Merge branch 'develop' of https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle into feature/trainer_by_pe

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ message(STATUS "CXX compiler: ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}, version: "
 message(STATUS "C compiler: ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER}, version: "
         "${CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID} ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER_VERSION}")
 
-find_package(Sphinx)
 if(NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
     find_package(CUDA QUIET)
 endif(NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
@@ -226,5 +225,7 @@ if(WITH_PYTHON)
 endif()
 
 if(WITH_DOC)
+    find_package(Sphinx REQUIRED)
+    find_python_module(recommonmark REQUIRED)
     add_subdirectory(doc)
 endif()

cmake/external/mkldnn.cmake

@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ ExternalProject_Add(
     GIT_TAG             "v0.14"
     PREFIX              ${MKLDNN_SOURCES_DIR}
     UPDATE_COMMAND      ""
+    # Patch MKLDNN to compile with gcc 4.8, the related issue is in intel/mkl-dnn#237.
+    PATCH_COMMAND       ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/patches/mkldnn.hpp ${MKLDNN_SOURCES_DIR}/src/extern_mkldnn/include/mkldnn.hpp
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${MKLDNN_INSTALL_DIR}
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} 
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DMKLROOT=${MKLML_ROOT}

cmake/inference_lib.cmake

@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ copy(glog_lib
   DSTS ${dst_dir} ${dst_dir}/lib
 )
 
+set(dst_dir "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/third_party/boost/")
+copy(boost_lib
+  SRCS ${BOOST_INCLUDE_DIR}/boost
+  DSTS ${dst_dir}
+)
+
 if(NOT PROTOBUF_FOUND)
     set(dst_dir "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/third_party/install/protobuf")
     copy(protobuf_lib

doc/fluid/design/dist_train/async_update.md

@@ -4,34 +4,37 @@
 
 For the typical synchronous distributed training, some significant steps are as follows:
 
-1. A Trainer will compute the gradients and SEND them to the Parameter Server(PServer) nodes.
-1. After the PServer node received gradients came from all the Trainers, It will aggregate the
+1. A trainer process will compute the gradients and **send** them to the parameter server (PS) nodes.
+1. After the PS node received gradients came from all the Trainers, It will aggregate the
 gradient variables for the same parameter into one gradient variable and then apply the aggregated
 gradient to the respective parameter, finally using an optimize algorithms(SGD, Monument...)
 to update the parameters.
-1. The Trainer would wait for the PServers finished the optimize stage, and GET the parameters from PServer,
+1. The Trainer would wait for the PS finished the optimize stage, and GET the parameters from PS,
 so all the Trainers would get the same parameters.
 
-In the synchronously distributed training, there should be a `Barrier` to synchronise the
-parameters after the optimizing stage. The performance of a distributed training job would
-depend on the slowest node if there were hundreds or thousands of training nodes in a
-Job, the performance of synchronously distributed training might be very poor because of
-the slow node. So this design doc would introduce an approach to implement
-*asynchronously* distributed training in PaddlePaddle Fluid.
+In Synchronous Distributed Training, there is a **barrier** on each PS to wait until all trainers processes
+have completed running current mini-batch. After that, all trainers can continue to run the next
+mini-batch. So, we can find that the overall performance of Synchronous Distributed Training depends 
+on the slowest node.
+
+In Asynchronous Distributed Training, we don't need to wait for a global mini-bach, the optimizer on
+the PS will run immediately when the gradient is uploaded to the PS from one trainer. This mode would
+train such models that achieve scaling, better throughput. In this design doc, we will introduce how to 
+implement the Asynchronous Distributed Training base on PaddlePaddle Fluid.
 
 ## Design
 
 <img src="./src/async_update.png" width="600"/>
 
-As the figure above, we describe a global view of asynchronously update process and use
+As the figure above, we describe a global view of the asynchronous update process and use
 the parameter `w1` as an example to introduce the steps:
 1. For each gradient variables, they may distribute on different GPU card and aggregate
 them while they are all calculated.
-1. Split the gradient variable into multiple blocks according to the number of PServer
+1. Split the gradient variable into multiple blocks according to the number of PS
 instances and then send them.
-1. PServer would run an `Optimize Block` using a specified optimize algorithm to update
+1. PS would run an `Optimize Block` using a specified optimize algorithm to update
 the specified parameter.
-1. The trainer will fetch latest parameter from PServer before running forward Op which depends
+1. The trainer will fetch the latest parameter from PS before running forward Op which depends
 on the specified parameter.
 1. Broadcast the received variable into multiple GPU cards and continue to run the next
 mini-batch.
@@ -40,8 +43,8 @@ mini-batch.
 
 - For the multiple devices distributed training, we need to aggregate the gradient
 variables which placed on different devices firstly and then schedule a `SendVars` Operator to
-send the gradient variables to the multiple PServer instances.
-- Schedule `FetchVars` operator to fetch the latest parameter from PServer before running
+send the gradient variables to the multiple PS instances.
+- Schedule `FetchVars` operator to fetch the latest parameter from PS before running
 the forward ops.
 - There could be a large number of gradient variables to be sent, so we need to use another
 thread pool(IO Threadpool) whose a number of the schedulable threads is larger than the

doc/v2/build_and_install/build_from_source_cn.rst

@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@
 ----------------
 
 PaddlePaddle需要使用Docker环境完成编译，这样可以免去单独安装编译依赖的步骤，可选的不同编译环境Docker镜像
-可以在 `这里 <https://hub.docker.com/r/paddlepaddle/paddle_manylinux_devel/tags/>`_ 找到。或者
-参考下述可选步骤，从源码中构建用于编译PaddlePaddle的Docker镜像。
+可以在 `这里 <https://hub.docker.com/r/paddlepaddle/paddle_manylinux_devel/tags/>`_ 找到，您也可以
+在 `这里 <https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/tree/develop/tools/manylinux1/>`_ 找到 paddle_manylinux_devel
+镜像的编译以及使用方法。或者参考下述可选步骤，从源码中构建用于编译PaddlePaddle的Docker镜像。
 
 如果您选择不使用Docker镜像，则需要在本机安装下面章节列出的 `编译依赖`_ 之后才能开始编译的步骤。
 

doc/v2/build_and_install/build_from_source_en.rst

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ How To Build
 You need to use Docker to build PaddlePaddle
 to avoid installing dependencies by yourself. We have several pre-built
 Docker images `here <https://hub.docker.com/r/paddlepaddle/paddle_manylinux_devel/tags/>`_ ,
+you can also find how to build and use paddle_manylinux_devel Docker image from
+`here <https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/tree/develop/tools/manylinux1/>`_
 Or you can build your own image from source as the optional step below:
 
 .. code-block:: bash

paddle/fluid/framework/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ proto_library(framework_proto SRCS framework.proto)
 cc_library(ddim SRCS ddim.cc DEPS eigen3 boost)
 cc_test(ddim_test SRCS ddim_test.cc DEPS ddim)
 nv_test(dim_test SRCS dim_test.cu DEPS ddim)
-
+cc_library(data_type SRCS data_type.cc DEPS framework_proto ddim device_context)
 if(WITH_GPU)
-  nv_library(tensor SRCS tensor.cc tensor_util.cu DEPS ddim place memory device_context framework_proto)
+  nv_library(tensor SRCS tensor.cc tensor_util.cu DEPS place memory data_type)
 else()
-  cc_library(tensor SRCS tensor.cc tensor_util.cc DEPS ddim place memory device_context framework_proto)
+  cc_library(tensor SRCS tensor.cc tensor_util.cc DEPS place memory data_type)
 endif()
 
 cc_test(tensor_test SRCS tensor_test.cc DEPS tensor)

paddle/fluid/framework/data_type.cc

+//   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/data_type.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace framework {
+
+struct DataTypeMap {
+  std::unordered_map<std::type_index, proto::VarType::Type> cpp_to_proto_;
+  std::unordered_map<int, std::type_index> proto_to_cpp_;
+  std::unordered_map<int, std::string> proto_to_str_;
+  std::unordered_map<std::type_index, size_t> cpp_to_size_;
+};
+
+static DataTypeMap* InitDataTypeMap();
+static DataTypeMap& gDataTypeMap() {
+  static DataTypeMap* g_data_type_map_ = InitDataTypeMap();
+  return *g_data_type_map_;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+static inline void RegisterType(DataTypeMap* map,
+                                proto::VarType::Type proto_type,
+                                const std::string& name) {
+  map->proto_to_cpp_.emplace(static_cast<int>(proto_type), typeid(T));
+  map->cpp_to_proto_.emplace(typeid(T), proto_type);
+  map->proto_to_str_.emplace(static_cast<int>(proto_type), name);
+  map->cpp_to_size_.emplace(typeid(T), sizeof(T));
+}
+
+static DataTypeMap* InitDataTypeMap() {
+  auto retv = new DataTypeMap();
+
+#define RegType(cc_type, proto_type) \
+  RegisterType<cc_type>(retv, proto_type, #cc_type)
+
+  // NOTE: Add your customize type here.
+  RegType(platform::float16, proto::VarType::FP16);
+  RegType(float, proto::VarType::FP32);
+  RegType(double, proto::VarType::FP64);
+  RegType(int, proto::VarType::INT32);
+  RegType(int64_t, proto::VarType::INT64);
+  RegType(bool, proto::VarType::BOOL);
+  RegType(size_t, proto::VarType::SIZE_T);
+  RegType(int16_t, proto::VarType::INT16);
+
+#undef RegType
+  return retv;
+}
+
+proto::VarType::Type ToDataType(std::type_index type) {
+  auto it = gDataTypeMap().cpp_to_proto_.find(type);
+  if (it != gDataTypeMap().cpp_to_proto_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+  PADDLE_THROW("Not support %s as tensor type", type.name());
+}
+
+std::type_index ToTypeIndex(proto::VarType::Type type) {
+  auto it = gDataTypeMap().proto_to_cpp_.find(static_cast<int>(type));
+  if (it != gDataTypeMap().proto_to_cpp_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+  PADDLE_THROW("Not support proto::VarType::Type(%d) as tensor type",
+               static_cast<int>(type));
+}
+
+std::string DataTypeToString(const proto::VarType::Type type) {
+  auto it = gDataTypeMap().proto_to_str_.find(static_cast<int>(type));
+  if (it != gDataTypeMap().proto_to_str_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+  PADDLE_THROW("Not support proto::VarType::Type(%d) as tensor type",
+               static_cast<int>(type));
+}
+
+size_t SizeOfType(std::type_index type) {
+  auto it = gDataTypeMap().cpp_to_size_.find(type);
+  if (it != gDataTypeMap().cpp_to_size_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+  PADDLE_THROW("Not support %s as tensor type", type.name());
+}
+
+}  // namespace framework
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/framework/data_type.h

@@ -17,51 +17,14 @@ limitations under the License. */
 #include <typeindex>
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/framework.pb.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/enforce.h"
+
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/float16.h"
 
 namespace paddle {
 namespace framework {
 
-inline proto::VarType::Type ToDataType(std::type_index type) {
-  if (typeid(platform::float16).hash_code() == type.hash_code()) {
-    return proto::VarType::FP16;
-  } else if (typeid(const float).hash_code() == type.hash_code()) {
-    // CPPLint complains Using C-style cast.  Use static_cast<float>() instead
-    // One fix to this is to replace float with const float because
-    // typeid(T) == typeid(const T)
-    // http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/typeid
-    return proto::VarType::FP32;
-  } else if (typeid(const double).hash_code() == type.hash_code()) {
-    return proto::VarType::FP64;
-  } else if (typeid(const int).hash_code() == type.hash_code()) {
-    return proto::VarType::INT32;
-  } else if (typeid(const int64_t).hash_code() == type.hash_code()) {
-    return proto::VarType::INT64;
-  } else if (typeid(const bool).hash_code() == type.hash_code()) {
-    return proto::VarType::BOOL;
-  } else {
-    PADDLE_THROW("Not supported");
-  }
-}
-
-inline std::type_index ToTypeIndex(proto::VarType::Type type) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case proto::VarType::FP16:
-      return typeid(platform::float16);
-    case proto::VarType::FP32:
-      return typeid(float);
-    case proto::VarType::FP64:
-      return typeid(double);
-    case proto::VarType::INT32:
-      return typeid(int);
-    case proto::VarType::INT64:
-      return typeid(int64_t);
-    case proto::VarType::BOOL:
-      return typeid(bool);
-    default:
-      PADDLE_THROW("Not support type %d", type);
-  }
-}
+extern proto::VarType::Type ToDataType(std::type_index type);
+extern std::type_index ToTypeIndex(proto::VarType::Type type);
 
 template <typename Visitor>
 inline void VisitDataType(proto::VarType::Type type, Visitor visitor) {
@@ -89,32 +52,12 @@ inline void VisitDataType(proto::VarType::Type type, Visitor visitor) {
   }
 }
 
-inline std::string DataTypeToString(const proto::VarType::Type type) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case proto::VarType::FP16:
-      return "float16";
-    case proto::VarType::FP32:
-      return "float32";
-    case proto::VarType::FP64:
-      return "float64";
-    case proto::VarType::INT16:
-      return "int16";
-    case proto::VarType::INT32:
-      return "int32";
-    case proto::VarType::INT64:
-      return "int64";
-    case proto::VarType::BOOL:
-      return "bool";
-    default:
-      PADDLE_THROW("Not support type %d", type);
-  }
-}
-
+extern std::string DataTypeToString(const proto::VarType::Type type);
+extern size_t SizeOfType(std::type_index type);
 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out,
                                 const proto::VarType::Type& type) {
   out << DataTypeToString(type);
   return out;
 }
-
 }  // namespace framework
 }  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/framework/details/build_strategy.h

+// Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace framework {
+namespace details {
+
+struct BuildStrategy {
+  enum class ReduceStrategy { kAllReduce = 0, kReduce = 1 };
+
+  enum class GradientScaleStrategy {
+    kCoeffNumDevice = 0,
+    kOne = 1,
+    kCustomized = 2,
+  };
+
+  ReduceStrategy reduce_{ReduceStrategy::kAllReduce};
+  GradientScaleStrategy gradient_scale_{GradientScaleStrategy::kCoeffNumDevice};
+};
+
+}  // namespace details
+}  // namespace framework
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/framework/details/execution_strategy.h

+// Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace framework {
+namespace details {
+
+struct ExecutionStrategy {
+  size_t num_threads_{0};
+  bool use_event_{true};
+  bool allow_op_delay_{false};
+};
+
+}  //  namespace details
+}  //  namespace framework
+}  //  namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/framework/details/multi_devices_graph_builder.cc

@@ -37,31 +37,26 @@ MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder::MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder(
     const std::string &loss_var_name,
     const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
     const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
-    platform::NCCLContextMap *nccl_ctxs, bool use_default_grad_scale,
-    bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards)
+    platform::NCCLContextMap *nccl_ctxs, const BuildStrategy &strategy)
     : loss_var_name_(loss_var_name),
       places_(places),
       local_scopes_(local_scopes),
       nccl_ctxs_(nccl_ctxs),
-      balance_parameter_opt_between_cards_(
-          balance_parameter_opt_between_cards) {
+      strategy_(strategy) {
 #else
 MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder::MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder(
     const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
     const std::string &loss_var_name,
     const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
-    const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes, bool use_default_grad_scale,
-    bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards)
+    const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes, const BuildStrategy &strategy)
     : loss_var_name_(loss_var_name),
       places_(places),
       local_scopes_(local_scopes),
-      balance_parameter_opt_between_cards_(
-          balance_parameter_opt_between_cards) {
+      strategy_(strategy) {
 #endif
   for (auto &p : params) {
     grad_names_.insert(GradVarName(p));
   }
-  use_default_grad_scale_ = use_default_grad_scale;
 }
 
 void MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder::CreateOpHandleIOs(SSAGraph *result,
@@ -146,7 +141,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<SSAGraph> MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder::Build(
       CreateComputationalOps(&result, *op, 1);
     } else if (IsScaleLossOp(*op)) {
       // user can customize loss@grad if not use_default_grad_scale_
-      if (use_default_grad_scale_) {
+      if (strategy_.gradient_scale_ !=
+          BuildStrategy::GradientScaleStrategy::kCustomized) {
         CreateScaleLossGradOp(&result);
       }
       is_forwarding = false;
@@ -165,19 +161,22 @@ std::unique_ptr<SSAGraph> MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder::Build(
         // broadcast, and each gradient is only broadcast once.
         for (auto &og : op->OutputArgumentNames()) {
           if (IsParameterGradientOnce(og, &og_has_been_broadcast)) {
-            if (balance_parameter_opt_between_cards_) {
+            switch (strategy_.reduce_) {
+              case BuildStrategy::ReduceStrategy::kReduce:
                 CreateReduceOp(&result, og, cur_device_id);
                 var_name_on_devices[cur_device_id].emplace(og);
                 bcast_var_name_set[cur_device_id].emplace(
                     og.substr(0, og.size() - strlen(kGradVarSuffix)));
                 cur_device_id = (cur_device_id + 1) % places_.size();
-            } else {
+                break;
+              case BuildStrategy::ReduceStrategy::kAllReduce:
                 if (IsSparseGradient(var_types, og)) {
                   CreateReduceOp(&result, og, 0);
                   CreateBroadcastOp(&result, og, 0);
                 } else {
                   InsertNCCLAllReduceOp(&result, og);
                 }
+                break;
             }
           }
         }
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ bool MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder::IsParameterGradientOnce(
 int MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder::GetOpDeviceID(
     const std::vector<std::unordered_set<std::string>> &var_name_on_devices,
     const OpDesc &op) const {
-  if (!balance_parameter_opt_between_cards_) {
+  if (strategy_.reduce_ != BuildStrategy::ReduceStrategy::kReduce) {
     return -1;
   }
 

paddle/fluid/framework/details/multi_devices_graph_builder.h

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/details/build_strategy.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/details/ssa_graph_builder.h"
 
 namespace paddle {
@@ -36,15 +37,13 @@ class MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder : public SSAGraphBuilder {
                           const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
                           const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
                           platform::NCCLContextMap *nccl_ctxs,
-                          bool use_default_grad_scale,
-                          bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards);
+                          const BuildStrategy &strategy);
 #else
   MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder(const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
                           const std::string &loss_var_name,
                           const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
                           const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
-                          bool use_default_grad_scale,
-                          bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards);
+                          const BuildStrategy &strategy);
 #endif
 
   std::unique_ptr<SSAGraph> Build(const ProgramDesc &program) const override;
@@ -62,8 +61,6 @@ class MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder : public SSAGraphBuilder {
 #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
   platform::NCCLContextMap *nccl_ctxs_;
 #endif
-  bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards_;
-  bool use_default_grad_scale_;
 
   bool IsScaleLossOp(const OpDesc &op) const;
 
@@ -105,6 +102,9 @@ class MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder : public SSAGraphBuilder {
   bool IsSparseGradient(
       const std::unordered_map<std::string, proto::VarType::Type> &var_types,
       const std::string &og) const;
+
+ private:
+  BuildStrategy strategy_;
 };
 }  // namespace details
 }  // namespace framework

paddle/fluid/framework/details/threaded_ssa_graph_executor.cc

@@ -18,18 +18,17 @@ namespace paddle {
 namespace framework {
 namespace details {
 ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor::ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor(
-    size_t num_threads, bool use_event,
-    const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
+    const ExecutionStrategy &strategy, const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
     const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
-    std::unique_ptr<SSAGraph> &&graph, bool allow_op_delay)
+    std::unique_ptr<SSAGraph> &&graph)
     : SSAGraphExecutor(std::move(graph)),
-      pool_(num_threads >= 2 ? new ::ThreadPool(num_threads) : nullptr),
+      pool_(strategy.num_threads_ >= 2 ? new ::ThreadPool(strategy.num_threads_)
+                                       : nullptr),
       local_scopes_(local_scopes),
       places_(places),
       fetch_ctxs_(places),
-      use_event_(use_event),
       running_ops_(0),
-      allow_op_delay_(allow_op_delay) {}
+      strategy_(strategy) {}
 
 FeedFetchList ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor::Run(
     const std::vector<std::string> &fetch_tensors) {
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ FeedFetchList ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor::Run(
     //
     // NOTE: DelayedOps have a lower priority. It will be scheduled after all
     // ready_ops have been performed.
-    if (ready_ops.empty() && allow_op_delay_ && running_ops_ == 0) {
+    if (ready_ops.empty() && strategy_.allow_op_delay_ && running_ops_ == 0) {
       run_all_ops(delayed_ops);
     } else {
       run_all_ops(ready_ops);
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ FeedFetchList ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor::Run(
         auto &deps = pending_ops[op];
         --deps;
         if (deps == 0) {
-          if (op->IsMultiDeviceTransfer() && allow_op_delay_) {
+          if (op->IsMultiDeviceTransfer() && strategy_.allow_op_delay_) {
             delayed_ops.insert(op);
           } else {
             ready_ops.insert(op);
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ void ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor::RunOp(
   auto op_run = [ready_var_q, op, this] {
     try {
       VLOG(10) << op << " " << op->Name() << " : " << op->DebugString();
-      op->Run(use_event_);
+      op->Run(strategy_.use_event_);
       VLOG(10) << op << " " << op->Name() << " Done ";
       running_ops_--;
       ready_var_q->Extend(op->Outputs());

paddle/fluid/framework/details/threaded_ssa_graph_executor.h

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include "ThreadPool.h"  // ThreadPool in thrird party
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/blocking_queue.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/details/execution_strategy.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/details/fetch_op_handle.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/details/ssa_graph_executor.h"
 
@@ -34,11 +35,10 @@ namespace details {
 
 class ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor : public SSAGraphExecutor {
  public:
-  ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor(size_t num_threads, bool use_event,
+  ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor(const ExecutionStrategy &strategy,
                            const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
                            const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
-                           std::unique_ptr<SSAGraph> &&graph,
-                           bool allow_op_delay);
+                           std::unique_ptr<SSAGraph> &&graph);
 
   // Run a SSAGraph by a thread pool
   // Use topological sort algorithm
@@ -55,10 +55,8 @@ class ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor : public SSAGraphExecutor {
   std::vector<Scope *> local_scopes_;
   std::vector<platform::Place> places_;
   platform::DeviceContextPool fetch_ctxs_;
-  const bool use_event_;
   std::unique_ptr<platform::EnforceNotMet> exception_;
   std::atomic<int> running_ops_;
-  bool allow_op_delay_;
 
   void InsertPendingOp(std::unordered_map<OpHandleBase *, size_t> *pending_ops,
                        OpHandleBase *op_instance) const;
@@ -74,6 +72,9 @@ class ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor : public SSAGraphExecutor {
       std::unordered_map<OpHandleBase *, size_t> *pending_ops,
       std::unordered_set<VarHandleBase *> *pending_vars,
       BlockingQueue<VarHandleBase *> *ready_vars, FeedFetchList *fetch_data);
+
+ private:
+  ExecutionStrategy strategy_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace details

paddle/fluid/framework/framework.proto

@@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ message VarType {
     FP16 = 4;
     FP32 = 5;
     FP64 = 6;
+    // Tensor<size_t> is used in C++.
+    SIZE_T = 19;
 
     // Other types that may need additional descriptions
     LOD_TENSOR = 7;

paddle/fluid/framework/op_kernel_type_test.cc

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ TEST(OpKernelType, ToString) {
                               LibraryType::kCUDNN);
 
   ASSERT_EQ(paddle::framework::KernelTypeToString(op_kernel_type),
-            "data_type[float32]:data_layout[NCHW]:place[CPUPlace]:library_type["
+            "data_type[float]:data_layout[NCHW]:place[CPUPlace]:library_type["
             "CUDNN]");
 }
 

paddle/fluid/framework/operator.h

@@ -192,6 +192,10 @@ class ExecutionContext {
     return op_.Attr<T>(name);
   }
 
