# -*- coding: utf-8 -* # Copyright (c) 2020 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. import paddle from ...fluid.layer_helper import LayerHelper from ...fluid.data_feeder import check_variable_and_dtype import paddle.fluid as fluid # TODO: define loss functions of neural network import numpy as np import paddle import paddle.fluid as fluid from ...fluid.framework import core, in_dygraph_mode from ...fluid.layers.nn import _elementwise_op_in_dygraph from ...fluid.layers import dice_loss # noqa: F401 from ...fluid.layers import log_loss # noqa: F401 from ...fluid.layers import npair_loss # noqa: F401 from ...tensor.manipulation import reshape from ...fluid.layers import softmax_with_cross_entropy as fluid_softmax_with_cross_entropy from ...fluid.layers import square_error_cost # noqa: F401 from ...fluid.layers import edit_distance # noqa: F401 from ...fluid.layers import huber_loss from ...fluid.layer_helper import LayerHelper from ...fluid.framework import in_dygraph_mode from ...fluid.framework import _varbase_creator from ...static import Variable from paddle.utils import deprecated from paddle import _C_ops __all__ = [] def binary_cross_entropy(input, label, weight=None, reduction='mean', name=None): """ This op measures the binary_cross_entropy loss between input predictions ``input`` and target labels ``label`` . The binary_cross_entropy loss can be described as: If :attr:`weight` is set, the loss is: .. math:: Out = -1 * weight * (label * log(input) + (1 - label) * log(1 - input)) If :attr:`weight` is None, the loss is: .. math:: Out = -1 * (label * log(input) + (1 - label) * log(1 - input)) If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'none'``, the interface will return the original loss `Out`. If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is: .. math:: Out = MEAN(Out) If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is: .. math:: Out = SUM(Out) Note that the input predictions ``input`` always be the output of sigmoid, and the target labels ``label`` should be numbers between 0 and 1. Parameters: input (Tensor): The input predications tensor. 2-D tensor with shape: [N, *], N is batch_size, `*` means number of additional dimensions. The ``input`` should always be the output of sigmod. Available dtype is float32, float64. label (Tensor): The target labels tensor. 2-D tensor with the same shape as ``input``. The target labels which values should be numbers between 0 and 1. Available dtype is float32, float64. weight (Tensor, optional): A manual rescaling weight given to the loss of each batch element. If given, has to be a Tensor of size nbatch and the data type is float32, float64. Default is ``'None'``. reduction (str, optional): Indicate how to average the loss by batch_size, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, the summed loss is returned. Default is ``'mean'``. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: output (Tensor): If ``reduction`` is ``'none'``, the shape of output is same as ``input`` , else the shape of output is scalar. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle input = paddle.to_tensor([0.5, 0.6, 0.7], 'float32') label = paddle.to_tensor([1.0, 0.0, 1.0], 'float32') output = paddle.nn.functional.binary_cross_entropy(input, label) print(output) # [0.65537095] """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in binary_cross_entropy should be 'sum', " "'mean' or 'none', but received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) if in_dygraph_mode(): out = _C_ops.bce_loss(input, label) if weight is not None: out = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(out, weight, 'axis', -1) if reduction == 'sum': return _C_ops.reduce_sum(out, 'dim', [0], 'keep_dim', False, "reduce_all", True) elif reduction == 'mean': return _C_ops.mean(out) else: return out fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'binary_cross_entropy') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64'], 'binary_cross_entropy') sub_name = name if weight is None and reduction is 'none' else None helper = LayerHelper("binary_cross_entropy", name=sub_name) out = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=input.dtype) helper.append_op( type='bce_loss', inputs={ 'X': [input], 'Label': [label], }, outputs={'Out': [out]}) if weight is not None: if isinstance(weight, paddle.static.Variable): weight_name = name if reduction is 'none' else None out = paddle.multiply(out, weight, name=weight_name) else: raise ValueError( "The weight is not a Tensor, please convert to Tensor.") if reduction == 'sum': return paddle.sum(out, name=name) elif reduction == 'mean': return paddle.mean(out, name=name) else: return out def binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(logit, label, weight=None, reduction='mean', pos_weight=None, name=None): r""" This operator combines the sigmoid layer and the :ref:`api_nn_loss_BCELoss` layer. Also, we can see it as the combine of ``sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits`` layer and some reduce operations. This measures the element-wise probability error in classification tasks in which each class is independent. This can be thought of as predicting labels for a data-point, where labels are not mutually exclusive. For example, a news article can be about politics, technology or sports at the same time or none of these. First this operator calculate loss function as follows: .. math:: Out = -Labels * \log(\sigma(Logit)) - (1 - Labels) * \log(1 - \sigma(Logit)) We know that :math:`\sigma(Logit) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-Logit}}`. By substituting this we get: .. math:: Out = Logit - Logit * Labels + \log(1 + e^{-Logit}) For stability and to prevent overflow of :math:`e^{-Logit}` when Logit < 0, we reformulate the loss as follows: .. math:: Out = \max(Logit, 0) - Logit * Labels + \log(1 + e^{-\|Logit\|}) Then, if ``weight`` or ``pos_weight`` is not None, this operator multiply the weight tensor on the loss `Out`. The ``weight`` tensor will attach different weight on every items in the batch. The ``pos_weight`` will attach different weight on the positive label of each class. Finally, this operator applies reduce operation on the loss. If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'none'``, the operator will return the original loss `Out`. If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is :math:`Out = MEAN(Out)`. If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is :math:`Out = SUM(Out)`. Note that the target labels ``label`` should be numbers between 0 and 1. Args: logit (Tensor): The input predications tensor. 2-D tensor with shape: [N, *], N is batch_size, `*` means number of additional dimensions. The ``logit`` is usually the output of Linear layer. Available dtype is float32, float64. label (Tensor): The target labels tensor. 2-D tensor with the same shape as ``logit``. The target labels which values should be numbers between 0 and 1. Available dtype is float32, float64. weight (Tensor, optional): A manual rescaling weight given to the loss of each batch element. If given, it has to be a 1D Tensor whose size is `[N, ]`, The data type is float32, float64. Default is ``'None'``. reduction (str, optional): Indicate how to average the loss by batch_size, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, the summed loss is returned. Default is ``'mean'``. pos_weight (Tensor, optional): A weight of positive examples. Must be a vector with length equal to the number of classes. The data type is float32, float64. Default is ``'None'``. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: output (Tensor): If ``reduction`` is ``'none'``, the shape of output is same as ``logit`` , else the shape of output is scalar. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle logit = paddle.to_tensor([5.0, 1.0, 3.0]) label = paddle.to_tensor([1.0, 0.0, 1.0]) output = paddle.nn.functional.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(logit, label) print(output) # [0.45618808] """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in binary_cross_entropy_with_logits " "should be 'sum', 'mean' or 'none', but received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) if in_dygraph_mode(): one = _varbase_creator(dtype=logit.dtype) _C_ops.fill_constant(one, 'value', float(1.0), 'force_cpu', False, 'dtype', one.dtype, 'str_value', '1.0', 'shape', [1]) out = _C_ops.