DBImpl.cpp

// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Zilliz. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
// is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
// or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

#include "db/DBImpl.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <fiu-local.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstring>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <set>
#include <thread>
#include <utility>

#include "Utils.h"
#include "cache/CpuCacheMgr.h"
#include "cache/GpuCacheMgr.h"
#include "db/IDGenerator.h"
#include "engine/EngineFactory.h"
#include "index/thirdparty/faiss/utils/distances.h"
#include "insert/MemMenagerFactory.h"
#include "meta/MetaConsts.h"
#include "meta/MetaFactory.h"
#include "meta/SqliteMetaImpl.h"
#include "metrics/Metrics.h"
#include "scheduler/SchedInst.h"
#include "scheduler/job/BuildIndexJob.h"
#include "scheduler/job/DeleteJob.h"
#include "scheduler/job/SearchJob.h"
#include "segment/SegmentReader.h"
#include "segment/SegmentWriter.h"
#include "utils/Exception.h"
#include "utils/Log.h"
#include "utils/StringHelpFunctions.h"
#include "utils/TimeRecorder.h"
#include "utils/ValidationUtil.h"
#include "wal/WalDefinations.h"

namespace milvus {
namespace engine {

namespace {
constexpr uint64_t BACKGROUND_METRIC_INTERVAL = 1;
constexpr uint64_t BACKGROUND_INDEX_INTERVAL = 1;

static const Status SHUTDOWN_ERROR = Status(DB_ERROR, "Milvus server is shutdown!");

}  // namespace

DBImpl::DBImpl(const DBOptions& options)
    : options_(options), initialized_(false), merge_thread_pool_(1, 1), index_thread_pool_(1, 1) {
    meta_ptr_ = MetaFactory::Build(options.meta_, options.mode_);
    mem_mgr_ = MemManagerFactory::Build(meta_ptr_, options_);

    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        wal::MXLogConfiguration mxlog_config;
        mxlog_config.recovery_error_ignore = options_.recovery_error_ignore_;
        // 2 buffers in the WAL
        mxlog_config.buffer_size = options_.buffer_size_ / 2;
        mxlog_config.mxlog_path = options_.mxlog_path_;
        wal_mgr_ = std::make_shared<wal::WalManager>(mxlog_config);
    }

    SetIdentity("DBImpl");
    AddCacheInsertDataListener();
    AddUseBlasThresholdListener();

    Start();
}

DBImpl::~DBImpl() {
    Stop();
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// external api
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Status
DBImpl::Start() {
    if (initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return Status::OK();
    }

    // ENGINE_LOG_TRACE << "DB service start";
    initialized_.store(true, std::memory_order_release);

    // wal
    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        auto error_code = DB_ERROR;
        if (wal_mgr_ != nullptr) {
            error_code = wal_mgr_->Init(meta_ptr_);
        }
        if (error_code != WAL_SUCCESS) {
            throw Exception(error_code, "Wal init error!");
        }

        // recovery
        while (1) {
            wal::MXLogRecord record;
            auto error_code = wal_mgr_->GetNextRecovery(record);
            if (error_code != WAL_SUCCESS) {
                throw Exception(error_code, "Wal recovery error!");
            }
            if (record.type == wal::MXLogType::None) {
                break;
            }

            ExecWalRecord(record);
        }

        // for distribute version, some nodes are read only
        if (options_.mode_ != DBOptions::MODE::CLUSTER_READONLY) {
            // background wal thread
            bg_wal_thread_ = std::thread(&DBImpl::BackgroundWalThread, this);
        }
    } else {
        // for distribute version, some nodes are read only
        if (options_.mode_ != DBOptions::MODE::CLUSTER_READONLY) {
            // background flush thread
            bg_flush_thread_ = std::thread(&DBImpl::BackgroundFlushThread, this);
        }
    }

    // for distribute version, some nodes are read only
    if (options_.mode_ != DBOptions::MODE::CLUSTER_READONLY) {
        // background build index thread
        bg_index_thread_ = std::thread(&DBImpl::BackgroundIndexThread, this);
    }

    // background metric thread
    bg_metric_thread_ = std::thread(&DBImpl::BackgroundMetricThread, this);

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::Stop() {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return Status::OK();
    }

    initialized_.store(false, std::memory_order_release);

    if (options_.mode_ != DBOptions::MODE::CLUSTER_READONLY) {
        if (options_.wal_enable_) {
            // wait wal thread finish
            swn_wal_.Notify();
            bg_wal_thread_.join();
        } else {
            // flush all without merge
            wal::MXLogRecord record;
            record.type = wal::MXLogType::Flush;
            ExecWalRecord(record);