+  bool HasInput(const std::string& name) const { return op_.HasInputs(name); }
+
+  bool HasOutput(const std::string& name) const { return op_.HasOutputs(name); }
+
   size_t InputSize(const std::string& name) const {
     return op_.Inputs(name).size();
   }

paddle/fluid/framework/parallel_executor.cc

@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ std::vector<Scope *> &ParallelExecutor::GetLocalScopes() {
 }
 
 ParallelExecutor::ParallelExecutor(
-    size_t num_threads, bool use_event,
     const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
     const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
     const std::unordered_set<std::string> &bcast_vars,
     const ProgramDesc &main_program, const std::string &loss_var_name,
-    Scope *scope, const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes, bool allow_op_delay,
-    bool use_default_grad_scale, bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards)
+    Scope *scope, const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
+    const ExecutionStrategy &exec_strategy, const BuildStrategy &build_strategy,
+    size_t num_trainers, size_t trainer_id)
     : member_(new ParallelExecutorPrivate(places)) {
   member_->global_scope_ = scope;
 
@@ -80,7 +80,13 @@ ParallelExecutor::ParallelExecutor(
 
 // Bcast Parameters to all GPUs
 #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
-  member_->nccl_ctxs_.reset(new platform::NCCLContextMap(member_->places_));
+  auto *nccl_id_var = scope->FindVar(NCCL_ID_VARNAME);
+  ncclUniqueId *nccl_id = nullptr;
+  if (nccl_id_var != nullptr) {
+    nccl_id = nccl_id_var->GetMutable<ncclUniqueId>();
+  }
+  member_->nccl_ctxs_.reset(new platform::NCCLContextMap(
+      member_->places_, nccl_id, num_trainers, trainer_id));
 #endif
   if (platform::is_gpu_place(places[0]) && member_->local_scopes_.size() != 1 &&
       local_scopes.empty()) {  // Is CUDA
@@ -93,18 +99,16 @@ ParallelExecutor::ParallelExecutor(
 #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
   details::MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder builder(
       member_->places_, loss_var_name, params, member_->local_scopes_,
-      member_->nccl_ctxs_.get(), use_default_grad_scale,
-      balance_parameter_opt_between_cards);
+      member_->nccl_ctxs_.get(), build_strategy);
 #else
-  details::MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder builder(
-      member_->places_, loss_var_name, params, member_->local_scopes_,
-      use_default_grad_scale, balance_parameter_opt_between_cards);
+  details::MultiDevSSAGraphBuilder builder(member_->places_, loss_var_name,
+                                           params, member_->local_scopes_,
+                                           build_strategy);
 #endif
   auto graph = builder.Build(main_program);
 
   member_->executor_.reset(new details::ThreadedSSAGraphExecutor(
-      num_threads, use_event, member_->local_scopes_, places, std::move(graph),
-      allow_op_delay));
+      exec_strategy, member_->local_scopes_, places, std::move(graph)));
 
   // Step 3. Create vars in each scope;
   for (auto *var : main_program.Block(0).AllVars()) {

paddle/fluid/framework/parallel_executor.h

@@ -14,56 +14,60 @@ limitations under the License. */
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <paddle/fluid/framework/details/build_strategy.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/details/execution_strategy.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/executor.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/op_info.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/program_desc.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/scope.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/tensor.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/device_context.h"
-
 namespace paddle {
 namespace framework {
 
 class ParallelExecutorPrivate;
 
+using details::BuildStrategy;
+using details::ExecutionStrategy;
+
 class ParallelExecutor {
   DISABLE_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ParallelExecutor);
 
  public:
-  explicit ParallelExecutor(size_t num_threads, bool use_event,
-                            const std::vector<platform::Place>& places,
-                            const std::unordered_set<std::string>& params,
-                            const std::unordered_set<std::string>& bcast_vars,
-                            const ProgramDesc& main_program,
-                            const std::string& loss_var_name, Scope* scope,
-                            const std::vector<Scope*>& local_scopes,
-                            bool allow_op_delay, bool use_default_grad_scale,
-                            bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards);
+  explicit ParallelExecutor(const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
+                            const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
+                            const std::unordered_set<std::string> &bcast_vars,
+                            const ProgramDesc &main_program,
+                            const std::string &loss_var_name, Scope *scope,
+                            const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
+                            const ExecutionStrategy &exec_strategy,
+                            const BuildStrategy &build_strategy,
+                            size_t num_trainers = 1, size_t trainer_id = 0);
 
   ~ParallelExecutor();
 
-  std::vector<Scope*>& GetLocalScopes();
+  std::vector<Scope *> &GetLocalScopes();
 
   /**
    * Feed tensors to local scopes. The size of tensors should be equal to the
    * size of local scopes.
    */
   void FeedTensorsIntoLocalScopes(
-      const std::vector<std::unordered_map<std::string, LoDTensor>>& tensors);
+      const std::vector<std::unordered_map<std::string, LoDTensor>> &tensors);
 
   void FeedAndSplitTensorIntoLocalScopes(
-      const std::unordered_map<std::string, LoDTensor>& tensors);
+      const std::unordered_map<std::string, LoDTensor> &tensors);
 
-  void Run(const std::vector<std::string>& fetch_tensors,
-           const std::string& fetched_var_name);
+  void Run(const std::vector<std::string> &fetch_tensors,
+           const std::string &fetched_var_name);
 
-  void BCastParamsToGPUs(const std::unordered_set<std::string>& vars) const;
+  void BCastParamsToGPUs(const std::unordered_set<std::string> &vars) const;
 
  private:
-  ParallelExecutorPrivate* member_;
+  ParallelExecutorPrivate *member_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace framework

paddle/fluid/framework/tensor_impl.h

@@ -13,54 +13,14 @@ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License. */
 
 #pragma once
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/data_type.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/memory/memcpy.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/enforce.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/float16.h"
 
 namespace paddle {
 namespace framework {
-
-template <typename... T>
-struct SizeOfTypeFunctor;
-
-template <typename T>
-struct SizeOfTypeFunctor<T> {
-  size_t operator()(std::type_index type) const {
-    if (typeid(T).hash_code() == type.hash_code()) {
-      return sizeof(T);
-    } else {
-      return 0UL;
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-template <>
-struct SizeOfTypeFunctor<> {
-  size_t operator()(std::type_index type) const { return 0UL; }
-};
-
-template <typename HEAD, typename... TAIL>
-struct SizeOfTypeFunctor<HEAD, TAIL...> {
-  size_t operator()(std::type_index type) const {
-    SizeOfTypeFunctor<HEAD> head;
-    size_t head_size = head(type);
-    if (head_size != 0) {
-      return head_size;
-    }
-    SizeOfTypeFunctor<TAIL...> tail;
-    return tail(type);
-  }
-};
-
-static inline size_t SizeOfType(std::type_index type) {
-  SizeOfTypeFunctor<int, float, double, int16_t, int64_t, bool, size_t,
-                    platform::float16>
-      functor;
-  size_t size = functor(type);
-  PADDLE_ENFORCE(size != 0UL, "Cannot get size of type %s", type.name());
-  return size;
-}
-
+extern size_t SizeOfType(std::type_index type);
 inline void Tensor::check_memory_size() const {
   PADDLE_ENFORCE_NOT_NULL(
       holder_, "Tensor holds no memory. Call Tensor::mutable_data first.");

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/CMakeLists.txt

-cc_library(dot SRCS dot.cc)
+cc_library(analysis SRCS dot.cc node.cc node.h)
+cc_test(test_node SRCS node_tester.cc DEPS analysis)

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/device.h

+/* Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+#pragma once
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace inference {
+namespace analysis {
+
+enum class Device { CPU, GPU };
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace inference
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/dot.h

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <glog/logging.h>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/dot_tester.cc

+//   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/dot.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/data_flow_graph.h"
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace inference {
+namespace analysis {
+
+class DotTester : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    std::vector<Dot::Attr> attrs({{"title", "hello"}});
+    dot.reset(new Dot(attrs));
+    dot->AddNode("a", {Dot::Attr{"shape", "box"}, Dot::Attr("color", "blue")});
+    dot->AddNode("b", {});
+    dot->AddNode("c", {});
+    dot->AddEdge("a", "b", {});
+    dot->AddEdge("b", "c", {});
+    dot->AddEdge("a", "c", {});
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Dot> dot;
+};
+
+TEST_F(DotTester, Build) {
+  auto codes = dot->Build();
+  // Output the DOT language code, the generated codes are too long to compare
+  // the string.
+  //
+  // The output is
+  //
+  // digraph G {
+  //   title="hello"
+  //   node_1
+  //   node_2
+  //   node_0[label="a" shape="box" color="blue"]
+  //   node_0->node_1
+  //   node_1->node_2
+  //   node_0->node_2
+  // } // end G
+  LOG(INFO) << '\n' << codes;
+}
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace inference
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/helper.h

+/* Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License. */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/platform/enforce.h"
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace inference {
+namespace analysis {
+
+template <typename IteratorT>
+class iterator_range {
+  IteratorT begin_, end_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename Container>
+  explicit iterator_range(Container &&c) : begin_(c.begin()), end_(c.end()) {}
+
+  iterator_range(const IteratorT &begin, const IteratorT &end)
+      : begin_(begin), end_(end) {}
+
+  const IteratorT &begin() const { return begin_; }
+  const IteratorT &end() const { return end_; }
+};
+
+/*
+ * An registry helper class, with its records keeps the order they registers.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+class OrderedRegistry {
+ public:
+  T *Register(const std::string &name, T *x) {
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(!dic_.count(name));
+    dic_[name] = data_.size();
+    data_.emplace_back(std::unique_ptr<T>(x));
+    return data_.back().get();
+  }
+
+  T *Lookup(const std::string &name) {
+    auto it = dic_.find(name);
+    if (it == dic_.end()) return nullptr;
+    return data_[it->second].get();
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, int> dic_;
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<T>> data_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace inference
+}  // namespace paddle
+
+#define PADDLE_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(type__) \
+                                                \
+  type__(const type__ &) = delete;              \
+                                                \
+  void operator=(const type__ &) = delete;

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/node.cc

+/* Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/node.h"
+#include "glog/logging.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/platform/enforce.h"
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace inference {
+namespace analysis {
+
+std::vector<Dot::Attr> Value::dot_attrs() const {
+  return std::vector<Dot::Attr>({Dot::Attr("style", "filled,rounded"),
+                                 Dot::Attr("shape", "box"),
+                                 Dot::Attr("fillcolor", "red")});
+}
+
+std::vector<Dot::Attr> Function::dot_attrs() const {
+  return std::vector<Dot::Attr>({Dot::Attr("style", "filled,rounded"),
+                                 Dot::Attr("shape", "diamond"),
+                                 Dot::Attr("fillcolor", "yellow")});
+}
+
+Node *NodeMap::Create(Node::Type type) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case Node::Type::kFunction:
+      nodes_.emplace_back(new Function);
+      break;
+    case Node::Type::kValue:
+      nodes_.emplace_back(new Value);
+      break;
+    default:
+      PADDLE_THROW("Not supported node type.");
+  }
+  nodes_.back()->id_ = size() - 1;
+  return nodes_.back().get();
+}
+
+Node *NodeMap::GetMutable(size_t id) {
+  PADDLE_ENFORCE_GT(size(), id);
+  return nodes_[id].get();
+}
+
+const Node &NodeMap::Get(size_t id) const {
+  PADDLE_ENFORCE_GT(size(), id);
+  return *nodes_[id].get();
+}
+
+void NodeMap::Delete(size_t id) {
+  PADDLE_ENFORCE_LT(id, size());
+  nodes_[id]->SetDeleted();
+}
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace inference
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/node.h

+/* Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+/*
+ * This file defines the Node class and its subclasses. A Node is the basis
+ * analysis element in a computation graph.
+ * There are basically two kinds of nodes, the function node and value node.
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/device.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/dot.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/helper.h"
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace inference {
+namespace analysis {
+
+class NodeMap;
+
+/*
+ * Node Representation.
+ *
+ * This is a very important class for analysis. It is the base class of all
+ * nodes computed by a program that may be used as operands to other nodes.
+ * Node is the super class of other important classes such as Function and
+ * Value, some nodes can have a name.
+ */
+class Node {
+ public:
+  // Node type. NOTE the new node types should add here.
+  enum class Type { kNone = -1, kFunction, kValue, kFunctionBlock };
+
+  Node() = default;
+
+  struct Attr;
+
+  // Cast to a subclass type, Function for example.
+  template <typename Subclass>
+  Subclass &As() {
+    return *dynamic_cast<Subclass *>(this);
+  }
+
+  // Formatted representation of this Node.
+  virtual std::string repr() const {
+    return name() + "(" + std::to_string(id()) + ")";
+  }
+
+  // DOT node representation. One Node type can customize its own node
+  // representation.
+  virtual std::vector<Dot::Attr> dot_attrs() const {
+    return std::vector<Dot::Attr>({Dot::Attr("style", "filled")});
+  }
+
+  // Get an additional attribute and convert it to T data type. NOTE this will
+  // silently create a new attribute if not exists.
+  Attr &attr(const std::string &name) { return attrs_[name]; }
+
+  int id() const { return id_; }
+
+  bool deleted() const { return deleted_; }
+  void SetDeleted() { deleted_ = true; }
+
+  void SetName(const std::string &name) { name_ = name; }
+  const std::string &name() const { return name_; }
+
+  void SetType(Type type) { type_ = type; }
+  Type type() const { return type_; }
+
+  void *extra_info() const { return extra_info_; }
+  void SetExtraInfo(void *extra_info) { extra_info_ = extra_info; }
+
+  // Input links.
+  std::vector<Node *> inlinks;
+  // Output links.
+  std::vector<Node *> outlinks;
+
+  // A helper class to maintain the status from Pass.
+  // TODO(superjomn) add a checker here to ensure the T is primary.
+  struct Attr {
+    // NOTE T should be a primary type or a struct combined by several primary
+    // types.
+    // NOTE the STL containers should not use here.
+    // Some usages
+    // Attr attr;
+    // T data;
+    // attr.data.assign((char*)data, sizeof(data));
+
+    bool &Bool() { return As<bool>(); }
+    float &Float() { return As<float>(); }
+    int32_t &Int32() { return As<int32_t>(); }
+    int64_t &Int64() { return As<int64_t>(); }
+
+   private:
+    template <typename T>
+    T &As() {
+      // init storage in the first usage.
+      if (data_.empty()) {
+        VLOG(4) << "resize data to " << sizeof(T);
+        type_hash_ = typeid(T).hash_code();
+        data_.resize(sizeof(T));
+      }
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE(type_hash_ == typeid(T).hash_code(), "type not matched");
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(data_.size(), sizeof(T), "Node attr type recast error");
+      return *reinterpret_cast<T *>(&data_[0]);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    std::string data_;
+    size_t type_hash_{std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()};
+  };
+
+  virtual ~Node() {}
+
+  friend class NodeMap;
+
+  PADDLE_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Node);
+
+ protected:
+  // The id number not the name is a node's unique identifier in the computation
+  // graph.
+  int id_{-1};
+  std::string name_;
+  Type type_{Type::kNone};
+  // Mark this node is deleted by some pass.
+  bool deleted_{false};
+
+  void *extra_info_;
+
+  mutable std::unordered_map<std::string, Attr> attrs_;
+};
+
+class Function;
+/*
+ * Value represents a value node, it has some attributes including dims, data
+ * type and so on.
+ */
+class Value : public Node {
+ public:
+  enum class DataType { kInt32, kInt64, kFloat32, kFloat64 };
+  using Dims = std::vector<int>;
+
+  void SetDataType(DataType data_type) { data_type_ = data_type; }
+  DataType data_type() const { return data_type_; }
+
+  void SetDims(const Dims &dims) { dims_ = dims; }
+  const Dims &dims() const { return dims_; }
+
+  Device device() const { return device_; }
+  void SetDevice(Device device) { device_ = device; }
+
+  std::vector<Dot::Attr> dot_attrs() const override;
+
+  PADDLE_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Value);
+
+ protected:
+  Value() { SetType(Node::Type::kValue); }
+  friend class NodeMap;
+
+ private:
+  DataType data_type_;
+  Dims dims_;
+  Device device_;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Function represents any kind of executable concepts that takes several Values
+ * as input, and outputs several Values.
+ */
+class Function : public Node {
+ public:
+  std::vector<Dot::Attr> dot_attrs() const override;
+
+  // Get the operator's type from Desc.
+  const std::string &func_type() const { return func_type_; }
+  // Set the operator's type.
+  void SetFuncType(const std::string &func_type) { func_type_ = func_type; }
+
+  PADDLE_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Function);
+
+ protected:
+  std::string func_type_;
+  Function() { SetType(Node::Type::kFunction); }
+  friend class NodeMap;
+};
+
+/*
+ * FunctionBlock is a Node that contains a sub-graph multiple Node.
+ */
+struct FunctionBlock : public Node {
+  std::string repr() const override { return "block-" + std::to_string(id()); }
+  std::vector<Node *> subgraph;
+};
+
+class NodeMap {
+ public:
+  // Create a new node with type.
+  Node *Create(Node::Type type);
+
+  // Get a node by its id.
+  Node *GetMutable(size_t id);
+
+  const Node &Get(size_t id) const;
+
+  void Delete(size_t id);
+
+  const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Node>> &nodes() { return nodes_; }
+
+  size_t size() const { return nodes_.size(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Node>> nodes_;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, Node *> map_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace inference
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/node_tester.cc

+/* Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License. */
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/analysis/node.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace inference {
+namespace analysis {
+
+TEST(Node, Attr) {
+  // Node is an abstract class, use Value instead for they share the same Attr
+  // logic.
+  NodeMap nodes;
+  auto* node = nodes.Create(Node::Type::kValue);
+  node->attr("v0").Int32() = 2008;
+  ASSERT_EQ(node->attr("v0").Int32(), 2008);
+}
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace inference
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/inference/engine.h

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ limitations under the License. */
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <string>
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/framework.pb.h"
 
 namespace paddle {
@@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ class EngineBase {
 
 struct Buffer {
   void* buffer{nullptr};               // buffer should be allocated only once.
-  int max_size;                        // buffer allocated space.
-  int size;                            // data size.
+  size_t max_size;                     // buffer allocated space.
+  size_t size;                         // data size.
   DeviceType device{DeviceType::UNK};  // tells which device this buffer is on.
 };
 

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/CMakeLists.txt

 nv_library(tensorrt_engine SRCS engine.cc DEPS framework_proto)
 nv_test(test_tensorrt SRCS test_tensorrt.cc DEPS dynload_cuda device_context dynamic_loader)
 nv_test(test_tensorrt_engine SRCS test_engine.cc DEPS dynload_cuda tensorrt_engine)
-
 add_subdirectory(convert)

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/CMakeLists.txt

 nv_test(test_op_converter SRCS test_op_converter.cc mul_op.cc conv2d_op.cc DEPS ${FLUID_CORE_MODULES})
-nv_test(test_trt_activation_op SRCS test_activation_op.cc activation_op.cc
+nv_test(test_trt_activation_op SRCS test_activation_op.cc activation_op.cc io_converter.cc
   DEPS ${FLUID_CORE_MODULES} activation_op tensorrt_engine)
 nv_test(test_io_converter SRCS test_io_converter.cc io_converter.cc DEPS dynload_cuda dynamic_loader lod_tensor)

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/activation_op.cc

@@ -21,15 +21,18 @@ namespace tensorrt {
 class ReluOpConverter : public OpConverter {
  public:
   ReluOpConverter() {}
-  void operator()(const framework::OpDesc& op) override {
+  void operator()(const framework::proto::OpDesc& op) override {
+    // Here the two nullptr looks strange, that's because the
+    // framework::OpDesc's constructor is strange.
+    framework::OpDesc op_desc(op, nullptr, nullptr);
     LOG(INFO) << "convert a fluid relu op to tensorrt activation layer whose "
                  "type is Relu";
     const nvinfer1::ITensor* input_tensor =
-        engine_->GetITensor(op.Input("X")[0]);
+        engine_->GetITensor(op_desc.Input("X")[0]);
     nvinfer1::IActivationLayer* layer = TRT_ENGINE_ADD_LAYER(
         engine_, Activation, *const_cast<nvinfer1::ITensor*>(input_tensor),
         nvinfer1::ActivationType::kRELU);
-    engine_->SetITensor(op.Output("Out")[0], layer->getOutput(0));
+    engine_->SetITensor(op_desc.Output("Out")[0], layer->getOutput(0));
   }
 };
 

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/conv2d_op.cc

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace tensorrt {
 class Conv2dOpConverter : public OpConverter {
  public:
   Conv2dOpConverter() {}
-  void operator()(const framework::OpDesc& op) override {
+  void operator()(const framework::proto::OpDesc& op) override {
     LOG(INFO)
         << "convert a fluid conv2d op to tensorrt conv layer without bias";
   }

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/io_converter.cc

@@ -23,26 +23,42 @@ namespace tensorrt {
 using platform::is_gpu_place;
 using platform::is_cpu_place;
 
-class DefaultInputConverter : public EngineInputConverter {
+class DefaultIOConverter : public EngineIOConverter {
  public:
-  DefaultInputConverter() {}
+  DefaultIOConverter() {}
   // NOTE out is GPU memory.
   virtual void operator()(const LoDTensor& in, void* out,
                           size_t max_size) override {
     PADDLE_ENFORCE(out != nullptr);
-    PADDLE_ENFORCE_LE(in.memory_size(), max_size);
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(stream_ != nullptr);
     const auto& place = in.place();
+    size_t size = in.memory_size();
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE_LE(size, max_size);
     if (is_cpu_place(place)) {
-      PADDLE_ENFORCE(stream_ != nullptr);
-      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(0,
-                        cudaMemcpyAsync(out, in.data<float>(), in.memory_size(),
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(0, cudaMemcpyAsync(out, in.data<float>(), size,
                                            cudaMemcpyHostToDevice, *stream_));
-
     } else if (is_gpu_place(place)) {
-      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(0,
-                        cudaMemcpyAsync(out, in.data<float>(), in.memory_size(),
-                                        cudaMemcpyHostToHost, *stream_));
-
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(0, cudaMemcpyAsync(out, in.data<float>(), size,
+                                           cudaMemcpyDeviceToDevice, *stream_));
+    } else {
+      PADDLE_THROW("Unknown device for converter");
+    }
+    cudaStreamSynchronize(*stream_);
+  }
+  // NOTE in is GPU memory.
+  virtual void operator()(const void* in, LoDTensor* out,
+                          size_t max_size) override {
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(in != nullptr);
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(stream_ != nullptr);
+    const auto& place = out->place();
+    size_t size = out->memory_size();
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE_LE(size, max_size);
+    if (is_cpu_place(place)) {
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(0, cudaMemcpyAsync(out->data<float>(), in, size,
+                                           cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost, *stream_));
+    } else if (is_gpu_place(place)) {
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(0, cudaMemcpyAsync(out->data<float>(), in, size,
+                                           cudaMemcpyDeviceToDevice, *stream_));
     } else {
       PADDLE_THROW("Unknown device for converter");
     }
@@ -50,7 +66,8 @@ class DefaultInputConverter : public EngineInputConverter {
   }
 };
 
-REGISTER_TENSORRT_INPUT_CONVERTER(default, DefaultInputConverter);
+// fluid LodTensor <-> tensorrt ITensor
+REGISTER_TENSORRT_IO_CONVERTER(default, DefaultIOConverter);
 
 }  // namespace tensorrt
 }  // namespace inference

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/io_converter.h

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ limitations under the License. */
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/lod_tensor.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/inference/utils/singleton.h"
@@ -25,43 +26,57 @@ namespace tensorrt {
 using framework::LoDTensor;
 
