经济学人逝者 || 睡眠与梦境科学先驱威廉·迪蒙特

原文:http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU1MDQwNTgzMg==&mid=2247491068&idx=1&sn=f5a9dc79fa0ff0af61dfc260f7a84ebc&chksm=fba04e5bccd7c74df6f7b60c666d71b9e5115bc6e0db1e4b10e8a31c10f2ca41305331dca8bc#rd

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Perchance to dream

恍然成梦

英文部分选自经济学人20200711期逝者版块

Obituary: William Dement

逝者威廉·迪蒙特


Perchance to dream

恍然成梦


William Dement, pioneer in the science of sleep and dreams, died on June 17th, aged 91

威廉·迪蒙特,睡眠与梦境科学先驱,于617日逝世,享年91岁。


There seemed nothing much wrong with Stanford, as far as William Dement could see. To someone like him, who had left New York in January 1963 with his car buried in snow, this university—with its palms, its Spanish-colonial buildings and its skies of unbroken blue—looked like paradise. He and his wife strolled about and ate ice creams, in January, in a state of wonder.


在威廉·迪蒙特看来,斯坦福大学似乎没什么不好。1963年一月,威廉离开纽约时,他的轿车还埋在厚厚的积雪里。对他来说,满眼棕榈绿、点缀着西班牙殖民时期建筑、笼罩在一望无际的蓝天下的斯坦福大学,简直就是人间天堂。他和妻子漫步在一月份的斯坦福,吃着冰激凌,对周围的一切充满了好奇。


Yet all was not quite perfect. When he made a scientific study of the students later, he found that 80% were dangerously sleep-deprived. That did not surprise him. In America, the problem was general. Adults longed for the sweet, peaceful slumber of children; but night after night they tossed and turned, lay awake for hours, contended with continually restless legs, and faced the new day feeling horrible. Worse, they woke up in debt: a debt of sleep, which like the financial kind was cumulative, making them more and more unhealthy until, at worst, they could barely function.


然而,斯坦福也并非完美。他后来以学生做科学研究时发现,80%的人睡眠严重不足。对此他并不吃惊。在美国,睡眠不足是普遍现象。成人向往能像孩子一样睡得又甜又香;但夜复一夜,他们辗转反侧,久久不能入眠,腿怎么放都不舒服,第二天感觉极其糟糕。更糟的是,他们醒来时已然负债累累”——睡眠债,像金融债一样日积月累,让他们的健康状况越来越差,直到最坏的情况发生,人体几乎无法正常运转。


The result was a national plague of drowsiness. People blamed warm rooms or boring lectures for the fact that they kept nodding off in the daytime; but this was their sleep debt being called in. And the results, he warned them with increasing urgency, could be catastrophic. Someone who drowsed was mere seconds from sleep. The grounding of the Exxon Valdez, the near-meltdown at Three Mile Island, the loss of the space shuttle Challenger, had all been caused totally or in part by sleepy people. A horrendous number of the fatal accidents on America’s roads, especially among the young, were caused by drivers falling asleep at the wheel.


全民缺觉的结果就是,全民犯困。人们觉得白天总打瞌睡是因为屋里太暖和或者课堂太枯燥;其实这是他们在偿还睡眠债。威廉愈加焦急地发出警告,睡眠不足可能带来灾难性的后果。打瞌睡离睡着只有半步之遥。埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号油轮触礁、三里岛核电厂几近熔毁、挑战者号航天飞机坠毁,这些灾难全部或者部分由工作人员犯困造成。美国有大量的致命交通事故是驾驶员打瞌睡造成的,而在年轻人当中,这个比例尤其高。


More shocking to him was the fact that, well into the 1990s, America’s medical establishment barely noticed. It did not matter that sleep made up a third of human life. It was such a profound state of disengagement from the sensory world that, once their patients were in it, doctors lost interest, too. At the start of the decade, when he was appointed chairman of a federal commission that went through thousands of medical records, he found an estimated 40m Americans suffering from sleep problems that were undiagnosed and thus untreated. In 1993 Congress set up a National Centre on Sleep Disorders Research, but progress was slow. Five years later, when he gave evidence to the health and environment subcommittee, he reckoned that almost half America’s adults had insomnia and as many as a quarter had obstructive sleep apnea, which stopped their breathing hundreds of times a night. That could prove fatal. Yet the lack of awareness in society, and the indifference of doctors, remained “pervasive and complete”, as if almost everyone apart from himself was still in Morpheus’s thrall.