            // wait flush thread finish
            swn_flush_.Notify();
            bg_flush_thread_.join();
        }

        swn_index_.Notify();
        bg_index_thread_.join();

        meta_ptr_->CleanUpShadowFiles();
    }

    // wait metric thread exit
    swn_metric_.Notify();
    bg_metric_thread_.join();

    // ENGINE_LOG_TRACE << "DB service stop";
    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::DropAll() {
    return meta_ptr_->DropAll();
}

Status
DBImpl::CreateCollection(meta::CollectionSchema& collection_schema) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    meta::CollectionSchema temp_schema = collection_schema;
    temp_schema.index_file_size_ *= ONE_MB;  // store as MB
    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        temp_schema.flush_lsn_ = wal_mgr_->CreateCollection(collection_schema.collection_id_);
    }

    return meta_ptr_->CreateCollection(temp_schema);
}

Status
DBImpl::DropCollection(const std::string& collection_id) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        wal_mgr_->DropCollection(collection_id);
    }

    return DropCollectionRecursively(collection_id);
}

Status
DBImpl::DescribeCollection(meta::CollectionSchema& collection_schema) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    auto stat = meta_ptr_->DescribeCollection(collection_schema);
    collection_schema.index_file_size_ /= ONE_MB;  // return as MB
    return stat;
}

Status
DBImpl::HasCollection(const std::string& collection_id, bool& has_or_not) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    return meta_ptr_->HasCollection(collection_id, has_or_not);
}

Status
DBImpl::HasNativeCollection(const std::string& collection_id, bool& has_or_not_) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    engine::meta::CollectionSchema collection_schema;
    collection_schema.collection_id_ = collection_id;
    auto status = DescribeCollection(collection_schema);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        has_or_not_ = false;
        return status;
    } else {
        if (!collection_schema.owner_collection_.empty()) {
            has_or_not_ = false;
            return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "");
        }

        has_or_not_ = true;
        return Status::OK();
    }
}

Status
DBImpl::AllCollections(std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema>& collection_schema_array) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> all_collections;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->AllCollections(all_collections);

    // only return real collections, dont return partition collections
    collection_schema_array.clear();
    for (auto& schema : all_collections) {
        if (schema.owner_collection_.empty()) {
            collection_schema_array.push_back(schema);
        }
    }

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::GetCollectionInfo(const std::string& collection_id, CollectionInfo& collection_info) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    // step1: get all partition ids
    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> name2tag = {{collection_id, milvus::engine::DEFAULT_PARTITON_TAG}};
    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        name2tag.push_back(std::make_pair(schema.collection_id_, schema.partition_tag_));
    }

    // step2: get native collection info
    std::vector<int> file_types{meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::RAW, meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::TO_INDEX,
                                meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::INDEX};

    static std::map<int32_t, std::string> index_type_name = {
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::FAISS_IDMAP, "IDMAP"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::FAISS_IVFFLAT, "IVFFLAT"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::FAISS_IVFSQ8, "IVFSQ8"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::NSG_MIX, "NSG"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::ANNOY, "ANNOY"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::FAISS_IVFSQ8H, "IVFSQ8H"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::FAISS_PQ, "PQ"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::SPTAG_KDT, "KDT"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::SPTAG_BKT, "BKT"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::FAISS_BIN_IDMAP, "IDMAP"},
        {(int32_t)engine::EngineType::FAISS_BIN_IVFFLAT, "IVFFLAT"},
    };

    for (auto& name_tag : name2tag) {
        meta::SegmentsSchema collection_files;
        status = meta_ptr_->FilesByType(name_tag.first, file_types, collection_files);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            std::string err_msg = "Failed to get collection info: " + status.ToString();
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << err_msg;
            return Status(DB_ERROR, err_msg);
        }

        std::vector<SegmentStat> segments_stat;
        for (auto& file : collection_files) {
            SegmentStat seg_stat;
            seg_stat.name_ = file.segment_id_;
            seg_stat.row_count_ = (int64_t)file.row_count_;
            seg_stat.index_name_ = index_type_name[file.engine_type_];
            seg_stat.data_size_ = (int64_t)file.file_size_;
            segments_stat.emplace_back(seg_stat);
        }