 /*
- * Convert Input from Fluid to an Engine.
- * TensorRT's ITensor follows row major, NCHW. Fluid is also row major, so in
- * most cases just need to copy the data.
+ * Convert Input from Fluid to TensorRT Engine.
+ * Convert Output from TensorRT Engine to Fluid.
+ *
+ * Note that TensorRT's ITensor follows row major, NCHW. Fluid is also row
+ * major,
+ * so in the default case just need to copy the data.
  */
-class EngineInputConverter {
+class EngineIOConverter {
  public:
-  EngineInputConverter() {}
+  EngineIOConverter() {}
 
   virtual void operator()(const LoDTensor& in, void* out, size_t max_size) {}
+  virtual void operator()(const void* in, LoDTensor* out, size_t max_size) {}
 
   void SetStream(cudaStream_t* stream) { stream_ = stream; }
 
-  static void Run(const std::string& in_op_type, const LoDTensor& in, void* out,
-                  size_t max_size, cudaStream_t* stream) {
+  static void ConvertInput(const std::string& op_type, const LoDTensor& in,
+                           void* out, size_t max_size, cudaStream_t* stream) {
     PADDLE_ENFORCE(stream != nullptr);
-    auto* converter = Registry<EngineInputConverter>::Lookup(
-        in_op_type, "default" /* default_type */);
+    auto* converter = Registry<EngineIOConverter>::Lookup(
+        op_type, "default" /* default_type */);
     PADDLE_ENFORCE_NOT_NULL(converter);
     converter->SetStream(stream);
     (*converter)(in, out, max_size);
   }
 
-  virtual ~EngineInputConverter() {}
+  static void ConvertOutput(const std::string& op_type, const void* in,
+                            LoDTensor* out, size_t max_size,
+                            cudaStream_t* stream) {
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(stream != nullptr);
+    auto* converter = Registry<EngineIOConverter>::Lookup(
+        op_type, "default" /* default_type */);
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE_NOT_NULL(converter);
+    converter->SetStream(stream);
+    (*converter)(in, out, max_size);
+  }
+
+  virtual ~EngineIOConverter() {}
 
  protected:
   cudaStream_t* stream_{nullptr};
 };
 
+#define REGISTER_TENSORRT_IO_CONVERTER(op_type__, Converter__)        \
+  struct trt_io_##op_type__##_converter {                             \
+    trt_io_##op_type__##_converter() {                                \
+      Registry<EngineIOConverter>::Register<Converter__>(#op_type__); \
+    }                                                                 \
+  };                                                                  \
+  trt_io_##op_type__##_converter trt_io_##op_type__##_converter__;
+
 }  // namespace tensorrt
 }  // namespace inference
 }  // namespace paddle
-
-#define REGISTER_TENSORRT_INPUT_CONVERTER(in_op_type__, Converter__) \
-  struct trt_input_##in_op_type__##_converter {                      \
-    trt_input_##in_op_type__##_converter() {                         \
-      ::paddle::inference::Registry<EngineInputConverter>::Register< \
-          Converter__>(#in_op_type__);                               \
-    }                                                                \
-  };                                                                 \
-  trt_input_##in_op_type__##_converter trt_input_##in_op_type__##_converter__;

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/mul_op.cc

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace tensorrt {
 class MulOpConverter : public OpConverter {
  public:
   MulOpConverter() {}
-  void operator()(const framework::OpDesc& op) override {
+  void operator()(const framework::proto::OpDesc& op) override {
     LOG(INFO) << "convert a fluid mul op to tensorrt fc layer without bias";
   }
 };

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/op_converter.h

@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ namespace tensorrt {
 class OpConverter {
  public:
   OpConverter() {}
-  virtual void operator()(const framework::OpDesc& op) {}
+  virtual void operator()(const framework::proto::OpDesc& op) {}
 
-  void Run(const framework::OpDesc& op, TensorRTEngine* engine) {
-    std::string type = op.Type();
+  void Run(const framework::proto::OpDesc& op, TensorRTEngine* engine) {
+    std::string type = op.type();
     auto* it = Registry<OpConverter>::Lookup(type);
     PADDLE_ENFORCE_NOT_NULL(it, "no OpConverter for optype [%s]", type);
     it->SetEngine(engine);
@@ -42,14 +42,16 @@ class OpConverter {
   }
 
   // convert fluid op to tensorrt layer
-  void ConvertOp(const framework::OpDesc& op, TensorRTEngine* engine) {
+  void ConvertOp(const framework::proto::OpDesc& op, TensorRTEngine* engine) {
     OpConverter::Run(op, engine);
   }
 
   // convert fluid block to tensorrt network
-  void ConvertBlock(const framework::BlockDesc& block, TensorRTEngine* engine) {
-    for (auto op : block.AllOps()) {
-      OpConverter::Run(*op, engine);
+  void ConvertBlock(const framework::proto::BlockDesc& block,
+                    TensorRTEngine* engine) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < block.ops_size(); i++) {
+      const auto& op = block.ops(i);
+      OpConverter::Run(op, engine);
     }
   }
 

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/test_activation_op.cc

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ limitations under the License. */
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/lod_tensor.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/op_registry.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/program_desc.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/io_converter.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/op_converter.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/device_context.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/place.h"
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ namespace paddle {
 namespace inference {
 namespace tensorrt {
 
-void Compare(float input, float expect) {
+void Compare(const std::string op_type, float input, float expect) {
   framework::Scope scope;
   platform::CUDAPlace place;
   platform::CUDADeviceContext ctx(place);
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ void Compare(float input, float expect) {
   auto x_var = scope.Var("X");
   auto x_tensor = x_var->GetMutable<framework::LoDTensor>();
   x_tensor->Resize({1, 1});
+  x_tensor->mutable_data<float>(place);
   std::vector<float> init;
   init.push_back(input);
   framework::TensorFromVector(init, ctx, x_tensor);
@@ -45,14 +47,15 @@ void Compare(float input, float expect) {
   out_tensor->mutable_data<float>(place);
 
   framework::OpDesc op_desc;
-  op_desc.SetType("relu");
+  op_desc.SetType(op_type);
   op_desc.SetInput("X", {"X"});
   op_desc.SetOutput("Out", {"Out"});
 
-  auto relu_op = framework::OpRegistry::CreateOp(op_desc);
+  auto op = framework::OpRegistry::CreateOp(*op_desc.Proto());
 
   // run fluid op
-  relu_op->Run(scope, place);
+  op->Run(scope, place);
+  // get fluid output
   std::vector<float> out1;
   framework::TensorToVector(*out_tensor, ctx, &out1);
 
@@ -63,21 +66,28 @@ void Compare(float input, float expect) {
   engine->InitNetwork();
   engine->DeclareInput("X", nvinfer1::DataType::kFLOAT,
                        nvinfer1::DimsCHW{1, 1, 1});
-
+  // convert op
   OpConverter op_converter;
-  op_converter.ConvertOp(op_desc, engine);
+  op_converter.ConvertOp(*op_desc.Proto(), engine);
 
   engine->DeclareOutput("Out");
   engine->FreezeNetwork();
-  engine->SetInputFromCPU("X", &input, 1 * sizeof(float));
 
-  // run tensorrt op
+  // convert LoDTensor to ITensor
+  size_t size = x_tensor->memory_size();
+  EngineIOConverter::ConvertInput(op_type, *x_tensor,
+                                  engine->buffer("X").buffer, size, &stream);
+  // run tensorrt Outp
   engine->Execute(1);
-
-  float out2;
-  engine->GetOutputInCPU("Out", &out2, 1 * sizeof(float));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ(out1[0], out2);
+  // convert ITensor to LoDTensor
+  EngineIOConverter::ConvertOutput(op_type, engine->buffer("Out").buffer,
+                                   out_tensor, size, &stream);
+  // get tensorrt output
+  std::vector<float> out2;
+  framework::TensorToVector(*out_tensor, ctx, &out2);
+
+  // compare
+  ASSERT_EQ(out1[0], out2[0]);
   ASSERT_EQ(out1[0], expect);
 
   delete engine;
@@ -85,8 +95,8 @@ void Compare(float input, float expect) {
 }
 
 TEST(OpConverter, ConvertRelu) {
-  Compare(1, 1);   // relu(1) = 1
-  Compare(-5, 0);  // relu(-5) = 0
+  Compare("relu", 1, 1);   // relu(1) = 1
+  Compare("relu", -5, 0);  // relu(-5) = 0
 }
 
 }  // namespace tensorrt

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/test_io_converter.cc

@@ -12,40 +12,63 @@ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License. */
 
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/lod_tensor.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/io_converter.h"
 
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
 namespace paddle {
 namespace inference {
 namespace tensorrt {
 
-class EngineInputConverterTester : public ::testing::Test {
- public:
-  void SetUp() override { tensor.Resize({10, 10}); }
+void IOConverterTester(const platform::DeviceContext& ctx) {
+  cudaStream_t stream;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, cudaStreamCreate(&stream));
 
-  framework::LoDTensor tensor;
-};
+  // init fluid in_tensor
+  framework::LoDTensor in_tensor;
+  in_tensor.Resize({10, 10});
+  auto place = ctx.GetPlace();
+  in_tensor.mutable_data<float>(place);
+  std::vector<float> init;
+  for (int64_t i = 0; i < 10 * 10; ++i) {
+    init.push_back(i);
+  }
+  framework::TensorFromVector(init, ctx, &in_tensor);
 
-TEST_F(EngineInputConverterTester, DefaultCPU) {
+  // init tensorrt buffer
   void* buffer;
-  tensor.mutable_data<float>(platform::CPUPlace());
-  ASSERT_EQ(cudaMalloc(&buffer, tensor.memory_size()), 0);
+  size_t size = in_tensor.memory_size();
+  ASSERT_EQ(cudaMalloc(&buffer, size), 0);
 
-  cudaStream_t stream;
-  EngineInputConverter::Run("test", tensor, buffer, tensor.memory_size(),
-                            &stream);
+  // convert fluid in_tensor to tensorrt buffer
+  EngineIOConverter::ConvertInput("test", in_tensor, buffer, size, &stream);
+
+  // convert tensorrt buffer to fluid out_tensor
+  framework::LoDTensor out_tensor;
+  out_tensor.Resize({10, 10});
+  out_tensor.mutable_data<float>(place);
+  EngineIOConverter::ConvertOutput("test", buffer, &out_tensor, size, &stream);
+
+  // compare in_tensor and out_tensor
+  std::vector<float> result;
+  framework::TensorToVector(out_tensor, ctx, &result);
+  EXPECT_EQ(init.size(), result.size());
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < init.size(); i++) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(init[i], result[i]);
+  }
+  cudaStreamDestroy(stream);
 }
 
-TEST_F(EngineInputConverterTester, DefaultGPU) {
-  void* buffer;
-  tensor.mutable_data<float>(platform::CUDAPlace());
-  ASSERT_EQ(cudaMalloc(&buffer, tensor.memory_size()), 0);
+TEST(EngineIOConverterTester, DefaultCPU) {
+  platform::CPUPlace place;
+  platform::CPUDeviceContext ctx(place);
+  IOConverterTester(ctx);
+}
 
-  cudaStream_t stream;
-  EngineInputConverter::Run("test", tensor, buffer, tensor.memory_size(),
-                            &stream);
+TEST(EngineIOConverterTester, DefaultGPU) {
+  platform::CUDAPlace place;
+  platform::CUDADeviceContext ctx(place);
+  IOConverterTester(ctx);
 }
 
 }  // namespace tensorrt

paddle/fluid/inference/tensorrt/convert/test_op_converter.cc

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ TEST(OpConverter, ConvertBlock) {
   conv2d_op->SetType("conv2d");
 
   OpConverter converter;
-  converter.ConvertBlock(*block, nullptr /*TensorRTEngine*/);
+  converter.ConvertBlock(*block->Proto(), nullptr /*TensorRTEngine*/);
 }
 
 }  // namespace tensorrt

paddle/fluid/inference/tests/book/test_inference_image_classification.cc

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ limitations under the License. */
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/inference/tests/test_helper.h"
 
-DEFINE_string(data_set, "cifar10", "Data set to test");
 DEFINE_string(dirname, "", "Directory of the inference model.");
 DEFINE_string(fp16_dirname, "", "Directory of the float16 inference model.");
 DEFINE_int32(batch_size, 1, "Batch size of input data");
@@ -35,19 +34,19 @@ TEST(inference, image_classification) {
   // 0. Call `paddle::framework::InitDevices()` initialize all the devices
   // In unittests, this is done in paddle/testing/paddle_gtest_main.cc
 
+  const bool is_combined = false;
+  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> feed_target_shapes =
+      GetFeedTargetShapes(dirname, is_combined);
+
   paddle::framework::LoDTensor input;
   // Use normilized image pixels as input data,
   // which should be in the range [0.0, 1.0].
-  if (FLAGS_data_set == "cifar10") {
-    SetupTensor<float>(&input, {FLAGS_batch_size, 3, 32, 32},
-                       static_cast<float>(0), static_cast<float>(1));
-  } else if (FLAGS_data_set == "imagenet") {
-    SetupTensor<float>(&input, {FLAGS_batch_size, 3, 224, 224},
-                       static_cast<float>(0), static_cast<float>(1));
-  } else {
-    LOG(FATAL) << "Only cifar10 or imagenet is supported.";
-  }
-
+  feed_target_shapes[0][0] = FLAGS_batch_size;
+  paddle::framework::DDim input_dims =
+      paddle::framework::make_ddim(feed_target_shapes[0]);
+  LOG(INFO) << input_dims;
+  SetupTensor<float>(&input, input_dims, static_cast<float>(0),
+                     static_cast<float>(1));
   std::vector<paddle::framework::LoDTensor*> cpu_feeds;
   cpu_feeds.push_back(&input);
 
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ TEST(inference, image_classification) {
     LOG(INFO) << "--- CPU Runs: ---";
     LOG(INFO) << "Batch size is " << FLAGS_batch_size;
     TestInference<paddle::platform::CPUPlace, false, true>(
-        dirname, cpu_feeds, cpu_fetchs1, FLAGS_repeat);
+        dirname, cpu_feeds, cpu_fetchs1, FLAGS_repeat, is_combined);
     LOG(INFO) << output1.dims();
   }
 
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ TEST(inference, image_classification) {
   LOG(INFO) << "--- GPU Runs: ---";
   LOG(INFO) << "Batch size is " << FLAGS_batch_size;
   TestInference<paddle::platform::CUDAPlace, false, true>(
-      dirname, cpu_feeds, cpu_fetchs2, FLAGS_repeat);
+      dirname, cpu_feeds, cpu_fetchs2, FLAGS_repeat, is_combined);
   LOG(INFO) << output2.dims();
 
   if (!FLAGS_skip_cpu) {

paddle/fluid/inference/tests/test_helper.h

@@ -89,6 +89,50 @@ void CheckError(const paddle::framework::LoDTensor& output1,
   EXPECT_EQ(count, 0U) << "There are " << count << " different elements.";
 }
 
+std::unique_ptr<paddle::framework::ProgramDesc> InitProgram(
+    paddle::framework::Executor* executor, paddle::framework::Scope* scope,
+    const std::string& dirname, const bool is_combined = false) {
+  std::unique_ptr<paddle::framework::ProgramDesc> inference_program;
+  if (is_combined) {
+    // All parameters are saved in a single file.
+    // Hard-coding the file names of program and parameters in unittest.
+    // The file names should be consistent with that used in Python API
+    //  `fluid.io.save_inference_model`.
+    std::string prog_filename = "__model_combined__";
+    std::string param_filename = "__params_combined__";
+    inference_program =
+        paddle::inference::Load(executor, scope, dirname + "/" + prog_filename,
+                                dirname + "/" + param_filename);
+  } else {
+    // Parameters are saved in separate files sited in the specified
+    // `dirname`.
+    inference_program = paddle::inference::Load(executor, scope, dirname);
+  }
+  return inference_program;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> GetFeedTargetShapes(
+    const std::string& dirname, const bool is_combined = false) {
+  auto place = paddle::platform::CPUPlace();
+  auto executor = paddle::framework::Executor(place);
+  auto* scope = new paddle::framework::Scope();
+
+  auto inference_program = InitProgram(&executor, scope, dirname, is_combined);
+  auto& global_block = inference_program->Block(0);
+
+  const std::vector<std::string>& feed_target_names =
+      inference_program->GetFeedTargetNames();
+  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> feed_target_shapes;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < feed_target_names.size(); ++i) {
+    auto* var = global_block.FindVar(feed_target_names[i]);
+    std::vector<int64_t> var_shape = var->GetShape();
+    feed_target_shapes.push_back(var_shape);
+  }
+
+  delete scope;
+  return feed_target_shapes;
+}
+
 template <typename Place, bool CreateVars = true, bool PrepareContext = false>
 void TestInference(const std::string& dirname,
                    const std::vector<paddle::framework::LoDTensor*>& cpu_feeds,
@@ -124,22 +168,7 @@ void TestInference(const std::string& dirname,
     paddle::platform::RecordEvent record_event(
         "init_program",
         paddle::platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().Get(place));
-
-    if (is_combined) {
-      // All parameters are saved in a single file.
-      // Hard-coding the file names of program and parameters in unittest.
-      // The file names should be consistent with that used in Python API
-      //  `fluid.io.save_inference_model`.
-      std::string prog_filename = "__model_combined__";
-      std::string param_filename = "__params_combined__";
-      inference_program = paddle::inference::Load(
-          &executor, scope, dirname + "/" + prog_filename,
-          dirname + "/" + param_filename);
-    } else {
-      // Parameters are saved in separate files sited in the specified
-      // `dirname`.
-      inference_program = paddle::inference::Load(&executor, scope, dirname);
-    }
+    inference_program = InitProgram(&executor, scope, dirname, is_combined);
   }
   // Disable the profiler and print the timing information
   paddle::platform::DisableProfiler(paddle::platform::EventSortingKey::kDefault,

paddle/fluid/operators/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -186,6 +186,11 @@ endif()
 
 add_subdirectory(detail)
 if(WITH_DISTRIBUTE)
+    if(WITH_GPU)
+        op_library(gen_nccl_id_op DEPS nccl_common)
+    else()
+        set(DEPS_OPS ${DEPS_OPS} gen_nccl_id_op)
+    endif()
     set(DISTRIBUTE_DEPS sendrecvop_grpc grpc++_unsecure grpc_unsecure gpr cares zlib protobuf)
     set(DISTRIBUTE_COMPILE_FLAGS "-Wno-non-virtual-dtor -Wno-error=non-virtual-dtor -Wno-error=delete-non-virtual-dtor")
     op_library(send_op DEPS ${DISTRIBUTE_DEPS})
@@ -202,8 +207,9 @@ if(WITH_DISTRIBUTE)
     set_source_files_properties(send_barrier_op.cc PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS ${DISTRIBUTE_COMPILE_FLAGS})
     set_source_files_properties(send_recv_op_test.cc PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS ${DISTRIBUTE_COMPILE_FLAGS})
     cc_test(test_send_recv SRCS send_recv_op_test.cc DEPS prefetch_op send_op listen_and_serv_op sum_op executor)
+    cc_test(test_send_nccl_id SRCS test_send_nccl_id.cc DEPS send_op listen_and_serv_op executor)
 else()
-    set(DEPS_OPS ${DEPS_OPS} send_op prefetch_op recv_op listen_and_serv_op send_vars_op send_barrier_op)
+    set(DEPS_OPS ${DEPS_OPS} send_op prefetch_op recv_op listen_and_serv_op send_vars_op send_barrier_op gen_nccl_id_op)
 endif()
 
 op_library(cross_entropy_op DEPS cross_entropy)

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_client.cc

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ bool RPCClient::AsyncSendVariable(const std::string& ep,
     // stub context
     SendProcessor* s = new SendProcessor(ch);
     s->Prepare(var_h, time_out);
-    s->response_call_back_ = NULL;
+    s->response_call_back_ = nullptr;
 
     auto call = s->stub_g_.PrepareUnaryCall(
         s->context_.get(), "/sendrecv.SendRecvService/SendVariable", req, &cq_);

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_client.h

@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ void ProcGetResponse(const VarHandle& var_h, const grpc::ByteBuffer& msg);
 
 class BaseProcessor {
  public:
-  explicit BaseProcessor(std::shared_ptr<grpc::Channel> ch) { context_ = NULL; }
+  explicit BaseProcessor(std::shared_ptr<grpc::Channel> ch) {
+    context_ = nullptr;
+  }
 
   virtual ~BaseProcessor() {}
 
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ class SendProcessor : public BaseProcessor {
 
   ::grpc::GenericStub stub_g_;
   ::grpc::ByteBuffer reply_;
-  RequestSendCallBack response_call_back_ = NULL;
+  RequestSendCallBack response_call_back_ = nullptr;
 };
 
 typedef std::function<void(const VarHandle&, const ::grpc::ByteBuffer&)>

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_server.cc

@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ void AsyncGRPCServer::TryToRegisterNewPrefetchOne() {
   }
   RequestPrefetch* prefetch =
       new RequestPrefetch(&service_, cq_prefetch_.get(), sync_mode_, scope_,
-                          dev_ctx_, executor_, program_, prefetch_ctx_);
+                          dev_ctx_, executor_, program_, prefetch_ctx_.get());
 
   VLOG(4) << "Create RequestPrefetch status:" << prefetch->Status();
 }

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_server.h

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ class AsyncGRPCServer final {
   explicit AsyncGRPCServer(const std::string &address, bool sync_mode)
       : address_(address), sync_mode_(sync_mode), ready_(0) {}
 
+  ~AsyncGRPCServer() {}
   void WaitServerReady();
   void RunSyncUpdate();
 
@@ -63,8 +64,9 @@ class AsyncGRPCServer final {
 
   void SetExecutor(framework::Executor *executor) { executor_ = executor; }
 
-  void SetPrefetchPreparedCtx(framework::ExecutorPrepareContext *prepared) {
-    prefetch_ctx_ = prepared;
+  void SetPrefetchPreparedCtx(
+      std::unique_ptr<framework::ExecutorPrepareContext> prepared) {
+    prefetch_ctx_.reset(prepared.release());
   }
 
   int GetSelectedPort() const { return selected_port_; }
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ class AsyncGRPCServer final {
   std::unique_ptr<std::thread> t_get_;
   std::unique_ptr<std::thread> t_prefetch_;
 
-  framework::ExecutorPrepareContext *prefetch_ctx_;
+  std::unique_ptr<framework::ExecutorPrepareContext> prefetch_ctx_;
   framework::ProgramDesc *program_;
   framework::Executor *executor_;
   int selected_port_;

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_server_test.cc

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void StartServer(const std::string& endpoint) {
   InitTensorsOnServer(&scope, &place, 10);
 
   rpc_service_->SetProgram(&program);
-  rpc_service_->SetPrefetchPreparedCtx(prepared.get());
+  rpc_service_->SetPrefetchPreparedCtx(std::move(prepared));
   rpc_service_->SetDevCtx(&ctx);
   rpc_service_->SetScope(&scope);
   rpc_service_->SetExecutor(&exe);

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/send_recv.proto

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ service SendRecvService {
 enum VarType {
   LOD_TENSOR = 0;
   SELECTED_ROWS = 1;
+  NCCL_ID = 2;
 }
 
 // NOTICE(gongwb):don't modify this proto if you are not

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/sendrecvop_utils.cc

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ limitations under the License. */
 
 #include "paddle/fluid/operators/detail/sendrecvop_utils.h"
 
+#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
+#include <nccl.h>
+#endif
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <thread>  // NOLINT
 
