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# Design Doc: Distributed Training Architecture
## Abstract
PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 uses the "trainer-parameter server"
architecture. We run multiple replicated instances of trainers (runs
the same code written by the user) and parameter servers for
distributed training. This architecture served us well, but has some
limitations:
1. Need to write special code to handle tasks which should only be run
by a single trainer. E.g., initializing model and saving model.
2. Model parallelism is hard: need to write if-else branches conditioned
on the trainer ID to partition model onto each trainer, and manually
write the inter-model-shard communication code.
3. The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule: need
to modify the parameter server C++ code and compile a new
binary. This adds complication for researchers: A lot of extra
effort is required. Besides, the training job submission program
may not allow running arbitrary binaries.
This design doc discusses PaddlePaddle's new distributed training
architecture that addresses the above limitations.
## Analysis
We will assume the user writes the trainer program by Python, the same
analysis holds if the trainer program is written in C++.
### Limitation 1
If we look at the Python code that the user writes, there are two
kinds of functionalities:
- The training logic such as load / save model and print log.
- The neural network definition such as the definition of the data
layer, the fully connected layer, the cost function and the
optimizer.
When we training with PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 distributedly, multiple
replicated Python instances are running on different nodes: both the
training logic and the neural network computation is replicated.
The tasks that should only run once all belong to the training logic,
if we only replicate the neural network computation, but do **not**
replicate the training logic, the limitation could be solved.
### Limitation 2
Model parallelism means running a single model on multiple nodes by
partitioning the model onto different nodes and managing the
inter-model-shard communications.
PaddlePaddle should be able to modify the nerual network computation
definition to support model parallelism automatically. However, the
computation is only specified in Python code, and PaddlePaddle can not
modify Python code.
Just like compiler uses a intermediate representation (IR) so that
programmer does not need to manually optimize their code in most of
the cases - the compiler will optimize the IR:
<img src="src/compiler.png"/>
We can have our own IR too: PaddlePaddle can support model parallel by
converting the IR so the user no longer need to manually do it in
Python:
<img src="src/paddle-compile.png"/>
The IR for PaddlePaddle after refactor is called `Block`, it specifies
the computation dependency graph and the variables used in the
computation.
### Limitation 3
The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule for the
parameter server because the parameter server does not use the same
computation definition as the trainer. Instead, the update rule is
baked in the parameter server. The user can not specify the update
rule in the same way of specifying the trainer computation.
This could be fixed by making the parameter server run the same
computation definition as the trainer. For a detailed explanation,
please
see
[Design Doc: Operation Graph Based Parameter Server](./dist_train.md)
## Distributed Training Architecture
The new distributed training architecture can address the above
limitations. Below is the illustration:
<img src="src/distributed_architecture.png"/>
The architecture includes major components: *PaddlePaddle Python*,
*PaddlePaddle converter* and *PaddlePaddle runtime*:
### PaddlePaddle Python
PaddlePaddle Python is the Python library that user's Python trainer
invoke to build the neural network topology, start training, etc.
```Python
paddle.init()
input = paddle.op.recordIO("/home/data/mnist.recordio") # file stored on the cluster
img, label = input[0], input[1]
hidden = paddle.layer.fc(input=img, size=200, act=paddle.activation.Tanh())
prediction = paddle.layer.fc(input=img, size=10, act=paddle.activation.Softmax())
cost = paddle.layer.classification_cost(input=prediction, label=label)
optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD(cost, learning_rate=0.01)
session = paddle.session.NewRemote(num_trainer=3, num_ps=2, GPU_per_trainer=1)
for i in range(1000):
_, cost_val = session.eval(targets=[cost, optimizer])
print cost_val
```
The code above is a typical Python trainer code, the neural network
topology is built using helper functions such as
`paddle.layer.fc`. The training is done by calling `session.eval`
iteratively.
#### session.eval
As shown in the graph, `session.eval` sends the IR and the evaluation
inputs/targets to the PaddlePaddle cluster for evaluation. The
targets can be any variable in the computation graph. When the target
is the `optimizer` variable, the neural network will be optimized
once. When the target is the `cost` variable, `session.eval` returns
the cost value.