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logit, label) if pos_weight is not None: log_weight = _C_ops.elementwise_add( _C_ops.elementwise_mul(label, _C_ops.elementwise_sub(pos_weight, one)), one) out = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(out, log_weight) if weight is not None: out = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(out, weight) if reduction == "sum": return _C_ops.reduce_sum(out, 'reduce_all', True) elif reduction == "mean": return _C_ops.mean(out) else: return out fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( logit, 'logit', ['float32', 'float64'], 'binary_cross_entropy_with_logits') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64'], 'binary_cross_entropy_with_logits') sigmoid_name = None if reduction == 'none' and pos_weight is None and weight is None: sigmoid_name = name out = paddle.fluid.layers.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits( logit, label, name=sigmoid_name) one = paddle.fluid.layers.fill_constant( shape=[1], value=1.0, dtype=logit.dtype) if pos_weight is not None: fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( pos_weight, 'pos_weight', ['float32', 'float64'], 'binary_cross_entropy_with_logits') log_weight = paddle.add( paddle.multiply(label, paddle.subtract(pos_weight, one)), one) pos_weight_name = name if reduction == 'none' and weight is None else None out = paddle.multiply(out, log_weight, name=pos_weight_name) if weight is not None: fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( weight, 'weight', ['float32', 'float64'], 'binary_cross_entropy_with_logits') weight_name = name if reduction == 'none' else None out = paddle.multiply(out, weight, name=weight_name) if reduction == "sum": return paddle.sum(out, name=name) elif reduction == "mean": return paddle.mean(out, name=name) return out def hsigmoid_loss(input, label, num_classes, weight, bias=None, path_table=None, path_code=None, is_sparse=False, name=None): """ The hierarchical sigmoid organizes the classes into a complete binary tree to reduce the computational complexity and speed up the model training, especially the training of language model. Each leaf node of the complete binary tree represents a class(word) and each non-leaf node acts as a binary classifier. For each class(word), there's a unique path from root to itself, hsigmoid calculate the cost for each non-leaf node on the path, and sum them to get a total cost. Comparing to softmax, the OP can reduce the computational complexity from :math:`O(N)` to :math:`O(logN)`, where :math:`N` represents the number of classes or the size of word dict. The OP supports default tree and custom tree. For the default tree, you can refer to `Hierarchical Probabilistic Neural Network Language Model `_. For the custom tree, you need to set :attr:`is_custom` to True, and do the following steps (take the language model as an example): 1. Using a custom word dict to build a binary tree, each leaf node should be an word in the word dict. 2. Creating a dict map word_id -> path that from the word to the root node, we call it path_table. 3. Creating a dict map word_id -> code of path that from the word to the root node, we call it path_code. Code means the label of each binary classifier, 1 indicate true, 0 indicate false. 4. Now, each word should has its path and code along the path, you can pass a batch of path and code related to the same batch of inputs. Parameters: input (Tensor): A tensor with the shape [N, D], where N is the size of mini-batch, and D is the feature size. Its data type supports float32 or float64. label (Tensor): A tensor contains the labels of training data. Its shape is [N, 1] and data type is int64. num_classes (int): The number of classes or the size of word dict, must be greater than 2. If the default tree is used (path_code and path_table is None are None), `num_classes` should not be None. If the custom tree is used (path_code and path_table is None are not None), `num_classes` should be the number of non-leaf nodes, which indicates the num of classes using by the binary classifier. weight (Tensor): A tensor with shape (num_classes - 1, D), with the same data type as `input`. bias (Tensor, optional): A tensor with shape (num_classes - 1, 1), with the same data type as `input`. If `bias` is None, no bias will be add. Default is None. path_table (Tensor, optional): A tensor that stores each batch of samples' path from leaf to root node, its shape is [N, L] and data type is int64, where L is the length of path. For each sample i, path_table[i] is a np.array like structure and each element in this array is the indexes in parent nodes' weight matrix. If `path_table` and `path_code` are None, the default tree will be used. Default is None. path_code (Tensor, optional): A tensor that stores each batch of samples' code of path from leaf to root node, its shape is [N, L] and data type is int64, which is the same as :attr:`path_table`. Each code of path is consisted with the code of nodes from leaf to root node. If `path_table` and `path_code` are None, the default tree will be used. Default is None. is_sparse (bool, optional): Whether use sparse updating instead of dense updating. If `is_sparse` is True, the gradient of `weight` and `input` will be sparse. Default is False. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: A tensor with the cost of hierarchical sigmoid, its shape is [N, 1] and data type is the same as `input`. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle import paddle.nn.functional as F paddle.set_device('cpu') input = paddle.uniform([2, 3]) # [[-0.8018668 0.8736385 -0.9064771 ] # random # [-0.10228515 -0.87188244 -0.8783718 ]] # random label = paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 4, 5]) num_classes = 5 weight=paddle.uniform([num_classes-1, 3]) # [[-0.24148715 0.8449961 -0.7399121 ] # random # [-0.9800559 0.43509364 0.9091208 ] # random # [ 0.60194826 0.10430074 -0.4521166 ] # random # [-0.4469818 -0.01536179 -0.604454 ]] # random out=F.hsigmoid_loss(input, label, num_classes, weight) # [[3.0159328] # [2.2407534]] """ if in_dygraph_mode(): out, _, _ = _C_ops.hierarchical_sigmoid( input, weight, label, path_table, path_code, bias, 'num_classes', num_classes, 'is_sparse', is_sparse, 'remote_prefetch', is_sparse) return out check_variable_and_dtype(input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'hsigmoid_loss') check_variable_and_dtype(label, 'label', ['int64'], 'hsigmoid_loss') check_variable_and_dtype(weight, 'weight', ['float32', 'float64'], 'hsigmoid_loss') if bias is not None: check_variable_and_dtype(bias, 'bias', ['float32', 'float64'], 'hsigmoid_loss') if path_table is not None: check_variable_and_dtype(path_table, 'path_table', ['int64'], 'hsigmoid_loss') if path_code is not None: check_variable_and_dtype(path_code, 'path_code', ['int64'], 'hsigmoid_loss') attrs = { "num_classes": num_classes, "is_sparse": is_sparse, "remote_prefetch": is_sparse } inputs = { "X": input, "W": weight, "Bias": bias, "PathTable": path_table, "PathCode": path_code, "Label": label } helper = LayerHelper('hsigmoid_loss', **locals()) out = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(input.dtype) pre_out = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(input.dtype) outputs = {"Out": out, "PreOut": pre_out, "W_Out": weight} helper.append_op( type="hierarchical_sigmoid", inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs, attrs=attrs) return out def smooth_l1_loss(input, label, reduction='mean', delta=1.0, name=None): r""" This operator calculates smooth_l1_loss. Creates a criterion that uses a squared term if the absolute element-wise error falls below 1 and an L1 term otherwise. In some cases it can prevent exploding gradients and it is more robust and less sensitivity to outliers. Also known as the Huber loss: .. math:: loss(x,y) = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i}z_i where z_i is given by: .. math:: \mathop{z_i} = \left\{\begin{array}{rcl} 0.5(x_i - y_i)^2 & & {if |x_i - y_i| < delta} \\ delta * |x_i - y_i| - 0.5 * delta^2 & & {otherwise} \end{array} \right. Parameters: input (Tensor): Input tensor, the data type is float32 or float64. Shape is (N, C), where C is number of classes, and if shape is more than 2D, this is (N, C, D1, D2,..., Dk), k >= 1. label (Tensor): Label tensor, the data type is float32 or float64. The shape of label is the same as the shape of input. reduction (str, optional): Indicate how to average the loss by batch_size, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is returned. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned. Default is ``'mean'``. delta (float, optional): Specifies the hyperparameter delta to be used. The value determines how large the errors need to be to use L1. Errors smaller than delta are minimized with L2. Parameter is ignored for negative/zero values. Default = 1.0 name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: The tensor variable storing the smooth_l1_loss of input and label. Return type: Tensor. