this lecture was look at voting schemed 这堂课是看投票计划的
a little more closely and the main 更紧密和主要
message of this segment will be that 该段的消息是
even very reasonable sounding voting 甚至听起来很合理的投票
schemes can run into problems and we'll 方案可能会遇到问题，我们将
do it by a series of examples we'll look 我们将通过一系列示例来做到这一点
at situation I'll ask you to pause the 在这种情况下，我会请您暂停
video and think about the situation and 视频并考虑情况
then we'll and to continue when you're 然后我们会继续，当您
ready so let's get let's get started 准备好了，让我们开始吧
let's start with the condos sake endorse 让我们从公寓的缘故开始
a condition which on the face of it is 从表面上看是
incontrovertible and consider the 坚不可摧，并考虑
following examples so here we are we 下面的例子，所以我们在这里
have a thousand agents and and here are 有一千个代理商，这是
their preferences so for example four 他们的偏好，例如四个
hundred and ninety nine of them prefer A 其中109个喜欢A
to B to C and so on for the others first 从B到C，以此类推。
question is not every voting situation 问题不是每个投票情况
has a converse a winner does this one 有一个交谈者获胜者做到这一点
have says good time for you to pause the 说了好时间让您暂停
video and think about it well the answer 视频并仔细考虑答案
is yes there is a conversation winner 是的，有一个对话的赢家
and it's B and why is that 是B，那是为什么
well let's look at their relative 好，让我们看看他们的亲戚
preference of B to a and the relevant B对a的偏爱及相关
preference of B to C well we have here B对C的偏爱我们在这里
that 500 and one of the agents prefer B 500和其中一位特工更喜欢B
to a and 502 of the agents prefer B to C 到a和502的代理商更喜欢B到C
so clearly B is a conversate winner 所以很明显B是一个对话的赢家
well that so where's the problem well 好，那么问题出在哪里
now think about the simplest sort of 现在考虑最简单的一种
voting we're familiar with plurality 投票，我们熟悉复数
voting everybody votes for their top 投票给所有人投票
candidate who would win the plurality 赢得多元化的候选人
voting here well again you could pause 再次在这里投票可以暂停
the video or in this case it's fairly 视频，或者在这种情况下，
straightforward right 直截了当的权利
clearly a would win it because 490 显然一个会赢，因为490
agents would vote for a and the next 代理商会投票给A和下一个
highest number would be C with 498 so 最高的数字将是C与498，所以
morality boating doesn't give you the 道德划船不会给你
candidate that on the face of it 表面上的候选人
is the clear should be the clear winner 是明确的应该是明确的赢家
what about voting plurality with 用...投票复数怎么办
elimination so this might take a little 消除，所以这可能需要一点时间
more time to think about so you might 有更多时间思考，所以您可能
want to pause the video here just for a 想要在这里暂停视频只是为了
second and now when you think about it 第二，现在当您考虑它时
you see that C would be the winner under 您会看到C将是下一个赢家
pure reality with in elimination and why 消除中的纯现实，为什么
is that well you'd first run a plurality 那是您首先要运行多个
and you'll see that B is the loser 你会看到B是失败者
so B would leave the competition if you 所以B如果你愿意离开比赛
wish and now it'll be head-to-head 希望，现在将是正面交锋
between CNA and in this case C would be 在CNA与C之间
the winner because 501 out of the 获胜者，因为501分
thousand agents prefer C to a so C would 成千上万的代理商更喜欢C而不是C
be the winner and so two voted teams 成为赢家，所以有两个投票小组
both of them on the face of it 他们俩都面对它
reasonable would give you different 合理会给你不同
answers and both answer is different 答案和两个答案都不同
from the criterion that on the face of 从面对的标准
it seems quite a safe criterion namely 看来相当安全的标准是
the cantos a foundation so here's cantos基础，所以这里是
another example and let's think about 另一个例子，让我们考虑一下
what would happen in this case what 在这种情况下会发生什么
would happen under pure reality voting 将在纯现实投票下发生
well clearly under Florida voting a 很明显，在佛罗里达投票下
would win since I would get 35 votes and 会赢，因为我将获得35票，
the second highest would be B with 33 第二高的是33
what would happened under the board of 在董事会的领导下会发生什么
voting this takes a little more thinking 投票这需要更多的思考
and you might want to pause just for a 而您可能只想暂停一下
second the video but when you continue 第二个视频，但是当您继续时
by that time you'll quickly realize that 到那时你会很快意识到
again a would be the winner under border 再一次将是边界下的赢家
and clearly you have 显然你有
a B and C each appearing in each of the B和C分别出现在每个
places one two or three with a appearing 放置一两个或三个出现