        PartitionStat partition_stat;
        if (name_tag.first == collection_id) {
            partition_stat.tag_ = milvus::engine::DEFAULT_PARTITON_TAG;
        } else {
            partition_stat.tag_ = name_tag.second;
        }

        partition_stat.segments_stat_.swap(segments_stat);
        collection_info.partitions_stat_.emplace_back(partition_stat);
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::PreloadCollection(const std::string& collection_id) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    // step 1: get all collection files from parent collection
    meta::SegmentsSchema files_array;
    auto status = GetFilesToSearch(collection_id, files_array);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    // step 2: get files from partition collections
    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        status = GetFilesToSearch(schema.collection_id_, files_array);
    }

    int64_t size = 0;
    int64_t cache_total = cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->CacheCapacity();
    int64_t cache_usage = cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->CacheUsage();
    int64_t available_size = cache_total - cache_usage;

    // step 3: load file one by one
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Begin pre-load collection:" + collection_id + ", totally " << files_array.size()
                     << " files need to be pre-loaded";
    TimeRecorderAuto rc("Pre-load collection:" + collection_id);
    for (auto& file : files_array) {
        EngineType engine_type;
        if (file.file_type_ == meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::RAW ||
            file.file_type_ == meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::TO_INDEX ||
            file.file_type_ == meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::BACKUP) {
            engine_type =
                utils::IsBinaryMetricType(file.metric_type_) ? EngineType::FAISS_BIN_IDMAP : EngineType::FAISS_IDMAP;
        } else {
            engine_type = (EngineType)file.engine_type_;
        }

        auto json = milvus::json::parse(file.index_params_);
        ExecutionEnginePtr engine =
            EngineFactory::Build(file.dimension_, file.location_, engine_type, (MetricType)file.metric_type_, json);
        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.PreloadCollection.null_engine", engine = nullptr);
        if (engine == nullptr) {
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Invalid engine type";
            return Status(DB_ERROR, "Invalid engine type");
        }

        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.PreloadCollection.exceed_cache", size = available_size + 1);

        try {
            fiu_do_on("DBImpl.PreloadCollection.engine_throw_exception", throw std::exception());
            std::string msg = "Pre-loaded file: " + file.file_id_ + " size: " + std::to_string(file.file_size_);
            TimeRecorderAuto rc_1(msg);
            engine->Load(true);

            size += engine->Size();
            if (size > available_size) {
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Pre-load cancelled since cache is almost full";
                return Status(SERVER_CACHE_FULL, "Cache is full");
            }
        } catch (std::exception& ex) {
            std::string msg = "Pre-load collection encounter exception: " + std::string(ex.what());
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
            return Status(DB_ERROR, msg);
        }
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::UpdateCollectionFlag(const std::string& collection_id, int64_t flag) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    return meta_ptr_->UpdateCollectionFlag(collection_id, flag);
}

Status
DBImpl::GetCollectionRowCount(const std::string& collection_id, uint64_t& row_count) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    return GetCollectionRowCountRecursively(collection_id, row_count);
}

Status
DBImpl::CreatePartition(const std::string& collection_id, const std::string& partition_name,
                        const std::string& partition_tag) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    uint64_t lsn = 0;
    meta_ptr_->GetCollectionFlushLSN(collection_id, lsn);
    return meta_ptr_->CreatePartition(collection_id, partition_name, partition_tag, lsn);
}

Status
DBImpl::DropPartition(const std::string& partition_name) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    mem_mgr_->EraseMemVector(partition_name);                // not allow insert
    auto status = meta_ptr_->DropPartition(partition_name);  // soft delete collection
    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << status.message();
        return status;
    }

    // scheduler will determine when to delete collection files
    auto nres = scheduler::ResMgrInst::GetInstance()->GetNumOfComputeResource();
    scheduler::DeleteJobPtr job = std::make_shared<scheduler::DeleteJob>(partition_name, meta_ptr_, nres);
    scheduler::JobMgrInst::GetInstance()->Put(job);
    job->WaitAndDelete();

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::DropPartitionByTag(const std::string& collection_id, const std::string& partition_tag) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    std::string partition_name;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->GetPartitionName(collection_id, partition_tag, partition_name);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << status.message();
        return status;
    }

    return DropPartition(partition_name);
}

Status
DBImpl::ShowPartitions(const std::string& collection_id, std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema>& partition_schema_array) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    return meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_schema_array);
}

Status
DBImpl::InsertVectors(const std::string& collection_id, const std::string& partition_tag, VectorsData& vectors) {
    //    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Insert " << n << " vectors to cache";
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    // insert vectors into target collection
    // (zhiru): generate ids
    if (vectors.id_array_.empty()) {
        SafeIDGenerator& id_generator = SafeIDGenerator::GetInstance();
        Status status = id_generator.GetNextIDNumbers(vectors.vector_count_, vectors.id_array_);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }
    }