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle import numpy as np input_data = np.random.rand(3,3).astype("float32") label_data = np.random.rand(3,3).astype("float32") input = paddle.to_tensor(input_data) label = paddle.to_tensor(label_data) output = paddle.nn.functional.smooth_l1_loss(input, label) print(output) """ fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'smooth_l1_loss') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64'], 'smooth_l1_loss') out = huber_loss(input=input, label=label, delta=delta) if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in smooth_l1_loss should be 'sum', 'mean' or" " 'none', but received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) if reduction == 'none': return out elif reduction == 'mean': return paddle.mean(out) elif reduction == 'sum': return paddle.sum(out) def margin_ranking_loss(input, other, label, margin=0.0, reduction='mean', name=None): r""" This op the calcluate the the margin rank loss between the input, other and label, use the math function as follows. .. math:: margin\_rank\_loss = max(0, -label * (input - other) + margin) If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is: .. math:: Out = MEAN(margin\_rank\_loss) If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is: .. math:: Out = SUM(margin\_rank\_loss) If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'none'``, just return the origin ``margin_rank_loss``. Parameters: input(Tensor): the first input tensor, it's data type should be float32, float64. other(Tensor): the second input tensor, it's data type should be float32, float64. label(Tensor): the label value corresponding to input, it's data type should be float32, float64. margin (float, optional): The margin value to add, default value is 0; reduction (str, optional): Indicate the reduction to apply to the loss, the candicates are ``'none'``, ``'mean'``, ``'sum'``.If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is returned. Default is ``'mean'``. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: Tensor, if :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'`` or ``'sum'``, the out shape is :math:`[1]`, otherwise the shape is the same as `input` .The same dtype as input tensor. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle input = paddle.to_tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float32') other = paddle.to_tensor([[2, 1], [2, 4]], dtype='float32') label = paddle.to_tensor([[1, -1], [-1, -1]], dtype='float32') loss = paddle.nn.functional.margin_ranking_loss(input, other, label) print(loss) # [0.75] """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in MarginRankingLoss should be 'sum', 'mean' or 'none', but " "received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) if fluid.framework.in_dygraph_mode(): out = _C_ops.elementwise_sub(other, input) out = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(out, label) if margin != 0.0: margin = fluid.dygraph.base.to_variable([margin], dtype=out.dtype) out = _C_ops.elementwise_add(out, margin) out = _C_ops.relu(out) if reduction == 'sum': return _C_ops.reduce_sum(out, 'reduce_all', True) elif reduction == 'mean': return _C_ops.mean(out) return out helper = LayerHelper("margin_ranking_loss", **locals()) fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'margin_rank_loss') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( other, 'other', ['float32', 'float64'], 'margin_rank_loss') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64'], 'margin_rank_loss') out = paddle.subtract(other, input) out = paddle.multiply(out, label) if margin != 0.0: margin_var = out.block.create_var(dtype=out.dtype) paddle.fluid.layers.fill_constant( [1], out.dtype, margin, out=margin_var) out = paddle.add(out, margin_var) result_out = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(input.dtype) if reduction == 'none': helper.append_op( type="relu", inputs={"X": out}, outputs={"Out": result_out}) return result_out elif reduction == 'sum': out = paddle.nn.functional.relu(out) attrs = {"dim": [0], "keep_dim": False, "reduce_all": True} helper.append_op( type="reduce_sum", inputs={"X": out}, outputs={"Out": result_out}, attrs=attrs) return result_out elif reduction == 'mean': out = paddle.nn.functional.relu(out) helper.append_op( type="mean", inputs={"X": out}, outputs={"Out": result_out}, attrs={}) return result_out def l1_loss(input, label, reduction='mean', name=None): r""" This operator computes the L1 Loss of Tensor ``input`` and ``label`` as follows. If `reduction` set to ``'none'``, the loss is: .. math:: Out = \lvert input - label \rvert If `reduction` set to ``'mean'``, the loss is: .. math:: Out = MEAN(\lvert input - label \rvert) If `reduction` set to ``'sum'``, the loss is: .. math:: Out = SUM(\lvert input - label \rvert) Parameters: input (Tensor): The input tensor. The shapes is [N, `*`], where N is batch size and `*` means any number of additional dimensions. It's data type should be float32, float64, int32, int64. label (Tensor): label. The shapes is [N, `*`], same shape as ``input`` . It's data type should be float32, float64, int32, int64. reduction (str, optional): Indicate the reduction to apply to the loss, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If `reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned; If `reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned. If `reduction` is ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is returned. Default is ``'mean'``. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: Tensor, the L1 Loss of Tensor ``input`` and ``label``. If `reduction` is ``'none'``, the shape of output loss is [N, *], the same as ``input`` . If `reduction` is ``'mean'`` or ``'sum'``, the shape of output loss is [1]. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle input = paddle.to_tensor([[1.5, 0.8], [0.2, 1.3]]) label = paddle.to_tensor([[1.7, 1], [0.4, 0.5]]) l1_loss = paddle.nn.functional.l1_loss(input, label) print(l1_loss.numpy()) # [0.35] l1_loss = paddle.nn.functional.l1_loss(input, label, reduction='none') print(l1_loss.numpy()) # [[0.20000005 0.19999999] # [0.2 0.79999995]] l1_loss = paddle.nn.functional.l1_loss(input, label, reduction='sum') print(l1_loss.numpy()) # [1.4] """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in L1Loss should be 'sum', 'mean' or 'none', but " "received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) if in_dygraph_mode(): unreduced = _elementwise_op_in_dygraph( input, label, axis=-1, act='abs', op_name='elementwise_sub') if reduction == 'mean': return _C_ops.mean(unreduced) elif reduction == 'sum': return _C_ops.reduce_sum(unreduced, 'dim', [0], 'keep_dim', False, 'reduce_all', True) else: return unreduced fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64', 'int32', 'int64'], 'l1_loss') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64', 'int32', 'int64'], 'l1_loss') if reduction == 'sum': unreduced = paddle.fluid.layers.elementwise_sub(input, label, act='abs') return paddle.sum(unreduced, name=name) elif reduction == 'mean': unreduced = paddle.fluid.layers.elementwise_sub(input, label, act='abs') return paddle.mean(unreduced, name=name) else: return paddle.fluid.layers.elementwise_sub( input, label, act='abs', name=name) def nll_loss(input, label, weight=None, ignore_index=-100, reduction='mean', name=None): """ This api returns negative log likelihood. See more detail in :ref:`api_nn_loss_NLLLoss` . Parameters: input (Tensor): Input tensor, the shape is :math:`[N, C]`, `C` is the number of classes. But in K-dimension situation, the shape is :math:`[N, C, d_1, d_2, ..., d_K]`. The data type is float32, float64. label (Tensor): Label tensor, the shape is :math:`[N,]` or :math:`[N, d_1, d_2, ..., d_K]`. The data type is int64. weight (Tensor, optional): Weight tensor, a manual rescaling weight given to each class. If given, it has to be a 1D Tensor whose size is `[C, ]`. Otherwise, it treated as if having all ones. the data type is float32, float64, Default is ``'None'``. ignore_index (int64, optional): Specifies a target value that is ignored and does not contribute to the input gradient. reduction (str, optional): Indicate how to average the loss, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If `reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned; if `reduction` is ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is returned; if `reduction` is ``'none'``, no reduction will be apllied. Default is ``'mean'``. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: `Tensor`, the value of negative log likelihood loss. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle from paddle.nn.functional import nll_loss log_softmax = paddle.nn.LogSoftmax(axis=1) input = paddle.to_tensor([[0.88103855, 0.9908683 , 0.6226845 ], [0.53331435, 0.07999352, 0.8549948 ], [0.25879037, 0.39530203, 0.698465 ], [0.73427284, 0.63575995, 0.18827209], [0.05689114, 0.0862954 , 0.6325046 ]], "float32") log_out = log_softmax(input) label = paddle.to_tensor([0, 2, 1, 1, 0], "int64") result = nll_loss(log_out, label) print(result) # Tensor(shape=[1], dtype=float32, place=CPUPlace, stop_gradient=True, [1.07202101]) """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in nll_loss should be 'sum', 'mean' or " "'none', but received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) input_shape = list(input.shape) input_dims = len(input_shape) if input_dims < 2: raise ValueError('Expected 2 or more dimensions (got {})'.format( input_dims)) n = input_shape[0] c = input_shape[1] if in_dygraph_mode(): if input_dims != 2 and input_dims != 4: input, _ = _C_ops.reshape2(input, None, 'shape', [n, c, 1, -1]) label, _ = _C_ops.reshape2(label, None, 'shape', [n, 1, -1]) out_shape = [n] + input_shape[2:] out, total_weight = _C_ops.nll_loss(input, label, weight, 'ignore_index', ignore_index, 'reduction', reduction) if input_dims != 2 and input_dims != 4 and reduction == 'none': out, _ = _C_ops.reshape2(out, None, 'shape', out_shape) return out helper = LayerHelper('nll_loss', **locals()) if input_dims != 2 and input_dims != 4: input = reshape(input, shape=[n, c, 1, -1]) label = reshape(label, shape=[n, 1, -1]) out_shape = [n] + input_shape[2:] fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'nll_loss') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype(label, 'label', ['int64'], 'nll_loss') inputs = {'X': input, 'Label': label} attrs = {'reduction': reduction, 'ignore_index': ignore_index} if weight is not None: if isinstance(weight, Variable): inputs['Weight'] = weight out = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=input.dtype) total_weight = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=input.dtype) outputs = {'Out': out, 'Total_weight': total_weight} helper.append_op( type='nll_loss', inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs, attrs=attrs) if input_dims != 2 and input_dims != 4 and reduction == 'none': out = reshape(out, shape=out_shape) return out def kl_div(input, label, reduction='mean', name=None): r""" This operator calculates the Kullback-Leibler divergence loss between Input(X) and Input(Target). Notes that Input(X) is the log-probability and Input(Target) is the probability. KL divergence loss is calculated as follows: $$l(x, y) = y * (\log(y) - x)$$ While :math:`x` is input and :math:`y` is label. While :attr:`reduction` is :attr:`none`, output loss is in the same shape as input, loss in each point is calculated seperately and no reduction is applied. While :attr:`reduction` is :attr:`mean`, output loss is in shape of [1] and loss value is the mean value of all losses. While :attr:`reduction` is :attr:`sum`, output loss is in shape of [1] and loss value is the sum value of all losses. While :attr:`reduction` is :attr:`batchmean`, output loss is in shape of [1] and loss value is the sum value of all losses divided by batch size. Args: input (Tensor): The input tensor. The shapes is [N, *], where N is batch size and `*` means any number of additional dimensions. It's data type should be float32, float64. label (Tensor): label. The shapes is [N, *], same shape as ``input`` . It's data type should be float32, float64. reduction (Tensor): Indicate how to average the loss, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'batchmean'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If `reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned; If `reduction` is ``'batchmean'``, the sum loss divided by batch size is returned; if `reduction` is ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is returned; if `reduction` is ``'none'``, no reduction will be apllied. Default is ``'mean'``. name(str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: Tensor: The KL divergence loss. The data type is same as input tensor Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle import numpy as np import paddle.nn.functional as F shape = (5, 20) input = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, shape).astype('float32') target = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, shape).astype('float32') # 'batchmean' reduction, loss shape will be [1] pred_loss = F.kl_div(paddle.to_tensor(input), paddle.to_tensor(target), reduction='batchmean') # shape=[1] # 'mean' reduction, loss shape will be [1] pred_loss = F.kl_div(paddle.to_tensor(input), paddle.to_tensor(target), reduction='mean') # shape=[1] # 'sum' reduction, loss shape will be [1] pred_loss = F.kl_div(paddle.to_tensor(input), paddle.to_tensor(target), reduction='sum') # shape=[1] # 'none' reduction, loss shape is same with input shape pred_loss = F.kl_div(paddle.to_tensor(input), paddle.to_tensor(target), reduction='none') # shape=[5, 20] """ # ugly type promotion if fluid.data_feeder.convert_dtype( input.dtype) == 'float32' and fluid.data_feeder.convert_dtype( label.dtype) == 'float64': input = paddle.cast(input, 'float64') elif fluid.data_feeder.convert_dtype( input.dtype) == 'float64' and fluid.data_feeder.convert_dtype( label.dtype) == 'float32': label = paddle.cast(label, 'float64') if paddle.in_dynamic_mode(): out = _C_ops.kldiv_loss(input, label, 'reduction', 'none') if reduction == 'mean': out = paddle.mean(out) elif reduction == 'sum': out = paddle.sum(out) elif reduction == 'batchmean': if len(input.shape) > 0: batch_size = input.shape[0] out = paddle.sum(out) / batch_size return out helper = LayerHelper('kl_div', **locals()) fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype(input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'kl_div') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype(label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64'], 'kl_div') fluid.data_feeder.check_type(reduction, 'reduction', str, 'kl_div') loss = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=input.dtype) helper.append_op( type='kldiv_loss', inputs={'X': input, 'Target': label}, outputs={'Loss': loss}, attrs={'reduction': 'none'}) if reduction == 'mean': loss = paddle.mean(loss) elif reduction == 'sum': loss = paddle.sum(loss) elif reduction == 'batchmean': batch_size = paddle.shape(input)[0] loss = paddle.sum(loss) / batch_size return loss def mse_loss(input, label, reduction='mean', name=None): r""" This op accepts input predications and label and returns the mean square error. If :attr:`reduction` is set to ``'none'``, loss is calculated as: .. math:: Out = (input - label)^2 If :attr:`reduction` is set to ``'mean'``, loss is calculated as: .. math:: Out = \operatorname{mean}((input - label)^2) If :attr:`reduction` is set to ``'sum'``, loss is calculated as: .. math:: Out = \operatorname{sum}((input - label)^2) Parameters: input (Tensor): Input tensor, the data type should be float32 or float64. label (Tensor): Label tensor, the data type should be float32 or float64. reduction (string, optional): The reduction method for the output, could be 'none' | 'mean' | 'sum'. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is returned. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned. Default is ``'mean'``. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: Tensor: The tensor tensor storing the mean square error difference of input and label. Return type: Tensor. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle mse_loss = paddle.nn.loss.MSELoss() input = paddle.to_tensor(1.5) label = paddle.to_tensor(1.7) output = mse_loss(input, label) print(output) # [0.04000002] """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "'reduction' in 'mse_loss' should be 'sum', 'mean' or 'none', " "but received {}.".format(reduction)) if not paddle.fluid.framework.in_dygraph_mode(): paddle.fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'mse_loss') paddle.fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64'], 'mse_loss') if reduction == 'none': return paddle.square(paddle.subtract(input, label), name=name) elif reduction == 'mean': return paddle.mean( paddle.square(paddle.subtract(input, label)), name=name) else: return paddle.sum(paddle.square(paddle.subtract(input, label)), name=name) def ctc_loss(log_probs, labels, input_lengths, label_lengths, blank=0, reduction='mean', norm_by_times=False): """ An operator integrating the open source Warp-CTC library (https://github.com/baidu-research/warp-ctc) to compute Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss. It can be aliased as softmax with CTC, since a native softmax activation is interated to the Warp-CTC library to normalize values for each row of the input tensor. Parameters: log_probs (Tensor): The unscaled probability sequence with padding, which is a 3-D Tensor. The tensor shape is [max_logit_length, batch_size, num_classes + 1], where max_logit_length is the longest length of input logit