# Pipeline Architecture

> 原文：[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/pipeline_architectures.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/pipeline_architectures.html)

*   [Basic Pipelines](#basic-pipelines)
*   [Directed Acyclic Graph Pipelines](#directed-acyclic-graph-pipelines)
*   [Child / Parent Pipelines](#child--parent-pipelines)

# Pipeline Architecture[](#pipeline-architecture "Permalink")

管道是 GitLab 中 CI / CD 的基本构建块. 本页记录了一些与它们有关的重要概念.

构造管道的主要方法有三种，每种都有自己的优势. 如果需要，可以混合使用以下方法：

*   [基本](#basic-pipelines) ：适用于简单的项目，其中所有配置都在一个易于查找的位置.
*   [有向无环图](#directed-acyclic-graph-pipelines) ：适用于需要有效执行的大型，复杂项目.
*   [子级/父级管道](#child--parent-pipelines) ：适用于具有大量独立定义组件的 monorepos 和项目.

有关下面使用的任何关键字的更多详细信息，请查看我们的[CI YAML 参考](../yaml/README.html)以获取详细信息.

## Basic Pipelines[](#basic-pipelines "Permalink")

这是 GitLab 中最简单的管道. 它会在构建阶段同时运行所有内容，一旦所有这些操作完成，它将以相同的方式在测试阶段运行所有内容，依此类推. 它不是最有效的，并且如果您有很多步骤，它可能会变得非常复杂，但更易于维护：

图 LR 子图部署阶段部署-> deploy_a 部署-> deploy_b 结束子图测试阶段测试-> test_a 测试-> test_b 结束子图构建阶段构建-> build_a 构建-> build_b 结束 build_a -.->测试 build_b -.->测试 test_a -.->部署 test_b -.->部署

匹配该图的示例基本`/.gitlab-ci.yml`管道配置：

```
stages:
  - build
  - test
  - deploy

image: alpine

build_a:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This job builds something."

build_b:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This job builds something else."

test_a:
  stage: test
  script:
    - echo "This job tests something. It will only run when all jobs in the"
    - echo "build stage are complete."

test_b:
  stage: test
  script:
    - echo "This job tests something else. It will only run when all jobs in the"
    - echo "build stage are complete too. It will start at about the same time as test_a."

deploy_a:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "This job deploys something. It will only run when all jobs in the"
    - echo "test stage complete."

deploy_b:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "This job deploys something else. It will only run when all jobs in the"
    - echo "test stage complete. It will start at about the same time as deploy_a." 
```

## Directed Acyclic Graph Pipelines[](#directed-acyclic-graph-pipelines "Permalink")

如果效率对您很重要，并且您希望所有内容尽快运行，则可以使用有向无[环图（DAG）](../directed_acyclic_graph/index.html) . 使用[`needs`关键字](../yaml/README.html#needs)定义作业之间的依赖关系. 当 GitLab 知道您的工作之间的关系时，它可以尽快运行所有内容，甚至在可能的情况下跳入后续阶段.

在下面的示例中，如果`build_a`和`test_a`的速度比`build_b`和`test_b` ，则即使`build_b`仍在运行，GitLab 也会启动`deploy_a` .

使用 DAG build_a-> test_a-> deploy_a build_b-> test_b-> deploy_b 结束的图 LR 子图管道

匹配该图的示例 DAG `/.gitlab-ci.yml`配置：

```
stages:
  - build
  - test
  - deploy

image: alpine

build_a:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This job builds something quickly."

build_b:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This job builds something else slowly."

test_a:
  stage: test
  needs: [build_a]
  script:
    - echo "This test job will start as soon as build_a finishes."
    - echo "It will not wait for build_b, or other jobs in the build stage, to finish."

test_b:
  stage: test
  needs: [build_b]
  script:
    - echo "This test job will start as soon as build_b finishes."
    - echo "It will not wait for other jobs in the build stage to finish."

deploy_a:
  stage: deploy
  needs: [test_a]
  script:
    - echo "Since build_a and test_a run quickly, this deploy job can run much earlier."
    - echo "It does not need to wait for build_b or test_b."

deploy_b:
  stage: deploy
  needs: [test_b]
  script:
    - echo "Since build_b and test_b run slowly, this deploy job will run much later." 
```

## Child / Parent Pipelines[](#child--parent-pipelines "Permalink")

在上面的示例中，很明显，我们可以独立构建两种类型的东西. 这是通过[`trigger`关键字](../yaml/README.html#trigger)使用" [子/父管道"](../parent_child_pipelines.html)的理想情况. 它将配置分成多个文件，使事情变得非常简单. 您还可以将其与：

*   [`rules`关键字](../yaml/README.html#rules) ：例如，仅在对该区域进行更改时才触发子管道.
*   [`include`关键字](../yaml/README.html#include) ：引入常见行为，确保您不会重复自己.
*   子[管道](#directed-acyclic-graph-pipelines)内部的[DAG 管道](#directed-acyclic-graph-pipelines) ，实现了两者的好处.

graph LR subgraph Parent pipeline trigger_a -.-> build_a trigger_b -.-> build_b subgraph child pipeline B build_b --> test_b --> deploy_b end subgraph child pipeline A build_a --> test_a --> deploy_a end end

匹配该图的父管道的示例`/.gitlab-ci.yml`配置：

```
stages:
  - triggers

trigger_a:
  stage: triggers
  trigger:
    include: a/.gitlab-ci.yml
  rules:
    - changes:
      - a/*

trigger_b:
  stage: triggers
  trigger:
    include: b/.gitlab-ci.yml
  rules:
    - changes:
      - b/* 
```

例如孩子`a`管道配置，位于`/a/.gitlab-ci.yml` ，利用的 DAG `needs:`关键字：

```
stages:
  - build
  - test
  - deploy

image: alpine

build_a:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This job builds something."

test_a:
  stage: test
  needs: [build_a]
  script:
    - echo "This job tests something."

deploy_a:
  stage: deploy
  needs: [test_a]
  script:
    - echo "This job deploys something." 
```

子`b`管道配置示例位于`/b/.gitlab-ci.yml` ，利用 DAG `needs:`关键字：

```
stages:
  - build
  - test
  - deploy

image: alpine

build_b:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This job builds something else."

test_b:
  stage: test
  needs: [build_b]
  script:
    - echo "This job tests something else."

deploy_b:
  stage: deploy
  needs: [test_b]
  script:
    - echo "This job deploys something else." 
```

也可以将作业设置为在触发子管道之前或之后运行，例如，如果您具有通用的设置步骤或最后进行统一部署.