    Status status;
    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        std::string target_collection_name;
        status = GetPartitionByTag(collection_id, partition_tag, target_collection_name);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }

        if (!vectors.float_data_.empty()) {
            wal_mgr_->Insert(collection_id, partition_tag, vectors.id_array_, vectors.float_data_);
        } else if (!vectors.binary_data_.empty()) {
            wal_mgr_->Insert(collection_id, partition_tag, vectors.id_array_, vectors.binary_data_);
        }
        swn_wal_.Notify();
    } else {
        wal::MXLogRecord record;
        record.lsn = 0;  // need to get from meta ?
        record.collection_id = collection_id;
        record.partition_tag = partition_tag;
        record.ids = vectors.id_array_.data();
        record.length = vectors.vector_count_;
        if (vectors.binary_data_.empty()) {
            record.type = wal::MXLogType::InsertVector;
            record.data = vectors.float_data_.data();
            record.data_size = vectors.float_data_.size() * sizeof(float);
        } else {
            record.type = wal::MXLogType::InsertBinary;
            record.ids = vectors.id_array_.data();
            record.length = vectors.vector_count_;
            record.data = vectors.binary_data_.data();
            record.data_size = vectors.binary_data_.size() * sizeof(uint8_t);
        }

        status = ExecWalRecord(record);
    }

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::DeleteVector(const std::string& collection_id, IDNumber vector_id) {
    IDNumbers ids;
    ids.push_back(vector_id);
    return DeleteVectors(collection_id, ids);
}

Status
DBImpl::DeleteVectors(const std::string& collection_id, IDNumbers vector_ids) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    Status status;
    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        wal_mgr_->DeleteById(collection_id, vector_ids);
        swn_wal_.Notify();
    } else {
        wal::MXLogRecord record;
        record.lsn = 0;  // need to get from meta ?
        record.type = wal::MXLogType::Delete;
        record.collection_id = collection_id;
        record.ids = vector_ids.data();
        record.length = vector_ids.size();

        status = ExecWalRecord(record);
    }

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::Flush(const std::string& collection_id) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    Status status;
    bool has_collection;
    status = HasCollection(collection_id, has_collection);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }
    if (!has_collection) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Collection to flush does not exist: " << collection_id;
        return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Collection to flush does not exist");
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Begin flush collection: " << collection_id;

    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "WAL flush";
        auto lsn = wal_mgr_->Flush(collection_id);
        if (lsn != 0) {
            swn_wal_.Notify();
            flush_req_swn_.Wait();
        }

    } else {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MemTable flush";
        InternalFlush(collection_id);
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "End flush collection: " << collection_id;

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::Flush() {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Begin flush all collections";

    Status status;
    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "WAL flush";
        auto lsn = wal_mgr_->Flush();
        if (lsn != 0) {
            swn_wal_.Notify();
            flush_req_swn_.Wait();
        }
    } else {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MemTable flush";
        InternalFlush();
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "End flush all collections";

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::Compact(const std::string& collection_id) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    engine::meta::CollectionSchema collection_schema;
    collection_schema.collection_id_ = collection_id;
    auto status = DescribeCollection(collection_schema);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        if (status.code() == DB_NOT_FOUND) {
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Collection to compact does not exist: " << collection_id;
            return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Collection to compact does not exist");
        } else {
            return status;
        }
    } else {
        if (!collection_schema.owner_collection_.empty()) {
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Collection to compact does not exist: " << collection_id;
            return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Collection to compact does not exist");
        }
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Before compacting, wait for build index thread to finish...";

    // WaitBuildIndexFinish();

    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> index_lock(build_index_mutex_);
    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> merge_lock(flush_merge_compact_mutex_);

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Compacting collection: " << collection_id;

    // Get files to compact from meta.
    std::vector<int> file_types{meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::RAW, meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::TO_INDEX,
                                meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::BACKUP};
    meta::SegmentsSchema files_to_compact;
    status = meta_ptr_->FilesByType(collection_id, file_types, files_to_compact);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        std::string err_msg = "Failed to get files to compact: " + status.message();
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << err_msg;
        return Status(DB_ERROR, err_msg);
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Found " << files_to_compact.size() << " segment to compact";

    OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().MarkOngoingFiles(files_to_compact);

    Status compact_status;
    for (auto iter = files_to_compact.begin(); iter != files_to_compact.end();) {
        meta::SegmentSchema file = *iter;
        iter = files_to_compact.erase(iter);