sequence. The data type should be float32 or float64. labels (Tensor): The ground truth sequence with padding, which must be a 3-D Tensor. The tensor shape is [batch_size, max_label_length], where max_label_length is the longest length of label sequence. The data type must be int32. input_lengths (Tensor): The length for each input sequence, it should have shape [batch_size] and dtype int64. label_lengths (Tensor): The length for each label sequence, it should have shape [batch_size] and dtype int64. blank (int, optional): The blank label index of Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss, which is in the half-opened interval [0, num_classes + 1). The data type must be int32. Default is 0. reduction (string, optional): Indicate how to average the loss, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the output loss will be divided by the label_lengths, and then return the mean of quotient; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, return the sum of loss; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, no reduction will be applied. Default is ``'mean'``. norm_by_times (bool, default False) – Whether to normalize the gradients by the number of time-step, which is also the sequence’s length. There is no need to normalize the gradients if reduction mode is 'mean'. Returns: Tensor, The Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss between ``log_probs`` and ``labels``. If attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the shape of loss is [batch_size], otherwise, the shape of loss is [1]. Data type is the same as ``log_probs``. Examples: .. code-block:: python # declarative mode import paddle.nn.functional as F import numpy as np import paddle # length of the longest logit sequence max_seq_length = 4 #length of the longest label sequence max_label_length = 3 # number of logit sequences batch_size = 2 # class num class_num = 3 np.random.seed(1) log_probs = np.array([[[4.17021990e-01, 7.20324516e-01, 1.14374816e-04], [3.02332580e-01, 1.46755889e-01, 9.23385918e-02]], [[1.86260208e-01, 3.45560730e-01, 3.96767467e-01], [5.38816750e-01, 4.19194520e-01, 6.85219526e-01]], [[2.04452246e-01, 8.78117442e-01, 2.73875929e-02], [6.70467496e-01, 4.17304814e-01, 5.58689833e-01]], [[1.40386939e-01, 1.98101491e-01, 8.00744593e-01], [9.68261600e-01, 3.13424170e-01, 6.92322612e-01]], [[8.76389146e-01, 8.94606650e-01, 8.50442126e-02], [3.90547849e-02, 1.69830427e-01, 8.78142476e-01]]]).astype("float32") labels = np.array([[1, 2, 2], [1, 2, 2]]).astype("int32") input_lengths = np.array([5, 5]).astype("int64") label_lengths = np.array([3, 3]).astype("int64") log_probs = paddle.to_tensor(log_probs) labels = paddle.to_tensor(labels) input_lengths = paddle.to_tensor(input_lengths) label_lengths = paddle.to_tensor(label_lengths) loss = F.ctc_loss(log_probs, labels, input_lengths, label_lengths, blank=0, reduction='none') print(loss) #[3.9179852 2.9076521] loss = F.ctc_loss(log_probs, labels, input_lengths, label_lengths, blank=0, reduction='mean') print(loss) #[1.1376063] """ loss_out = fluid.layers.warpctc(log_probs, labels, blank, norm_by_times, input_lengths, label_lengths) loss_out = fluid.layers.squeeze(loss_out, [-1]) assert reduction in ['mean', 'sum', 'none'] if reduction == 'mean': loss_out = paddle.mean(loss_out / label_lengths) elif reduction == 'sum': loss_out = paddle.sum(loss_out) return loss_out def margin_cross_entropy(logits, label, margin1=1.0, margin2=0.5, margin3=0.0, scale=64.0, group=None, return_softmax=False, reduction='mean'): """ .. math:: L=-\\frac{1}{N}\sum^N_{i=1}\log\\frac{e^{s(cos(m_{1}\\theta_{y_i}+m_{2})-m_{3})}}{e^{s(cos(m_{1}\\theta_{y_i}+m_{2})-m_{3})}+\sum^n_{j=1,j\\neq y_i} e^{scos\\theta_{y_i}}} where the :math:`\\theta_{y_i}` is the angle between the feature :math:`x` and the representation of class :math:`i`. The details of ArcFace loss could be referred to https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07698. .. hint:: The API supports model parallel and single GPU. And logits.shape[-1] can be different at each rank. Args: logits (Tensor): shape[N, local_num_classes], the output of the normalized X multiply the normalized W. The logits is shard_logits when using model parallel. label (Tensor): shape[N] or shape[N, 1], the groud truth label. margin1 (float, optional): m1 of margin loss, default value is `1.0`. margin2 (float, optional): m2 of margin loss, default value is `0.5`. margin3 (float, optional): m3 of margin loss, default value is `0.0`. scale (float, optional): s of margin loss, default value is `64.0`. group (Group, optional): The abstract representation of group, see paddle.distributed.collective.Group. Default `None`. return_softmax (bool, optional): Whether return softmax probability. Default value is `False`. reduction (str, optional): The candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, return the average of loss; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, return the sum of loss; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, no reduction will be applied. Default value is `'mean'`. Returns: ``Tensor`` or Tuple of two ``Tensor`` : Return the cross entropy loss if \ `return_softmax` is False, otherwise the tuple \ (loss, softmax), softmax is shard_softmax when \ using model parallel, otherwise softmax is in \ the same shape with input logits. If ``reduction == None``, \ the shape of loss is ``[N, 1]``, otherwise the shape is ``[1]``. Examples: .. code-block:: python :name: code-example1 # required: gpu # Single GPU import paddle m1 = 1.0 m2 = 0.5 m3 = 0.0 s = 64.0 batch_size = 2 feature_length = 4 num_classes = 4 label = paddle.randint(low=0, high=num_classes, shape=[batch_size], dtype='int64') X = paddle.randn( shape=[batch_size, feature_length], dtype='float64') X_l2 = paddle.sqrt(paddle.sum(paddle.square(X), axis=1, keepdim=True)) X = paddle.divide(X, X_l2) W = paddle.randn( shape=[feature_length, num_classes], dtype='float64') W_l2 = paddle.sqrt(paddle.sum(paddle.square(W), axis=0, keepdim=True)) W = paddle.divide(W, W_l2) logits = paddle.matmul(X, W) loss, softmax = paddle.nn.functional.margin_cross_entropy( logits, label, margin1=m1, margin2=m2, margin3=m3, scale=s, return_softmax=True, reduction=None) print(logits) print(label) print(loss) print(softmax) #Tensor(shape=[2, 4], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [[ 0.85204151, -0.55557678, 0.04994566, 0.71986042], # [-0.20198586, -0.35270476, -0.55182702, 0.09749021]]) #Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=int64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [2, 3]) #Tensor(shape=[2, 1], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [[82.37059586], # [12.13448420]]) #Tensor(shape=[2, 4], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [[0.99978819, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00021181], # [0.99992995, 0.00006468, 0.00000000, 0.00000537]]) .. code-block:: python :name: code-example2 # required: distributed # Multi GPU, test_margin_cross_entropy.py import paddle import paddle.distributed as dist strategy = dist.fleet.DistributedStrategy() dist.fleet.init(is_collective=True, strategy=strategy) rank_id = dist.get_rank() m1 = 1.0 m2 = 0.5 m3 = 0.0 s = 64.0 batch_size = 2 feature_length = 4 num_class_per_card = [4, 8] num_classes = paddle.sum(paddle.to_tensor(num_class_per_card)) label = paddle.randint(low=0, high=num_classes.item(), shape=[batch_size], dtype='int64') label_list = [] dist.all_gather(label_list, label) label = paddle.concat(label_list, axis=0) X = paddle.randn( shape=[batch_size, feature_length], dtype='float64') X_list = [] dist.all_gather(X_list, X) X = paddle.concat(X_list, axis=0) X_l2 = paddle.sqrt(paddle.sum(paddle.square(X), axis=1, keepdim=True)) X = paddle.divide(X, X_l2) W = paddle.randn( shape=[feature_length, num_class_per_card[rank_id]], dtype='float64') W_l2 = paddle.sqrt(paddle.sum(paddle.square(W), axis=0, keepdim=True)) W = paddle.divide(W, W_l2) logits = paddle.matmul(X, W) loss, softmax = paddle.nn.functional.margin_cross_entropy( logits, label, margin1=m1, margin2=m2, margin3=m3, scale=s, return_softmax=True, reduction=None) print(logits) print(label) print(loss) print(softmax) # python -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1 test_margin_cross_entropy.py ## for rank0 input #Tensor(shape=[4, 4], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [[ 0.32888934, 0.02408748, -0.02763289, 0.18173063], # [-0.52893978, -0.10623845, -0.21596515, -0.06432517], # [-0.00536345, -0.03924667, 0.66735314, -0.28640926], # [-0.09907366, -0.48534973, -0.10365338, -0.39472322]]) #Tensor(shape=[4], dtype=int64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [11, 1 , 10, 11]) ## for rank1 input #Tensor(shape=[4, 8], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(1), stop_gradient=True, # [[ 