The Python `session` is a wrapper of the C++ `Session` class. For more
information about `Session`, please
see [Design Doc: Session](./session.md).
### PaddlePaddle Converter
PaddlePaddle converter automatically converts the IR in the request
(IR and evaluation inputs/targets) from PaddlePaddle Python to new
partitioned IRs and dispatch the new IRs and evaluation inputs/targets
to different PaddlePaddle runtimes. Below are the steps:
1. Add `feed` OP that feeds the eval inputs, and `fetch` OP that
fetches the eval targets to the IR.
1. Extract a new computation (sub)graph with `feed` and `fetch` OP as
the boundary. The runtime does not need to run the OP that is not
dependent by the `fetch` OP.
1. Optimizes the computation graph.
1. Place the OPs in the graph onto different devices on different
PaddlePaddle runtime according to a placement algorithm and device
constraint specified by the user.
1. Partition the graph according to runtime boundaries and add `send` /
`recv` OP pair on the runtime boundaries.
1. Dispatch the partitioned graph to different PaddlePaddle runtimes.
1. PaddlePaddle runtimes with the `fetch` OP reports evaluation
results back to the converter, the convert reports the evaluation
results back to the PaddlePaddle Python.
The output IRs will be cached to optimize the conversion latency.
#### Placement Algorithm
Our first implementation will only support "trainer-parameter server"
placement: the parameters, initializers, and optimizers are placed on
the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the parameter server role. And
everything else will be placed on the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the
trainer role. This has the same functionality of our
"trainer-parameter server" architecture of PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, but
is more general and flexible.
In the future, we will implement the general placement algorithm,
which makes placements according to the input IR, and a model of
device computation time and device communication time. Model
parallelism requires the general placement algorithm.
### PaddlePaddle Runtime
The PaddlePaddle runtime owns multiple devices (e.g., CPUs, GPUs) and
runs the IR. The runtime does not need to do OP placement since it's
already done by the converter.
### Local Training Architecture
The local training architecture will be the same as the distributed
training architecture, the differences are everything runs locally,
and there is just one PaddlePaddle runtime:
<img src="src/local_architecture.png"/>
### Training Data
In PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, training data is typically read
with [data reader](../reader/README.md) from Python. This approach is
no longer efficient when training distributedly since the Python
process no longer runs on the same node with the trainer processes,
the Python reader will need to read from the distributed filesystem
(assuming it has the access) and send to the trainers, doubling the
network traffic.
When doing distributed training, the user can still use Python data
reader: the training data are sent with `session.eval`. However should
be used for debugging purpose only. The users are encouraged to use
the read data OPs.
## References:
[1] [TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Distributed Systems](https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/45166.pdf)
[2] [TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi16/osdi16-abadi.pdf)
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<div class="section" id="design-doc-distributed-training-architecture">
<span id="design-doc-distributed-training-architecture"></span><h1>Design Doc: Distributed Training Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#design-doc-distributed-training-architecture" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="abstract">
<span id="abstract"></span><h2>Abstract<a class="headerlink" href="#abstract" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 uses the &#8220;trainer-parameter server&#8221;
architecture. We run multiple replicated instances of trainers (runs
the same code written by the user) and parameter servers for
distributed training. This architecture served us well, but has some
limitations:</p>
<ol class="simple">
<li>Need to write special code to handle tasks which should only be run
by a single trainer. E.g., initializing model and saving model.</li>
<li>Model parallelism is hard: need to write if-else branches conditioned
on the trainer ID to partition model onto each trainer, and manually
write the inter-model-shard communication code.</li>
<li>The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule: need
to modify the parameter server C++ code and compile a new
binary. This adds complication for researchers: A lot of extra
effort is required. Besides, the training job submission program
may not allow running arbitrary binaries.</li>
</ol>
<p>This design doc discusses PaddlePaddle&#8217;s new distributed training
architecture that addresses the above limitations.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="analysis">
<span id="analysis"></span><h2>Analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#analysis" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>We will assume the user writes the trainer program by Python, the same
analysis holds if the trainer program is written in C++.</p>
<div class="section" id="limitation-1">
<span id="limitation-1"></span><h3>Limitation 1<a class="headerlink" href="#limitation-1" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>If we look at the Python code that the user writes, there are two
kinds of functionalities:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The training logic such as load / save model and print log.</li>
<li>The neural network definition such as the definition of the data
layer, the fully connected layer, the cost function and the
optimizer.</li>
</ul>
<p>When we training with PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 distributedly, multiple