@@ -129,6 +132,10 @@ void SerializeToByteBuffer(const std::string& name, framework::Variable* var,
   } else if (var->IsType<framework::SelectedRows>()) {
     request.set_type(::sendrecv::SELECTED_ROWS);
     GetSelectedRowsPayload(var, ctx, &request, &payload, &payload_size);
+#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
+  } else if (var->IsType<ncclUniqueId>()) {
+    request.set_type(::sendrecv::NCCL_ID);
+#endif
   } else {
     PADDLE_THROW("Serialize does not support type: %s",
                  typeid(var->Type()).name());
@@ -149,6 +156,24 @@ void SerializeToByteBuffer(const std::string& name, framework::Variable* var,
   void* buf = buffer.get();
   ProtoEncodeHelper e(static_cast<char*>(buf), 1024);
   e.WriteRawBytes(std::string(header.data(), header.size()));
+// NCCLID is copied directly to the message, return bytebuffer
+// with only one slice if serializing NCCLID.
+#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
+  if (var->IsType<ncclUniqueId>()) {
+    e.WriteVarlengthBeginning(VarMsg::kSerializedFieldNumber,
+                              NCCL_UNIQUE_ID_BYTES);
+    const ncclUniqueId& uid = var->Get<ncclUniqueId>();
+    e.WriteRawBytes(std::string(uid.internal, NCCL_UNIQUE_ID_BYTES));
+
+    // for serialize NCCL_ID
+    ::grpc::Slice slices(e.size());
+    memcpy(const_cast<uint8_t*>(slices.begin()), e.data(), e.size());
+    ::grpc::ByteBuffer tmp(&slices, 1);
+    msg->Swap(&tmp);
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+
   e.WriteVarlengthBeginning(VarMsg::kSerializedFieldNumber, payload_size);
   // steal reference of tensor data
   ::grpc::Slice slices[4];  // metadata, tensor, rows meta, rows

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/variable_response.cc

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
+#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
+#include <nccl.h>
+#endif
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/profiler.h"
 
 #include "paddle/fluid/operators/detail/send_recv.pb.h"
@@ -368,7 +371,8 @@ int VariableResponse::Parse(Source* source) {
       }
       case sendrecv::VariableMessage::kSerializedFieldNumber: {
         PADDLE_ENFORCE((meta_.type() == sendrecv::SELECTED_ROWS ||
-                        meta_.type() == sendrecv::LOD_TENSOR) &&
+                        meta_.type() == sendrecv::LOD_TENSOR ||
+                        meta_.type() == sendrecv::NCCL_ID) &&
                            meta_.varname() != "",
                        "meta info should be got first!");
 
@@ -378,6 +382,22 @@ int VariableResponse::Parse(Source* source) {
           return tag;
         }
 
+        if (meta_.type() == sendrecv::NCCL_ID) {
+#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
+          auto* var = scope_->FindVar(meta_.varname());
+          if (var != nullptr) {
+            ncclUniqueId* id = var->GetMutable<ncclUniqueId>();
+            if (!ReadRaw(&input, *dev_ctx_, platform::CPUPlace(), id->internal,
+                         num_bytes)) {
+              return tag;
+            }
+          }
+          break;
+#else
+          PADDLE_THROW("Not compiled with CUDA!");
+#endif
+        }
+
         framework::DDim dims = GetDims(meta_.dims());
         if (meta_.type() == sendrecv::LOD_TENSOR) {
           PADDLE_ENFORCE(meta_.lod_size() >= 0,

paddle/fluid/operators/gen_nccl_id_op.cc

+/* Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+#include <nccl.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/executor.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/lod_tensor.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/op_registry.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/threadpool.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_client.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_server.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/platform/nccl_helper.h"
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace operators {
+
+class GenNCCLIdOp : public framework::OperatorBase {
+ public:
+  GenNCCLIdOp(const std::string& type, const framework::VariableNameMap& inputs,
+              const framework::VariableNameMap& outputs,
+              const framework::AttributeMap& attrs)
+      : OperatorBase(type, inputs, outputs, attrs) {}
+
+  void RunImpl(const framework::Scope& scope,
+               const platform::Place& dev_place) const override {
+    platform::DeviceContextPool& pool = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance();
+    // put nccl id in CPUPlace
+    auto& dev_ctx = *pool.Get(platform::CPUPlace());
+    int trainer_id = Attr<int>("trainer_id");
+    framework::Scope& local_scope = scope.NewScope();
+
+    if (trainer_id == 0) {
+      GenerateAndSend(&local_scope, dev_ctx);
+    } else {
+      GetIdByServer(&local_scope, dev_ctx);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void GenerateAndSend(framework::Scope* scope,
+                       const platform::DeviceContext& dev_ctx) const {
+    auto var = scope->FindVar(NCCL_ID_VARNAME);
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE_NOT_NULL(var);
+    auto id = var->GetMutable<ncclUniqueId>();
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(platform::dynload::ncclGetUniqueId(id));
+
+    std::vector<std::string> endpoint_list =
+        Attr<std::vector<std::string>>("endpoint_list");
+    detail::RPCClient client;
+    for (auto& ep : endpoint_list) {
+      VLOG(3) << "sending nccl id to " << ep;
+      client.AsyncSendVariable(ep, dev_ctx, *scope, NCCL_ID_VARNAME);
+    }
+    client.Wait();
+    VLOG(3) << "sending completed...";
+  }
+
+  void GetIdByServer(framework::Scope* scope,
+                     const platform::DeviceContext& dev_ctx) const {
+    std::string endpoint = Attr<std::string>("endpoint");
+    // NOTE: Can not use unique_ptr here because the default
+    // deleter will call GRPC Server's base class's dtor and
+    // that will cause a wired crash.
+    detail::AsyncGRPCServer rpc_service(endpoint, true);
+    framework::ProgramDesc empty_program;
+    framework::Executor executor(dev_ctx.GetPlace());
+    rpc_service.SetScope(scope);
+    rpc_service.SetDevCtx(&dev_ctx);
+    rpc_service.SetProgram(&empty_program);
+    rpc_service.SetExecutor(&executor);
+
+    std::thread server_thread(
+        std::bind(&detail::AsyncGRPCServer::RunSyncUpdate, &rpc_service));
+    rpc_service.SetCond(0);
+    VLOG(3) << "start getting nccl id from trainer 0...";
+    auto recv = rpc_service.Get();
+    VLOG(3) << "got nccl id and stop server...";
+    rpc_service.ShutDown();
+    VLOG(3) << "rpc server stopped";
+    server_thread.join();
+  }
+};
+
+class GenNCCLIdOpMaker : public framework::OpProtoAndCheckerMaker {
+ public:
+  void Make() override {
+    AddOutput("NCCLID", "Raw variable contains a NCCL UniqueId instaces.");
+    AddComment(R"DOC(
+GenNCCLId operator
+
+For trainer 0: generate a new UniqueId and send it to all the other trainers.
+For trainer 1~n: start a gRPC server to get the UniqueId, once got, stop the server.
+)DOC");
+    AddAttr<std::string>("endpoint",
+                         "(string), e.g. 127.0.0.1:6175 "
+                         "current listen endpoint");
+    AddAttr<std::vector<std::string>>(
+        "endpoint_list",
+        "['trainer1_ip:port', 'trainer2_ip:port', ...] "
+        "list of trainer endpoints start from trainer 1")
+        .SetDefault({});
+    AddAttr<int>("trainer_id",
+                 "(int default 0) "
+                 "The index of the trainer in distributed training.")
+        .SetDefault(0);
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace operators
+}  // namespace paddle
+
+namespace ops = paddle::operators;
+
+REGISTER_OPERATOR(gen_nccl_id, ops::GenNCCLIdOp, ops::GenNCCLIdOpMaker);

paddle/fluid/operators/listen_and_serv_op.cc

@@ -322,8 +322,7 @@ void ListenAndServOp::RunImpl(const framework::Scope &scope,
   // prepare for prefetch
   VLOG(3) << "prefetch block id is " << prefetch_block->ID();
   auto prefetch_prepared = executor.Prepare(*program, prefetch_block->ID());
-  rpc_service_->SetPrefetchPreparedCtx(prefetch_prepared.get());
-  prefetch_prepared.release();
+  rpc_service_->SetPrefetchPreparedCtx(std::move(prefetch_prepared));
 
   // start the server listening after all member initialized.
   server_thread_.reset(new std::thread(RunServer, rpc_service_));

paddle/fluid/operators/load_combine_op.cc

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License. */
 #include <fstream>
-
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/data_type_transform.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/framework/op_registry.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/device_context.h"
 
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ class LoadCombineOp : public framework::OperatorBase {
   void RunImpl(const framework::Scope &scope,
                const platform::Place &place) const override {
     auto filename = Attr<std::string>("file_path");
+    auto load_as_fp16 = Attr<bool>("load_as_fp16");
 
     std::ifstream fin(filename);
     PADDLE_ENFORCE(static_cast<bool>(fin),
@@ -59,17 +60,25 @@ class LoadCombineOp : public framework::OperatorBase {
       // Get data from fin to tensor
       DeserializeFromStream(fin, tensor, dev_ctx);
 
-      if (platform::is_gpu_place(place)) {
-        // copy CPU to GPU
-        framework::LoDTensor cpu_tensor;
-        cpu_tensor.ShareDataWith(*tensor);
-        cpu_tensor.set_lod(tensor->lod());
-
-        // reset tensor
+      auto in_dtype = framework::ToDataType(tensor->type());
+      auto out_dtype =
+          load_as_fp16 ? framework::proto::VarType::FP16 : in_dtype;
+
+      if (in_dtype != out_dtype) {
+        // convert to float16 tensor
+        auto in_kernel_type = framework::OpKernelType(in_dtype, place);
+        auto out_kernel_type = framework::OpKernelType(out_dtype, place);
+        framework::LoDTensor fp16_tensor;
+        // copy LoD info to the new tensor
+        fp16_tensor.set_lod(tensor->lod());
+        framework::TransDataType(in_kernel_type, out_kernel_type, *tensor,
+                                 &fp16_tensor);
+
+        // reset output tensor
         out_var->Clear();
         tensor = out_var->GetMutable<framework::LoDTensor>();
-        tensor->set_lod(cpu_tensor.lod());
-        TensorCopy(cpu_tensor, place, dev_ctx, tensor);
+        tensor->set_lod(fp16_tensor.lod());
+        tensor->ShareDataWith(fp16_tensor);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -82,6 +91,13 @@ class LoadCombineOpProtoMaker : public framework::OpProtoAndCheckerMaker {
         "Out",
         "(vector) The output LoDTensors that will be read from the input file.")
         .AsDuplicable();
+    AddAttr<bool>(
+        "load_as_fp16",
+        "(boolean, default false)"
+        "If true, the tensor will be first loaded and then "
+        "converted to float16 data type. Otherwise, the tensor will be "
+        "directly loaded without data type conversion.")
+        .SetDefault(false);
     AddAttr<std::string>("file_path",
                          "(string) "
                          "LoDTensors will be loaded from \"file_path\".")

paddle/fluid/operators/math/sequence2batch.h

@@ -64,18 +64,22 @@ class LoDTensor2BatchFunctor {
                   bool is_reverse = false) const {
     if (!is_cal_batch_lod) {
       auto lods = batch->lod();
-      PADDLE_ENFORCE_GT(lods.size(), 2UL);
-      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(lods[1].size(),
-                        static_cast<size_t>(lod_tensor.dims()[0]));
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_GT(lods.size(), 2UL,
+                        "The LoD of LoDTensor should inlcude at least 2-level "
+                        "sequence information.");
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
+          lods[1].size(), static_cast<size_t>(lod_tensor.dims()[0]),
+          "The LoD information should be consistent with the dims.");
       CopyMatrixRowsFunctor<DeviceContext, T> to_batch;
       to_batch(context, lod_tensor, lods[1], batch, true);
       return;
     }
 
     auto lods = lod_tensor.lod();
-    auto lod = lods[0];
     PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(lods.size(), 1UL, "Only support one level sequence now.");
 
+    auto lod = lods[0];
+
     std::vector<SeqInfo> seq_info;
     for (size_t seq_id = 0; seq_id < lod.size() - 1; ++seq_id) {
       int length = lod[seq_id + 1] - lod[seq_id];
@@ -157,9 +161,12 @@ class Batch2LoDTensorFunctor {
                   const framework::LoDTensor& batch,
                   framework::LoDTensor* lod_tensor) const {
     auto in_lod = batch.lod();
-    PADDLE_ENFORCE_GT(in_lod.size(), 2UL);
-    PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(in_lod[1].size(),
-                      static_cast<size_t>(lod_tensor->dims()[0]));
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE_GT(in_lod.size(), 2UL,
+                      "The LoD of LoDTensor should inlcude at least 2-level "
+                      "sequence information.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
+        in_lod[1].size(), static_cast<size_t>(lod_tensor->dims()[0]),
+        "The LoD information should be consistent with the dims.");
     CopyMatrixRowsFunctor<DeviceContext, T> to_seq;
     to_seq(context, batch, in_lod[1], lod_tensor, false);
   }

paddle/fluid/operators/reshape_op.h

@@ -92,14 +92,16 @@ class ReshapeOp : public framework::OperatorWithKernel {
     }
 
     if (unk_dim_idx != -1) {
-      output_shape[unk_dim_idx] = -in_size / capacity;
+      if (in_size > 0) {
         // in_size < 0 and is un-determinate in compile time, skip the check,
         // for example, in_dims = [-1, 8, 1, 1], shape = [-1, 3, 8],
         // capacity = -24, in_size = -8, output_shape[0] = 0
         // the following check will fail.
-      if (in_size > 0) {
+        output_shape[unk_dim_idx] = -in_size / capacity;
         PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(output_shape[unk_dim_idx] * capacity, -in_size,
                           "Invalid shape is given.");
+      } else {
+        output_shape[unk_dim_idx] = -1;
       }
     } else {
       PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(capacity, in_size, "Invalid shape is given.");
@@ -122,7 +124,10 @@ class ReshapeKernel : public framework::OpKernel<T> {
   void Compute(const framework::ExecutionContext &ctx) const {
     auto *out = ctx.Output<framework::LoDTensor>("Out");
     auto *in = ctx.Input<framework::LoDTensor>("X");
-    auto *shape_tensor = ctx.Input<framework::LoDTensor>("Shape");
+
+    auto *shape_tensor = ctx.HasInput("Shape")
+                             ? ctx.Input<framework::LoDTensor>("Shape")
+                             : nullptr;
 
     framework::DDim out_dims = out->dims();
 

paddle/fluid/operators/save_load_combine_op_test.cc

@@ -139,8 +139,9 @@ TEST(SaveLoadCombineOp, CPU) {
   CheckValues<int, int>(expect4, actual4, expect_lod4, actual_lod4, numel4);
 }
 
-// FP16 version of SaveLoadCombineOp Test
-TEST(SaveLoadCombineFP16Op, CPU) {
+// FP16 version of SaveLoadCombineOp Test, only altering the saving aspect
+// to save as FP16.
+TEST(SaveCombineFP16Op, CPU) {
   paddle::framework::Scope scope;
   paddle::platform::CPUPlace place;
 
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ TEST(SaveLoadCombineFP16Op, CPU) {
       20, 50, lod4, "test_var4", place, &scope, &expect_lod4);
 
   // Set attributes
-  std::string filename = "check_tensor_fp16.ls";
+  std::string filename = "check_tensor_fp16_save.ls";
   paddle::framework::AttributeMap attrs;
   attrs.insert({"file_path", std::string(filename)});
   attrs.insert({"save_as_fp16", true});
@@ -216,6 +217,89 @@ TEST(SaveLoadCombineFP16Op, CPU) {
                                                 actual_lod4, numel4);
 }
 
+// FP16 version of SaveLoadCombineOp Test, only altering the loading aspect
+// to load tensors with FP16 precision.
+TEST(LoadCombineFP16Op, CPU) {
+  paddle::framework::Scope scope;
+  paddle::platform::CPUPlace place;
+
+  std::vector<int> lod1 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 10};
+  int numel1 = 100;
+  paddle::framework::LoD expect_lod1;
+  float* expect1 = CreateForSaveCombineOp<float, paddle::platform::float16>(
+      10, 10, lod1, "test_var1", place, &scope, &expect_lod1);
+
+  std::vector<int> lod2 = {0, 2, 5, 10};
+  int numel2 = 200;
+  paddle::framework::LoD expect_lod2;
+  float* expect2 = CreateForSaveCombineOp<float, paddle::platform::float16>(
+      10, 20, lod2, "test_var2", place, &scope, &expect_lod2);
+
+  std::vector<int> lod3 = {0, 20};
+  int numel3 = 4000;
+  paddle::framework::LoD expect_lod3;
+  float* expect3 = CreateForSaveCombineOp<float, paddle::platform::float16>(
+      20, 200, lod3, "test_var3", place, &scope, &expect_lod3);
+
+  std::vector<int> lod4 = {0, 1, 20};
+  int numel4 = 1000;
+  paddle::framework::LoD expect_lod4;
+  float* expect4 = CreateForSaveCombineOp<float, paddle::platform::float16>(
+      20, 50, lod4, "test_var4", place, &scope, &expect_lod4);
+
+  // Set attributes
+  std::string filename = "check_tensor_fp16_load.ls";
+  paddle::framework::AttributeMap attrs;
+  attrs.insert({"file_path", std::string(filename)});
+
+  // Run the save_combine_op
+  auto save_combine_op = paddle::framework::OpRegistry::CreateOp(
+      "save_combine",
+      {{"X", {"test_var1", "test_var2", "test_var3", "test_var4"}}}, {}, attrs);
+  save_combine_op->Run(scope, place);
+
+  // Set up output vars
+  auto load_var1 = scope.Var("out_var1");
+  auto load_var2 = scope.Var("out_var2");
+  auto load_var3 = scope.Var("out_var3");
+  auto load_var4 = scope.Var("out_var4");
+
+  attrs.insert({"load_as_fp16", true});
+  // Run the load_combine_op
+  auto load_combine_op = paddle::framework::OpRegistry::CreateOp(
+      "load_combine", {},
+      {{"Out", {"out_var1", "out_var2", "out_var3", "out_var4"}}}, attrs);
+  load_combine_op->Run(scope, place);
+
+  auto* target1 = load_var1->GetMutable<paddle::framework::LoDTensor>();
+  auto* target2 = load_var2->GetMutable<paddle::framework::LoDTensor>();
+  auto* target3 = load_var3->GetMutable<paddle::framework::LoDTensor>();
+  auto* target4 = load_var4->GetMutable<paddle::framework::LoDTensor>();
+
+  paddle::framework::LoD actual_lod1, actual_lod2, actual_lod3, actual_lod4;
+  paddle::platform::float16* actual1 =
+      GetValuesAfterLoadCombineOp<paddle::platform::float16>(target1, scope,
+                                                             &actual_lod1);
+  paddle::platform::float16* actual2 =
+      GetValuesAfterLoadCombineOp<paddle::platform::float16>(target2, scope,
+                                                             &actual_lod2);
+  paddle::platform::float16* actual3 =
+      GetValuesAfterLoadCombineOp<paddle::platform::float16>(target3, scope,
+                                                             &actual_lod3);
+  paddle::platform::float16* actual4 =
+      GetValuesAfterLoadCombineOp<paddle::platform::float16>(target4, scope,
+                                                             &actual_lod4);
+
+  CheckValues<float, paddle::platform::float16>(expect1, actual1, expect_lod1,
+                                                actual_lod1, numel1);
+  CheckValues<float, paddle::platform::float16>(expect2, actual2, expect_lod2,
+                                                actual_lod2, numel2);
+  CheckValues<float, paddle::platform::float16>(expect3, actual3, expect_lod3,
+                                                actual_lod3, numel3);
+  CheckValues<float, paddle::platform::float16>(expect4, actual4, expect_lod4,
+                                                actual_lod4, numel4);
+}
+
 // Test with original SaveLoadTest
 TEST(SaveLoadTestWithCombineOp, CPU) {
   paddle::framework::Scope scope;

paddle/fluid/operators/test_send_nccl_id.cc

+/* Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>  // NOLINT
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/op_registry.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/operator.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/program_desc.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_client.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/listen_and_serv_op.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/math/math_function.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/math/selected_rows_functor.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/platform/nccl_helper.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/string/printf.h"
+
+USE_NO_KERNEL_OP(listen_and_serv);
+
+namespace f = paddle::framework;
+namespace p = paddle::platform;
+namespace m = paddle::operators::math;
+namespace detail = paddle::operators::detail;
+namespace string = paddle::string;
+
+std::unique_ptr<detail::AsyncGRPCServer> rpc_service;
+
+void StartServer(std::atomic<bool>* initialized) {
+  f::Scope scope;
+  p::CPUPlace place;
+  scope.Var(NCCL_ID_VARNAME);
+  p::DeviceContextPool& pool = p::DeviceContextPool::Instance();
+  auto& dev_ctx = *pool.Get(p::CPUPlace());
+
+  rpc_service.reset(new detail::AsyncGRPCServer("127.0.0.1:0", true));
+
+  f::ProgramDesc empty_program;
+  f::Executor executor(dev_ctx.GetPlace());
+  rpc_service->SetScope(&scope);
+  rpc_service->SetDevCtx(&dev_ctx);
+  rpc_service->SetProgram(&empty_program);
+  rpc_service->SetExecutor(&executor);
+
+  std::thread server_thread(
+      std::bind(&detail::AsyncGRPCServer::RunSyncUpdate, rpc_service.get()));
+  *initialized = true;
+  rpc_service->SetCond(0);
+  auto recv = rpc_service->Get();
+  LOG(INFO) << "got nccl id and stop server...";
+  rpc_service->ShutDown();
+  server_thread.join();
+}
+
+TEST(SendNcclId, Normal) {
+  std::atomic<bool> initialized{false};
+  std::thread server_thread(StartServer, &initialized);
+  while (!initialized) {
+  }
+  // wait server to start
+  // sleep(2);
+  rpc_service->WaitServerReady();
+
+  f::Scope scope;
+  p::CPUPlace place;
+  p::DeviceContextPool& pool = p::DeviceContextPool::Instance();
+  auto& dev_ctx = *pool.Get(p::CPUPlace());
+
+  auto var = scope.Var(NCCL_ID_VARNAME);
+  // var->SetType(f::proto::VarType_Type_RAW);
+  auto id = var->GetMutable<ncclUniqueId>();
+  p::dynload::ncclGetUniqueId(id);
+
+  int port = rpc_service->GetSelectedPort();
+  std::string ep = string::Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", port);
+  detail::RPCClient client;
+
+  client.AsyncSendVariable(ep, dev_ctx, scope, NCCL_ID_VARNAME);
+  client.Wait();
+  server_thread.join();
+  auto* ptr = rpc_service.release();
+  delete ptr;
+}

paddle/fluid/platform/nccl_helper.h

@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <thread>  // NOLINT
 #include <typeindex>
 #include <vector>
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/dynload/nccl.h"
 #include "paddle/fluid/platform/enforce.h"
 
+#define NCCL_ID_VARNAME "NCCLID"
+
 namespace paddle {
 namespace platform {
 
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ class NCCLGroupGuard {
   }
 
   inline ~NCCLGroupGuard() {
-    PADDLE_ENFORCE(dynload::ncclGroupEnd());
+    CHECK_EQ(dynload::ncclGroupEnd(), ncclSuccess);
     NCCLMutex().unlock();
   }
 };
@@ -73,7 +76,9 @@ struct NCCLContextMap {
   std::unordered_map<int, NCCLContext> contexts_;
   std::vector<int> order_;
 
-  explicit NCCLContextMap(const std::vector<platform::Place> &places) {
+  explicit NCCLContextMap(const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
+                          ncclUniqueId *nccl_id = nullptr,
+                          size_t num_trainers = 1, size_t trainer_id = 0) {
     PADDLE_ENFORCE(!places.empty());
     order_.reserve(places.size());
     for (auto &p : places) {
@@ -85,19 +90,35 @@ struct NCCLContextMap {
         order_.size(), contexts_.size(),
         "NCCL Context Map does not support contain two or more same device");
 
