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------------------------+
+  |                               |Masking-key, if MASK set to 1  |
+  +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
+  | Masking-key (continued)       |          Payload Data         |
+  +-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
+  :                     Payload Data continued ...                :
+  + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
+  |                     Payload Data continued ...                |
+  +---------------------------------------------------------------+
+  opcode:
+  *  %x0 denotes a continuation frame
+  *  %x1 denotes a text frame
+  *  %x2 denotes a binary frame
+  *  %x3-7 are reserved for further non-control frames
+  *  %x8 denotes a connection close
+  *  %x9 denotes a ping
+  *  %xA denotes a pong
+  *  %xB-F are reserved for further control frames
+  Payload length:  7 bits, 7+16 bits, or 7+64 bits
+  Masking-key:  0 or 4 bytes
+  */
+  int parse_header(const char *buf, size_t size) {
+    const unsigned char *inp = (const unsigned char *)(buf);
+
+    msg_opcode_ = inp[0] & 0x0F;
+    msg_fin_ = (inp[0] >> 7) & 0x01;
+    unsigned char msg_masked = (inp[1] >> 7) & 0x01;
+
+    int pos = 2;
+    int length_field = inp[1] & (~0x80);
+
+    left_header_len_ = 0;
+    if (length_field <= 125) {
+      payload_length_ = length_field;
+    } else if (length_field == 126) // msglen is 16bit!
+    {
+      payload_length_ = ntohs(*(uint16_t *)&inp[2]); // (inp[2] << 8) + inp[3];
+      pos += 2;
+      left_header_len_ = MEDIUM_HEADER - size;
+    } else if (length_field == 127) // msglen is 64bit!
+    {
+      payload_length_ = (size_t)be64toh(*(uint64_t *)&inp[2]);
+      pos += 8;
+      left_header_len_ = LONG_HEADER - size;
+    } else {
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (msg_masked) {
+      mask_ = *((unsigned int *)(inp + pos));
+    }
+
+    return left_header_len_ == 0 ? 0 : -2;
+  }
+
+  ws_frame_type parse_payload(const char *buf, size_t size,
+                              std::string &outbuf) {
+    const unsigned char *inp = (const unsigned char *)(buf);
+    if (payload_length_ > size)
+      return ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_FRAME;
+
+    if (payload_length_ > outbuf.size()) {
+      outbuf.resize((size_t)payload_length_);
+    }
+
+    if (mask_ != 0) {
+      memcpy(&outbuf[0], (void *)(inp), payload_length_);
+      // unmask data:
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < payload_length_; i++) {
+        outbuf[i] = outbuf[i] ^ ((unsigned char *)(&mask_))[i % 4];
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (msg_opcode_ == 0x0)
+      return (msg_fin_) ? ws_frame_type::WS_TEXT_FRAME
+                        : ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_TEXT_FRAME; // continuation
+                                                                   // frame ?
+    if (msg_opcode_ == 0x1)
+      return (msg_fin_) ? ws_frame_type::WS_TEXT_FRAME
+                        : ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_TEXT_FRAME;
+    if (msg_opcode_ == 0x2)
+      return (msg_fin_) ? ws_frame_type::WS_BINARY_FRAME
+                        : ws_frame_type::WS_INCOMPLETE_BINARY_FRAME;
+    if (msg_opcode_ == 0x8)
+      return ws_frame_type::WS_CLOSE_FRAME;
+    if (msg_opcode_ == 0x9)
+      return ws_frame_type::WS_PING_FRAME;
+    if (msg_opcode_ == 0xA)
+      return ws_frame_type::WS_PONG_FRAME;
+    return ws_frame_type::WS_BINARY_FRAME;
+  }
+
+  std::string format_header(size_t length, opcode code) {
+    size_t header_length = encode_header(length, code);
+    return {msg_header_, header_length};
+  }
+
+  std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer>
+  format_message(const char *src, size_t length, opcode code) {
+    size_t header_length = encode_header(length, code);
+    return {boost::asio::buffer(msg_header_, header_length),
+            boost::asio::buffer(src, length)};
+  }
+
+  close_frame parse_close_payload(char *src, size_t length) {
+    close_frame cf = {};
+    if (length >= 2) {
+      std::memcpy(&cf.code, src, 2);
+      cf = {ntohs(cf.code), src + 2, length - 2};
+      if (cf.code < 1000 || cf.code > 4999 ||
+          (cf.code > 1011 && cf.code < 4000) ||
+          (cf.code >= 1004 && cf.code <= 1006) ||
+          !is_valid_utf8((unsigned char *)cf.message, cf.length)) {
+        return {};
+      }
+    }
+    return cf;
+  }
+
+  std::string format_close_payload(uint16_t code, char *message,
+                                   size_t length) {
+    std::string close_payload;
+    if (code) {
+      close_payload.resize(length + 2);
+      code = htons(code);
+      std::memcpy(close_payload.data(), &code, 2);
+      std::memcpy(close_payload.data() + 2, message, length);
+    }
+    return close_payload;
+  }
+
+  size_t left_header_len() const { return left_header_len_; }
+
+  size_t payload_length() const { return payload_length_; }
+
+  opcode get_opcode() { return (opcode)msg_opcode_; }
+
+private:
+  size_t encode_header(size_t length, opcode code) {
+    size_t header_length;
+
+    if (length < 126) {
+      header_length = 2;
+      msg_header_[1] = static_cast<char>(length);
+    } else if (length <= UINT16_MAX) {
+      header_length = 4;
+      msg_header_[1] = 126;
+      *((uint16_t *)&msg_header_[2]) = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(length));
+    } else {
+      header_length = 10;
+      msg_header_[1] = 127;
+      *((uint64_t *)&msg_header_[2]) = htobe64(length);
+    }
+
+    int flags = 0;
+    msg_header_[0] = (flags & SND_NO_FIN ? 0 : 128);
+    if (!(flags & SND_CONTINUATION)) {
+      msg_header_[0] |= code;
+    }
+
+    return header_length;
+  }
+
+  void SHA1(uint8_t *key_src, size_t size, uint8_t *sha1buf) {
+    sha1_context ctx;
+    init(ctx);
+    update(ctx, key_src, size);
+    finish(ctx, sha1buf);
+  }
+
+  std::string_view sec_ws_key_;
+
+  size_t payload_length_ = 0;
+  size_t left_payload_length_ = 0;
+
+  size_t left_header_len_ = 0;
+  unsigned int mask_ = 0;
+  unsigned char msg_opcode_ = 0;
+  unsigned char msg_fin_ = 0;
+
+  char msg_header_[10];
+};
+
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/cinatra/ws_define.h b/include/cinatra/ws_define.h
index cca689d..223dab1 100644
--- a/include/cinatra/ws_define.h
+++ b/include/cinatra/ws_define.h
@@ -3,28 +3,27 @@
 #include <string_view>
 