replicated Python instances are running on different nodes: both the
training logic and the neural network computation is replicated.</p>
<p>The tasks that should only run once all belong to the training logic,
if we only replicate the neural network computation, but do <strong>not</strong>
replicate the training logic, the limitation could be solved.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="limitation-2">
<span id="limitation-2"></span><h3>Limitation 2<a class="headerlink" href="#limitation-2" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Model parallelism means running a single model on multiple nodes by
partitioning the model onto different nodes and managing the
inter-model-shard communications.</p>
<p>PaddlePaddle should be able to modify the nerual network computation
definition to support model parallelism automatically. However, the
computation is only specified in Python code, and PaddlePaddle can not
modify Python code.</p>
<p>Just like compiler uses a intermediate representation (IR) so that
programmer does not need to manually optimize their code in most of
the cases - the compiler will optimize the IR:</p>
<p><img src="src/compiler.png"/></p>
<p>We can have our own IR too: PaddlePaddle can support model parallel by
converting the IR so the user no longer need to manually do it in
Python:</p>
<p><img src="src/paddle-compile.png"/></p>
<p>The IR for PaddlePaddle after refactor is called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Block</span></code>, it specifies
the computation dependency graph and the variables used in the
computation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="limitation-3">
<span id="limitation-3"></span><h3>Limitation 3<a class="headerlink" href="#limitation-3" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule for the
parameter server because the parameter server does not use the same
computation definition as the trainer. Instead, the update rule is
baked in the parameter server. The user can not specify the update
rule in the same way of specifying the trainer computation.</p>
<p>This could be fixed by making the parameter server run the same
computation definition as the trainer. For a detailed explanation,
please
see
<a class="reference external" href="design/refactor/dist_train.md">Design Doc: Operation Graph Based Parameter Server</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="distributed-training-architecture">
<span id="distributed-training-architecture"></span><h2>Distributed Training Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#distributed-training-architecture" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The new distributed training architecture can address the above
limitations. Below is the illustration:</p>
<p><img src="src/distributed_architecture.png"/></p>
<p>The architecture includes major components: <em>PaddlePaddle Python</em>,
<em>PaddlePaddle converter</em> and <em>PaddlePaddle runtime</em>:</p>
<div class="section" id="paddlepaddle-python">
<span id="paddlepaddle-python"></span><h3>PaddlePaddle Python<a class="headerlink" href="#paddlepaddle-python" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle Python is the Python library that user&#8217;s Python trainer
invoke to build the neural network topology, start training, etc.</p>
<div class="highlight-Python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recordIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/home/data/mnist.recordio&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># file stored on the cluster</span>
<span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">hidden</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">act</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tanh</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">prediction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">act</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Softmax</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">classification_cost</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SGD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">learning_rate</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.01</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">NewRemote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num_trainer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_ps</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GPU_per_trainer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cost_val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">targets</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">cost_val</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The code above is a typical Python trainer code, the neural network
topology is built using helper functions such as
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">paddle.layer.fc</span></code>. The training is done by calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code>
iteratively.</p>
<div class="section" id="session-eval">
<span id="session-eval"></span><h4>session.eval<a class="headerlink" href="#session-eval" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h4>
<p>As shown in the graph, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code> sends the IR and the evaluation
inputs/targets to the PaddlePaddle cluster for evaluation. The
targets can be any variable in the computation graph. When the target
is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optimizer</span></code> variable, the neural network will be optimized
once. When the target is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cost</span></code> variable, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code> returns
the cost value.</p>
<p>The Python <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session</span></code> is a wrapper of the C++ <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Session</span></code> class. For more
information about <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Session</span></code>, please