-    if (places.size() > 1) {
+    if (places.size() <= 1) {
+      return;
+    }
     std::unique_ptr<ncclComm_t[]> comms(new ncclComm_t[order_.size()]);
-      {
+    // if pass nccl_id here, can assume we are doing multi node training
+    if (nccl_id == nullptr) {
       std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(NCCLGroupGuard::NCCLMutex());
       PADDLE_ENFORCE(platform::dynload::ncclCommInitAll(
           comms.get(), static_cast<int>(order_.size()), order_.data()));
+    } else {
+      PADDLE_ENFORCE_GT(num_trainers, 1);
+      // TODO(wuyi): need to ensure each node have same number of GPUs
+      {
+        int nranks = num_trainers * order_.size();
+        NCCLGroupGuard gurad;
+        for (auto &gpu_id : order_) {
+          int rank = trainer_id * order_.size() + gpu_id;
+          VLOG(3) << "init nccl rank: " << rank << " nranks: " << nranks;
+          PADDLE_ENFORCE(cudaSetDevice(gpu_id));
+          PADDLE_ENFORCE(platform::dynload::ncclCommInitRank(
+              comms.get() + gpu_id, nranks, *nccl_id, rank));
+        }
+      }
     }
     int i = 0;
     for (auto &dev_id : order_) {
       contexts_.at(dev_id).comm_ = comms[i++];
     }
   }
-  }
 
   NCCLContextMap(const NCCLContextMap &other) = delete;
   NCCLContextMap &operator=(const NCCLContextMap &other) = delete;

paddle/fluid/pybind/pybind.cc

@@ -494,22 +494,61 @@ All parameter, weight, gradient are variables in Paddle.
   m.def("disable_profiler", platform::DisableProfiler);
   m.def("reset_profiler", platform::ResetProfiler);
 
-  py::class_<ParallelExecutor>(m, "ParallelExecutor")
-      .def("__init__",
-           [](ParallelExecutor &self, size_t num_threads, bool use_event,
-              const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
-              const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
-              const std::unordered_set<std::string> &bcast_vars,
-              const ProgramDesc &main_program, const std::string &loss_var_name,
-              Scope *scope, std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
-              bool allow_op_delay, bool use_default_grad_scale,
-              bool balance_parameter_opt_between_cards) {
-             new (&self) ParallelExecutor(
-                 num_threads, use_event, places, params, bcast_vars,
-                 main_program, loss_var_name, scope, local_scopes,
-                 allow_op_delay, use_default_grad_scale,
-                 balance_parameter_opt_between_cards);
+  // -- python binds for parallel executor.
+  py::class_<ParallelExecutor> pe(m, "ParallelExecutor");
+  py::class_<ExecutionStrategy>(pe, "ExecutionStrategy")
+      .def(py::init())
+      .def_property(
+          "num_threads",
+          [](const ExecutionStrategy &self) { return self.num_threads_; },
+          [](ExecutionStrategy &self, size_t num_threads) {
+            self.num_threads_ = num_threads;
+          })
+      .def_property(
+          "use_event",
+          [](const ExecutionStrategy &self) { return self.use_event_; },
+          [](ExecutionStrategy &self, bool use_event) {
+            self.use_event_ = use_event;
+          })
+      .def_property(
+          "allow_op_delay",
+          [](const ExecutionStrategy &self) { return self.allow_op_delay_; },
+          [](ExecutionStrategy &self, bool allow_op_delay) {
+            self.allow_op_delay_ = allow_op_delay;
+          });
+  py::class_<BuildStrategy> build_strategy(pe, "BuildStrategy");
+
+  py::enum_<BuildStrategy::ReduceStrategy>(build_strategy, "ReduceStrategy")
+      .value("Reduce", BuildStrategy::ReduceStrategy::kReduce)
+      .value("AllReduce", BuildStrategy::ReduceStrategy::kAllReduce);
+  py::enum_<BuildStrategy::GradientScaleStrategy>(build_strategy,
+                                                  "GradientScaleStrategy")
+      .value("CoeffNumDevice",
+             BuildStrategy::GradientScaleStrategy::kCoeffNumDevice)
+      .value("One", BuildStrategy::GradientScaleStrategy::kOne)
+      .value("Customized", BuildStrategy::GradientScaleStrategy::kCustomized);
+
+  build_strategy.def(py::init())
+      .def_property(
+          "reduce_strategy",
+          [](const BuildStrategy &self) { return self.reduce_; },
+          [](BuildStrategy &self, BuildStrategy::ReduceStrategy strategy) {
+            self.reduce_ = strategy;
           })
+      .def_property(
+          "gradient_scale_strategy",
+          [](const BuildStrategy &self) { return self.gradient_scale_; },
+          [](BuildStrategy &self,
+             BuildStrategy::GradientScaleStrategy strategy) {
+            self.gradient_scale_ = strategy;
+          });
+
+  pe.def(py::init<const std::vector<platform::Place> &,
+                  const std::unordered_set<std::string> &,
+                  const std::unordered_set<std::string> &, const ProgramDesc &,
+                  const std::string &, Scope *, std::vector<Scope *> &,
+                  const ExecutionStrategy &, const BuildStrategy &, size_t,
+                  size_t>())
       .def("bcast_params", &ParallelExecutor::BCastParamsToGPUs)
       // NOTE: even we return a vec<Scope*>* to Python use reference policy.
       // We still cannot get local_scope from this vector, since the element