 namespace cinatra {
-	using namespace std::string_view_literals;
+using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
-#define __SWAP_LONGLONG(l)            \
-            ( ( ((l) >> 56) & 0x00000000000000FFLL ) |       \
-              ( ((l) >> 40) & 0x000000000000FF00LL ) |       \
-              ( ((l) >> 24) & 0x0000000000FF0000LL ) |       \
-              ( ((l) >>  8) & 0x00000000FF000000LL ) |       \
-              ( ((l) <<  8) & 0x000000FF00000000LL ) |       \
-              ( ((l) << 24) & 0x0000FF0000000000LL ) |       \
-              ( ((l) << 40) & 0x00FF000000000000LL ) |       \
-              ( ((l) << 56) & 0xFF00000000000000LL ) )
-
-	inline uint64_t htobe64(uint64_t val) {
-		const uint64_t ret = __SWAP_LONGLONG(val);
-		return ret;
-	}
-
-	inline uint64_t be64toh(uint64_t val) {
-		const uint64_t ret = __SWAP_LONGLONG(val);
-		return ret;
-	}
+#define __SWAP_LONGLONG(l)                                                     \
+  ((((l) >> 56) & 0x00000000000000FFLL) |                                      \
+   (((l) >> 40) & 0x000000000000FF00LL) |                                      \
+   (((l) >> 24) & 0x0000000000FF0000LL) |                                      \
+   (((l) >> 8) & 0x00000000FF000000LL) | (((l) << 8) & 0x000000FF00000000LL) | \
+   (((l) << 24) & 0x0000FF0000000000LL) |                                      \
+   (((l) << 40) & 0x00FF000000000000LL) |                                      \
+   (((l) << 56) & 0xFF00000000000000LL))
+
+inline uint64_t htobe64(uint64_t val) {
+  const uint64_t ret = __SWAP_LONGLONG(val);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+inline uint64_t be64toh(uint64_t val) {
+  const uint64_t ret = __SWAP_LONGLONG(val);
+  return ret;
+}
 
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 #include <libkern/OSByteOrder.h>
@@ -33,155 +32,166 @@ namespace cinatra {
 #endif //_WIN32
 
 enum opcode : std::uint8_t {
-	cont = 0,
-	text = 1,
-	binary = 2,
-	rsv3 = 3,
-	rsv4 = 4,
-	rsv5 = 5,
-	rsv6 = 6,
-	rsv7 = 7,
-	close = 8,
-	ping = 9,
-	pong = 10,
-	crsvb = 11,
-	crsvc = 12,
-	crsvd = 13,
-	crsve = 14,
-	crsvf = 15
+  cont = 0,
+  text = 1,
+  binary = 2,
+  rsv3 = 3,
+  rsv4 = 4,
+  rsv5 = 5,
+  rsv6 = 6,
+  rsv7 = 7,
+  close = 8,
+  ping = 9,
+  pong = 10,
+  crsvb = 11,
+  crsvc = 12,
+  crsvd = 13,
+  crsve = 14,
+  crsvf = 15
 };
 
