# Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. from __future__ import print_function import contextlib import unittest import numpy as np import six import itertools import paddle import paddle.fluid as fluid from paddle.fluid import core from paddle.fluid.optimizer import MomentumOptimizer, LarsMomentumOptimizer, AdagradOptimizer, AdamaxOptimizer, DpsgdOptimizer, DecayedAdagradOptimizer, AdadeltaOptimizer, RMSPropOptimizer, FtrlOptimizer from paddle.fluid.optimizer import ModelAverage, DGCMomentumOptimizer, ExponentialMovingAverage, PipelineOptimizer, LookaheadOptimizer, RecomputeOptimizer from paddle.fluid.dygraph import Linear from paddle.fluid.dygraph.base import to_variable from test_imperative_base import new_program_scope # Note(wangzhongpu) # In dygraph, don't support ModelAverage, DGCMomentumOptimizer, ExponentialMovingAverage, PipelineOptimizer, LookaheadOptimizer, RecomputeOptimizer. class MLP(fluid.Layer): def __init__(self, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None): super(MLP, self).__init__() self._fc1 = Linear(784, 10) self._fc2 = Linear(10, 10) def forward(self, inputs): y = self._fc1(inputs) y = self._fc2(y) return y class TestImperativeOptimizerBase(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.batch_num = 20 def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): raise NotImplementedError() def get_optimizer(self): raise NotImplementedError() def reader_decorator(self, reader): def _reader_imple(): for item in reader(): image = np.array(item[0]).reshape(1, 784) label = np.array(item[1]).astype('int64').reshape(1) yield image, label return _reader_imple def _check_exception(self, exception_message, place=None): seed = 90 batch_size = 128 if place == None: place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if core.is_compiled_with_cuda( ) else fluid.CPUPlace() try: paddle.disable_static() paddle.seed(seed) paddle.framework.random._manual_program_seed(seed) mlp = MLP() optimizer = self.get_optimizer_dygraph( parameter_list=mlp.parameters()) except Exception as e: assert str(e) == exception_message finally: paddle.enable_static() def _check_mlp(self, place=None): seed = 90 batch_size = 128 if place == None: place = fluid.CPUPlace() if not core.is_compiled_with_cuda( ) else fluid.CUDAPlace(0) paddle.disable_static(place) paddle.seed(seed) paddle.framework.random._manual_program_seed(seed) mlp = MLP() optimizer = self.get_optimizer_dygraph(parameter_list=mlp.parameters()) batch_py_reader = fluid.io.PyReader(capacity=1) batch_py_reader.decorate_sample_list_generator( paddle.batch( self.reader_decorator(paddle.dataset.mnist.train()), batch_size=batch_size, drop_last=True), places=fluid.CPUPlace()) dy_param_init_value = {} for batch_id, data in enumerate(batch_py_reader()): if batch_id >= self.batch_num: break img = data[0] label = data[1] label.stop_gradient = True img = fluid.layers.reshape(img, shape=[batch_size, -1]) cost = mlp(img) avg_loss = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(cost) dy_out = avg_loss.numpy() if batch_id == 0: for param in mlp.parameters(): dy_param_init_value[param.name] = param.numpy() avg_loss.backward() optimizer.minimize(avg_loss) if isinstance(optimizer._learning_rate, paddle.optimizer.lr.LRScheduler): if isinstance(optimizer._learning_rate, paddle.optimizer.lr.ReduceOnPlateau): optimizer._learning_rate.step(avg_loss) else: optimizer._learning_rate.step() mlp.clear_gradients() dy_param_value = {} for param in mlp.parameters(): dy_param_value[param.name] = param.numpy() paddle.enable_static() with new_program_scope(): paddle.seed(seed) paddle.framework.random._manual_program_seed(seed) if place == None: place = fluid.CPUPlace() if not core.is_compiled_with_cuda( ) else fluid.CUDAPlace(0) exe = fluid.Executor(place) mlp = MLP() optimizer = self.get_optimizer() train_reader = paddle.batch( paddle.dataset.mnist.train(), batch_size=128, drop_last=True) img = fluid.layers.data( name='pixel', shape=[1, 28, 28], dtype='float32') label = fluid.layers.data(name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64') img = fluid.layers.reshape(img, shape=[batch_size, 784]) cost = mlp(img) avg_loss = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(cost) optimizer.minimize(avg_loss) # initialize params and fetch them static_param_init_value = {} static_param_name_list = [] for param in mlp.parameters(): static_param_name_list.append(param.name) out = exe.run(fluid.default_startup_program(), fetch_list=static_param_name_list) for i in range(len(static_param_name_list)): static_param_init_value[static_param_name_list[i]] = out[i] for batch_id, data in enumerate(train_reader()): if batch_id >= self.batch_num: break static_x_data = np.array( [x[0].reshape(1, 28, 28) for x in data]).astype('float32') y_data = np.array([x[1] for x in data]).astype('int64').reshape( [128, 1]) fetch_list = [avg_loss.name] fetch_list.extend(static_param_name_list) out = exe.run(fluid.default_main_program(), feed={"pixel": static_x_data, "label": y_data}, fetch_list=fetch_list) if isinstance(optimizer._learning_rate, paddle.optimizer.lr.LRScheduler): if isinstance(optimizer._learning_rate, paddle.optimizer.lr.ReduceOnPlateau): optimizer._learning_rate.step(out[0]) else: optimizer._learning_rate.step() static_param_value = {} static_out = out[0] for i in range(1, len(out)): static_param_value[static_param_name_list[i - 1]] = out[i] for key, value in six.iteritems(static_param_init_value): self.assertTrue(np.allclose(value, dy_param_init_value[key])) if core.is_compiled_with_rocm(): self.assertTrue(np.allclose(static_out, dy_out, atol=1e-3)) else: self.assertTrue(np.allclose(static_out, dy_out)) for key, value in six.iteritems(static_param_value): if core.is_compiled_with_rocm(): self.assertTrue( np.allclose( value, dy_param_value[key], atol=1e-3)) else: self.assertTrue(np.allclose(value, dy_param_value[key])) class TestImperativeOptimizerPiecewiseDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): bd = [3, 6, 9] optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.PiecewiseDecay( boundaries=bd, values=[0.1 * (0.1**i) for i in range(len(bd) + 1)]), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): bd = [3, 6, 9] optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.PiecewiseDecay( boundaries=bd, values=[0.1 * (0.1**i) for i in range(len(bd) + 1)])) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerNaturalExpDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.NaturalExpDecay( learning_rate=0.5, gamma=0.9), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.NaturalExpDecay( learning_rate=0.5, gamma=0.9)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerExponentialDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.ExponentialDecay( learning_rate=0.5, gamma=0.9), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.ExponentialDecay( learning_rate=0.5, gamma=0.9)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerInverseTimeDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.Adam( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.InverseTimeDecay( learning_rate=0.5, gamma=0.9), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.Adam( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.InverseTimeDecay( learning_rate=0.5, gamma=0.9)) return optimizer def test_adam(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerPolynomialDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.PolynomialDecay( learning_rate=0.5, decay_steps=5, cycle=self.cycle), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.PolynomialDecay( learning_rate=0.5, decay_steps=5, cycle=self.cycle)) return optimizer def test_sgd_cycle(self): self.cycle = True self._check_mlp() def test_sgd(self): self.cycle = False self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerCosineAnnealingDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.CosineAnnealingDecay( learning_rate=0.5, T_max=5), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.CosineAnnealingDecay( learning_rate=0.5, T_max=5)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerNoamDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.NoamDecay( d_model=0.01, warmup_steps=100, verbose=True), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.NoamDecay( d_model=0.01, warmup_steps=100)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerLambdaDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.LambdaDecay( learning_rate=0.5, lr_lambda=lambda epoch: 0.9**epoch), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.LambdaDecay( learning_rate=0.5, lr_lambda=lambda epoch: 0.9**epoch)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerLinearWarmup(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.LinearWarmup( learning_rate=0.5, warmup_steps=20, start_lr=0, end_lr=0.5), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.LinearWarmup( learning_rate=0.5, warmup_steps=20, start_lr=0, end_lr=0.5, verbose=True)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerMultiStepDecay(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.MultiStepDecay( learning_rate=0.5, milestones=[2, 4, 6], gamma=0.8), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.MultiStepDecay( learning_rate=0.5, milestones=[2, 4, 6], gamma=0.8)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerStepLR(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.StepDecay( learning_rate=0.5, step_size=5, gamma=0.8), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.StepDecay( learning_rate=0.5, step_size=5, gamma=0.8)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeOptimizerReduceOnPlateau(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.ReduceOnPlateau( learning_rate=0.5), parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD( learning_rate=paddle.optimizer.lr.ReduceOnPlateau( learning_rate=0.5)) return