see <a class="reference external" href="design/refactor/session.md">Design Doc: Session</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="paddlepaddle-converter">
<span id="paddlepaddle-converter"></span><h3>PaddlePaddle Converter<a class="headerlink" href="#paddlepaddle-converter" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle converter automatically converts the IR in the request
(IR and evaluation inputs/targets) from PaddlePaddle Python to new
partitioned IRs and dispatch the new IRs and evaluation inputs/targets
to different PaddlePaddle runtimes. Below are the steps:</p>
<ol class="simple">
<li>Add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">feed</span></code> OP that feeds the eval inputs, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP that
fetches the eval targets to the IR.</li>
<li>Extract a new computation (sub)graph with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">feed</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP as
the boundary. The runtime does not need to run the OP that is not
dependent by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP.</li>
<li>Optimizes the computation graph.</li>
<li>Place the OPs in the graph onto different devices on different
PaddlePaddle runtime according to a placement algorithm and device
constraint specified by the user.</li>
<li>Partition the graph according to runtime boundaries and add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send</span></code> /
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> OP pair on the runtime boundaries.</li>
<li>Dispatch the partitioned graph to different PaddlePaddle runtimes.</li>
<li>PaddlePaddle runtimes with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP reports evaluation
results back to the converter, the convert reports the evaluation
results back to the PaddlePaddle Python.</li>
</ol>
<p>The output IRs will be cached to optimize the conversion latency.</p>
<div class="section" id="placement-algorithm">
<span id="placement-algorithm"></span><h4>Placement Algorithm<a class="headerlink" href="#placement-algorithm" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h4>
<p>Our first implementation will only support &#8220;trainer-parameter server&#8221;
placement: the parameters, initializers, and optimizers are placed on
the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the parameter server role. And
everything else will be placed on the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the
trainer role. This has the same functionality of our
&#8220;trainer-parameter server&#8221; architecture of PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, but
is more general and flexible.</p>
<p>In the future, we will implement the general placement algorithm,
which makes placements according to the input IR, and a model of
device computation time and device communication time. Model
parallelism requires the general placement algorithm.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="paddlepaddle-runtime">
<span id="paddlepaddle-runtime"></span><h3>PaddlePaddle Runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#paddlepaddle-runtime" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The PaddlePaddle runtime owns multiple devices (e.g., CPUs, GPUs) and
runs the IR. The runtime does not need to do OP placement since it&#8217;s
already done by the converter.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="local-training-architecture">
<span id="local-training-architecture"></span><h3>Local Training Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#local-training-architecture" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The local training architecture will be the same as the distributed
training architecture, the differences are everything runs locally,
and there is just one PaddlePaddle runtime:</p>
<p><img src="src/local_architecture.png"/></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="training-data">
<span id="training-data"></span><h3>Training Data<a class="headerlink" href="#training-data" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>In PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, training data is typically read
with <a class="reference internal" href="../reader/README.html"><span class="doc">data reader</span></a> from Python. This approach is
no longer efficient when training distributedly since the Python
process no longer runs on the same node with the trainer processes,
the Python reader will need to read from the distributed filesystem
(assuming it has the access) and send to the trainers, doubling the
network traffic.</p>
<p>When doing distributed training, the user can still use Python data
reader: the training data are sent with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code>. However should
be used for debugging purpose only. The users are encouraged to use
the read data OPs.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="references">
<span id="references"></span><h2>References:<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>[1] <a class="reference external" href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/45166.pdf">TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Distributed Systems</a></p>
<p>[2] <a class="reference external" href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi16/osdi16-abadi.pdf">TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning</a></p>
</div>
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# Design Doc: Distributed Training Architecture
## Abstract
PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 uses the "trainer-parameter server"
architecture. We run multiple replicated instances of trainers (runs
the same code written by the user) and parameter servers for
distributed training. This architecture served us well, but has some
limitations:
1. Need to write special code to handle tasks which should only be run
by a single trainer. E.g., initializing model and saving model.
