## 5.3. Generated Columns

[]()

 A generated column is a special column that is always computed from other columns. Thus, it is for columns what a view is for tables. There are two kinds of generated columns: stored and virtual. A stored generated column is computed when it is written (inserted or updated) and occupies storage as if it were a normal column. A virtual generated column occupies no storage and is computed when it is read. Thus, a virtual generated column is similar to a view and a stored generated column is similar to a materialized view (except that it is always updated automatically). PostgreSQL currently implements only stored generated columns.

 To create a generated column, use the `GENERATED ALWAYS AS` clause in `CREATE TABLE`, for example:

```
CREATE TABLE people (
    ...,
    height_cm numeric,
    height_in numeric GENERATED ALWAYS AS (height_cm / 2.54) STORED
);

```

 The keyword `STORED` must be specified to choose the stored kind of generated column. See [CREATE TABLE](sql-createtable.html) for more details.

 A generated column cannot be written to directly. In `INSERT` or `UPDATE` commands, a value cannot be specified for a generated column, but the keyword `DEFAULT` may be specified.

 Consider the differences between a column with a default and a generated column. The column default is evaluated once when the row is first inserted if no other value was provided; a generated column is updated whenever the row changes and cannot be overridden. A column default may not refer to other columns of the table; a generation expression would normally do so. A column default can use volatile functions, for example `random()` or functions referring to the current time; this is not allowed for generated columns.

 Several restrictions apply to the definition of generated columns and tables involving generated columns:

* The generation expression can only use immutable functions and cannot use subqueries or reference anything other than the current row in any way.

* A generation expression cannot reference another generated column.

* A generation expression cannot reference a system column, except `tableoid`.

* A generated column cannot have a column default or an identity definition.

* A generated column cannot be part of a partition key.

* Foreign tables can have generated columns. See [CREATE FOREIGN TABLE](sql-createforeigntable.html) for details.

* For inheritance:

  * If a parent column is a generated column, a child column must also be a generated column using the same expression. In the definition of the child column, leave off the `GENERATED` clause, as it will be copied from the parent.

  * In case of multiple inheritance, if one parent column is a generated column, then all parent columns must be generated columns and with the same expression.

  * If a parent column is not a generated column, a child column may be defined to be a generated column or not.

 Additional considerations apply to the use of generated columns.

* Generated columns maintain access privileges separately from their underlying base columns. So, it is possible to arrange it so that a particular role can read from a generated column but not from the underlying base columns.

* Generated columns are, conceptually, updated after `BEFORE` triggers have run. Therefore, changes made to base columns in a `BEFORE` trigger will be reflected in generated columns. But conversely, it is not allowed to access generated columns in `BEFORE` triggers.