optimizer def test_sgd(self): self._check_mlp() class TestOptimizerLearningRate(unittest.TestCase): def test_constant_lr(self): with fluid.dygraph.guard(): a = np.random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1, [10, 10]).astype("float32") linear = fluid.dygraph.nn.Linear(10, 10) a = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(a) b = linear(a) loss = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(b) adam = paddle.optimizer.Adam(0.001, parameters=linear.parameters()) self.assertTrue( np.allclose( adam.get_lr(), 0.001, rtol=1e-06, atol=0.0)) for i in range(10): adam.minimize(loss) lr = adam.get_lr() self.assertTrue(np.allclose(lr, 0.001, rtol=1e-06, atol=0.0)) def test_lr_decay(self): with fluid.dygraph.guard(): a = np.random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1, [10, 10]).astype("float32") linear = fluid.dygraph.nn.Linear(10, 10) a = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(a) b = linear(a) loss = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(b) bd = [2, 4, 6, 8] value = [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0] scheduler = paddle.optimizer.lr.PiecewiseDecay(bd, value) adam = paddle.optimizer.Adam( scheduler, parameters=linear.parameters()) self.assertTrue( np.allclose( adam.get_lr(), 0.2, rtol=1e-06, atol=0.0)) ret = [0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0] for i in range(12): adam.minimize(loss) lr = adam.get_lr() self.assertTrue(np.allclose(lr, ret[i], rtol=1e-06, atol=0.0)) scheduler.step() def test_lr_scheduler_natural_exp(self): with fluid.dygraph.guard(): a = np.random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1, [10, 10]).astype("float32") linear = fluid.dygraph.nn.Linear(10, 10) a = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(a) b = linear(a) loss = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(b) base_lr = 1.0 scheduler = paddle.optimizer.lr.NaturalExpDecay(1.0, gamma=0.5) adam = paddle.optimizer.Adam( scheduler, parameters=linear.parameters()) self.assertTrue( np.allclose( adam.get_lr(), 1.0, rtol=1e-06, atol=0.0)) ret = [1.0, np.exp(-0.5), np.exp(-1)] for i in range(3): adam.minimize(loss) lr = adam.get_lr() self.assertTrue(np.allclose(lr, ret[i], rtol=1e-06, atol=0.0)) scheduler.step() def test_set_lr(self): with fluid.dygraph.guard(): a = np.random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1, [10, 10]).astype("float32") linear = fluid.dygraph.nn.Linear(10, 10) a = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(a) b = linear(a) loss = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(b) adam = paddle.optimizer.Adam(0.1, parameters=linear.parameters()) lr_list = [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6] for i in range(5): adam.set_lr(lr_list[i]) adam.minimize(loss) lr = adam.get_lr() self.assertTrue( np.allclose( lr, lr_list[i], rtol=1e-06, atol=0.0)) with self.assertRaises(TypeError): lr_var = fluid.layers.create_global_var( shape=[1], value=0.7, dtype='float32') adam.set_lr(lr_var) with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): adam = paddle.optimizer.Adam( paddle.optimizer.lr.NaturalExpDecay( learning_rate=0.1, gamma=0.5), parameters=linear.parameters()) adam.set_lr(0.01) class TestImperativeMomentumOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = MomentumOptimizer( learning_rate=0.001, momentum=0.9, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = MomentumOptimizer(learning_rate=0.001, momentum=0.9) return optimizer def test_momentum(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeLarsMomentumOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = LarsMomentumOptimizer( learning_rate=0.001, momentum=0.9, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = LarsMomentumOptimizer(learning_rate=0.001, momentum=0.9) return optimizer def test_larsmomentum(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeAdagradOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = AdagradOptimizer( learning_rate=0.2, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = AdagradOptimizer(learning_rate=0.2) return optimizer def test_adagrad(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeAdamaxOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = AdamaxOptimizer( learning_rate=0.2, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = AdamaxOptimizer(learning_rate=0.2) return optimizer def test_adamax(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeDpsgdOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = DpsgdOptimizer( learning_rate=0.01, clip=10.0, batch_size=16.0, sigma=1.0, parameter_list=parameter_list) optimizer._seed = 100 return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = DpsgdOptimizer( learning_rate=0.01, clip=10.0, batch_size=16.0, sigma=1.0) optimizer._seed = 100 return optimizer def test_dpsgd(self): self._check_mlp(place=fluid.CPUPlace()) class TestImperativeDecayedAdagradOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = DecayedAdagradOptimizer( learning_rate=0.2, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = DecayedAdagradOptimizer(learning_rate=0.2) return optimizer def test_decayadagrad(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeAdadeltaOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = AdadeltaOptimizer( learning_rate=0.0003, epsilon=1.0e-6, rho=0.95, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = AdadeltaOptimizer( learning_rate=0.0003, epsilon=1.0e-6, rho=0.95) return optimizer def test_adadelta(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeRMSPropOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = RMSPropOptimizer( learning_rate=0.1, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = RMSPropOptimizer(learning_rate=0.1) return optimizer def test_rmsprop(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeFtrlOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = FtrlOptimizer( learning_rate=0.1, parameter_list=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = FtrlOptimizer(learning_rate=0.1) return optimizer def test_ftrl(self): self._check_mlp() def exclude_fn(param): return param.name.endswith('.b_0') class TestImperativeLambOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.Lamb( learning_rate=0.002, exclude_from_weight_decay_fn=exclude_fn, parameters=parameter_list) return optimizer def get_optimizer(self): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.Lamb( learning_rate=0.002, exclude_from_weight_decay_fn=exclude_fn) return optimizer # should fix: may fail in CI-windows def _test_lamb(self): self._check_mlp() class TestImperativeModelAverage(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = ModelAverage( 0.15, min_average_window=10000, max_average_window=12500) return optimizer def test_modelaverage(self): exception_message = "In dygraph, don't support ModelAverage." self._check_exception(exception_message) class TestImperativeDGCMomentumOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = DGCMomentumOptimizer( learning_rate=0.0001, momentum=0.9, rampup_step=1000, rampup_begin_step=1252, sparsity=[0.999, 0.999]) return optimizer def test_dgcmomentum(self): exception_message = "In dygraph, don't support DGCMomentumOptimizer." self._check_exception(exception_message) class TestImperativeExponentialMovingAverage(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = ExponentialMovingAverage(0.999) return optimizer def test_exponentialmoving(self): exception_message = "In dygraph, don't support ExponentialMovingAverage." self._check_exception(exception_message) class TestImperativePipelineOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.5, parameters=parameter_list) optimizer = PipelineOptimizer(optimizer) return optimizer def test_pipline(self): exception_message = "In dygraph, don't support PipelineOptimizer." self._check_exception(exception_message) class TestImperativeLookaheadOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.5, parameters=parameter_list) optimizer = LookaheadOptimizer(optimizer, alpha=0.5, k=5) return optimizer def test_lookahead(self): exception_message = "In dygraph, don't support LookaheadOptimizer." self._check_exception(exception_message) class TestImperativeRecomputeOptimizer(TestImperativeOptimizerBase): def get_optimizer_dygraph(self, parameter_list): optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.5, parameters=parameter_list) optimizer = RecomputeOptimizer(optimizer) return optimizer def test_recompute(self): exception_message = "In dygraph, don't support RecomputeOptimizer." self._check_exception(exception_message) class TestImperativeOptimizerList(unittest.TestCase): def test_parameter_list(self): with fluid.dygraph.guard(): linear_1 = Linear(10, 10) linear_2 = Linear(10, 10) sgd = paddle.optimizer.SGD(1.0, parameters=itertools.chain( linear_1.parameters(), linear_2.parameters())) in_np = np.random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1, [10, 10]).astype("float32") in_data = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(in_np) y = linear_1(in_data) y = linear_2(y) loss = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(y) loss.backward() sgd.minimize(loss) self.assertTrue( len(sgd._parameter_list) == len(linear_1.parameters() + linear_2.parameters())) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()