让他更为震惊的是,到20世纪90年代,这一现象几乎仍未受到美国医疗机构的关注。睡眠占据人类生命的三分之一,却无人重视。人人对睡眠问题不闻不问,已到脱离现实的地步,只要看病就医的人对睡眠问题不管不顾,医生也渐渐没兴趣深究。90年代初期,威廉曾担任联邦委员会主席,他们查阅了成千上万份病历,威廉发现约有4000万美国人遭受睡眠问题的困扰但并未得到确诊,因此也没有获得任何治疗。1993年,国会设立了国家睡眠障碍研究中心,但研究进展缓慢。五年后,他向健康和环境小组委员会提供证明,认为近一半美国成年人患有失眠症,而多达四分之一的人患有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,他们在夜间呼吸会停止数百次。这可能存在致命风险。然而,社会大众缺乏意识、医生们无动于衷的现象却根深蒂固,难以撼动,仿佛除了他,几乎所有人仍身处墨菲斯的掌控之中,深受其害。


注:

1.Morpheus:墨菲斯,希腊神话中的梦魔,梦境的掌控者。

2. in sb’s/sth’s thrall: controlled or strongly influenced by sb/sth ……控制,深受……影响


His pursuit of the sleeping self had long been fairly solitary. In the 1950s he began to study dreaming—that strange activity which, every night, allowed him to be quietly and safely insane—at the University of Chicago and then at Mount Sinai in New York. There his apartment was his laboratory, where volunteers, including Rockettes from Radio City Music Hall and a girl he was especially sweet on, were fitted with electrodes and regularly roused to see if they recalled their dreams. He discovered that in rem sleep, where eye movements were rapid and sleep shallower, the eyes followed what people were observing in their dreams, though all their limbs stayed still. This was intriguing; but since he had come no closer to unveiling the purpose of dreams, and never did, he arrived in Stanford with his focus already turned to sleep.


在睡眠的研究之路上,他一直孑孓独行。20世纪50年代,他先后在芝加哥大学和纽约的西奈山医院研究梦——正是这奇怪的梦,让他得以每夜悄然入睡,在梦中极尽疯狂,却又安然无恙。他的家就是实验室,他在那招募志愿者,包括来自纽约无线电城音乐厅的火箭女郎舞团,还有一个他非常喜欢的女孩。志愿者们在那儿戴上电极装置,睡觉时被定时唤醒,看他们是否记得自己所做的梦。。他发现,在快速眼动睡眠中,即眼睛转动很快、睡眠很浅,,人的眼睛跟随着梦中观察到的东西转动,而四肢保持不动。虽然这个发现这很有趣,但他无法揭示做梦的原因,后来也没有找到答案,在到斯坦福大学时,他的研究方向已经转向了睡眠。


注:

rem rapid eye movement <生理>(睡眠中的)快速眼动


It was a good moment. At a heady time of protest and upheaval he was nicely alternative, a shaggy-haired professional bass-player as well as a scientist, who had jammed with Quincy Jones and Stan Getz on his houseboat when he was at college in Seattle. In 1970 he set up a sleep clinic in Stanford, probably the world’s first and now one of its biggest, where he tested insomniac volunteers. In summer he ran sleep camps, deploying more electrodes. To study narcolepsy, the uncontrollable urge to sleep most of the time, he brought in a dozy French poodle called Monique and, in a while, established a much-loved sleepy-dog colony.