0.68654754, 0.28137170, 0.69694954, -0.60923933, -0.57077653, 0.54576703, -0.38709028, 0.56028204], # [-0.80360371, -0.03042448, -0.45107338, 0.49559349, 0.69998950, -0.45411693, 0.61927630, -0.82808600], # [ 0.11457570, -0.34785879, -0.68819499, -0.26189226, -0.48241491, -0.67685711, 0.06510185, 0.49660849], # [ 0.31604851, 0.52087884, 0.53124749, -0.86176582, -0.43426329, 0.34786144, -0.10850784, 0.51566383]]) #Tensor(shape=[4], dtype=int64, place=CUDAPlace(1), stop_gradient=True, # [11, 1 , 10, 11]) ## for rank0 output #Tensor(shape=[4, 1], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [[38.96608230], # [81.28152394], # [69.67229865], # [31.74197251]]) #Tensor(shape=[4, 4], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(0), stop_gradient=True, # [[0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000], # [0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000], # [0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.99998205, 0.00000000], # [0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000]]) ## for rank1 output #Tensor(shape=[4, 1], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(1), stop_gradient=True, # [[38.96608230], # [81.28152394], # [69.67229865], # [31.74197251]]) #Tensor(shape=[4, 8], dtype=float64, place=CUDAPlace(1), stop_gradient=True, # [[0.33943993, 0.00000000, 0.66051859, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00004148, 0.00000000, 0.00000000], # [0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000207, 0.99432097, 0.00000000, 0.00567696, 0.00000000], # [0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00001795], # [0.00000069, 0.33993085, 0.66006319, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000528, 0.00000000, 0.00000000]]) """ assert reduction in ['mean', 'sum', 'none', None] if group is not None and not group.is_member(): return ring_id = 0 if group is None else group.id rank = 0 nranks = 1 if core.is_compiled_with_dist(): parallel_env = paddle.distributed.ParallelEnv() global_rank = parallel_env.rank rank = global_rank if group is None else group.get_group_rank( global_rank) nranks = parallel_env.world_size if group is None else group.nranks input_dims = len(list(logits.shape)) label_dims = len(list(label.shape)) if input_dims - 1 != label_dims and input_dims != label_dims: raise ValueError( 'Expected nput_dims - 1 = label_dims or input_dims == label_dims\ (got nput_dims{}, label_dims{})'.format(input_dims, label_dims)) if input_dims - 1 == label_dims: label = paddle.unsqueeze(label, axis=-1) if in_dygraph_mode(): softmax, loss = core.ops.margin_cross_entropy( logits, label, 'ring_id', ring_id, 'rank', rank, 'nranks', nranks, 'margin1', margin1, 'margin2', margin2, 'margin3', margin3, 'scale', scale, 'return_softmax', return_softmax) if reduction == 'mean': loss = paddle.mean(loss) elif reduction == 'sum': loss = paddle.sum(loss) if not return_softmax: return loss else: return loss, softmax op_type = 'margin_cross_entropy' helper = LayerHelper(op_type, **locals()) softmax = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=logits.dtype) loss = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=logits.dtype) check_variable_and_dtype(logits, 'logits', ['float16', 'float32', 'float64'], 'margin_cross_entropy') check_variable_and_dtype(label, 'label', ['int32', 'int64'], 'margin_cross_entropy') helper.append_op( type=op_type, inputs={'Logits': logits, 'Label': label}, outputs={'Softmax': softmax, 'Loss': loss}, attrs={ 'return_softmax': return_softmax, 'ring_id': ring_id, 'rank': rank, 'nranks': nranks, 'margin1': margin1, 'margin2': margin2, 'margin3': margin3, 'scale': scale, }) if reduction == 'mean': loss = paddle.mean(loss) elif reduction == 'sum': loss = paddle.sum(loss) if not return_softmax: return loss else: return loss, softmax @deprecated( since="2.0.0", update_to="paddle.nn.functional.cross_entropy", level=1, reason=( 'Please notice that behavior of "paddle.nn.functional.softmax_with_cross_entropy" ' 'and "paddle.nn.functional.cross_entropy" is different.')) def softmax_with_cross_entropy(logits, label, soft_label=False, ignore_index=-100, numeric_stable_mode=True, return_softmax=False, axis=-1): return fluid_softmax_with_cross_entropy(logits, label, soft_label, ignore_index, numeric_stable_mode, return_softmax, axis) def cross_entropy(input, label, weight=None, ignore_index=-100, reduction='mean', soft_label=False, axis=-1, use_softmax=True, name=None): r""" By default, this operator implements the cross entropy loss function with softmax. This function combines the calculation of the softmax operation and the cross entropy loss function to provide a more numerically stable computing. This operator will calculate the cross entropy loss function without softmax when use_softmax=False. By default, this operator will calculate the mean of the result, and you can also affect the default behavior by using the reduction parameter. Please refer to the part of parameters for details. This operator can be used to calculate the softmax cross entropy loss with soft and hard labels. Where, the hard labels mean the actual label value, 0, 1, 2, etc. And the soft labels mean the probability of the actual label, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, etc. The calculation of this operator includes the following two steps. - **1.softmax cross entropy** 1. Hard label (each sample can only be assigned into one category) 1.1. when use_softmax=True .. math:: \\loss_j=-\text{logits}_{label_j}+\log\left(\sum_{i=0}^{C}\exp(\text{logits}_i)\right) , j = 1,...,N where, N is the number of samples and C is the number of categories. 1.2. when use_softmax=False .. math:: \\loss_j=-\log\left({P}_{label_j}\right) , j = 1,...,N where, N is the number of samples and C is the number of categories, P is input(the output of softmax). 2. Soft label (each sample is assigned to multiple categories with a certain probability, and the probability sum is 1). 2.1. when use_softmax=True .. math:: \\loss_j=-\sum_{i=0}^{C}\text{label}_i\left(\text{logits}_i-\log\left(\sum_{i=0}^{C}\exp(\text{logits}_i)\right)\right) , j = 1,...,N where, N is the number of samples and C is the number of categories. 2.2. when use_softmax=False .. math:: \\loss_j=-\sum_{j=0}^{C}\left({label}_j*\log\left({P}_{label_j}\right)\right) , j = 1,...,N where, N is the number of samples and C is the number of categories, P is input(the output of softmax). - **2. Weight and reduction processing** 1. Weight If the ``weight`` parameter is ``None`` , go to the next step directly. If the ``weight`` parameter is not ``None`` , the cross entropy of each sample is weighted by weight according to soft_label = False or True as follows. 1.1. Hard labels (soft_label = False) .. math:: \\loss_j=loss_j*weight[label_j] 1.2. Soft labels (soft_label = True) .. math:: \\loss_j=loss_j*\sum_{i}\left(weight[label_i]*logits_i\right) 2. reduction 2.1 if the ``reduction`` parameter is ``none`` Return the previous result directly 2.2 if the ``reduction`` parameter is ``sum`` Return the sum of the previous results .. math:: \\loss=\sum_{j}loss_j 2.3 if the ``reduction`` parameter is ``mean`` , it will be processed according to the ``weight`` parameter as follows. 2.3.1. If the ``weight`` parameter is ``None`` Return the average value of the previous results .. math:: \\loss=\sum_{j}loss_j/N where, N is the number of samples and C is the number of categories. 2.3.2. If the 'weight' parameter is not 'None', the weighted average value of the previous result will be returned 1. Hard labels (soft_label = False) .. math:: \\loss=\sum_{j}loss_j/\sum_{j}weight[label_j] 2. Soft labels (soft_label = True) .. math:: \\loss=\sum_{j}loss_j/\sum_{j}\left(\sum_{i}weight[label_i]\right) Parameters: - **input** (Tensor) Input tensor, the data type is float32, float64. Shape is :math:`[N_1, N_2, ..., N_k, C]`, where C is number of classes , ``k >= 1`` . Note: 1. when use_softmax=True, it expects unscaled logits. This operator should not be used with the output of softmax operator, which will produce incorrect results. 2. when use_softmax=False, it expects the output of softmax operator. - **label** (Tensor) 1. If soft_label=False, the shape is :math:`[N_1, N_2, ..., N_k]` or :math:`[N_1, N_2, ..., N_k, 1]`, k >= 1. the data type is int32, int64, float32, float64, where each value is [0, C-1]. 2. If soft_label=True, the shape and data type should be same with ``input`` , and the sum of the labels for each sample should be 1. - **weight** (Tensor, optional) a manual rescaling weight given to each class. If given, has to be a Tensor of size C and the data type is float32, float64. Default is ``'None'`` . - **ignore_index** (int64, optional) Specifies a target value that is ignored and does not contribute to the loss. A negative value means that no label value needs to be ignored. Only valid when soft_label = False. Default is ``-100`` . - **reduction** (str, optional) Indicate how to average the loss by batch_size, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned; If :attr:`size_average` is ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is returned. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned. Default is ``'mean'``. - **soft_label** (bool, optional) Indicate whether label is soft. Default is ``False``. - **axis** (int, optional) The index of dimension to perform softmax calculations. It should be in range :math:`[-1, rank - 1]`, where :math:`rank` is the number of dimensions of input :attr:`input`. Default is ``-1`` . - **use_softmax** (bool, optional) Indicate whether compute softmax before cross_entropy. Default is ``True``. - **name** (str, optional) The name of the operator. Default is ``None`` . For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name` . Returns: Tensor. Return the softmax cross_entropy loss of ``input`` and ``label``. The data type is the same as input. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'`` or ``'sum'`` , the dimension of return value is ``1``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``: 1. If soft_label = False, the dimension of return value is the same with ``label`` . 2. if soft_label = True, the dimension of return value is :math:`[N_1, N_2, ..., N_k, 1]` . Example1(hard labels): .. code-block:: python import paddle paddle.seed(99999) N=100 C=200 reduction='mean' input = paddle.rand([N, C], dtype='float64') label = paddle.randint(0, C, shape=[N], dtype='int64') weight = paddle.rand([C], dtype='float64') cross_entropy_loss = paddle.nn.loss.CrossEntropyLoss( weight=weight, reduction=reduction) dy_ret = cross_entropy_loss( input, label) print(dy_ret.numpy()) #[5.41993642] Example2(soft labels): .. code-block:: python import paddle paddle.seed(99999) axis = -1 ignore_index = -100 N = 4 C = 3 shape = [N, C] reduction='mean' weight = None logits = paddle.uniform(shape, dtype='float64', min=0.1, max=1.0) labels = paddle.uniform(shape, dtype='float64', min=0.1, max=1.0) labels /= paddle.sum(labels, axis=axis, keepdim=True) paddle_loss_mean = paddle.nn.functional.cross_entropy( logits, labels, soft_label=True, axis=axis, weight=weight, reduction=reduction) print(paddle_loss_mean.numpy()) #[1.12908343] """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in softmax_cross_entropy" "should be 'sum', 'mean' or 'none', but received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) if ignore_index > 0 and soft_label == True: raise ValueError( "When soft_label == True, the value of 'ignore_index' in softmax_cross_entropy" "should be '-100', but received %s, which is not allowed." % ignore_index) input_dims = len(list(input.shape)) if input_dims == 0: raise ValueError('The dimention of input should be larger than zero!') label_dims = len(list(label.shape)) if input_dims - 1 != label_dims and input_dims != label_dims: raise ValueError( 'Expected nput_dims - 1 = label_dims or input_dims == label_dims\ (got nput_dims{}, label_dims{})'.format(input_dims, label_dims)) if input_dims - 1 == label_dims: label = paddle.unsqueeze(label, axis=axis) if in_dygraph_mode(): if soft_label == False: valid_label = paddle.where(label == ignore_index, paddle.zeros_like(label), label) # TODO: Temporarily use paddle.nonzero instead of paddle.max # to detect and find out possible illegal label values if len(paddle.nonzero(valid_label < 0)) > 0: invalid_label = paddle.gather_nd( valid_label, paddle.nonzero(valid_label < 0)) raise ValueError( "Target({}) is out of class_dimension's lower bound({})". format(invalid_label[0], 0)) # TODO: Temporarily use paddle.nonzero instead of paddle.max # to detect and find out possible illegal label values if len(paddle.nonzero(valid_label >= input.shape[axis])) > 0: invalid_label = paddle.gather_nd( valid_label, paddle.nonzero(valid_label >= input.shape[axis])) raise ValueError( "Target({}) is out of class_dimension's upper bound({})". format(invalid_label[0], input.shape[axis] - 1)) if core.is_compiled_with_npu(): _, _, out = _C_ops.softmax_with_cross_entropy( input, label, 'soft_label', soft_label, 'ignore_index', ignore_index, 'numeric_stable_mode', True, 'axis', axis, 'use_softmax', use_softmax) else: _, out = _C_ops.softmax_with_cross_entropy( input, label, 'soft_label', soft_label, 'ignore_index', ignore_index, 'numeric_stable_mode', True, 'axis', axis, 'use_softmax', use_softmax) if weight is not None: # trans weight from class to sample, shape:N or [N,H,W] for 1d and 2d cases. if soft_label == True: # chajchaj: # weight's shape is C, where C is class num. # for 1d case: label's shape is [N,C], weight_gather's shape is N. # for 2d case: label's shape is [N,H,W,C], weight_gather's shape is [N,H,W]. weight_gather = paddle.matmul( x=paddle.cast(label, weight.dtype), y=weight, transpose_x=False, transpose_y=True) out_shape = list(out.shape) weight_gather_reshape = reshape(weight_gather, shape=out_shape) out = paddle.cast(out, weight_gather_reshape.dtype) out = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(out, weight_gather_reshape) else: if input.shape[axis] != weight.shape[-1]: raise ValueError( "input's class_dimension({}) must equal to " "weight's class_dimension({}) " "when weight is provided"\ .format(input.shape[axis], weight.shape[-1])) ignore_weight_mask = paddle.cast((label != ignore_index), out.dtype) if ignore_weight_mask.ndim > 1 and ignore_weight_mask.shape[ axis] == 1: # TODO: Temporarily use squeeze instead of squeeze_ ignore_weight_mask = paddle.squeeze(ignore_weight_mask, axis) if axis != -1 and axis != valid_label.ndim - 1: temp_perm = list(range(axis % valid_label.ndim)) \ + list(range((axis % valid_label.ndim + 1) , valid_label.ndim)) \ + [axis % valid_label.ndim] weight_gather = _C_ops.gather_nd( weight, valid_label.transpose(temp_perm)) else: weight_gather = _C_ops.gather_nd(weight, valid_label) weight_gather = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(weight_gather, ignore_weight_mask) input_shape = list(label.shape) weight_gather_reshape = reshape( weight_gather, shape=input_shape) out = paddle.cast(out, weight_gather_reshape.dtype) out = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(out, weight_gather_reshape) if reduction == "sum": # because of fluid_softmax_with_cross_entropy op's inner logic, # in the out tensor of this op, the loss of sample with class_index==ignore_index is 0 # so, reduce_sum all directly is ok return _C_ops.reduce_sum(out, 'reduce_all', True) elif reduction == "mean": # 1. if weight==none, # numerator: reduce_sum all loss directly is ok causeof fluid_softmax_with_cross_entropy's inner logic # denominator: count sample num with class_index!=ignore_index # 2. else # numerator: loss's weighted sum # denominator: cal the sum of weight where the sample's class_index!=ignore_index if ignore_index != -100: out_sum = _C_ops.reduce_sum(out, 'reduce_all', True) # for each label[i],set 1 or 0, according to ignore_index # mask[i]=0, if label[i]==ignore_index # mask[i]=1, otherwise mask = (label != ignore_index) if weight is None: mask = paddle.cast(mask, dtype=out_sum.dtype) count = _C_ops.reduce_sum(mask, 'reduce_all', True) ret = out_sum / (count + (count == 0.0)) else: mask = paddle.cast(mask, weight_gather_reshape.dtype) weight_ignored = _C_ops.elementwise_mul( mask, weight_gather_reshape) weight_sum = _C_ops.reduce_sum(weight_ignored, 'reduce_all', True) ret = out_sum / (weight_sum + (weight_sum == 0.0)) return ret elif weight is not None: out_sum = _C_ops.reduce_sum(out, 'reduce_all', True) total_weight = _C_ops.reduce_sum(weight_gather_reshape, 'reduce_all', True) return out_sum / (total_weight + (total_weight == 0.0)) else: return _C_ops.mean(out) else: if input_dims - 1 == label_dims: out = paddle.squeeze(out, axis=axis) return out fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( input, 'input', ['float32', 'float64'], 'softmax_cross_entropy') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['int32', 'int64', 'float32', 'float64'], 'softmax_cross_entropy') attrs = { 'soft_label': soft_label, 'ignore_index': ignore_index, 'numeric_stable_mode': True, 'axis': axis, 'use_softmax': use_softmax } helper = LayerHelper('softmax_with_cross_entropy', **locals()) softmax = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=input.dtype) out = helper.create_variable_for_type_inference(dtype=input.dtype) helper.append_op( type='softmax_with_cross_entropy', inputs={'Logits': input, 'Label': label}, outputs={'Softmax': softmax, 'Loss': out}, attrs=attrs) if weight is not None: fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( weight, 'weight', ['float32', 'float64'], 