 /** Close status codes.
 These codes accompany close frames.
-@see <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-7.4.1">RFC 6455 7.4.1 Defined Status Codes</a>
+@see <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-7.4.1">RFC 6455 7.4.1
+Defined Status Codes</a>
 */
 enum close_code : std::uint16_t {
-	/// Normal closure; the connection successfully completed whatever purpose for which it was created.
-	normal = 1000,
+  /// Normal closure; the connection successfully completed whatever purpose for
+  /// which it was created.
+  normal = 1000,
 
-	/// The endpoint is going away, either because of a server failure or because the browser is navigating away from the page that opened the connection.
-	going_away = 1001,
+  /// The endpoint is going away, either because of a server failure or because
+  /// the browser is navigating away from the page that opened the connection.
+  going_away = 1001,
 
-	/// The endpoint is terminating the connection due to a protocol error.
-	protocol_error = 1002,
+  /// The endpoint is terminating the connection due to a protocol error.
+  protocol_error = 1002,
 
-	/// The connection is being terminated because the endpoint received data of a type it cannot accept (for example, a text-only endpoint received binary data).
-	unknown_data = 1003,
+  /// The connection is being terminated because the endpoint received data of a
+  /// type it cannot accept (for example, a text-only endpoint received binary
+  /// data).
+  unknown_data = 1003,
 
-	/// The endpoint is terminating the connection because a message was received that contained inconsistent data (e.g., non-UTF-8 data within a text message).
-	bad_payload = 1007,
+  /// The endpoint is terminating the connection because a message was received
+  /// that contained inconsistent data (e.g., non-UTF-8 data within a text
+  /// message).
+  bad_payload = 1007,
 
-	/// The endpoint is terminating the connection because it received a message that violates its policy. This is a generic status code, used when codes 1003 and 1009 are not suitable.
-	policy_error = 1008,
+  /// The endpoint is terminating the connection because it received a message
+  /// that violates its policy. This is a generic status code, used when codes
+  /// 1003 and 1009 are not suitable.
+  policy_error = 1008,
 
-	/// The endpoint is terminating the connection because a data frame was received that is too large.
-	too_big = 1009,
+  /// The endpoint is terminating the connection because a data frame was
+  /// received that is too large.
+  too_big = 1009,
 
-	/// The client is terminating the connection because it expected the server to negotiate one or more extension, but the server didn't.
-	needs_extension = 1010,
+  /// The client is terminating the connection because it expected the server to
+  /// negotiate one or more extension, but the server didn't.
+  needs_extension = 1010,
 
-	/// The server is terminating the connection because it encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
-	internal_error = 1011,
+  /// The server is terminating the connection because it encountered an
+  /// unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
+  internal_error = 1011,
 
-	/// The server is terminating the connection because it is restarting.
-	service_restart = 1012,
+  /// The server is terminating the connection because it is restarting.
+  service_restart = 1012,
 
-	/// The server is terminating the connection due to a temporary condition, e.g. it is overloaded and is casting off some of its clients.
-	try_again_later = 1013,
+  /// The server is terminating the connection due to a temporary condition,
+  /// e.g. it is overloaded and is casting off some of its clients.
+  try_again_later = 1013,
 
-	//----
-	//
-	// The following are illegal on the wire
-	//
+  //----
+  //
+  // The following are illegal on the wire
+  //
 
-	/** Used internally to mean "no error"
-	This code is reserved and may not be sent.
-	*/
-	none = 0,
+  /** Used internally to mean "no error"
+  This code is reserved and may not be sent.
+  */
+  none = 0,
 
-	/** Reserved for future use by the WebSocket standard.
-	This code is reserved and may not be sent.
-	*/
-	reserved1 = 1004,
+  /** Reserved for future use by the WebSocket standard.
+  This code is reserved and may not be sent.
+  */
+  reserved1 = 1004,
 
-	/** No status code was provided even though one was expected.
-	This code is reserved and may not be sent.
-	*/
-	no_status = 1005,
+  /** No status code was provided even though one was expected.
+  This code is reserved and may not be sent.
+  */
+  no_status = 1005,
 
-	/** Connection was closed without receiving a close frame
+  /** Connection was closed without receiving a close frame
 
-	This code is reserved and may not be sent.
-	*/
-	abnormal = 1006,
+  This code is reserved and may not be sent.
+  */
+  abnormal = 1006,
 
-	/** Reserved for future use by the WebSocket standard.
+  /** Reserved for future use by the WebSocket standard.
 
