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this lecture was look at voting schemed
这堂课是看投票计划的

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a little more closely and the main
更紧密和主要

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message of this segment will be that
该段的消息是

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even very reasonable sounding voting
甚至听起来很合理的投票

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schemes can run into problems and we'll
方案可能会遇到问题，我们将

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do it by a series of examples we'll look
我们将通过一系列示例来做到这一点

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at situation I'll ask you to pause the
在这种情况下，我会请您暂停

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video and think about the situation and
视频并考虑情况

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then we'll and to continue when you're
然后我们会继续，当您

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ready so let's get let's get started
准备好了，让我们开始吧

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let's start with the condos sake endorse
让我们从公寓的缘故开始

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a condition which on the face of it is
从表面上看是

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incontrovertible and consider the
坚不可摧，并考虑

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following examples so here we are we
下面的例子，所以我们在这里

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have a thousand agents and and here are
有一千个代理商，这是

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their preferences so for example four
他们的偏好，例如四个

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hundred and ninety nine of them prefer A
其中109个喜欢A 

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to B to C and so on for the others first
从B到C，以此类推。 

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question is not every voting situation
问题不是每个投票情况

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has a converse a winner does this one
有一个交谈者获胜者做到这一点

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have says good time for you to pause the
说了好时间让您暂停

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video and think about it well the answer
视频并仔细考虑答案

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is yes there is a conversation winner
是的，有一个对话的赢家

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and it's B and why is that
是B，那是为什么

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well let's look at their relative
好，让我们看看他们的亲戚

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preference of B to a and the relevant
 B对a的偏爱及相关

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preference of B to C well we have here
 B对C的偏爱我们在这里

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that 500 and one of the agents prefer B
 500和其中一位特工更喜欢B 

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to a and 502 of the agents prefer B to C
到a和502的代理商更喜欢B到C 

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so clearly B is a conversate winner
所以很明显B是一个对话的赢家

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well that so where's the problem well
好，那么问题出在哪里

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now think about the simplest sort of
现在考虑最简单的一种

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voting we're familiar with plurality
投票，我们熟悉复数

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voting everybody votes for their top
投票给所有人投票

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candidate who would win the plurality
赢得多元化的候选人

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voting here well again you could pause
再次在这里投票可以暂停

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the video or in this case it's fairly
视频，或者在这种情况下， 

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straightforward right
直截了当的权利

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clearly a would win it because 490
显然一个会赢，因为490 

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agents would vote for a and the next
代理商会投票给A和下一个

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highest number would be C with 498 so
最高的数字将是C与498，所以

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morality boating doesn't give you the
道德划船不会给你

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candidate that on the face of it
表面上的候选人

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is the clear should be the clear winner
是明确的应该是明确的赢家

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what about voting plurality with
用...投票复数怎么办

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elimination so this might take a little
消除，所以这可能需要一点时间

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more time to think about so you might
有更多时间思考，所以您可能

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want to pause the video here just for a
想要在这里暂停视频只是为了

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second and now when you think about it
第二，现在当您考虑它时

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you see that C would be the winner under
您会看到C将是下一个赢家

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pure reality with in elimination and why
消除中的纯现实，为什么

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is that well you'd first run a plurality
那是您首先要运行多个

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and you'll see that B is the loser
你会看到B是失败者

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so B would leave the competition if you
所以B如果你愿意离开比赛

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wish and now it'll be head-to-head
希望，现在将是正面交锋

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between CNA and in this case C would be
在CNA与C之间

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the winner because 501 out of the
获胜者，因为501分

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thousand agents prefer C to a so C would
成千上万的代理商更喜欢C而不是C 

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be the winner and so two voted teams
成为赢家，所以有两个投票小组

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both of them on the face of it
他们俩都面对它

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reasonable would give you different
合理会给你不同

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answers and both answer is different
答案和两个答案都不同

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from the criterion that on the face of
从面对的标准

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it seems quite a safe criterion namely
看来相当安全的标准是

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the cantos a foundation so here's
 cantos基础，所以这里是

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another example and let's think about
另一个例子，让我们考虑一下

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what would happen in this case what
在这种情况下会发生什么

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would happen under pure reality voting
将在纯现实投票下发生

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well clearly under Florida voting a
很明显，在佛罗里达投票下

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would win since I would get 35 votes and
会赢，因为我将获得35票， 

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the second highest would be B with 33
第二高的是33 

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what would happened under the board of
在董事会的领导下会发生什么

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voting this takes a little more thinking
投票这需要更多的思考

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and you might want to pause just for a
而您可能只想暂停一下

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second the video but when you continue
第二个视频，但是当您继续时

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by that time you'll quickly realize that
到那时你会很快意识到

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again a would be the winner under border
再一次将是边界下的赢家

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and clearly you have
显然你有

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a B and C each appearing in each of the
 B和C分别出现在每个

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places one two or three with a appearing
放置一两个或三个出现