patches/mkldnn.hpp

+// Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+* Copyright 2016-2018 Intel Corporation
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*******************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef MKLDNN_HPP
+#define MKLDNN_HPP
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "mkldnn.h"
+#endif
+
+namespace mkldnn {
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api C++ API
+/// @{
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_utils Utils
+/// @{
+
+/// A class that provides the destructor for an Intel(R) MKL-DNN C handle
+template <typename T>
+class handle_traits {};
+
+/// A class for wrapping an Intel(R) MKL-DNN handle. It is used as the base
+/// class for primitive (#mkldnn_primitive_t), engine (#mkldnn_engine_t), and
+/// stream (#mkldnn_stream_t) handles. An object of the #mkldnn::handle class
+/// can be passed by value. This class enables wrapping:
+///  - Newly constructed handles.
+///    @n In this case, the constructed handle uses reference counting provided
+///    by @p std::shared_ptr with a proper deleter function specified through
+///    the @p handle_traits class.
+///  - Pre-existing handles returned by the Intel(R) MKL-DNN C API (for
+///    example, through #mkldnn_primitive_get_output()).
+///    @n In this case, an Intel(R) MKL-DNN C API handle is wrapped without a
+///    deleter because it is assumed that the handle wrapper for the original
+///    object deletes the handle (this model is similar to @p std::weak_ptr).
+template <typename T, typename traits = handle_traits<T>>
+class handle {
+private:
+  std::shared_ptr<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type> _data;
+  handle(const handle &&) = delete;
+  handle &operator=(const handle &&other) = delete;
+
+protected:
+  /// Constructs a C handle wrapper.
+  /// @param t The C handle to wrap.
+  /// @param weak A flag to specify whether to construct a weak wrapper.
+  handle(T t = 0, bool weak = false) : _data(0) { reset(t, weak); }
+
+  bool operator==(const T other) const { return other == _data.get(); }
+  bool operator!=(const T other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+public:
+  handle(const handle &other) : _data(other._data) {}
+  handle &operator=(const handle &other) {
+    _data = other._data;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /// Resets the value of a C handle.
+  /// @param t The new value of the C handle.
+  /// @param weak A flag to specify whether the wrapper should be weak.
+  void reset(T t, bool weak = false) {
+    auto dummy_destructor = [](T) {
+      return decltype(traits::destructor(0))(0);
+    };
+    _data.reset(t, weak ? dummy_destructor : traits::destructor);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the value of the underlying C handle.
+  T get() const { return _data.get(); }
+
+  bool operator==(const handle &other) const {
+    return other._data.get() == _data.get();
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const handle &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+};
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_desc_destroy;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+/// Base class for all computational primitives.
+class primitive : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_t> {
+  friend struct error;
+  friend struct stream;
+  friend class primitive_at;
+  using handle::handle;
+
+public:
+  /// A proxy to C primitive kind enum
+  enum class kind {
+    undefined_primitive = mkldnn_undefined_primitive,
+    memory = mkldnn_memory,
+    view = mkldnn_view,
+    reorder = mkldnn_reorder,
+    concat = mkldnn_concat,
+    concat_inplace = mkldnn_concat_inplace,
+    sum = mkldnn_sum,
+    convolution = mkldnn_convolution,
+    deconvolution = mkldnn_deconvolution,
+    eltwise = mkldnn_eltwise,
+    relu = mkldnn_relu,
+    softmax = mkldnn_softmax,
+    pooling = mkldnn_pooling,
+    lrn = mkldnn_lrn,
+    batch_normalization = mkldnn_batch_normalization,
+    inner_product = mkldnn_inner_product,
+    convolution_relu = mkldnn_convolution_relu,
+    rnn = mkldnn_rnn,
+  };
+
+  /// A wrapper structure to specify a particular output of a primitive.
+  struct at {
+    /// The underlying C API structure.
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t data;
+    /// Constructs a wrapper specifying @p aprimitive output with index @p
+    /// at.
+    ///
+    /// @param aprimitive The target primitive.
+    /// @param at The output index.
+
+    at(const primitive &aprimitive, size_t at = 0)
+        : data(mkldnn_primitive_at(aprimitive.get(), at)) {}
+    /// Returns the specified output.
+    inline operator primitive() const;
+  };
+
+  /// Returns the descriptor of the underlying C API primitive
+  inline const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t get_primitive_desc() const;
+  // TODO: use the C++ API wrapper structure.
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_primitive_kind_t convert_to_c(primitive::kind akind) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_primitive_kind_t>(akind);
+}
+
+/// Intel(R) MKL-DNN exception class.
+///
+/// This class captures the status returned by the failed C API function, error
+/// message, and, optionally, handle of the primitive that caused the error.
+struct error : public std::exception {
+  mkldnn_status_t status;
+  std::string message;
+  primitive error_primitive;
+
+  /// Constructs an error instance.
+  ///
+  /// @param astatus The error status returned by the C API.
+  /// @param amessage The error message.
+  /// @param aerror_primitive (optional) A C handle of the primitive that
+  ///                         caused the error.
+
+  error(mkldnn_status_t astatus,
+        std::string amessage,
+        mkldnn_primitive_t aerror_primitive = 0)
+      : status(astatus),
+        message(amessage),
+        error_primitive(aerror_primitive, true) {}
+
+  /// A convenience function for wrapping calls to the C API. Checks the
+  /// return status and throws an #error in case of failure.
+  ///
+  /// @param status The error status returned by the C API.
+  /// @param message The error message.
+  /// @param error_primitive (optional) A C handle of the primitive that
+  ///                        caused the error.
+
+  static void wrap_c_api(mkldnn_status_t status,
+                         std::string message,
+                         mkldnn_primitive_t *error_primitive = 0) {
+    if (status != mkldnn_success) {
+      if (nullptr != error_primitive)
+        throw error(status, message, *error_primitive);
+      else
+        throw error(status, message, nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+inline primitive::at::operator primitive() const {
+  const_mkldnn_primitive_t output;
+  error::wrap_c_api(
+      mkldnn_primitive_get_output(data.primitive, data.output_index, &output),
+      "could not get an output primitive");
+  return primitive(const_cast<mkldnn_primitive_t>(output), true);
+}
+
+const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t primitive::get_primitive_desc() const {
+  const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t pd;
+  error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(get(), &pd),
+                    "could not get primitive descriptor by primitive");
+  return pd;
+}
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_enums Common data types and enumerations
+/// @{
+
+enum round_mode {
+  round_nearest = mkldnn_round_nearest,
+  round_down = mkldnn_round_down,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_round_mode_t convert_to_c(round_mode mode) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_round_mode_t>(mode);
+}
+
+enum padding_kind { zero = mkldnn_padding_zero };
+
+inline mkldnn_padding_kind_t convert_to_c(padding_kind kind) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_padding_kind_t>(kind);
+}
+
+enum prop_kind {
+  forward_training = mkldnn_forward_training,
+  forward_scoring = mkldnn_forward_scoring,
+  forward_inference = mkldnn_forward_inference,
+  forward = mkldnn_forward,
+  backward = mkldnn_backward,
+  backward_data = mkldnn_backward_data,
+  backward_weights = mkldnn_backward_weights,
+  backward_bias = mkldnn_backward_bias
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_prop_kind_t convert_to_c(prop_kind kind) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_prop_kind_t>(kind);
+}
+
+enum algorithm {
+  algorithm_undef = mkldnn_alg_kind_undef,
+  convolution_direct = mkldnn_convolution_direct,
+  convolution_winograd = mkldnn_convolution_winograd,
+  deconvolution_direct = mkldnn_deconvolution_direct,
+  deconvolution_winograd = mkldnn_deconvolution_winograd,
+  eltwise_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_relu,
+  eltwise_tanh = mkldnn_eltwise_tanh,
+  eltwise_elu = mkldnn_eltwise_elu,
+  eltwise_square = mkldnn_eltwise_square,
+  eltwise_abs = mkldnn_eltwise_abs,
+  eltwise_sqrt = mkldnn_eltwise_sqrt,
+  eltwise_linear = mkldnn_eltwise_linear,
+  eltwise_bounded_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_bounded_relu,
+  eltwise_soft_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_soft_relu,
+  eltwise_logistic = mkldnn_eltwise_logistic,
+  lrn_across_channels = mkldnn_lrn_across_channels,
+  lrn_within_channel = mkldnn_lrn_within_channel,
+  pooling_max = mkldnn_pooling_max,
+  pooling_avg = mkldnn_pooling_avg,
+  pooling_avg_include_padding = mkldnn_pooling_avg_include_padding,
+  pooling_avg_exclude_padding = mkldnn_pooling_avg_exclude_padding,
+  vanilla_rnn = mkldnn_vanilla_rnn,
+  vanilla_lstm = mkldnn_vanilla_lstm,
+  vanilla_gru = mkldnn_vanilla_gru,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_alg_kind_t convert_to_c(algorithm aalgorithm) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_alg_kind_t>(aalgorithm);
+}
+
+enum batch_normalization_flag {
+  use_global_stats = mkldnn_use_global_stats,
+  use_scale_shift = mkldnn_use_scaleshift,
+  omit_stats = mkldnn_omit_stats,
+  fuse_bn_relu = mkldnn_fuse_bn_relu
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_batch_normalization_flag_t convert_to_c(
+    batch_normalization_flag aflag) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_batch_normalization_flag_t>(aflag);
+}
+
+enum rnn_direction {
+  unidirectional_left2right = mkldnn_unidirectional_left2right,
+  unidirectional_right2left = mkldnn_unidirectional_right2left,
+  unidirectional = mkldnn_unidirectional,
+  bidirectional_concat = mkldnn_bidirectional_concat,
+  bidirectional_sum = mkldnn_bidirectional_sum,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_rnn_direction_t convert_to_c(rnn_direction adir) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_rnn_direction_t>(adir);
+}
+
+enum query {
+  undef = mkldnn_query_undef,
+
+  eengine = mkldnn_query_engine,
+  primitive_kind = mkldnn_query_primitive_kind,
+
+  num_of_inputs_s32 = mkldnn_query_num_of_inputs_s32,
+  num_of_outputs_s32 = mkldnn_query_num_of_outputs_s32,
+
+  time_estimate_f64 = mkldnn_query_time_estimate_f64,
+  memory_consumption_s64 = mkldnn_query_memory_consumption_s64,
+
+  impl_info_str = mkldnn_query_impl_info_str,
+
+  memory_d = mkldnn_query_memory_d,
+  convolution_d = mkldnn_query_convolution_d,
+  deconvolution_d = mkldnn_query_deconvolution_d,
+  eltwise_d = mkldnn_query_eltwise_d,
+  relu_d = mkldnn_query_relu_d,
+  softmax_d = mkldnn_query_softmax_d,
+  pooling_d = mkldnn_query_pooling_d,
+  lrn_d = mkldnn_query_lrn_d,
+  batch_normalization_d = mkldnn_query_batch_normalization_d,
+  inner_product_d = mkldnn_query_inner_product_d,
+  convolution_relu_d = mkldnn_query_convolution_relu_d,
+  rnn_d = mkldnn_query_rnn_d,
+
+  input_pd = mkldnn_query_input_pd,
+  output_pd = mkldnn_query_output_pd,
+  src_pd = mkldnn_query_src_pd,
+  diff_src_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_src_pd,
+  weights_pd = mkldnn_query_weights_pd,
+  diff_weights_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_weights_pd,
+  dst_pd = mkldnn_query_dst_pd,
+  diff_dst_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_dst_pd,
+  workspace_pd = mkldnn_query_workspace_pd,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_query_t convert_to_c(query aquery) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_query_t>(aquery);
+}
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_attr Attributes
+/// @{
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_post_ops_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_post_ops_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+struct post_ops : public handle<mkldnn_post_ops_t> {
+  post_ops() {
+    mkldnn_post_ops_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_create(&result),
+                      "could not create post operation sequence");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  int len() const { return mkldnn_post_ops_len(get()); }
+
+  primitive::kind kind(int index) const {
+    error::wrap_c_api(index < len() ? mkldnn_success : mkldnn_invalid_arguments,
+                      "post_ops index is out of range");
+    return static_cast<primitive::kind>(mkldnn_post_ops_get_kind(get(), index));
+  }
+
+  void append_sum(float scale = 1.) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_append_sum(get(), scale),
+                      "could not append sum");
+  }
+
+  void get_params_sum(int index, float &scale) const {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_get_params_sum(get(), index, &scale),
+                      "could not get sum params");
+  }
+
+  void append_eltwise(float scale, algorithm alg, float alpha, float beta) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_append_eltwise(
+                          get(), scale, convert_to_c(alg), alpha, beta),
+                      "could not append eltwise");
+  }
+
+  void get_params_eltwise(int index,
+                          float &scale,
+                          algorithm &alg,
+                          float &alpha,
+                          float &beta) const {
+    mkldnn_alg_kind_t c_alg;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_get_params_eltwise(
+                          get(), index, &scale, &c_alg, &alpha, &beta),
+                      "could not get eltwise params");
+    alg = static_cast<algorithm>(c_alg);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_attr_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_attr_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+struct primitive_attr : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_attr_t> {
+  primitive_attr() {
+    mkldnn_primitive_attr_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_create(&result),
+                      "could not create a primitive attr");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  round_mode get_int_output_round_mode() const {
+    mkldnn_round_mode_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_int_output_round_mode(get(), &result),
+        "could not get int output round mode");
+    return round_mode(result);
+  }
+
+  void set_int_output_round_mode(round_mode mode) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_int_output_round_mode(
+                          get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(mode)),
+                      "could not set int output round mode");
+  }
+
+  void get_output_scales(int &mask, std::vector<float> &scales) const {
+    int count, c_mask;
+    const float *c_scales;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_output_scales(
+                          get(), &count, &c_mask, &c_scales),
+                      "could not get int output scales");
+    scales.resize(count);
+
+    mask = c_mask;
+    for (int c = 0; c < count; ++c) scales[c] = c_scales[c];
+  }
+
+  void set_output_scales(int mask, const std::vector<float> &scales) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_output_scales(
+                          get(), (int)scales.size(), mask, &scales[0]),
+                      "could not set int output scales");
+  }
+
+  const post_ops get_post_ops() const {
+    post_ops result;
+    const_mkldnn_post_ops_t c_result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_post_ops(get(), &c_result),
+                      "could not get post operation sequence");
+    result.reset(const_cast<mkldnn_post_ops_t>(c_result), true);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  void set_post_ops(post_ops ops) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_post_ops(get(), ops.get()),
+                      "could not set post operation sequence");
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_engine Engine
+/// @{
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_engine_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_engine_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+/// An execution engine.
+struct engine : public handle<mkldnn_engine_t> {
+  friend class primitive;
+  // gcc bug??? using handle::handle;
+
+  /// Kinds of engines
+  enum kind {
+    /// An unspecified engine
+    any = mkldnn_any_engine,
+    /// CPU engine
+    cpu = mkldnn_cpu,
+  };
+
+  /// Returns the number of engines of a certain kind.
+  ///
+  /// @param akind The kind of engines to count.
+
+  static size_t get_count(kind akind) {
+    return mkldnn_engine_get_count(convert_to_c(akind));
+  }
+
+  /// Constructs an engine.
+  ///
+  /// @param akind The kind of engine to construct.
+  /// @param index The index of the engine. Must be less than the value
+  ///              returned by #get_count() for this particular kind of engine.
+
+  engine(kind akind, size_t index) {
+    mkldnn_engine_t aengine;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_engine_create(&aengine, convert_to_c(akind), index),
+        "could not create an engine");
+    reset(aengine);
+  }
+
+  explicit engine(const mkldnn_engine_t &aengine) : handle(aengine, true) {}
+
+  engine(const handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> &pd) {
+    mkldnn_engine_t engine_q;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+            pd.get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(eengine), 0, &engine_q),
+        "could not get engine from primitive_desc");
+    reset(engine_q, true);
+  }
+
+  template <class primitive_desc>
+  static engine query(const primitive_desc &pd) {
+    mkldnn_engine_t engine_q;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+            pd.get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(eengine), 0, &engine_q),
+        "could not get engine from primitive_desc");
+
+    return engine(engine_q);
+  }
+
+private:
+  static mkldnn_engine_kind_t convert_to_c(kind akind) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_engine_kind_t>(akind);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_primitives Primitives
+/// @{
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_memory Memory
+/// @{
+
+/// Memory primitive that describes the data.
+struct memory : public primitive {
+private:
+  std::shared_ptr<char> _handle;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::vector<std::remove_extent<mkldnn_dims_t>::type> dims;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static void validate_dims(std::vector<T> v) {
+    if (v.size() > TENSOR_MAX_DIMS)
+      throw error(mkldnn_invalid_arguments, "invalid dimensions");
+  }
+
+  /// Data type specification. See #mkldnn_data_type_t for a detailed
+  /// description.
+  enum data_type {
+    data_undef = mkldnn_data_type_undef,
+    f32 = mkldnn_f32,
+    s32 = mkldnn_s32,
+    s16 = mkldnn_s16,
+    s8 = mkldnn_s8,
+    u8 = mkldnn_u8,
+  };
+
+  /// Memory format specification. See #mkldnn_memory_format_t
+  /// for a detailed description.
+  enum format {
+    format_undef = mkldnn_format_undef,
+    any = mkldnn_any,
+    blocked = mkldnn_blocked,
+    x = mkldnn_x,
+    nc = mkldnn_nc,
+    nchw = mkldnn_nchw,
+    nhwc = mkldnn_nhwc,
+    chwn = mkldnn_chwn,
+    nChw8c = mkldnn_nChw8c,
+    nChw16c = mkldnn_nChw16c,
+    ncdhw = mkldnn_ncdhw,
+    ndhwc = mkldnn_ndhwc,
+    nCdhw16c = mkldnn_nCdhw16c,
+    oi = mkldnn_oi,
+    io = mkldnn_io,
+    oihw = mkldnn_oihw,
+    ihwo = mkldnn_ihwo,
+    hwio = mkldnn_hwio,
+    oidhw = mkldnn_oidhw,
+    OIdhw16i16o = mkldnn_OIdhw16i16o,
+    OIdhw16o16i = mkldnn_OIdhw16o16i,
+    Oidhw16o = mkldnn_Oidhw16o,
+    Odhwi16o = mkldnn_Odhwi16o,
+    oIhw8i = mkldnn_oIhw8i,
+    oIhw16i = mkldnn_oIhw16i,
+    OIhw8i8o = mkldnn_OIhw8i8o,
+    OIhw16i16o = mkldnn_OIhw16i16o,
+    OIhw8o8i = mkldnn_OIhw8o8i,
+    OIhw16o16i = mkldnn_OIhw16o16i,
+    IOhw16o16i = mkldnn_IOhw16o16i,
+    OIhw8i16o2i = mkldnn_OIhw8i16o2i,
+    OIhw8o16i2o = mkldnn_OIhw8o16i2o,
+    OIhw4i16o4i = mkldnn_OIhw4i16o4i,
+    Oihw8o = mkldnn_Oihw8o,
+    Oihw16o = mkldnn_Oihw16o,
+    Ohwi8o = mkldnn_Ohwi8o,
+    Ohwi16o = mkldnn_Ohwi16o,
+    OhIw16o4i = mkldnn_OhIw16o4i,
+    goihw = mkldnn_goihw,
+    hwigo = mkldnn_hwigo,
+    gOIhw8i8o = mkldnn_gOIhw8i8o,
+    gOIhw16i16o = mkldnn_gOIhw16i16o,
+    gOIhw8i16o2i = mkldnn_gOIhw8i16o2i,
+    gOIhw8o16i2o = mkldnn_gOIhw8o16i2o,
+    gOIhw4i16o4i = mkldnn_gOIhw4i16o4i,
+    gOihw8o = mkldnn_gOihw8o,
+    gOihw16o = mkldnn_gOihw16o,
+    gOhwi8o = mkldnn_gOhwi8o,
+    gOhwi16o = mkldnn_gOhwi16o,
+    Goihw8g = mkldnn_Goihw8g,
+    Goihw16g = mkldnn_Goihw16g,
+    gOIhw8o8i = mkldnn_gOIhw8o8i,
+    gOIhw16o16i = mkldnn_gOIhw16o16i,
+    gIOhw16o16i = mkldnn_gIOhw16o16i,
+    gOhIw16o4i = mkldnn_gOhIw16o4i,
+    goidhw = mkldnn_goidhw,
+    gOIdhw16i16o = mkldnn_gOIdhw16i16o,
+    gOIdhw16o16i = mkldnn_gOIdhw16o16i,
+    gOidhw16o = mkldnn_gOidhw16o,
+    gOdhwi16o = mkldnn_gOdhwi16o,
+    ntc = mkldnn_ntc,
+    tnc = mkldnn_tnc,
+    ldsnc = mkldnn_ldsnc,
+    ldigo = mkldnn_ldigo,
+    ldigo_p = mkldnn_ldigo_p,
+    ldgoi = mkldnn_ldgoi,
+    ldgoi_p = mkldnn_ldgoi_p,
+    ldgo = mkldnn_ldgo,
+    wino_fmt = mkldnn_wino_fmt,
+    format_last = mkldnn_format_last,
+  };
+
+  /// A memory descriptor.
+  struct desc {
+    friend struct memory;
+    /// The underlying C API data structure.
+    mkldnn_memory_desc_t data;
+
+    /// Constructs a memory descriptor.
+    ///
+    /// @param adims Data dimensions
+    /// @param adata_type Data precision/type.
+    /// @param aformat Data layout format.
+    desc(dims adims, data_type adata_type, format aformat) {
+      validate_dims(adims);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_memory_desc_init(&data,
+                                  (int)adims.size(),
+                                  adims.size() == 0 ? nullptr : &adims[0],
+                                  convert_to_c(adata_type),
+                                  convert_to_c(aformat)),
+          "could not initialize a memory descriptor");
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a memory descriptor from a C API data structure.
+    ///
+    /// @param adata A C API #mkldnn_memory_desc_t structure.
+    desc(const mkldnn_memory_desc_t &adata) : data(adata) {}
+  };
+
+  /// A memory primitive descriptor.
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    friend struct memory;
+
+    // TODO: make private
+    primitive_desc() {}
+
+    /// Constructs a memory primitive descriptor.
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get()),
+                        "could not initialize a memory primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the memory primitive descriptor.
+    memory::desc desc() {
+      auto memory_d = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_memory_d(get());
+      return memory::desc(*memory_d);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of bytes required to allocate the memory described
+    /// including the padding area.
+    size_t get_size() const {
+      return mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_get_size(get());
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const primitive_desc &other) const {
+      return mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_equal(get(), other.get());
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const primitive_desc &other) const {
+      return !operator==(other);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  /// Constructs a memory primitive from a generic primitive.
+  ///
+  /// @param aprimitive The primitive to treat as memory.
+  memory(const primitive &aprimitive) : primitive(aprimitive) {}
+  /// Constructs a memory primitive.
+  ///
+  /// @param adesc Memory primitive descriptor.
+  memory(const primitive_desc &adesc) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, adesc.get(), nullptr, nullptr),
+        "could not create a memory primitive");
+    reset(result);
+    auto _malloc = [](size_t size, int alignment) {
+      void *ptr;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+      ptr = _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
+      int rc = ((ptr) ? 0 : errno);
+#else
+      int rc = ::posix_memalign(&ptr, alignment, size);
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+      return (rc == 0) ? (char *)ptr : nullptr;
+    };
+    auto _free = [](char *p) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+      _aligned_free((void *)p);
+#else
+      ::free((void *)p);
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+    };
+    _handle.reset(_malloc(adesc.get_size(), 4096), _free);
+    set_data_handle(_handle.get());
+  }
+
+  memory(const primitive_desc &adesc, void *ahandle) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, adesc.get(), nullptr, nullptr),
+        "could not create a memory primitive");
+    reset(result);
+    set_data_handle(ahandle);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the descriptor of the memory primitive.
+  primitive_desc get_primitive_desc() const {
+    primitive_desc adesc;
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(get(), &cdesc),
+        "could not get primitive descriptor from a memory primitive");
+    /* FIXME: no const_cast should be here */
+    adesc.reset(const_cast<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t>(cdesc), true);
+    return adesc;
+  }
+
+  /// Returns a handle of the data contained in the memory primitive. On
+  /// the CPU engine, this is a pointer to the allocated memory.
+  inline void *get_data_handle() const {
+    void *handle;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_get_data_handle(get(), &handle),
+                      "could not get native handle");
+    return handle;
+  }
+
+  inline void set_data_handle(void *handle) const {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_set_data_handle(get(), handle),
+                      "could not set native handle");
+  }
+
+  // Must go away or be private:
+  static mkldnn_data_type_t convert_to_c(data_type adata_type) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_data_type_t>(adata_type);
+  }
+  static mkldnn_memory_format_t convert_to_c(format aformat) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_memory_format_t>(aformat);
+  }
+};
+
+inline memory::desc zero_md() {
+  mkldnn_memory_desc_t zero;
+  zero.primitive_kind = mkldnn_memory;
+  return memory::desc(zero);
+}
+
+inline memory null_memory(engine eng) {
+  mkldnn::memory::desc zero = zero_md();
+  return memory({zero, eng}, nullptr);
+}
+
+inline bool is_null_memory(const const_mkldnn_primitive_t &aprimitive) {
+  const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t aprimitive_pd;
+  mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(aprimitive, &aprimitive_pd);
+  const mkldnn_memory_desc_t *aprimitive_md =
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_memory_d(aprimitive_pd);
+
+  return ((aprimitive_md != nullptr) && (aprimitive_md->ndims == 0));
+}
+
+inline bool operator==(mkldnn_data_type_t a, memory::data_type b) {
+  return a == memory::convert_to_c(b);
+}
+inline bool operator!=(mkldnn_data_type_t a, memory::data_type b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+inline bool operator==(memory::data_type a, mkldnn_data_type_t b) {
+  return b == a;
+}
+inline bool operator!=(memory::data_type a, mkldnn_data_type_t b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+
+inline bool operator==(mkldnn_memory_format_t a, memory::format b) {
+  return a == memory::convert_to_c(b);
+}
+inline bool operator!=(mkldnn_memory_format_t a, memory::format b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+inline bool operator==(memory::format a, mkldnn_memory_format_t b) {
+  return b == a;
+}
+inline bool operator!=(memory::format a, mkldnn_memory_format_t b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_reorder Reorder
+/// @{
+
+struct reorder : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
+                   const memory::primitive_desc &output) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_reorder_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, input.get(), output.get()),
+                        "could not create a reorder primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
+                   const memory::primitive_desc &output,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_reorder_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+                            &result, input.get(), output.get(), aattr.get()),
+                        "could not create a reorder primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  reorder(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+          const primitive::at &input,
+          const memory &output) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a reorder primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  reorder(const primitive::at &input, const memory &output) {
+    auto input_mpd = memory(input).get_primitive_desc();
+    auto output_mpd = output.get_primitive_desc();
+
+    auto reorder_d = primitive_desc(input_mpd, output_mpd);
+
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, reorder_d.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a reorder primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_view View
+/// @{
+
+struct view : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
+                   memory::dims dims,
+                   memory::dims offsets) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_view_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, input.get(), &dims[0], &offsets[0]),
+                        "could not create a view primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  view(const primitive_desc &view_pd, primitive::at input) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, view_pd.get(), inputs, nullptr),
+        "could not create a view primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  view(memory input, memory::dims dims, memory::dims offsets) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    primitive_desc view_pd(input.get_primitive_desc(), dims, offsets);
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {primitive::at(input).data};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, view_pd.get(), inputs, nullptr),
+        "could not create a view primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_concat Concat
+/// @{
+
+struct concat : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> cpp_to_c(
+        std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> c_api_inputs;
+      c_api_inputs.reserve(inputs.size());
+      auto convert_to_c = [](memory::primitive_desc d) { return d.get(); };
+      std::transform(inputs.begin(),
+                     inputs.end(),
+                     std::back_inserter(c_api_inputs),
+                     convert_to_c);
+      return c_api_inputs;
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
+                   int concat_dimension,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_concat_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                              &output.data,
+                                              (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                              concat_dimension,
+                                              &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a concat primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(int concat_dimension,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_concat_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                              nullptr,
+                                              (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                              concat_dimension,
+                                              &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a concat primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  concat(const primitive_desc &concat_pd,
+         std::vector<primitive::at> &inputs,
+         const memory &output) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+
+    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_at_t> p_inputs;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++)
+      p_inputs.push_back(inputs[i].data);
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, concat_pd.get(), &p_inputs[0], outputs),
+                      "could not create a concat primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_sum Sum
+/// @{
+
+struct sum : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> cpp_to_c(
+        std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> c_api_inputs;
+      c_api_inputs.reserve(inputs.size());
+      auto convert_to_c = [](memory::primitive_desc d) { return d.get(); };
+      std::transform(inputs.begin(),
+                     inputs.end(),
+                     std::back_inserter(c_api_inputs),
+                     convert_to_c);
+      return c_api_inputs;
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
+                   const std::vector<float> &scales,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           &output.data,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scales[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const std::vector<float> &scales,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           nullptr,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scales[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backwards compatibility for double scales type */
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED
+    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
+                   std::vector<double> scale,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+      auto scale_f = scale_to_float(scale);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           &output.data,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scale_f[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backwards compatibility for double scales type */
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED
+    primitive_desc(std::vector<double> scale,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+      auto scale_f = scale_to_float(scale);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           nullptr,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scale_f[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  sum(const primitive_desc &sum_pd,
+      std::vector<primitive::at> &inputs,
+      const memory &output) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+
+    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_at_t> p_inputs;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++)
+      p_inputs.push_back(inputs[i].data);
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, sum_pd.get(), &p_inputs[0], outputs),
+        "could not create a sum primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+private:
+  static std::vector<float> scale_to_float(const std::vector<double> &vd) {
+    std::vector<float> vf(vd.size());
+    std::transform(
+        vd.begin(), vd.end(), vf.begin(), [=](double x) { return (float)x; });
+    return vf;
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_convolution Convolution
+/// @{
+
+struct convolution_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            &bias_desc.data,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            nullptr,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &bias_desc.data,
+              &dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a dilated convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a dilated convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a convolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a convolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                      const primitive::at &src,
+                      const primitive::at &weights,
+                      const primitive::at &bias,
+                      const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution forward bias primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  convolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                      const primitive::at &src,
+                      const primitive::at &weights,
+                      const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct convolution_backward_data : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_backward_data_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &diff_src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward data descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_data_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &diff_src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward data descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const convolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a convolution backward data primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                            const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                            const primitive::at &weights,
+                            const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution backward data primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct convolution_backward_weights : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const convolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const memory &diff_weights,
+                               const memory &diff_bias) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+  convolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct convolution_relu_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_relu_desc_t data;
+    desc(const convolution_forward::desc conv_desc,
+         const float negative_slope) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_relu_desc_init(
+              &data, &conv_desc.data, negative_slope),
+          "could not create a convolution_relu_forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a convolution relu forward descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_relu_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                           const primitive::at &src,
+                           const primitive::at &weights,
+                           const primitive::at &bias,
+                           const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution relu forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  convolution_relu_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                           const primitive::at &src,
+                           const primitive::at &weights,
+                           const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution relu forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+//
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_deconvolution Deconvolution
+/// @{
+
+struct deconvolution_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_deconvolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            &bias_desc.data,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a deconvolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_deconvolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            nullptr,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a deconvolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  deconvolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at &weights,
+                        const primitive::at &bias,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution forward bias primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  deconvolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at &weights,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct deconvolution_backward_data : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_data_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &diff_src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward data descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const deconvolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward data primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  deconvolution_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution backward data primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct deconvolution_backward_weights : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const deconvolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  deconvolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights,
+                                 const memory &diff_bias) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+  deconvolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_lrn LRN
+/// @{
+
+struct lrn_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_lrn_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta,
+         float k) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_lrn_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                       convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                       &src_desc.data,
+                                       local_size,
+                                       alpha,
+                                       beta,
+                                       k),
+          "could not create a lrn forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_lrn_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                       convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                       &src_desc.data,
+                                       local_size,
+                                       alpha,
+                                       beta,
+                                       float(1.0)),
+          "could not create a lrn forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+                        "could not create a lrn forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  lrn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+              const primitive::at &src,
+              const memory &workspace,
+              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), workspace.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  lrn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+              const primitive::at &src,
+              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct lrn_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_lrn_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta,
+         float k) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_lrn_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                                      convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                                      &diff_data_desc.data,
+                                                      &data_desc.data,
+                                                      local_size,
+                                                      alpha,
+                                                      beta,
+                                                      k),
+                        "could not create a lrn backward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_lrn_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                                      convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                                      &diff_data_desc.data,
+                                                      &data_desc.data,
+                                                      local_size,
+                                                      alpha,
+                                                      beta,
+                                                      float(1.0)),
+                        "could not create a lrn backward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const engine &aengine,
+                   const lrn_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a backward lrn primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  lrn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+               const primitive::at &src,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+               const primitive::at &workspace,
+               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data, workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  lrn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+               const primitive::at &src,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_pooling Pooling
+/// @{
+
+struct pooling_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_pooling_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims kernel,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(kernel);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_pooling_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                           convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                           &src_desc.data,
+                                           &dst_desc.data,
+                                           &strides[0],
+                                           &kernel[0],
+                                           &padding_l[0],
+                                           &padding_r[0],
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not init a forward pooling descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a forward pooling primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  pooling_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), nullptr};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  pooling_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst,
+                  const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), workspace.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct pooling_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_pooling_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims &strides,
+         const memory::dims &kernel,
+         const memory::dims &padding_l,
+         const memory::dims &padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(kernel);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_pooling_backward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &diff_src_desc.data,
+                            &diff_dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &kernel[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not init a backward pooling descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const pooling_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a backward pooling primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  pooling_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                   const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  pooling_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                   const primitive::at &workspace,
+                   const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_eltwise Eltwise
+/// @{
+
+struct eltwise_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_eltwise_desc_t data;
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm alg_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         T alpha = 0,
+         T beta = 0) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_eltwise_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(alg_kind),
+                                           &src_desc.data,
+                                           static_cast<float>(alpha),
+                                           static_cast<float>(beta)),
+          "could not create a eltwise forward descriptor");
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backward compatibility for relu */
+    template <typename T>
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+                           const memory::desc &src_desc,
+                           T negative_slope)
+        : desc(aprop_kind, eltwise_relu, src_desc, negative_slope) {}
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a eltwise forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  eltwise_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a eltwise forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+typedef eltwise_forward relu_forward;
+
+struct eltwise_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_eltwise_desc_t data;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(algorithm alg_kind,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         T alpha = 0,
+         T beta = 0) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_eltwise_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(alg_kind),
+                                            &diff_data_desc.data,
+                                            &data_desc.data,
+                                            static_cast<float>(alpha),
+                                            static_cast<float>(beta)),
+          "could not create a eltwise backward descriptor");
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backward compatibility for relu */
+    template <typename T>
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED desc(const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+                           const memory::desc &data_desc,
+                           T negative_slope)
+        : desc(eltwise_relu, diff_data_desc, data_desc, negative_slope) {}
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const eltwise_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a eltwise backward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  eltwise_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                   const primitive::at &src,
+                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                   const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a eltwise backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+typedef eltwise_backward relu_backward;
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_softmax Softmax
+/// @{
+
+struct softmax_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_softmax_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         int softmax_axis) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_softmax_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                           &data_desc.data,
+                                           softmax_axis),
+          "could not create a softmax forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a softmax forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  softmax_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a softmax forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_batch_norm Batch normalization
+/// @{
+
+struct batch_normalization_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t data;
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         T epsilon,
+         unsigned flags) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_batch_normalization_forward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              static_cast<float>(epsilon),
+              flags),
+          "could not create a batch normalization forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+                        "could not create a batch normalization forward "
+                        "primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a batch normalization forward "
+          "primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc mean_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc aprimitive_desc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t *p;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(batch_normalization_d), 0, &p),
+          "could not get a batch-normalization descriptor");
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          (p->flags & use_global_stats)
+              ? mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1)
+              : mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a mean primitive descriptor");
+      aprimitive_desc.reset(bndesc);
+      return aprimitive_desc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc variance_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc aprimitive_desc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t *p;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(batch_normalization_d), 0, &p),
+          "could not get a batch-normalization descriptor");
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          (p->flags & use_global_stats)
+              ? mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 2)
+              : mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a variance primitive descriptor");
+      aprimitive_desc.reset(bndesc);
+      return aprimitive_desc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &mean,
+                              const primitive::at &variance,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
+        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &mean,
+                              const primitive::at &variance,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, mean.data, variance.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  /// @warning batch_normalization_forward has 2 constructors with very
+  ///          similar signatures:
+  ///           - (pd, src, weights, dst, mean, variance) // 2 in, 3 out
+  ///           - (pd, src, dst, mean, variance, workspace) // 1 in, 4 out
+  ///          The only way to distinguish between those is to explicitly
+  ///          cast all input parameters to their type, i.e. to
+  ///          const primitive:at &.
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance,
+                              const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get(), workspace.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  /// @warning batch_normalization_forward has 2 constructors with very
+  ///          similar signatures:
+  ///           - (pd, src, weights, dst, mean, variance) // 2 in, 3 out
+  ///           - (pd, src, dst, mean, variance, workspace) // 1 in, 4 out
+  ///          The only way to distinguish between those is to explicitly
+  ///          cast all input parameters to their type, i.e. to
+  ///          const primitive:at &.
+  /// @note to make users' experience a little bit better this constructor
+  ///       checks if whether parameters match corresponding primitive
+  ///       descriptor, and if they are not -- call the other (proper)
+  ///       constructor. Yeah, this is still very ugly...
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance,
+                              const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[2] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[4] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get(), workspace.get()};
+
+    if (1) {  // check whether this is the `wrong` constructor
+      const int n_inputs_expected = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_s32(
+          aprimitive_desc.get(), mkldnn_query_num_of_inputs_s32, 0);
+      const int n_outputs_expected = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_s32(
+          aprimitive_desc.get(), mkldnn_query_num_of_outputs_s32, 0);
+      if (n_inputs_expected == 2 && n_outputs_expected == 3) {
+        // shift parameters, get rid of workspace, and add weights...
+        auto _weights = dst;
+        inputs[1] = {_weights.get(), 0};
+
+        auto _dst = mean, _mean = variance, _variance = workspace;
+        outputs[0] = _dst.get();
+        outputs[1] = _mean.get();
+        outputs[2] = _variance.get();
+        outputs[3] = nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct batch_normalization_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t data;
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         T epsilon,
+         unsigned flags) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_batch_normalization_backward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              &diff_data_desc.data,
+              &data_desc.data,
+              static_cast<float>(epsilon),
+              flags),
+          "could not create a batch normalization backward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const engine &aengine,
+                   const batch_normalization_forward::primitive_desc
+                       &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc mean_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a mean primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc variance_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a variance primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const primitive::at &weights,
+                               const memory &diff_src,
+                               const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
+        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get(), diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward (+ws)
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const primitive::at &weights,
+                               const primitive::at &workspace,
+                               const memory &diff_src,
+                               const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data,
+                                      mean.data,
+                                      variance.data,
+                                      diff_dst.data,
+                                      weights.data,
+                                      workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get(), diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward_data (+ws or +weights)
+  /// @warning This constructor works for backward_data propagation
+  ///          - w/ weights but w/o workspace, or
+  ///          - w/ workspace but w/o weights
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const primitive::at &weights_or_workspace,
+                               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data,
+                                      mean.data,
+                                      variance.data,
+                                      diff_dst.data,
+                                      weights_or_workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward_data
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
+        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_inner_product Inner Product
+/// @{
+
+struct inner_product_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_inner_product_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            &bias_desc.data,
+                            &dst_desc.data),
+                        "could not create a inner product forward descriptor");
+    }
+
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_inner_product_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            nullptr,
+                            &dst_desc.data),
+                        "could not create a inner product forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a inner product forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a inner product "
+          "forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  inner_product_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at weights,
+                        const primitive::at &bias,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a inner product forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  inner_product_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at weights,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a inner product forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct inner_product_backward_data : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
+    desc(const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_data_desc_init(&data,
+                                                       &diff_src_desc.data,
+                                                       &weights_desc.data,
+                                                       &diff_dst_desc.data),
+          "could not create a inner product backward data descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const inner_product_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a inner product backward data primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff dst primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  inner_product_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                              const primitive::at weights,
+                              const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a inner product backward data primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct inner_product_backward_weights : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
+    desc(const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data),
+          "could not create a inner product backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data),
+          "could not create a inner product backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const inner_product_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff dst primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  inner_product_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  inner_product_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights,
+                                 const memory &diff_bias) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_rnn RNN
+/// @{
+
+struct rnn_cell {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_t c_rnn_cell_;
+
+    desc(algorithm kind, algorithm activation_f) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_init(&c_rnn_cell_,
+                                    mkldnn::convert_to_c(kind),
+                                    mkldnn::convert_to_c(activation_f),
+                                    0U,
+                                    0,
+                                    0),
+          "could not init an rnn cell descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm kind) : desc(kind, algorithm::algorithm_undef) {}
+
+    operator const mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_t *() const { return &c_rnn_cell_; }
+
+    algorithm get_cell_kind() const { return algorithm(c_rnn_cell_.cell_kind); }
+    algorithm get_activation() const {
+      return algorithm(c_rnn_cell_.activation_kind);
+    }
+
+    float get_alpha() const { return c_rnn_cell_.alpha; }
+    void set_alpha(float alpha) {
+      c_rnn_cell_.flags |= mkldnn_rnn_cell_with_relu;
+      c_rnn_cell_.alpha = alpha;
+    }
+
+    float get_clipping() const { return c_rnn_cell_.clipping; }
+    void set_clipping(float clipping) {
+      c_rnn_cell_.flags |= mkldnn_rnn_cell_with_clipping;
+      c_rnn_cell_.clipping = clipping;
+    }
+
+    int get_gates_count() const {
+      return mkldnn_rnn_cell_get_gates_count(&c_rnn_cell_);
+    }
+    int get_state_count() const {
+      return mkldnn_rnn_cell_get_states_count(&c_rnn_cell_);
+    }
+  };
+};
+
+struct rnn_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_rnn_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         rnn_cell::desc cell,
+         const rnn_direction direction,
+         const memory::desc &src_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &src_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_iter_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_rnn_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                       cell,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(direction),
+                                       &src_layer_desc.data,
+                                       &src_iter_desc.data,
+                                       &weights_layer_desc.data,
+                                       &weights_iter_desc.data,
+                                       &bias_desc.data,
+                                       &dst_layer_desc.data,
+                                       &dst_iter_desc.data),
+          "could not create an RNN forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+                        "could not create an RNN forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone an src layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  rnn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+              const primitive::at &src_layer,
+              const primitive::at &src_iter,
+              const primitive::at &weights_layer,
+              const primitive::at &weights_iter,
+              const primitive::at &bias,
+              const memory &dst_layer,
+              const memory &dst_iter,
+              const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[5];
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[3];
+    int idx = 0;
+    inputs[idx++] = src_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(src_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = src_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_layer.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_iter.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(bias.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = bias.data;
+
+    idx = 0;
+    outputs[idx++] = dst_layer.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(dst_iter.get())) outputs[idx++] = dst_iter.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(workspace.get())) outputs[idx++] = workspace.get();
+
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create an RNN forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct rnn_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_rnn_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         rnn_cell::desc cell,
+         const rnn_direction direction,
+         const memory::desc &src_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &src_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_iter_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_rnn_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                        mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                        cell,
+                                        mkldnn::convert_to_c(direction),
+                                        &src_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &src_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &weights_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &weights_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &bias_desc.data,
+                                        &dst_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &dst_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_src_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_src_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_weights_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_weights_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_bias_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_dst_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_dst_iter_desc.data),
+          "could not create an RNN backward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create an RNN backward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone an src layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone an src_layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+  // With last iteration (with and without input src_iter)
+  rnn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+               const primitive::at &src_layer,
+               const primitive::at &src_iter,
+               const primitive::at &weights_layer,
+               const primitive::at &weights_iter,
+               const primitive::at &bias,
+               const primitive::at &dst_layer,
+               const primitive::at &dst_iter,
+               const memory &diff_src_layer,
+               const memory &diff_src_iter,
+               const memory &diff_weights_layer,
+               const memory &diff_weights_iter,
+               const memory &diff_bias,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst_layer,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst_iter,
+               const primitive::at &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[10];
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[5];
+    int idx = 0;
+    inputs[idx] = src_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(src_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = src_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_layer.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_iter.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(bias.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = bias.data;
+    inputs[idx] = dst_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(dst_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = dst_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx] = diff_dst_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(diff_dst_iter.data.primitive))
+      inputs[idx++] = diff_dst_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx] = workspace.data;
+
+    idx = 0;
+    outputs[idx] = diff_src_layer.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(diff_src_iter.get()))
+      outputs[idx++] = diff_src_iter.get();
+    outputs[idx] = diff_weights_layer.get();
+    outputs[idx] = diff_weights_iter.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(diff_bias.get())) outputs[idx] = diff_bias.get();
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create an RNN backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+/// @} Primitives
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_stream Stream
+/// @{
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_stream_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_stream_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+struct stream : public handle<mkldnn_stream_t> {
+  using handle::handle;
+
+  enum kind {
+    any = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_any_stream,
+    eager = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_eager,
+    lazy = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_lazy
+  };
+
+  static mkldnn_stream_kind_t convert_to_c(kind akind) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_stream_kind_t>(akind);
+  }
+  /// Constructs a stream.
+  stream(kind akind) {
+    mkldnn_stream_t astream;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_create(&astream, convert_to_c(akind)),
+                      "could not create a stream");
+    reset(astream);
+  }
+
+  /// Submits a vector of primitives to a stream for computations.
+  ///
+  /// @param primitives The vector of primitives to submit.
+  /// @returns The stream.
+  stream &submit(std::vector<primitive> primitives) {
+    // TODO: find a proper way to convert vector<primitive> to
+    // vector<mkldnn_primitive_t>
+    if (primitives.size() == 0) return *this;
+    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_t> c_api_primitives;
+    c_api_primitives.reserve(primitives.size());
+    auto convert_to_c = [](primitive p) { return p.get(); };
+    std::transform(primitives.begin(),
+                   primitives.end(),
+                   std::back_inserter(c_api_primitives),
+                   convert_to_c);
+
+    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_submit(get(),
+                                           c_api_primitives.size(),
+                                           &c_api_primitives[0],
+                                           &c_api_error_primitive),
+                      "could not submit primitives to a stream",
+                      &c_api_error_primitive);
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /// Waits for all computations submitted to the stream to complete.
+  ///
+  /// @param block Specifies whether the operation should wait indefinitely or
+  /// return
+  ///              immediately.
+  /// @returns @c true if all computations completed.
+  /// @returns @c false if not all computations completed.
+  bool wait(bool block = true) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
+    mkldnn_status_t status =
+        mkldnn_stream_wait(get(), block, &c_api_error_primitive);
+    if (status != mkldnn_success && status != mkldnn_try_again)
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          status, "could not wait on a stream", &c_api_error_primitive);
+    return (status == mkldnn_success);
+  }
+
+  stream &rerun() {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_rerun(get(), &c_api_error_primitive),
+                      "could not rerun a stream",
+                      &c_api_error_primitive);
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @} C++ API
+
+}  // namespace mkldnn
+
+#endif