-	This code is reserved and may not be sent.
-	*/
-	reserved2 = 1014,
+  This code is reserved and may not be sent.
+  */
+  reserved2 = 1014,
 
-	/** Reserved for future use by the WebSocket standard.
+  /** Reserved for future use by the WebSocket standard.
 
-	This code is reserved and may not be sent.
-	*/
-	reserved3 = 1015
+  This code is reserved and may not be sent.
+  */
+  reserved3 = 1015
 
-	//
-	//----
+  //
+  //----
 
-	//last = 5000 // satisfy warnings
+  // last = 5000 // satisfy warnings
 };
 
-enum class ws_frame_type
-{
-	WS_ERROR_FRAME = 0xFF00,
-	WS_INCOMPLETE_FRAME = 0xFE00,
-
-	WS_OPENING_FRAME = 0x3300,
-	WS_CLOSING_FRAME = 0x3400,
-
-	WS_INCOMPLETE_TEXT_FRAME = 0x01,
-	WS_INCOMPLETE_BINARY_FRAME = 0x02,
-
-	WS_TEXT_FRAME = 0x81,       // 128 + 1 == WS_FRAGMENT_FIN | WS_OPCODE_TEXT
-	WS_BINARY_FRAME = 0x82,       // 128 + 2
-	WS_RSV3_FRAME = 0x83,       // 128 + 3
-	WS_RSV4_FRAME = 0x84,
-	WS_RSV5_FRAME = 0x85,
-	WS_RSV6_FRAME = 0x86,
-	WS_RSV7_FRAME = 0x87,
-	WS_CLOSE_FRAME = 0x88,
-	WS_PING_FRAME = 0x89,
-	WS_PONG_FRAME = 0x8A,
+enum class ws_frame_type {
+  WS_ERROR_FRAME = 0xFF00,
+  WS_INCOMPLETE_FRAME = 0xFE00,
+
+  WS_OPENING_FRAME = 0x3300,
+  WS_CLOSING_FRAME = 0x3400,
+
+  WS_INCOMPLETE_TEXT_FRAME = 0x01,
+  WS_INCOMPLETE_BINARY_FRAME = 0x02,
+
+  WS_TEXT_FRAME = 0x81,   // 128 + 1 == WS_FRAGMENT_FIN | WS_OPCODE_TEXT
+  WS_BINARY_FRAME = 0x82, // 128 + 2
+  WS_RSV3_FRAME = 0x83,   // 128 + 3
+  WS_RSV4_FRAME = 0x84,
+  WS_RSV5_FRAME = 0x85,
+  WS_RSV6_FRAME = 0x86,
+  WS_RSV7_FRAME = 0x87,
+  WS_CLOSE_FRAME = 0x88,
+  WS_PING_FRAME = 0x89,
+  WS_PONG_FRAME = 0x8A,
 };
 
-struct close_frame
-{
-	uint16_t code;
-	char *message;
-	size_t length;
+struct close_frame {
+  uint16_t code;
+  char *message;
+  size_t length;
 };
 
-enum ws_head_len{
-	SHORT_HEADER = 6,
-	MEDIUM_HEADER = 8,
-	LONG_HEADER = 14,
-	INVALID_HEADER
+enum ws_head_len {
+  SHORT_HEADER = 6,
+  MEDIUM_HEADER = 8,
+  LONG_HEADER = 14,
+  INVALID_HEADER
 };
 
 enum ws_send_state {
-	SND_CONTINUATION = 1,
-	SND_NO_FIN = 2,
-	SND_COMPRESSED = 64
+  SND_CONTINUATION = 1,
+  SND_NO_FIN = 2,
+  SND_COMPRESSED = 64
 };
 
-#define WEBSOCKET_FRAME_MAXLEN		16384
-#define WEBSOCKET_PAYLOAD_SINGLE	125
-#define WEBSOCKET_PAYLOAD_EXTEND_1	126
-#define WEBSOCKET_PAYLOAD_EXTEND_2	127
+#define WEBSOCKET_FRAME_MAXLEN 16384
+#define WEBSOCKET_PAYLOAD_SINGLE 125
+#define WEBSOCKET_PAYLOAD_EXTEND_1 126
+#define WEBSOCKET_PAYLOAD_EXTEND_2 127
 
 inline constexpr const std::string_view WEBSOCKET = "websocket"sv;
 inline constexpr const std::string_view UPGRADE = "upgrade"sv;
 inline constexpr const char ws_guid[] = "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11";
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace cinatra
\ No newline at end of file
-- 
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