2. Model parallelism is hard: need to write if-else branches conditioned
on the trainer ID to partition model onto each trainer, and manually
write the inter-model-shard communication code.
3. The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule: need
to modify the parameter server C++ code and compile a new
binary. This adds complication for researchers: A lot of extra
effort is required. Besides, the training job submission program
may not allow running arbitrary binaries.
This design doc discusses PaddlePaddle's new distributed training
architecture that addresses the above limitations.
## Analysis
We will assume the user writes the trainer program by Python, the same
analysis holds if the trainer program is written in C++.
### Limitation 1
If we look at the Python code that the user writes, there are two
kinds of functionalities:
- The training logic such as load / save model and print log.
- The neural network definition such as the definition of the data
layer, the fully connected layer, the cost function and the
optimizer.
When we training with PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 distributedly, multiple
replicated Python instances are running on different nodes: both the
training logic and the neural network computation is replicated.
The tasks that should only run once all belong to the training logic,
if we only replicate the neural network computation, but do **not**
replicate the training logic, the limitation could be solved.
### Limitation 2
Model parallelism means running a single model on multiple nodes by
partitioning the model onto different nodes and managing the
inter-model-shard communications.
PaddlePaddle should be able to modify the nerual network computation
definition to support model parallelism automatically. However, the
computation is only specified in Python code, and PaddlePaddle can not
modify Python code.
Just like compiler uses a intermediate representation (IR) so that
programmer does not need to manually optimize their code in most of
the cases - the compiler will optimize the IR:
<img src="src/compiler.png"/>
We can have our own IR too: PaddlePaddle can support model parallel by
converting the IR so the user no longer need to manually do it in
Python:
<img src="src/paddle-compile.png"/>
The IR for PaddlePaddle after refactor is called `Block`, it specifies
the computation dependency graph and the variables used in the
computation.
### Limitation 3
The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule for the
parameter server because the parameter server does not use the same
computation definition as the trainer. Instead, the update rule is
baked in the parameter server. The user can not specify the update
rule in the same way of specifying the trainer computation.
This could be fixed by making the parameter server run the same
computation definition as the trainer. For a detailed explanation,
please
see
[Design Doc: Operation Graph Based Parameter Server](./dist_train.md)
## Distributed Training Architecture
The new distributed training architecture can address the above
limitations. Below is the illustration:
<img src="src/distributed_architecture.png"/>
The architecture includes major components: *PaddlePaddle Python*,
*PaddlePaddle converter* and *PaddlePaddle runtime*:
### PaddlePaddle Python
PaddlePaddle Python is the Python library that user's Python trainer
invoke to build the neural network topology, start training, etc.
```Python
paddle.init()
input = paddle.op.recordIO("/home/data/mnist.recordio") # file stored on the cluster
img, label = input[0], input[1]
hidden = paddle.layer.fc(input=img, size=200, act=paddle.activation.Tanh())
prediction = paddle.layer.fc(input=img, size=10, act=paddle.activation.Softmax())
cost = paddle.layer.classification_cost(input=prediction, label=label)
optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD(cost, learning_rate=0.01)
session = paddle.session.NewRemote(num_trainer=3, num_ps=2, GPU_per_trainer=1)
for i in range(1000):
_, cost_val = session.eval(targets=[cost, optimizer])
print cost_val
```
The code above is a typical Python trainer code, the neural network
topology is built using helper functions such as
`paddle.layer.fc`. The training is done by calling `session.eval`
iteratively.
#### session.eval
As shown in the graph, `session.eval` sends the IR and the evaluation
inputs/targets to the PaddlePaddle cluster for evaluation. The
targets can be any variable in the computation graph. When the target
is the `optimizer` variable, the neural network will be optimized
once. When the target is the `cost` variable, `session.eval` returns
the cost value.