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with the largest number of agents and
代理商数量最多

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the higher locations so they would have
较高的位置，所以他们将有

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the highest board account and would be
董事会最高帐户，并且

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the one or two so this looks very good
一两个这样看起来很好

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but now what happens if she drops out so
但是现在如果她退学了怎么办

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C realizes that he has no no chance of
 C意识到自己没有机会

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winning the election and drops out now
赢得选举，现在退学

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what would happen under the both
在这两种情况下会发生什么

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plurality and border just you might want
您可能想要的复数和边框

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to pause for a second the video and
暂停一秒钟的视频， 

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think about it and when you do you
考虑一下，什么时候做

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realize that in both cases B would win
意识到在两种情况下B都会赢

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and so here you have a candidate that
所以这里有一个候选人

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has no chance of winning and is sole
没有获胜的机会，而且是唯一的

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role if you wish is to change what
如果您希望改变的角色

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otherwise would be the outcome of the
否则将是

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elections here is another acuity of
这里的选举是

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voting schemes and imagine that we're
投票计划并想象我们

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doing terrorise elimination that is
做恐怖消除

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we're going to take one candidate to
我们将带一名候选人参加

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compare him to another take the winner
比较他和另一个获胜者

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comparing to a third and so on and so
比较三分之一等等

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forth so the order in which we compare
所以我们比较的顺序

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the candidates we call that the agenda
我们称之为议程的候选人

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so somebody needs to set the agenda we
所以有人需要设定议程

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call that person the attenders agenda
将该人称为与会者议程

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setter so imagine pairwise elimination
二传手，所以想像成对消除

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with the order of comparison ABC in
与比较顺序ABC在

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other words a would be compared to B and
换句话说a将与B进行比较

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then B will be compared to C so who
那么B将与C相比较

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would be the winner of this election a
将是这次选举的赢家

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good time to pause the video and think
暂停视频并思考的好时机

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about it and once you do you realize
关于它，一旦你意识到

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that C would be the winner because when
 C是赢家，因为当

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a is compared to B well we have be
 a与B相比较，我们已经

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preferred to a by a majority of the
被大多数人偏爱

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agents so a would be eliminated and then
代理，因此将被淘汰，然后

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when the winner namely B is compared to
当获胜者即B与

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C you'll see that C is preferred to B by
 C，您会看到C比B更偏爱B 

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the majority of the agent and therefore
大多数代理商，因此

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C will be the winner of this election
 C将是这次选举的获胜者

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with this ordering what happens with
按照这种顺序会发生什么

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another ordering like ACB again you
再次像ACB一样订购

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might want to pause the video and when
可能想暂停视频以及何时

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we read by the time you resume will
我们会在您恢复简历时阅读

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realize that this case B would be the
意识到这种情况B将是

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winner and perhaps not surprisingly when
赢家，也许并不奇怪

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you asked about the third ordering BCA
您询问了第三个订购BCA 

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you'll see that a would be the or the
您会看到a将是或

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winner there and so it's a little
那里的赢家，所以有点

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perhaps disconcerting that a the same
也许让我感到相同

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voting scheme merely by deciding on the
仅通过决定投票方案

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order in which you run it would lead to
您运行的顺序将导致

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very different results and here is
非常不同的结果，这是

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another example there are three agents
另一个例子有三个代理

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and four candidates and the preferences
和四个候选人和偏好

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are written up there now consider again
被写在那里，现在再考虑

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pairwise elimination with the ABCD
与ABCD成对消除

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ordering and what would you get again
订购，您还会得到什么

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pause the video for a second think about
暂停视频再三思

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it and realize that the winner would be
并意识到获胜者将是

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d what about what about this case we're
 d我们在这种情况下怎么样

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not talking about different orderings
不谈论不同的顺序

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we're talking about a given ordering and
我们在谈论给定的顺序， 

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an outcome but there's something a
结果，但有一些

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little troubling about this outcome what
这个结果有点令人不安

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is it pause the video think about it and
视频暂停了吗？ 

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realize that the problem is that
意识到问题是

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everyone prefers B to D here right so B
每个人都喜欢B比D好，所以B 

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is preferred to D here be referred to D
优先于D，这里称为D 

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here and be referred to D here and yet d
在这里，并在这里被称为D 

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this purrito dominated candidate wins
这个purrito主导的候选人获胜

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something is wrong in this picture well
这幅画出了点问题

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the goal here was not to give us the
目的不是要给我们

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final answer what what is the right way
最后的答案是什么正确的方法

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to vote in fact that is not well-defined
投票实际上定义不明确

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the goal was to alert us to that the
目的是提醒我们

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fact that a lot of reasonable sounding
事实很多合理

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voting schemes can can be problematic
投票方案可能会有问题

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and so with this note of caution
因此请注意

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00:09:15,399 --> 00:09:20,399
we'll finish this segment
我们将结束本段