with the largest number of agents and 代理商数量最多
the higher locations so they would have 较高的位置，所以他们将有
the highest board account and would be 董事会最高帐户，并且
the one or two so this looks very good 一两个这样看起来很好
but now what happens if she drops out so 但是现在如果她退学了怎么办
C realizes that he has no no chance of C意识到自己没有机会
winning the election and drops out now 赢得选举，现在退学
what would happen under the both 在这两种情况下会发生什么
plurality and border just you might want 您可能想要的复数和边框
to pause for a second the video and 暂停一秒钟的视频，
think about it and when you do you 考虑一下，什么时候做
realize that in both cases B would win 意识到在两种情况下B都会赢
and so here you have a candidate that 所以这里有一个候选人
has no chance of winning and is sole 没有获胜的机会，而且是唯一的
role if you wish is to change what 如果您希望改变的角色
otherwise would be the outcome of the 否则将是
elections here is another acuity of 这里的选举是
voting schemes and imagine that we're 投票计划并想象我们
doing terrorise elimination that is 做恐怖消除
we're going to take one candidate to 我们将带一名候选人参加
compare him to another take the winner 比较他和另一个获胜者
comparing to a third and so on and so 比较三分之一等等
forth so the order in which we compare 所以我们比较的顺序
the candidates we call that the agenda 我们称之为议程的候选人
so somebody needs to set the agenda we 所以有人需要设定议程
call that person the attenders agenda 将该人称为与会者议程
setter so imagine pairwise elimination 二传手，所以想像成对消除
with the order of comparison ABC in 与比较顺序ABC在
other words a would be compared to B and 换句话说a将与B进行比较
then B will be compared to C so who 那么B将与C相比较
would be the winner of this election a 将是这次选举的赢家
good time to pause the video and think 暂停视频并思考的好时机
about it and once you do you realize 关于它，一旦你意识到
that C would be the winner because when C是赢家，因为当
a is compared to B well we have be a与B相比较，我们已经
preferred to a by a majority of the 被大多数人偏爱
agents so a would be eliminated and then 代理，因此将被淘汰，然后
when the winner namely B is compared to 当获胜者即B与
C you'll see that C is preferred to B by C，您会看到C比B更偏爱B
the majority of the agent and therefore 大多数代理商，因此
C will be the winner of this election C将是这次选举的获胜者
with this ordering what happens with 按照这种顺序会发生什么
another ordering like ACB again you 再次像ACB一样订购
might want to pause the video and when 可能想暂停视频以及何时
we read by the time you resume will 我们会在您恢复简历时阅读
realize that this case B would be the 意识到这种情况B将是
winner and perhaps not surprisingly when 赢家，也许并不奇怪
you asked about the third ordering BCA 您询问了第三个订购BCA
you'll see that a would be the or the 您会看到a将是或
winner there and so it's a little 那里的赢家，所以有点
perhaps disconcerting that a the same 也许让我感到相同
voting scheme merely by deciding on the 仅通过决定投票方案
order in which you run it would lead to 您运行的顺序将导致
very different results and here is 非常不同的结果，这是
another example there are three agents 另一个例子有三个代理
and four candidates and the preferences 和四个候选人和偏好
are written up there now consider again 被写在那里，现在再考虑
pairwise elimination with the ABCD 与ABCD成对消除
ordering and what would you get again 订购，您还会得到什么
pause the video for a second think about 暂停视频再三思
it and realize that the winner would be 并意识到获胜者将是
d what about what about this case we're d我们在这种情况下怎么样
not talking about different orderings 不谈论不同的顺序
we're talking about a given ordering and 我们在谈论给定的顺序，
an outcome but there's something a 结果，但有一些
little troubling about this outcome what 这个结果有点令人不安
is it pause the video think about it and 视频暂停了吗？
realize that the problem is that 意识到问题是
everyone prefers B to D here right so B 每个人都喜欢B比D好，所以B
is preferred to D here be referred to D 优先于D，这里称为D
here and be referred to D here and yet d 在这里，并在这里被称为D
this purrito dominated candidate wins 这个purrito主导的候选人获胜
something is wrong in this picture well 这幅画出了点问题
the goal here was not to give us the 目的不是要给我们
final answer what what is the right way 最后的答案是什么正确的方法
to vote in fact that is not well-defined 投票实际上定义不明确
the goal was to alert us to that the 目的是提醒我们
fact that a lot of reasonable sounding 事实很多合理
voting schemes can can be problematic 投票方案可能会有问题
and so with this note of caution 因此请注意
we'll finish this segment 我们将结束本段