python/paddle/fluid/__init__.py

@@ -44,19 +44,22 @@ import transpiler
 from param_attr import ParamAttr, WeightNormParamAttr
 from data_feeder import DataFeeder
 from core import LoDTensor, CPUPlace, CUDAPlace, CUDAPinnedPlace
-from transpiler import DistributeTranspiler, SimpleDistributeTranspiler, InferenceTranspiler, memory_optimize, release_memory
+from transpiler import DistributeTranspiler, SimpleDistributeTranspiler, \
+    InferenceTranspiler, memory_optimize, release_memory
 from concurrency import (Go, make_channel, channel_send, channel_recv,
                          channel_close, Select)
 import clip
 import profiler
 import unique_name
 import recordio_writer
-from parallel_executor import ParallelExecutor
+import parallel_executor
+from parallel_executor import *
 
 Tensor = LoDTensor
 
-__all__ = framework.__all__ + executor.__all__ + concurrency.__all__ +\
-          trainer.__all__ + inferencer.__all__ + transpiler.__all__ + [
+__all__ = framework.__all__ + executor.__all__ + concurrency.__all__ + \
+          trainer.__all__ + inferencer.__all__ + transpiler.__all__ + \
+          parallel_executor.__all__ + [
               'io',
               'initializer',
               'layers',
@@ -78,8 +81,7 @@ __all__ = framework.__all__ + executor.__all__ + concurrency.__all__ +\
               'profiler',
               'unique_name',
               'recordio_writer',
-    'ParallelExecutor',
-]
+          ]
 
 
 def __bootstrap__():

python/paddle/fluid/backward.py

@@ -480,6 +480,8 @@ def append_backward(loss, parameter_list=None, no_grad_set=None,
 
     program.current_block_idx = current_block_idx
     program.sync_with_cpp()
+    # FIXME(zcd): prevent loss.grad optimized by mem_opt.
+    loss.block.var(_append_grad_suffix_(loss.name)).persistable = True
 
     if parameter_list is not None:
         parameters = parameter_list

python/paddle/fluid/framework.py

@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class Operator(object):
             'rnn_memory_helper_grad', 'conditional_block', 'while', 'send',
             'recv', 'listen_and_serv', 'parallel_do', 'save_combine',
             'load_combine', 'ncclInit', 'channel_create', 'channel_close',
-            'channel_send', 'channel_recv', 'select'
+            'channel_send', 'channel_recv', 'select', 'gen_nccl_id'
         }
         if type not in no_kernel_op_set:
             self.desc.infer_var_type(self.block.desc)

python/paddle/fluid/inferencer.py

@@ -13,29 +13,35 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import core
-import framework
+
 import executor
+import framework
 import io
+import unique_name
 from trainer import check_and_get_place
 
 __all__ = ['Inferencer', ]
 
 
 class Inferencer(object):
-    def __init__(self, param_path, place=None):
+    def __init__(self, infer_func, param_path, place=None):
         """
-        :param param_path: the path where the inference model is saved by fluid.io.save_inference_model
+        :param infer_func: a function that will return predict Variable
+        :param param_path: the path where the inference model is saved by fluid.io.save_params
         :param place: place to do the inference
         """
         self.param_path = param_path
         self.scope = core.Scope()
 
+        self.inference_program = framework.Program()
+        with framework.program_guard(self.inference_program):
+            with unique_name.guard():
+                self.predict_var = infer_func()
+
         self.exe = executor.Executor(check_and_get_place(place))
         with executor.scope_guard(self.scope):
             # load params from param_path into scope
-            [self.inference_program, _,
-             self.fetch_targets] = io.load_inference_model(
-                 executor=self.exe, dirname=param_path)
+            io.load_params(self.exe, param_path, self.inference_program)
 
     def infer(self, inputs, return_numpy=True):
         """
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ class Inferencer(object):
         with executor.scope_guard(self.scope):
             results = self.exe.run(self.inference_program,
                                    feed=inputs,
-                                   fetch_list=self.fetch_targets,
+                                   fetch_list=[self.predict_var],
                                    return_numpy=return_numpy)
 
         return results

python/paddle/fluid/parallel_executor.py

@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ import executor
 import warnings
 import sys
 
-__all__ = ['ParallelExecutor']
+__all__ = ['ParallelExecutor', 'ExecutionStrategy', 'BuildStrategy']
+
+ExecutionStrategy = core.ParallelExecutor.ExecutionStrategy
+BuildStrategy = core.ParallelExecutor.BuildStrategy
 
 
 class ParallelExecutor(object):
@@ -27,11 +30,12 @@ class ParallelExecutor(object):
                  use_cuda,
                  loss_name=None,
                  main_program=None,
-                 num_threads=None,
-                 allow_op_delay=False,
                  share_vars_from=None,
-                 use_default_grad_scale=True,
-                 balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=False):
+                 exec_strategy=None,
+                 build_strategy=None,
+                 num_trainers=1,
+                 trainer_id=0,
+                 **kwargs):
         """
         ParallelExecutor can run program in parallel.
 
@@ -40,21 +44,13 @@ class ParallelExecutor(object):
             loss_name(str, default None): The loss name must set in training.
             main_program(Program, default None): The program that need to run,
                 if not provided, then default_main_program will be used.
-            num_threads(int, default None): How many threads are used for
-                training.
-            allow_op_delay(bool, default False): Whether to delay and buffer
-                some operators together for scheduling or not, which may
-                improve performance in some cases, default False.
             share_vars_from(ParallelExecutor, default None): If provied,
                 it will share variables from the specified ParallelExecutor.
-            use_default_grad_scale(bool, default True): If set True, a default
-                scale value equal to `1./device_count` would be multiplied to
-                gradients of each device and scaled gradients would be
-                aggregated. Otherwise, a customized scale value should be fed
-                to the network.
-            balance_parameter_opt_between_cards(bool, default True): Whether
-                updating different gradients on different cards. Currently, it
-                is not recommended.
+            num_trainers(int, default 1): If greater than 1, NCCL will be
+                initialized with multpile rank of nodes, each node should have
+                same number of GPUs. Distributed training will be enabled then.
+            trainer_id(int, default 0): Must use together with num_trainers.
+                trainer_id is the "rank" of current node starts from 0.
 
         Returns:
             A ParallelExecutor object.
@@ -76,6 +72,25 @@ class ParallelExecutor(object):
               train_loss, = train_exe.run([loss.name], feed=feed_dict)
               test_loss, = test_exe.run([loss.name], feed=feed_dict)
         """
+        if len(kwargs) != 0:
+            err_msg = ""
+            for key in kwargs:
+                if key in dir(ExecutionStrategy):
+                    err_msg += \
+                        "Setting {0} by constructor is deprecated. Use " \
+                        "strategy=ExecutionStrategy(); strategy.{0}=xxx; " \
+                        "pe=ParallelExecutor(exec_strategy=strategy) " \
+                        "instead.\n ".format(key)
+                elif key in dir(BuildStrategy):
+                    err_msg += \
+                        "Setting {0} by constructor is deprecated. Use " \
+                        "strategy=BuildStrategy(); See help(" \
+                        "paddle.fluid.ParallelExecutor.BuildStrategy) \n".format(
+                            key)
+                else:
+                    err_msg += "Setting {0} by constructor is deprecated. Use strategy.\n".format(
+                        key)
+            raise ValueError(err_msg)
 
         self._places = []
         self._act_places = []
@@ -93,15 +108,25 @@ class ParallelExecutor(object):
                 self._places.append(p)
         assert self._places, "no place for execution"
 
-        if num_threads is None:
+        if exec_strategy is None:
+            exec_strategy = ExecutionStrategy()
+            if use_cuda:
+                exec_strategy.use_event = True
+            else:
+                exec_strategy.use_event = False
+
+        if exec_strategy.num_threads == 0:
             if use_cuda:
                 # Experiments on se-resnext shows that too many threads hurt
                 # performance. Worth tunning for other models in the future.
-                num_threads = len(self._places) * 2
+                exec_strategy.num_threads = len(self._places) * 2
             else:
-                num_threads = min(
+                exec_strategy.num_threads = min(
                     len(self._places) * 2, multiprocessing.cpu_count())
 
+        if build_strategy is None:
+            build_strategy = BuildStrategy()
+
         main = main_program
         main = main if main else framework.default_main_program()
         scope = executor.global_scope()
@@ -120,22 +145,14 @@ class ParallelExecutor(object):
         ]
 
         self.executor = core.ParallelExecutor(
-            num_threads,
-            True if use_cuda else False,  # use_event
             self._places,
             set([
                 p.name for p in main.global_block().iter_parameters()
                 if not p.stop_gradient
             ]),
-            set(self.persistable_vars),
-            main.desc,
-            loss_name if loss_name else '',
-            scope,
-            local_scopes,
-            allow_op_delay,
-            use_default_grad_scale,
-            balance_parameter_opt_between_cards)
-
+            set(self.persistable_vars), main.desc, loss_name
+            if loss_name else '', scope, local_scopes, exec_strategy,
+            build_strategy, num_trainers, trainer_id)
         self.scope = scope
 
     def run(self, fetch_list, feed=None, feed_dict=None):

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ foreach(src ${TEST_OPS})
     py_test(${src} SRCS ${src}.py)
 endforeach()
 
+add_subdirectory(fit_a_line)
 add_subdirectory(recognize_digits)

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/fit_a_line/CMakeLists.txt

+file(GLOB TEST_OPS RELATIVE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}" "test_*.py")
+string(REPLACE ".py" "" TEST_OPS "${TEST_OPS}")
+
+# default test
+foreach(src ${TEST_OPS})
+    py_test(${src} SRCS ${src}.py)
+endforeach()

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/fit_a_line/test_fit_a_line.py

+#   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import contextlib
+import numpy
+import unittest
+
+# train reader
+BATCH_SIZE = 20
+
+train_reader = paddle.batch(
+    paddle.reader.shuffle(
+        paddle.dataset.uci_housing.train(), buf_size=500),
+    batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
+
+test_reader = paddle.batch(
+    paddle.reader.shuffle(
+        paddle.dataset.uci_housing.test(), buf_size=500),
+    batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
+
+
+def inference_program():
+    x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[13], dtype='float32')
+    y_predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=x, size=1, act=None)
+    return y_predict
+
+
+def linear():
+    y = fluid.layers.data(name='y', shape=[1], dtype='float32')
+    y_predict = inference_program()
+
+    loss = fluid.layers.square_error_cost(input=y_predict, label=y)
+    avg_loss = fluid.layers.mean(loss)
+
+    return avg_loss
+
+
+def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
+    place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
+
+    trainer = fluid.Trainer(
+        train_func=train_program,
+        place=place,
+        optimizer=fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001))
+
+    def event_handler(event):
+        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndEpochEvent):
+            test_metrics = trainer.test(
+                reader=test_reader, feed_order=['x', 'y'])
+            print test_metrics
+            '''
+            
+            ...
+            ['25.768919467926025']
+            ['15.343549569447836']
+            ...
+            
+            '''
+            if float(test_metrics[0]) < 20.0:
+                if save_dirname is not None:
+                    trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
+            return
+
+    trainer.train(
+        reader=train_reader,
+        num_epochs=100,
+        event_handler=event_handler,
+        feed_order=['x', 'y'])
+
+
+# infer
+def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
+    if save_dirname is None:
+        return
+
+    place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
+    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(
+        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
+
+    batch_size = 10
+    tensor_x = numpy.random.uniform(0, 10, [batch_size, 13]).astype("float32")
+
+    results = inferencer.infer({'x': tensor_x})
+    print("infer results: ", results[0])
+
+
+def main(use_cuda):
+    if use_cuda and not fluid.core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
+        return
+
+    # Directory for saving the trained model
+    save_dirname = "fit_a_line.inference.model"
+
+    train(use_cuda, linear, save_dirname)
+    infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname)
+
+
+class TestFitALine(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cpu(self):
+        with self.program_scope_guard():
+            with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+                main(use_cuda=False)
+
+    def test_cuda(self):
+        with self.program_scope_guard():
+            with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+                main(use_cuda=True)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def program_scope_guard(self):
+        prog = fluid.Program()
+        startup_prog = fluid.Program()
+        scope = fluid.core.Scope()
+        with fluid.scope_guard(scope):
+            with fluid.program_guard(prog, startup_prog):
+                yield
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/recognize_digits/test_recognize_digits_conv.py

@@ -53,49 +53,43 @@ def train_program():
     predict = inference_program()
     cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
     avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(cost)
-    # acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
-    # return avg_cost, acc
-    return avg_cost
+    acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
+    return [avg_cost, acc]
 
 
-def train(use_cuda, save_dirname):
+def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
     optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=0.001)
 
     trainer = fluid.Trainer(
         train_func=train_program,
-        infer_func=inference_program,
         place=place,
         optimizer=optimizer,
         parallel=True)
 
     def event_handler(event):
         if isinstance(event, fluid.EndEpochEvent):
-            # if (event.epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:
-            # trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
-            trainer.save_inference_model(save_dirname)
-
-            # TODO: Uncomment this part once we are sure that .train is working
-            # test_reader = paddle.batch(
-            #     paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
-            # test_metrics = trainer.test(reader=test_reader)
-            # avg_cost_set = test_metrics[0]
-            # acc_set = test_metrics[1]
-            #
-            # # get test acc and loss
-            # acc = numpy.array(acc_set).mean()
-            # avg_cost = numpy.array(avg_cost_set).mean()
-            #
-            # print("avg_cost: %s" % avg_cost)
-            # print("acc     : %s" % acc)
-            #
-            # if float(acc) > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
-            #     trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
-            # else:
-            #     print('BatchID {0}, Test Loss {1:0.2}, Acc {2:0.2}'.format(
-            #         event.epoch + 1, float(avg_cost), float(acc)))
-            #     if math.isnan(float(avg_cost)):
-            #         sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
+            test_reader = paddle.batch(
+                paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
+            test_metrics = trainer.test(
+                reader=test_reader, feed_order=['img', 'label'])
+            avg_cost_set = test_metrics[0]
+            acc_set = test_metrics[1]
+
+            # get test acc and loss
+            acc = numpy.array(acc_set).mean()
+            avg_cost = numpy.array(avg_cost_set).mean()
+
+            print("avg_cost: %s" % avg_cost)
+            print("acc     : %s" % acc)
+
+            if float(acc) > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
+                trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
+            else:
+                print('BatchID {0}, Test Loss {1:0.2}, Acc {2:0.2}'.format(
+                    event.epoch + 1, float(avg_cost), float(acc)))
+                if math.isnan(float(avg_cost)):
+                    sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
         elif isinstance(event, fluid.EndStepEvent):
             print("Step {0}, Epoch {1} Metrics {2}".format(
                 event.step, event.epoch, map(numpy.array, event.metrics)))
@@ -112,10 +106,11 @@ def train(use_cuda, save_dirname):
         feed_order=['img', 'label'])
 
 
-def infer(use_cuda, save_dirname=None):
+def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
 
-    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
+    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(
+        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
 
     batch_size = 1
     tensor_img = numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0,
@@ -130,8 +125,14 @@ def main(use_cuda):
     save_dirname = "recognize_digits_conv.inference.model"
 
     # call train() with is_local argument to run distributed train
-    train(use_cuda=use_cuda, save_dirname=save_dirname)
-    infer(use_cuda=use_cuda, save_dirname=save_dirname)
+    train(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        train_program=train_program,
+        save_dirname=save_dirname)
+    infer(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        inference_program=inference_program,
+        save_dirname=save_dirname)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/recognize_digits/test_recognize_digits_mlp.py

@@ -40,47 +40,40 @@ def train_program():
     predict = inference_program()
     cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
     avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(cost)
-    # acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
-    # return avg_cost, acc
-    return avg_cost
+    acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
+    return [avg_cost, acc]
 
 
-def train(use_cuda, save_dirname):
+def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
     optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=0.001)
 
     trainer = fluid.Trainer(
-        train_func=train_program,
-        infer_func=inference_program,
-        place=place,
-        optimizer=optimizer)
+        train_func=train_program, place=place, optimizer=optimizer)
 
     def event_handler(event):
         if isinstance(event, fluid.EndEpochEvent):
-            # if (event.epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:
-            trainer.save_inference_model(save_dirname)
-
-            # TODO: Uncomment this part once we are sure that .train is working
-            # test_reader = paddle.batch(
-            #     paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
-            # test_metrics = trainer.test(reader=test_reader)
-            # avg_cost_set = test_metrics[0]
-            # acc_set = test_metrics[1]
-            #
-            # # get test acc and loss
-            # acc = numpy.array(acc_set).mean()
-            # avg_cost = numpy.array(avg_cost_set).mean()
-            #
-            # print("avg_cost: %s" % avg_cost)
-            # print("acc     : %s" % acc)
-            #
-            # if float(acc) > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
-            #     trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
-            # else:
-            #     print('BatchID {0}, Test Loss {1:0.2}, Acc {2:0.2}'.format(
-            #         event.epoch + 1, float(avg_cost), float(acc)))
-            #     if math.isnan(float(avg_cost)):
-            #         sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
+            test_reader = paddle.batch(
+                paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
+            test_metrics = trainer.test(
+                reader=test_reader, feed_order=['img', 'label'])
+            avg_cost_set = test_metrics[0]
+            acc_set = test_metrics[1]
+
+            # get test acc and loss
+            acc = numpy.array(acc_set).mean()
+            avg_cost = numpy.array(avg_cost_set).mean()
+
+            print("avg_cost: %s" % avg_cost)
+            print("acc     : %s" % acc)
+
+            if float(acc) > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
+                trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
+            else:
+                print('BatchID {0}, Test Loss {1:0.2}, Acc {2:0.2}'.format(
+                    event.epoch + 1, float(avg_cost), float(acc)))
+                if math.isnan(float(avg_cost)):
+                    sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
 
     train_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(
@@ -94,10 +87,11 @@ def train(use_cuda, save_dirname):
         feed_order=['img', 'label'])
 
 
-def infer(use_cuda, save_dirname=None):
+def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
 
-    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
+    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(
+        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
 
     batch_size = 1
     tensor_img = numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0,
@@ -112,8 +106,14 @@ def main(use_cuda):
     save_dirname = "recognize_digits_mlp.inference.model"
 
     # call train() with is_local argument to run distributed train
-    train(use_cuda=use_cuda, save_dirname=save_dirname)
-    infer(use_cuda=use_cuda, save_dirname=save_dirname)
+    train(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        train_program=train_program,
+        save_dirname=save_dirname)
+    infer(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        inference_program=inference_program,
+        save_dirname=save_dirname)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/word2vec/no_test_word2vec_new_api.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def train_program(is_sparse):
     return avg_cost
 
 
-def train(use_cuda, is_sparse, save_path):
+def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_path):
     train_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.dataset.imikolov.train(word_dict, N), BATCH_SIZE)
     test_reader = paddle.batch(
@@ -105,23 +105,21 @@ def train(use_cuda, is_sparse, save_path):
             print("loss= ", avg_cost)
 
             if avg_cost < 5.0:
-                trainer.save_inference_model(save_path)
+                trainer.save_params(save_path)
                 return
             if math.isnan(avg_cost):
                 sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
 
     trainer = fluid.Trainer(
-        partial(train_program, is_sparse),
-        partial(inference_program, is_sparse),
-        fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001),
-        place=place)
+        train_program, fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001), place=place)
     trainer.train(
         reader=train_reader, num_epochs=1, event_handler=event_handler)
 
