原文:http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA4MDYyMTcxOA==&mid=204612477&idx=1&sn=94fcce40eea4dfee3c8a88fc2b731b57&chksm=1667fa8421107392d52d5e4b19104e09080bf371f560a76940d75bf73503c3b0f5bc575864ec#rd
今天去图书馆看到了一个展览, 分享给你。2014年是第一次世界大战100周年, 纽约公共图书馆举行了主题展览.
OVER HERE
WWI and the FIGHT for the AMERICAN MIND
一战的爆发使得美国国内引发了激烈的讨论: Should United States involved in the war? If so, then to what extent and in what capacity?
各媒体都不遗余力的参与到讨论之中,开始使用刚发明的留声机和电影来宣传— all in an effort to win the hearts and minds of the nation.
此次展览展现了: How public relations, propaganda, and mass media in its many forms were used to shape and control public opinion about the war while also noting social and political issues that continue to resonate, such as freedom of speech and the press, xenophobia, and domestic espionage.
在此时期,海报成为了主要的宣传力量:不看书不看电影,抬头一看全知道。
你可以把它简单的/不恰当的理解为:
美国一战时期的大字报和样板戏。
⬆️政府的宣传手段: (详情请自行搜索)
丑化敌人: Demonizing the enemy
火上浇油: Whipping up fear & hysteria
拉开仇恨: Instilling guilt
您说了算: Asserting authority
你幸福吗: Appealing to patriotic obligation
COMPETING VOCIES
中立还是宣战?
随着战争的爆发,美国首先采取的是中立态度(adopted a policy of strict neutrality). 伍德罗·威尔逊总统说: the country should remain "neutral in fact, as well as in name".
1915年, 一战爆发后的不久. 英国皇家游轮Lusitania号被击沉, 死亡人数逾千人,其中128名美国人丧生。此事件使得美国开始"turn the tide of public opinion against Germany and her allies. 在此阶段, neutrality是宣传的主旋律.
100% AMERICAN
我是美帝主义的接班人
1917年美国向德国宣战。一夜之间,"patriotic loyalty suddenly pervaded the country". 政府开始利用各媒体发动群众,制造舆论(drum up enthusiam for the war and also vilify those who were less than wholly committed to the cause).
爱国主义空前
"100% Americanism"
Never in its history had Americans been so widely, and energetically, courted. And never in its history had the concept of Americanism —of what it means to be an American—been so hotly contested.
逃避服役(draft-dodgers)被称为"slackers",
会被社会鄙视, 批斗。
German-Americans, socialists, and pacifists, in particular, were singled out in this regard, as were perceived draft-dodgers, popularly referred to at the time as "slackers." The suspicion and intolerance directed at these groups, as well as incidents of mob violence agaist them.
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