他遇上了好时候。在充斥着抗议与动乱的年代里,他有时是头发蓬乱的职业贝斯手,有时做科学家,在两个角色之间转换自如。在西雅图上大学时,音乐创作人昆西·琼斯和爵士萨克斯手斯坦·盖茨就和他一起挤在他的船屋里。1970年,他在斯坦福开了一家睡眠诊所,为患失眠症的志愿者检测,这可能是世界首家,到现在也是最大的睡眠诊所之一。夏季,他开设睡眠夏令营,并配置了更多电极设备。为了研究发作性睡病(即不可控的睡眠发作),他引进了一只叫莫妮卡的昏昏欲睡的法国狮子狗。不久之后,他设立了一个广受喜爱的嗜睡狗阵营地。


注:houseboat

 


His Sleep and Dreams class was phenomenally popular right from the start, in 1971. So many signed up for the first lecture that no space was big enough except Memorial Church. And the class, which he went on teaching past 90, became famous, a sort of true-believers’ gathering, where heavy-eyed students would be sprayed awake with his trusty squirt gun and made to shout “Drowsiness is red alert!”, the motto of the cause. He looked on his students as an army of proselytisers, and in the end word spread: by this year there were more than 3,000 sleep clinics in America, and medical schools increasingly took the subject seriously. Not least, his small home town of Walla Walla, Washington, which he had used as a test case, had become the Healthy Sleep Capital of the world.


他的睡眠与梦境课从1971年开课起就非常受欢迎。报名参加第一堂课的人数众多,以至于除了纪念教堂,没有其他足够大的空间能容纳众人。这门课也变得非常有名,他90多岁时还在授教。课堂就像是忠实信徒集会,睡眼朦胧的学生们在他激昂的讲授中保持清醒,并大喊课程格言犯困是红色警报!他把学生看作这一观点的传播者,而最终成果显现:到那年年底,美国开设了3000多家睡眠诊所,医学院也越来越重视这一科目。无独有偶,他把位于华盛顿州瓦拉瓦拉市的家乡小镇作为研究案例,这也成为了世界健康睡眠之都。。


So what did he advise himself to ensure blissful slumber? His several books and his website, “The Sleep Well”, offered all kinds of tips. Most of them quickly became familiar: ergonomic pillows, a cool dark room, warm baths, no daytime naps, no alcohol or caffeine within four hours of bedtime. If sleep had not come in 20 minutes, it was best to sit quietly in the dark or read something dull, like the warranty on the refrigerator, until the eyelids closed. The best response when caught napping in the office was: “And I especially thank you for my excellent boss. Amen.”


那么,他有什么确保幸福安睡的建议呢?他出版的几本书和他的网站“The Sleep Well”上都提供了各种助眠技巧,其中很多很快得到普及:人体工程学枕头、凉爽的暗室、温水洗浴,白天不要小睡,就寝前四小时不要摄入酒精或咖啡因。如果躺20分钟还未入睡,最好静静坐在黑暗中或者阅读一些无聊的东西(例如冰箱上的保修单),直到眼皮合上。如果白天在办公室打盹被撞个正着,最佳反应是说:我特别感谢我优秀的老板。阿门。


He hoped, however, that people would determine their own sleep requirement and best practice. His was relaxed. He loved to watch favourite films again, especially “Lilies of the Field”, even if he already knew that the nuns would make Sidney Poitier build them that church; or read favourite books again, in his case the detective stories of Rex Stout, even if he already knew how every single one turned out. Re-runs of the sit-com “Everybody Loves Raymond” sent him off with wonderful ease. So much for no screens before bed. He drifted away by 10pm or so and was up by 5am, bright-eyed and bushy-tailed, with not a trace of sleep-debt.


然而,他希望人们能清楚自己的睡眠需求,并采取最佳的助眠方法。他选择让自己睡前放松。他喜欢重复看自己喜爱的电影,尤其是《野百合》,即便他已经知道修女会让西德尼·普瓦捷为她们建造教堂;或重读感兴趣的书籍,比如他喜欢雷克斯·斯托特的侦探小说,即便他已经知道每个案子的结果;看看情景喜剧《人人都爱雷蒙德》的重播也会让他倍感放松。睡前不再看屏幕也不是绝对的。晚上十点他就沉沉睡去,第二天清晨五点起床,双眼明亮、精神焕发,没有一点睡眠困扰。


Almost inevitably, he died in his sleep. What transformations he might have discovered then, after that first so-simple and daily one, it would have been nice to know.