The Python `session` is a wrapper of the C++ `Session` class. For more
information about `Session`, please
see [Design Doc: Session](./session.md).
### PaddlePaddle Converter
PaddlePaddle converter automatically converts the IR in the request
(IR and evaluation inputs/targets) from PaddlePaddle Python to new
partitioned IRs and dispatch the new IRs and evaluation inputs/targets
to different PaddlePaddle runtimes. Below are the steps:
1. Add `feed` OP that feeds the eval inputs, and `fetch` OP that
fetches the eval targets to the IR.
1. Extract a new computation (sub)graph with `feed` and `fetch` OP as
the boundary. The runtime does not need to run the OP that is not
dependent by the `fetch` OP.
1. Optimizes the computation graph.
1. Place the OPs in the graph onto different devices on different
PaddlePaddle runtime according to a placement algorithm and device
constraint specified by the user.
1. Partition the graph according to runtime boundaries and add `send` /
`recv` OP pair on the runtime boundaries.
1. Dispatch the partitioned graph to different PaddlePaddle runtimes.
1. PaddlePaddle runtimes with the `fetch` OP reports evaluation
results back to the converter, the convert reports the evaluation
results back to the PaddlePaddle Python.
The output IRs will be cached to optimize the conversion latency.
#### Placement Algorithm
Our first implementation will only support "trainer-parameter server"
placement: the parameters, initializers, and optimizers are placed on
the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the parameter server role. And
everything else will be placed on the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the
trainer role. This has the same functionality of our
"trainer-parameter server" architecture of PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, but
is more general and flexible.
In the future, we will implement the general placement algorithm,
which makes placements according to the input IR, and a model of
device computation time and device communication time. Model
parallelism requires the general placement algorithm.
### PaddlePaddle Runtime
The PaddlePaddle runtime owns multiple devices (e.g., CPUs, GPUs) and
runs the IR. The runtime does not need to do OP placement since it's
already done by the converter.
### Local Training Architecture
The local training architecture will be the same as the distributed
training architecture, the differences are everything runs locally,
and there is just one PaddlePaddle runtime:
<img src="src/local_architecture.png"/>
### Training Data
In PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, training data is typically read
with [data reader](../reader/README.md) from Python. This approach is
no longer efficient when training distributedly since the Python
process no longer runs on the same node with the trainer processes,
the Python reader will need to read from the distributed filesystem
(assuming it has the access) and send to the trainers, doubling the
network traffic.
When doing distributed training, the user can still use Python data
reader: the training data are sent with `session.eval`. However should
be used for debugging purpose only. The users are encouraged to use
the read data OPs.
## References:
[1] [TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Distributed Systems](https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/45166.pdf)
[2] [TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi16/osdi16-abadi.pdf)
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<li>Design Doc: Distributed Training Architecture</li>
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<div class="section" id="design-doc-distributed-training-architecture">
<span id="design-doc-distributed-training-architecture"></span><h1>Design Doc: Distributed Training Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#design-doc-distributed-training-architecture" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="abstract">
<span id="abstract"></span><h2>Abstract<a class="headerlink" href="#abstract" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 uses the &#8220;trainer-parameter server&#8221;
architecture. We run multiple replicated instances of trainers (runs
the same code written by the user) and parameter servers for
distributed training. This architecture served us well, but has some
limitations:</p>
<ol class="simple">
<li>Need to write special code to handle tasks which should only be run
by a single trainer. E.g., initializing model and saving model.</li>
<li>Model parallelism is hard: need to write if-else branches conditioned
on the trainer ID to partition model onto each trainer, and manually
write the inter-model-shard communication code.</li>
<li>The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule: need
to modify the parameter server C++ code and compile a new
binary. This adds complication for researchers: A lot of extra
effort is required. Besides, the training job submission program
may not allow running arbitrary binaries.</li>
</ol>
<p>This design doc discusses PaddlePaddle&#8217;s new distributed training
architecture that addresses the above limitations.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="analysis">
<span id="analysis"></span><h2>Analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#analysis" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>We will assume the user writes the trainer program by Python, the same
analysis holds if the trainer program is written in C++.</p>
<div class="section" id="limitation-1">
<span id="limitation-1"></span><h3>Limitation 1<a class="headerlink" href="#limitation-1" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>If we look at the Python code that the user writes, there are two
kinds of functionalities:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The training logic such as load / save model and print log.</li>