 
-def infer(use_cuda, is_sparse, save_path):
+def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_path):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
-    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(param_path=save_path, place=place)
+    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(
+        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_path, place=place)
 
     lod = [0, 1]
     first_word = create_random_lodtensor(lod, place, low=0, high=dict_size - 1)
@@ -144,9 +142,9 @@ def main(use_cuda, is_sparse):
     if use_cuda and not fluid.core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
         return
 
-    save_path = "word2vec.inference.model"
-    train(use_cuda, is_sparse, save_path)
-    infer(use_cuda, is_sparse, save_path)
+    save_path = "word2vec.params"
+    train(use_cuda, partial(train_program, is_sparse), save_path)
+    infer(use_cuda, partial(inference_program, is_sparse), save_path)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/notest_understand_sentiment.py

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def train(word_dict,
         assert save_dirname is None
 
     adagrad = fluid.optimizer.Adagrad(learning_rate=0.002)
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = adagrad.minimize(cost)
+    adagrad.minimize(cost)
 
     train_data = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/test_fit_a_line.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def train(use_cuda, save_dirname, is_local):
     avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(cost)
 
     sgd_optimizer = fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001)
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+    sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
     BATCH_SIZE = 20
 

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/test_image_classification.py

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def train(net_type, use_cuda, save_dirname, is_local):
     test_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone(for_test=True)
 
     optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=0.001)
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+    optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
     BATCH_SIZE = 128
     PASS_NUM = 1

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/test_label_semantic_roles.py

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ def train(use_cuda, save_dirname=None, is_local=True):
             decay_steps=100000,
             decay_rate=0.5,
             staircase=True))
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+    sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
     # TODO(qiao)
     # add dependency track and move this config before optimizer

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/test_machine_translation.py

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ def train_main(use_cuda, is_sparse, is_local=True):
         learning_rate=1e-4,
         regularization=fluid.regularizer.L2DecayRegularizer(
             regularization_coeff=0.1))
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+    optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
     train_data = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/test_recognize_digits.py

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def train(nn_type,
     test_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone(for_test=True)
 
     optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=0.001)
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = optimizer.minimize(avg_loss)
+    optimizer.minimize(avg_loss)
 
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
 

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/test_recommender_system.py

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def train(use_cuda, save_dirname, is_local=True):
     test_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone(for_test=True)
 
     sgd_optimizer = SGDOptimizer(learning_rate=0.2)
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+    sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
 

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/test_word2vec.py

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def train(use_cuda, is_sparse, is_parallel, save_dirname, is_local=True):
         avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(pd())
 
     sgd_optimizer = fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001)
-    optimize_ops, params_grads = sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+    sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
     train_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.dataset.imikolov.train(word_dict, N), BATCH_SIZE)

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_dist_transpiler.py

+#   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import unittest
+
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import paddle.fluid.core as core
+import paddle.fluid.layers as layers
+from paddle.fluid.transpiler.distribute_transpiler import delete_ops
+import numpy
+
+
+class TestDistTranspiler(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.trainer_id = 0
+        self.trainers = 2
+        self.pservers = 2
+        self.pserver_eps = "127.0.0.1:6174,127.0.0.1:6175"
+        self.current_pserver_ep = "127.0.0.1:6174"
+
+    def net_conf(self):
+        x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[1000], dtype='float32')
+
+        y_predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=x,
+                                    size=1000,
+                                    act=None,
+                                    param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(name='fc_w'))
+
+        y = fluid.layers.data(name='y', shape=[1], dtype='float32')
+
+        cost = fluid.layers.square_error_cost(input=y_predict, label=y)
+        avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(cost)
+        sgd_optimizer = fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.1)
+
+        optimize_ops, params_grads = sgd_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+        return optimize_ops, params_grads
+
+    def test_transpiler(self):
+        trainer = self.get_trainer()
+        pserver, startup = self.get_pserver(self.current_pserver_ep)
+
+        self.assertEqual([op.type for op in trainer.global_block().ops],
+                         self.get_expect_trainer_ops())
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(pserver.blocks), 3)
+        # block0: listen_and_serv
+        self.assertEqual([op.type for op in pserver.blocks[0].ops],
+                         ["listen_and_serv"])
+        # block2: optimize pass
+        self.assertEqual([op.type for op in pserver.blocks[1].ops],
+                         ["sum", "scale", "sgd"])
+
+        # confirm startup program
+
+        self.assertEqual([op.type for op in startup.global_block().ops], [
+            "fill_constant", "fill_constant", "uniform_random", "uniform_random"
+        ])
+
+        # the variable #fc_w will be split into two blocks 
+        fc_w_var = startup.global_block().var("fc_w.block1")
+        self.assertEqual(fc_w_var.shape, (500, 1000))
+
+    def get_main_program(self):
+        main = fluid.Program()
+
+        with fluid.program_guard(main):
+            self.net_conf()
+
+        return main
+
+    def get_expect_trainer_ops(self):
+        trainer = fluid.Program()
+
+        with fluid.program_guard(trainer):
+            optimize_ops, params_grads = self.net_conf()
+
+        delete_ops(trainer.global_block(), optimize_ops)
+        return [op.type for op in trainer.global_block().ops
+                ] + ["split_byref", "send", "concat"]
+
+    def get_trainer(self):
+        return self._transpiler_instance().get_trainer_program()
+
+    def get_pserver(self, ep):
+        t = self._transpiler_instance()
+        pserver = t.get_pserver_program(ep)
+        startup = t.get_startup_program(ep, pserver)
+        return pserver, startup
+
+    def _transpiler_instance(self):
+        main = self.get_main_program()
+        t = fluid.DistributeTranspiler()
+        t.transpile(
+            self.trainer_id,
+            program=main,
+            pservers=self.pserver_eps,
+            trainers=self.trainers)
+        return t
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_network_with_dtype.py

@@ -27,12 +27,15 @@ class TestNetWithDtype(unittest.TestCase):
     def set_network(self):
         self.dtype = "float64"
         self.init_dtype()
+        main = fluid.Program()
+        with fluid.program_guard(main):
             self.x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[13], dtype=self.dtype)
             self.y = fluid.layers.data(name='y', shape=[1], dtype=self.dtype)
             y_predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=self.x, size=1, act=None)
 
             cost = fluid.layers.square_error_cost(input=y_predict, label=self.y)
             avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(cost)
+        self.program = main
         self.fetch_list = [avg_cost]
 
         sgd_optimizer = fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001)
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ class TestNetWithDtype(unittest.TestCase):
         exe = fluid.Executor(place)
         exe.run(fluid.default_startup_program())
         for data in train_reader():
-            exe.run(fluid.default_main_program(),
+            exe.run(self.program,
                     feed=feeder.feed(data),
                     fetch_list=self.fetch_list)
             # the main program is runable, the datatype is fully supported
@@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ class TestNetWithDtype(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 # TODO(dzhwinter): make sure the fp16 is runable
-# class TestFloat16(SimpleNet):
+# class TestFloat16(TestNetWithDtype):
 #     def init_dtype(self):
 #         self.dtype = "float16"
 

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_parallel_executor.py

@@ -232,14 +232,18 @@ class TestParallelExecutorBase(unittest.TestCase):
             place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0)
             startup_exe = fluid.Executor(place)
             startup_exe.run(startup)
+            exec_strategy = fluid.ExecutionStrategy()
+            exec_strategy.allow_op_delay = allow_op_delay
+
+            build_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy()
+            build_strategy.reduce_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.Reduce if balance_parameter_opt_between_cards else fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.AllReduce
 
             if use_parallel_executor:
                 exe = fluid.ParallelExecutor(
                     True,
                     loss_name=loss.name,
-                    allow_op_delay=allow_op_delay,
-                    balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=balance_parameter_opt_between_cards
-                )
+                    exec_strategy=exec_strategy,
+                    build_strategy=build_strategy)
             else:
                 exe = fluid.Executor(place=place)
 
@@ -548,7 +552,7 @@ class TestTransformer(TestParallelExecutorBase):
 
 
 class ParallelExecutorTestingDuringTraining(unittest.TestCase):
-    def check_network_convergence(self, balance_parameter_opt_between_cards):
+    def check_network_convergence(self, build_strategy=None):
         main = fluid.Program()
         startup = fluid.Program()
         with fluid.program_guard(main, startup):
@@ -571,15 +575,13 @@ class ParallelExecutorTestingDuringTraining(unittest.TestCase):
                 use_cuda=True,
                 loss_name=loss.name,
                 main_program=main,
-                balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=balance_parameter_opt_between_cards
-            )
+                build_strategy=build_strategy)
 
             test_exe = fluid.ParallelExecutor(
                 use_cuda=True,
                 main_program=test_program,
                 share_vars_from=train_exe,
-                balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=balance_parameter_opt_between_cards
-            )
+                build_strategy=build_strategy)
 
             for i in xrange(5):
                 test_loss, = test_exe.run([loss.name], feed=feed_dict)
@@ -594,10 +596,14 @@ class ParallelExecutorTestingDuringTraining(unittest.TestCase):
                     str(test_loss))
 
     def test_parallel_testing(self):
-        self.check_network_convergence(False)
+        build_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy()
+        build_strategy.reduce_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.AllReduce
+        self.check_network_convergence(build_strategy)
 
     def test_parallel_testing_with_new_strategy(self):
-        self.check_network_convergence(True)
+        build_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy()
+        build_strategy.reduce_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.Reduce
+        self.check_network_convergence(build_strategy)
 
 
 import paddle.dataset.conll05 as conll05
@@ -617,7 +623,7 @@ embedding_name = 'emb'
 
 
 def db_lstm(word, predicate, ctx_n2, ctx_n1, ctx_0, ctx_p1, ctx_p2, mark,
-            is_sparse, balance_parameter_opt_between_cards, **ignored):
+            is_sparse, **ignored):
     # 8 features
     predicate_embedding = fluid.layers.embedding(
         input=predicate,
@@ -686,9 +692,7 @@ def db_lstm(word, predicate, ctx_n2, ctx_n1, ctx_0, ctx_p1, ctx_p2, mark,
 
 
 class TestCRFModel(unittest.TestCase):
-    def check_network_convergence(self,
-                                  is_sparse,
-                                  balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=False):
+    def check_network_convergence(self, is_sparse, build_strategy=None):
         main = fluid.Program()
         startup = fluid.Program()
         with fluid.program_guard(main, startup):
@@ -739,8 +743,7 @@ class TestCRFModel(unittest.TestCase):
             pe = fluid.ParallelExecutor(
                 use_cuda=True,
                 loss_name=avg_cost.name,
-                balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=balance_parameter_opt_between_cards
-            )
+                build_strategy=build_strategy)
 
             feeder = fluid.DataFeeder(
                 feed_list=[
@@ -756,19 +759,29 @@ class TestCRFModel(unittest.TestCase):
                           pe.run(feed=feeder.feed(cur_batch),
                                  fetch_list=[avg_cost.name]))[0]
 
-    def test_update_sparse_parameter(self):
-        self.check_network_convergence(is_sparse=True)
+    def test_update_sparse_parameter_all_reduce(self):
+        build_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy()
+        build_strategy.reduce_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.AllReduce
+        self.check_network_convergence(
+            is_sparse=True, build_strategy=build_strategy)
 
-    def test_update_dense_parameter(self):
-        self.check_network_convergence(is_sparse=False)
+    def test_update_dense_parameter_all_reduce(self):
+        build_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy()
+        build_strategy.reduce_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.AllReduce
+        self.check_network_convergence(
+            is_sparse=False, build_strategy=build_strategy)
 
-    def test_update_sparse_parameter_with_new_strategy(self):
+    def test_update_sparse_parameter_reduce(self):
+        build_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy()
+        build_strategy.reduce_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.Reduce
         self.check_network_convergence(
-            is_sparse=False, balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=True)
+            is_sparse=False, build_strategy=build_strategy)
 
-    def test_update_dense_parameter_with_new_strategy(self):
+    def test_update_dense_parameter_reduce(self):
+        build_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy()
+        build_strategy.reduce_strategy = fluid.BuildStrategy.ReduceStrategy.Reduce
         self.check_network_convergence(
-            is_sparse=False, balance_parameter_opt_between_cards=True)
+            is_sparse=False, build_strategy=build_strategy)
 
 
 # test fetch all the variables of global_block
@@ -836,7 +849,8 @@ class TestFetchOp(unittest.TestCase):
                     assert not math.isnan(np.sum(ret[i])) and \
                            not math.isinf(np.sum(ret[i]))
 
-    def test_update_sparse_parameter(self):
+    @unittest.skip("this test is buggy")
+    def test_feed(self):
         tst_reader = paddle.batch(flowers.test(use_xmap=False), batch_size=16)
         tst_reader_iter = tst_reader()
 

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_split_var.py

@@ -21,15 +21,7 @@ import random
 
 
 class TestSplitVar(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_check_output(self):
-        # split below shapes to 10 servers
-        shapes = [[3, 5], [1024], [28, 784], [8, 1020], [800, 10]]
-        expected_sizes = [
-            [15], [1024],
-            [2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 784],
-            [2040, 2040, 2040, 2040],
-            [1150, 1150, 1150, 1150, 1150, 1150, 1100]
-        ]
+    def check_split_output(self, shapes, expected_sizes, min_size):
         var_list = []
         program = fluid.Program()
         for shape in shapes:
@@ -39,7 +31,7 @@ class TestSplitVar(unittest.TestCase):
                 # dtype=core.VarDesc.VarType.LOD_TENSOR,
                 shape=shape)
             var_list.append(var)
-        blocks = split_dense_variable(var_list, 10)
+        blocks = split_dense_variable(var_list, 10, min_size)
         all_sizes = []
         for s in expected_sizes:
             for s2 in s:
@@ -48,6 +40,25 @@ class TestSplitVar(unittest.TestCase):
             varname, block_id, size = block_str.split(":")
             self.assertEqual(int(size), all_sizes[i])
 
+    def test_1k(self):
+        shapes = [[3, 5], [1024], [28, 784], [8, 1020], [800, 10]]
+        expected_sizes = [
+            [15], [1024],
+            [2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 2352, 784],
+            [2040, 2040, 2040, 2040],
+            [1150, 1150, 1150, 1150, 1150, 1150, 1100]
+        ]
+
+        self.check_split_output(shapes, expected_sizes, 1024)
+
+    def test_check_output_8k(self):
+        shapes = [[3, 5], [1024], [28, 784], [8, 1020], [800, 10],
+                  [6, 33, 33, 33]]
+        expected_sizes = [[15], [1024], [10976, 10976], [8160], [8000],
+                          [35937, 35937, 35937, 35937, 35937, 35937]]
+
+        self.check_split_output(shapes, expected_sizes, 8192)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()

python/paddle/fluid/trainer.py

@@ -90,14 +90,12 @@ class Trainer(object):
 
     Args:
         train_func(callable): A function which will return loss. The loss must be a scalar.
-        infer_func(callable): A function which will return predict, used to save inference model
         optimizer(optimizer.Optimizer): The optimizer should be an instance of Optimizer
         place: The device place of this trainer.
     """
 
     def __init__(self,
                  train_func,
-                 infer_func,
                  optimizer,
                  param_path=None,
                  place=None,
@@ -109,7 +107,6 @@ class Trainer(object):
         if not isinstance(optimizer, opt_module.Optimizer):
             raise TypeError("The optimizer should be an instance of Optimizer")
 
-        self.infer_func = infer_func
         self.scope = core.Scope()
 
         self.startup_program = framework.Program()
@@ -207,7 +204,7 @@ class Trainer(object):
             self._train_by_executor(num_epochs, event_handler, reader,
                                     feed_order)
 
-    def test(self, reader, feed_order=None):
+    def test(self, reader, feed_order):
         """
         Test the model on given test data
 
@@ -226,15 +223,6 @@ class Trainer(object):
             exe = executor.Executor(self.place)
             io.save_persistables(exe, dirname=param_path)
 
-    def save_inference_model(self, model_path):
-        inference_program = framework.Program()
-        with framework.program_guard(inference_program):
-            with unique_name.guard():
-                predict_var = self.infer_func()
-        predict_var = self.train_program.block(0).var(predict_var.name)
-        exe = executor.Executor(self.place)
-        io.save_inference_model(model_path, [], [predict_var], exe)
-
     @contextlib.contextmanager
     def _prog_and_scope_guard(self):
         with framework.program_guard(
@@ -325,12 +313,7 @@ def build_feed_var_list(program, feed_order):
     if not isinstance(program, framework.Program):
         raise TypeError("The 'program' should be an object of Program")
 
-    if feed_order is None:
-        feed_var_list = [
-            var for var in program.global_block().vars.itervalues()
-            if var.is_data
-        ]
-    elif isinstance(feed_order, list):
+    if isinstance(feed_order, list):
         feed_var_list = [
             program.global_block().var(var_name) for var_name in feed_order
         ]

python/paddle/fluid/transpiler/__init__.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+
 from distribute_transpiler import DistributeTranspiler
 from inference_transpiler import InferenceTranspiler
 from memory_optimization_transpiler import memory_optimize, release_memory

python/paddle/fluid/transpiler/distribute_transpiler.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from __future__ import print_function
 import math
 
 import distributed_splitter as splitter
-from .. import core
+from .. import core, framework
 from ..framework import Program, default_main_program, \
                         default_startup_program, \
                         Variable, Parameter, grad_var_name
@@ -93,10 +93,7 @@ def same_or_split_var(p_name, var_name):
     return p_name == var_name or p_name.startswith(var_name + ".block")
 
 
-def split_dense_variable(var_list,
-                         pserver_count,
-                         min_block_size=1024,
-                         max_block_size=1048576):
+def split_dense_variable(var_list, service_count, min_block_size=8192):
     """
     We may need to split dense tensor to one or more blocks and put
     them equally onto parameter server. One block is a sub-tensor
@@ -104,19 +101,25 @@ def split_dense_variable(var_list,
 
     We need to have a minimal block size so that the calculations in
     the parameter server side can gain better performance. By default
-        minimum block size is 1024. The max block size is used to prevent
-        very large blocks that may cause send error.
-        :return: A list of VarBlocks. Each VarBlock specifies a shard of
-           the var.
+    minimum block size 8K elements (maybe 16bit or 32bit or 64bit). 
+
+    Args:
+        var_list (list): List of variables.
+        service_count (int): Numel of pserver services. A pserver may have two
+            or more listening ports.
+        min_block_size (int): Minimum splitted block size.
+    Returns:
+        blocks (list[(varname, block_id, current_block_size)]): A list 
+            of VarBlocks. Each VarBlock specifies a shard of the var.
     """
     blocks = []
     for var in var_list:
-        split_count = pserver_count
+        split_count = service_count
         var_numel = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, var.shape)
         max_pserver_count = int(math.floor(var_numel / float(min_block_size)))
         if max_pserver_count == 0:
             max_pserver_count = 1
-        if max_pserver_count < pserver_count:
+        if max_pserver_count < service_count:
             split_count = max_pserver_count
         block_size = int(math.ceil(var_numel / float(split_count)))
 
@@ -270,6 +273,7 @@ class DistributeTranspiler:
         grad_var_mapping = self._append_split_op(program, grad_blocks)
         param_var_mapping = self._create_vars_from_blocklist(program,
                                                              param_blocks)
+
         # step3: Add gradients as send op inputs and parameters as send
         # op outputs.
         send_inputs = []
@@ -277,9 +281,11 @@ class DistributeTranspiler:
         for b in grad_blocks:  # append by order
             varname, block_id, _ = b.split(":")
             send_inputs.append(grad_var_mapping[varname][int(block_id)])
+
         for b in param_blocks:
             varname, block_id, _ = b.split(":")
             send_outputs.append(param_var_mapping[varname][int(block_id)])
+
         # let send_op know which endpoint to send which var to, eplist has the same
         # order as send_inputs.
         eplist = split_method(send_inputs, pserver_endpoints)
@@ -417,7 +423,7 @@ class DistributeTranspiler:
         def __append_optimize_op__(op, block, grad_to_block_id):
             if self._is_opt_op(op):
                 self._append_pserver_ops(block, op, endpoint, grad_to_block_id,
-                                         default_main_program())
+                                         self.origin_program)
             else:
                 self._append_pserver_non_opt_ops(block, op)
 
@@ -751,9 +757,18 @@ class DistributeTranspiler:
         Create vars for each split.
         NOTE: only grads need to be named for different trainers, use
               add_trainer_suffix to rename the grad vars.
-        :return: A dict mapping from original var name to each var split.
+        Args:
+            program (ProgramDesc): ProgramDesc which gradients blong.
+            block_list (list[(varname, block_id, block_size)]): List of gradient blocks.
+            add_trainer_suffix (Bool): Add trainer suffix to new variable's name if set True.
+        Returns: 
+            var_mapping (dict(varname->[new_varname_variable])):A dict mapping 
+                from original var name to each var split.
         """
+
+        # varname->[(block_id, current_block_size)]
         block_map = dict()
+
         var_mapping = dict()
         for block_str in block_list:
             varname, offset, size = block_str.split(":")
@@ -824,7 +839,16 @@ class DistributeTranspiler:
             persistable=persistable)
 
     def _append_split_op(self, program, gradblocks):
-        # Split variables that need to be split and append respective ops
+        """
+        Split variables that need to be split and append respective ops
+        Args:
+            program (ProgramDesc): ProgramDesc that gradients blong.
+            gradblocks (list[(varname, block_id, block_size)]): List of gradient blocks.
+        Returns:
+            var_mapping (dict(varname->[new_splitted_variable])):A dict mapping 
+                from original var name to each var split.
+        """
+
         add_suffix = False
         if self.trainer_num > 1:
             add_suffix = True
@@ -1148,6 +1172,12 @@ class DistributeTranspiler:
         return lr_ops
 
     def _get_optimize_pass(self):
+        """
+        Get optimizer operators, paramters and gradients from origin_program
+        Returns:
+            opt_ops (list): optimize operators.
+            params_grads (dict): paramter->gradient.
+        """
         block = self.origin_program.global_block()
         opt_ops = []
         params_grads = []

tools/manylinux1/README.md

@@ -28,3 +28,38 @@ git clone https://github.com/paddlepaddle/paddle
 cd paddle/tools/manylinux1
 REPO=[yourrepo] ./build_all.sh
 ```
+
+## Build PaddlePaddle for the different Python ABIs
+
+Choose one of the following Python ABI and set the correct environment variables.
+
+- cp27-cp27m
+
+  ```bash
+  export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/_internal/cpython-2.7.11-ucs2/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH#/opt/_internal/cpython-2.7.11-ucs4/lib:}
+  export PATH=/opt/python/cp27-cp27m/bin/:${PATH}
+  export PYTHON_FLAGS="-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE:FILEPATH=/opt/python/cp27-cp27m/bin/python
+        -DPYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR:PATH=/opt/python/cp27-cp27m/include/python2.7
+        -DPYTHON_LIBRARIES:FILEPATH=/opt/_internal/cpython-2.7.11-ucs2/lib/libpython2.7.so"
+  ```
+
+- cp27-cp27mu
+
+  ```bash
+  export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/_internal/cpython-2.7.11-ucs4/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH#/opt/_internal/cpython-2.7.11-ucs2/lib:}
+  export PATH=/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu/bin/:${PATH}
+  export PYTHON_FLAGS="-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE:FILEPATH=/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu/bin/python
+        -DPYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR:PATH=/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu/include/python2.7
+        -DPYTHON_LIBRARIES:FILEPATH=/opt/_internal/cpython-2.7.11-ucs4/lib/libpython2.7.so"
+  ```
+
+And then add the `PYTHON_FLAGS` as your cmake flags:
+
+```bash
+cmake ..
+  ${PYTHON_FLAGS} \
+  -DWITH_GPU=OFF \
+  ...
+```
+
+You can find more details about cmake flags at [here](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/fluid/en/build_and_install/build_from_source_en.html#appendix-build-options)