好像是命中注定,他在睡梦中去世。继之前简单日常的活动中的研究之后,这次他可能又有新发现,如果我们能知道该多好啊。


翻译组:

Alex,不务正业的理工男

Lucia,英语专业学生,经济学人爱好者


校对组:

Fiona,口笔译小菜鸟,胡粉Lenka
Lee,爱骑行的妇女之友+Timberland

Rachel Zhang,学理工科,爱跳芭蕾,热爱文艺的非典型翻译




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观点|评论|思考


本次感想

Nikolai,热爱想象的小双鱼,蒙特雷候补生,AKB49

睡眠是什么?它是占据我们生活三分之一的过程,是大脑休息、排毒的过程,也是身体从一天的劳累中恢复的过程。之前曾读过一个有关睡眠时间的研究,称人在婴儿时期的睡眠需求时间是最长的,为12个小时;而随着年龄的增长,需求的睡眠时间越来越短,70-80岁时,降低到仅有5-6小时。于是就出现了这么一个情况,年轻人在最需要睡眠的时候,反倒是最缺睡眠的人群。996是一种情况,一两点睡觉六七点起床是常态,参加某次会议的时候昏昏欲睡,每次一回到家绝对不能坐下,否则顷刻就会困得不省人事。


我亲爱的老父亲就是一个这样的人。年轻的时候由于厂子离家比较远,每天清晨五点钟就要出门,晚上九点钟才能回家,再加上本人当时还很闹腾,经常晚上十二点了还精气神十足,让他受了许久睡眠不足之苦。后来,等到条件稍微好点了,我已经不那么闹腾了,但厂子逐渐发展壮大,事情越来越多,能见到老父亲的时间捉襟见肘,常常一连几天都打不了几个招呼,偶尔能见上一面也是睡眼惺忪,要么就是大冬天地躺在冰凉的沙发上呼呼大睡。现在,五十多岁的老父亲仍旧在一线奋斗,虽然工作量有所减轻,但在睡眠问题上已经形成了习惯。一倒在沙发上,只需一分钟,地震了都醒不来。


我宁可相信,大多数年轻人的睡眠不足是像我家老父亲当年一样,或是为了国家、为了革命,或是为了自己和家人更美好的生活而奋斗。然而,随着现代科技的逐步发展,我们的睡眠正在被另一样东西蚕食:网络。请大家扪心自问,自己每天晚上上床之后,还要花多少时间在朋友圈、抖音、知乎等等网站之上?一时看一时爽,看完之后再后悔,说居然看到了这个时候,明天上班(上学)怎么办,明天不能再这样了,结果第二天又重蹈覆辙,然后再后悔、再发誓,重复着这样的循环。睡眠不仅关系到我们在白天的效率,也会影响工作安全,人际交往等等。本人前一天晚上加班搞生产,搞到一两点钟睡觉,第二天又要开会,必定会在会场上睡着。不是有一个默认的社会文明公约,叫不要在公共场合放屁吗?然而,屁乃人生之气,你能说不放就不放吗?同样,觉也不能说不睡就不睡,困劲上来了,挡也挡不住啊!


话虽如此,但睡眠这个问题也长久地困扰着我们这些炎黄子孙。睡眠问题是如何产生的?怎么就没听说几岁十几岁的小孩有什么睡眠问题?归根结底,还是生活这座大山和网络这个温柔乡的共同作用。尽管被领导一下子从睡梦中吼醒,然后两腿使劲往前一蹬,把坐在前面的同事踢了个底朝天,事后还被好好训斥了一通,但我的睡眠问题和我家老父亲的睡眠问题一样,是生活把这份不想要的礼物送给了我们。


脑中风、猝死、脑溢血、生产事故、交通事故,基本上在人世间各种不幸的身上,都可以找到睡眠不足的影子。有效且充足的睡眠是身体的保证,身体是革命的本钱,但我们为了革命,正在逐渐透支我们的本钱。


感谢大家阅读本人的胡诌。如果觉得自己有睡眠问题,请尽早到睡眠诊所就医。如果同志在杭州地区,杭州的睡眠诊疗中心在天目山路丰潭路口附近,本人大学时代受其关照良久。


看完了吗?别再看其他内容了,赶快上床休息!


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