<li>The neural network definition such as the definition of the data
layer, the fully connected layer, the cost function and the
optimizer.</li>
</ul>
<p>When we training with PaddlePaddle v0.10.0 distributedly, multiple
replicated Python instances are running on different nodes: both the
training logic and the neural network computation is replicated.</p>
<p>The tasks that should only run once all belong to the training logic,
if we only replicate the neural network computation, but do <strong>not</strong>
replicate the training logic, the limitation could be solved.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="limitation-2">
<span id="limitation-2"></span><h3>Limitation 2<a class="headerlink" href="#limitation-2" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>Model parallelism means running a single model on multiple nodes by
partitioning the model onto different nodes and managing the
inter-model-shard communications.</p>
<p>PaddlePaddle should be able to modify the nerual network computation
definition to support model parallelism automatically. However, the
computation is only specified in Python code, and PaddlePaddle can not
modify Python code.</p>
<p>Just like compiler uses a intermediate representation (IR) so that
programmer does not need to manually optimize their code in most of
the cases - the compiler will optimize the IR:</p>
<p><img src="src/compiler.png"/></p>
<p>We can have our own IR too: PaddlePaddle can support model parallel by
converting the IR so the user no longer need to manually do it in
Python:</p>
<p><img src="src/paddle-compile.png"/></p>
<p>The IR for PaddlePaddle after refactor is called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Block</span></code>, it specifies
the computation dependency graph and the variables used in the
computation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="limitation-3">
<span id="limitation-3"></span><h3>Limitation 3<a class="headerlink" href="#limitation-3" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>The user can not directly specify the parameter update rule for the
parameter server because the parameter server does not use the same
computation definition as the trainer. Instead, the update rule is
baked in the parameter server. The user can not specify the update
rule in the same way of specifying the trainer computation.</p>
<p>This could be fixed by making the parameter server run the same
computation definition as the trainer. For a detailed explanation,
please
see
<a class="reference external" href="design/refactor/dist_train.md">Design Doc: Operation Graph Based Parameter Server</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="distributed-training-architecture">
<span id="distributed-training-architecture"></span><h2>Distributed Training Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#distributed-training-architecture" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>The new distributed training architecture can address the above
limitations. Below is the illustration:</p>
<p><img src="src/distributed_architecture.png"/></p>
<p>The architecture includes major components: <em>PaddlePaddle Python</em>,
<em>PaddlePaddle converter</em> and <em>PaddlePaddle runtime</em>:</p>
<div class="section" id="paddlepaddle-python">
<span id="paddlepaddle-python"></span><h3>PaddlePaddle Python<a class="headerlink" href="#paddlepaddle-python" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle Python is the Python library that user&#8217;s Python trainer
invoke to build the neural network topology, start training, etc.</p>
<div class="highlight-Python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recordIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/home/data/mnist.recordio&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># file stored on the cluster</span>
<span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">hidden</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">act</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tanh</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">prediction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">act</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Softmax</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">classification_cost</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SGD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">learning_rate</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.01</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">NewRemote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num_trainer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_ps</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GPU_per_trainer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cost_val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">targets</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">cost_val</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The code above is a typical Python trainer code, the neural network
topology is built using helper functions such as
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">paddle.layer.fc</span></code>. The training is done by calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code>
iteratively.</p>
<div class="section" id="session-eval">
<span id="session-eval"></span><h4>session.eval<a class="headerlink" href="#session-eval" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h4>
<p>As shown in the graph, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code> sends the IR and the evaluation
inputs/targets to the PaddlePaddle cluster for evaluation. The
targets can be any variable in the computation graph. When the target
is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optimizer</span></code> variable, the neural network will be optimized