'softmax_cross_entropy') weight_name = name if reduction == 'none' else None if soft_label == True: # chajchaj: # trans weight from class to sample, shape:N or [N,H,W] for 1d and 2d cases. # weight's shape is C, where C is class num. # for 1d case: label's shape is [N,C], weight_gather's shape is N. # for 2d case: label's shape is [N,H,W,C], weight_gather's shape is [N,H,W]. weight_gather = paddle.matmul( x=paddle.cast(label, weight.dtype), y=weight, transpose_x=False, transpose_y=True) out_shape = list(out.shape) weight_gather_reshape = reshape(weight_gather, shape=out_shape) out = paddle.cast(out, weight_gather_reshape.dtype) else: if input.shape[axis] != weight.shape[-1]: raise ValueError("input's class_dimension({}) must equal to " "weight's class_dimension({}) " "when weight is provided"\ .format(input.shape[axis], weight.shape[-1])) valid_label = paddle.where(label == ignore_index, paddle.zeros_like(label), label) ignore_weight_mask = paddle.cast((label != ignore_index), input.dtype) if ignore_weight_mask.ndim > 1 and ignore_weight_mask.shape[ axis] == 1: ignore_weight_mask = paddle.squeeze(ignore_weight_mask, axis) if axis != -1 and axis != valid_label.ndim - 1: temp_perm = list(range(axis % valid_label.ndim)) \ + list(range((axis % valid_label.ndim + 1), valid_label.ndim)) \ + [axis % valid_label.ndim] weight_gather = paddle.gather_nd( weight, paddle.transpose(valid_label, temp_perm)) else: weight_gather = paddle.gather_nd(weight, valid_label) weight_gather = paddle.multiply(weight_gather, ignore_weight_mask) input_shape = list(label.shape) weight_gather_reshape = reshape(weight_gather, shape=input_shape) out = paddle.multiply(out, weight_gather_reshape, name=weight_name) if reduction == "sum": return paddle.sum(out, name=name) elif reduction == "mean": if ignore_index != -100: out_sum = paddle.sum(out, name=name) # for each label[i],set 1 or 0, according to ignore_index # mask[i]=0, if label[i]==ignore_index # mask[i]=1, otherwise mask = (label != ignore_index) if (weight is None): mask = paddle.cast(mask, dtype=out_sum.dtype) count = paddle.sum(mask, name=name) ret = out_sum / (count + (count == 0.0)) else: mask = paddle.cast(mask, weight_gather_reshape.dtype) weight_ignored = paddle.multiply(mask, weight_gather_reshape) weight_sum = paddle.sum(weight_ignored, name=name) ret = out_sum / (weight_sum + (weight_sum == 0.0)) return ret elif weight is not None: out_sum = paddle.sum(out, name=name) total_weight = paddle.sum(weight_gather_reshape) return out_sum / (total_weight + (total_weight == 0.0)) else: return paddle.mean(out, name=name) else: if input_dims - 1 == label_dims: out = paddle.squeeze(out, axis=axis) return out def sigmoid_focal_loss(logit, label, normalizer=None, alpha=0.25, gamma=2.0, reduction='sum', name=None): r""" `Focal Loss `_ is proposed to address the foreground-background class imbalance for classification tasks. It down-weights easily-classified examples and thus focuses training on hard examples. For example, it is used in one-stage object detection where the foreground-background class imbalance is extremely high. This operator measures focal loss function as follows: .. math:: Out = -Labels * alpha * {(1 - \sigma(Logit))}^{gamma}\log(\sigma(Logit)) - (1 - Labels) * (1 - alpha) * {\sigma(Logit)}^{gamma}\log(1 - \sigma(Logit)) We know that :math:`\sigma(Logit) = \frac{1}{1 + \exp(-Logit)}`. Then, if :attr:`normalizer` is not None, this operator divides the normalizer tensor on the loss `Out`: .. math:: Out = \frac{Out}{normalizer} Finally, this operator applies reduce operation on the loss. If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'none'``, the operator will return the original loss `Out`. If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is :math:`Out = MEAN(Out)`. If :attr:`reduction` set to ``'sum'``, the reduced sum loss is :math:`Out = SUM(Out)`. Note that the target ``label`` is 0 for the negative class and is 1 for the positive class. Args: logit (Tensor): The input logit tensor. The shape is [N, *], where N is batch_size, `*` means any number of additional dimensions. The ``logit`` is usually the output of a convolution layer. Available dtype is float32, float64. label (Tensor): The target label tensor with the same shape as ``logit``. The target label whose value should be numbers between 0 and 1. Available dtype is float32, float64. normalizer (Tensor, optional): The number normalizes the focal loss. It has to be a 1-D Tensor whose shape is `[1, ]`. The data type is float32, float64. For object detection task, it is the the number of positive samples. If set to None, the focal loss will not be normalized. Default is None. alpha(int|float, optional): Hyper-parameter to balance the positive and negative example, it should be between 0 and 1. Default value is set to 0.25. gamma(int|float, optional): Hyper-parameter to modulate the easy and hard examples. Default value is set to 2.0. reduction (str, optional): Indicate how to average the loss by batch_size, the candicates are ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, the unreduced loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'``, the reduced mean loss is returned; If :attr:`reduction` is ``'sum'``, the summed loss is returned. Default is ``'sum'``. name (str, optional): Name for the operation (optional, default is None). For more information, please refer to :ref:`api_guide_Name`. Returns: Tensor, if :attr:`reduction` is ``'mean'`` or ``'sum'``, the out shape is :math:`[1]`, otherwise the shape is the same as ``logit``. The same dtype as ``logit`` tensor. Examples: .. code-block:: python import paddle logit = paddle.to_tensor([[0.97, 0.91, 0.03], [0.55, 0.43, 0.71]], dtype='float32') label = paddle.to_tensor([[1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]], dtype='float32') one = paddle.to_tensor([1.], dtype='float32') fg_label = paddle.greater_equal(label, one) fg_num = paddle.sum(paddle.cast(fg_label, dtype='float32')) output = paddle.nn.functional.sigmoid_focal_loss(logit, label, normalizer=fg_num) print(output) # [0.65782464] """ if reduction not in ['sum', 'mean', 'none']: raise ValueError( "The value of 'reduction' in sigmoid_focal_loss " "should be 'sum', 'mean' or 'none', but received %s, which is not allowed." % reduction) if normalizer is not None: fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype(normalizer, 'normalizer', ['float32', 'float64'], 'sigmoid_focal_loss') normalizer_shape = list(normalizer.shape) normalizer_dims = len(normalizer_shape) if normalizer_dims > 1: raise ValueError( "Expected one dimension of normalizer in sigmoid_focal_loss but got {}.". format(normalizer_dims)) if in_dygraph_mode(): one = _varbase_creator(dtype=logit.dtype) _C_ops.fill_constant(one, 'value', float(1.0), 'force_cpu', False, 'dtype', one.dtype, 'str_value', '1.0', 'shape', logit.shape) loss = _C_ops.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logit, label) pred = _C_ops.sigmoid(logit) p_t = _C_ops.elementwise_add( _C_ops.elementwise_mul(pred, label), _C_ops.elementwise_mul( _C_ops.elementwise_sub(one, pred), _C_ops.elementwise_sub(one, label))) alpha = fluid.dygraph.base.to_variable([alpha], dtype=loss.dtype) alpha_t = _C_ops.elementwise_add( _C_ops.elementwise_mul(alpha, label), _C_ops.elementwise_mul( _C_ops.elementwise_sub(one, alpha), _C_ops.elementwise_sub(one, label))) loss = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(alpha_t, loss) gamma = fluid.dygraph.base.to_variable([gamma], dtype=loss.dtype) gamma_t = _C_ops.elementwise_pow( _C_ops.elementwise_sub(one, p_t), gamma) loss = _C_ops.elementwise_mul(gamma_t, loss) if normalizer is not None: loss = _C_ops.elementwise_div(loss, normalizer) if reduction == "sum": return _C_ops.reduce_sum(loss, 'reduce_all', True) elif reduction == "mean": return _C_ops.mean(loss) return loss fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( logit, 'logit', ['float32', 'float64'], 'sigmoid_focal_loss') fluid.data_feeder.check_variable_and_dtype( label, 'label', ['float32', 'float64'], 'sigmoid_focal_loss') bce_name = None if reduction == 'none' and normalizer is None: bce_name = name loss = paddle.nn.functional.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits( logit, label, reduction='none', name=bce_name) pred = fluid.layers.sigmoid(logit) p_t = pred * label + (1 - pred) * (1 - label) alpha_t = alpha * label + (1 - alpha) * (1 - label) loss = paddle.multiply(alpha_t, loss) gamma_t = paddle.pow((1 - p_t), gamma) loss = paddle.multiply(gamma_t, loss) if normalizer is not None: normalizer_name = name if reduction == 'none' else None loss = paddle.divide(loss, normalizer, name=normalizer_name) if reduction == 'mean': loss = paddle.mean(loss, name=name) elif reduction == 'sum': loss = paddle.sum(loss, name=name) return loss