once. When the target is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cost</span></code> variable, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code> returns
the cost value.</p>
<p>The Python <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session</span></code> is a wrapper of the C++ <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Session</span></code> class. For more
information about <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Session</span></code>, please
see <a class="reference external" href="design/refactor/session.md">Design Doc: Session</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="paddlepaddle-converter">
<span id="paddlepaddle-converter"></span><h3>PaddlePaddle Converter<a class="headerlink" href="#paddlepaddle-converter" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle converter automatically converts the IR in the request
(IR and evaluation inputs/targets) from PaddlePaddle Python to new
partitioned IRs and dispatch the new IRs and evaluation inputs/targets
to different PaddlePaddle runtimes. Below are the steps:</p>
<ol class="simple">
<li>Add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">feed</span></code> OP that feeds the eval inputs, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP that
fetches the eval targets to the IR.</li>
<li>Extract a new computation (sub)graph with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">feed</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP as
the boundary. The runtime does not need to run the OP that is not
dependent by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP.</li>
<li>Optimizes the computation graph.</li>
<li>Place the OPs in the graph onto different devices on different
PaddlePaddle runtime according to a placement algorithm and device
constraint specified by the user.</li>
<li>Partition the graph according to runtime boundaries and add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send</span></code> /
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> OP pair on the runtime boundaries.</li>
<li>Dispatch the partitioned graph to different PaddlePaddle runtimes.</li>
<li>PaddlePaddle runtimes with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code> OP reports evaluation
results back to the converter, the convert reports the evaluation
results back to the PaddlePaddle Python.</li>
</ol>
<p>The output IRs will be cached to optimize the conversion latency.</p>
<div class="section" id="placement-algorithm">
<span id="placement-algorithm"></span><h4>Placement Algorithm<a class="headerlink" href="#placement-algorithm" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h4>
<p>Our first implementation will only support &#8220;trainer-parameter server&#8221;
placement: the parameters, initializers, and optimizers are placed on
the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the parameter server role. And
everything else will be placed on the PaddlePaddle runtimes with the
trainer role. This has the same functionality of our
&#8220;trainer-parameter server&#8221; architecture of PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, but
is more general and flexible.</p>
<p>In the future, we will implement the general placement algorithm,
which makes placements according to the input IR, and a model of
device computation time and device communication time. Model
parallelism requires the general placement algorithm.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="paddlepaddle-runtime">
<span id="paddlepaddle-runtime"></span><h3>PaddlePaddle Runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#paddlepaddle-runtime" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>The PaddlePaddle runtime owns multiple devices (e.g., CPUs, GPUs) and
runs the IR. The runtime does not need to do OP placement since it&#8217;s
already done by the converter.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="local-training-architecture">
<span id="local-training-architecture"></span><h3>Local Training Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#local-training-architecture" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>The local training architecture will be the same as the distributed
training architecture, the differences are everything runs locally,
and there is just one PaddlePaddle runtime:</p>
<p><img src="src/local_architecture.png"/></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="training-data">
<span id="training-data"></span><h3>Training Data<a class="headerlink" href="#training-data" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>In PaddlePaddle v0.10.0, training data is typically read
with <a class="reference internal" href="../reader/README.html"><span class="doc">data reader</span></a> from Python. This approach is
no longer efficient when training distributedly since the Python
process no longer runs on the same node with the trainer processes,
the Python reader will need to read from the distributed filesystem
(assuming it has the access) and send to the trainers, doubling the
network traffic.</p>
<p>When doing distributed training, the user can still use Python data
reader: the training data are sent with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.eval</span></code>. However should
be used for debugging purpose only. The users are encouraged to use
the read data OPs.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="references">
<span id="references"></span><h2>References:<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>[1] <a class="reference external" href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/45166.pdf">TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Distributed Systems</a></p>
<p>[2] <a class="reference external" href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi16/osdi16-abadi.pdf">TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning</a></p>
</div>
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