        // Check if the segment needs compacting
        std::string segment_dir;
        utils::GetParentPath(file.location_, segment_dir);

        segment::SegmentReader segment_reader(segment_dir);
        size_t deleted_docs_size;
        status = segment_reader.ReadDeletedDocsSize(deleted_docs_size);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFile(file);
            continue;  // skip this file and try compact next one
        }

        meta::SegmentsSchema files_to_update;
        if (deleted_docs_size != 0) {
            compact_status = CompactFile(collection_id, file, files_to_update);

            if (!compact_status.ok()) {
                ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Compact failed for segment " << file.segment_id_ << ": "
                                 << compact_status.message();
                OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFile(file);
                continue;  // skip this file and try compact next one
            }
        } else {
            OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFile(file);
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Segment " << file.segment_id_ << " has no deleted data. No need to compact";
            continue;  // skip this file and try compact next one
        }

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Updating meta after compaction...";
        status = meta_ptr_->UpdateCollectionFiles(files_to_update);
        OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFile(file);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            compact_status = status;
            break;  // meta error, could not go on
        }
    }

    OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFiles(files_to_compact);

    if (compact_status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Finished compacting collection: " << collection_id;
    }

    return compact_status;
}

Status
DBImpl::CompactFile(const std::string& collection_id, const meta::SegmentSchema& file,
                    meta::SegmentsSchema& files_to_update) {
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Compacting segment " << file.segment_id_ << " for collection: " << collection_id;

    // Create new collection file
    meta::SegmentSchema compacted_file;
    compacted_file.collection_id_ = collection_id;
    // compacted_file.date_ = date;
    compacted_file.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::NEW_MERGE;  // TODO: use NEW_MERGE for now
    Status status = meta_ptr_->CreateCollectionFile(compacted_file);

    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Failed to create collection file: " << status.message();
        return status;
    }

    // Compact (merge) file to the newly created collection file

    std::string new_segment_dir;
    utils::GetParentPath(compacted_file.location_, new_segment_dir);
    auto segment_writer_ptr = std::make_shared<segment::SegmentWriter>(new_segment_dir);

    std::string segment_dir_to_merge;
    utils::GetParentPath(file.location_, segment_dir_to_merge);

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Compacting begin...";
    segment_writer_ptr->Merge(segment_dir_to_merge, compacted_file.file_id_);

    // Serialize
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Serializing compacted segment...";
    status = segment_writer_ptr->Serialize();
    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Failed to serialize compacted segment: " << status.message();
        compacted_file.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::TO_DELETE;
        auto mark_status = meta_ptr_->UpdateCollectionFile(compacted_file);
        if (mark_status.ok()) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Mark file: " << compacted_file.file_id_ << " to to_delete";
        }
        return status;
    }

    // Update collection files state
    // if index type isn't IDMAP, set file type to TO_INDEX if file size exceed index_file_size
    // else set file type to RAW, no need to build index
    if (!utils::IsRawIndexType(compacted_file.engine_type_)) {
        compacted_file.file_type_ = (segment_writer_ptr->Size() >= compacted_file.index_file_size_)
                                        ? meta::SegmentSchema::TO_INDEX
                                        : meta::SegmentSchema::RAW;
    } else {
        compacted_file.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::RAW;
    }
    compacted_file.file_size_ = segment_writer_ptr->Size();
    compacted_file.row_count_ = segment_writer_ptr->VectorCount();

    if (compacted_file.row_count_ == 0) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Compacted segment is empty. Mark it as TO_DELETE";
        compacted_file.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::TO_DELETE;
    }

    files_to_update.emplace_back(compacted_file);

    // Set all files in segment to TO_DELETE
    auto& segment_id = file.segment_id_;
    meta::SegmentsSchema segment_files;
    status = meta_ptr_->GetCollectionFilesBySegmentId(segment_id, segment_files);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }
    for (auto& f : segment_files) {
        f.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::TO_DELETE;
        files_to_update.emplace_back(f);
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Compacted segment " << compacted_file.segment_id_ << " from "
                     << std::to_string(file.file_size_) << " bytes to " << std::to_string(compacted_file.file_size_)
                     << " bytes";

    if (options_.insert_cache_immediately_) {
        segment_writer_ptr->Cache();
    }

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::GetVectorByID(const std::string& collection_id, const IDNumber& vector_id, VectorsData& vector) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    bool has_collection;
    auto status = HasCollection(collection_id, has_collection);
    if (!has_collection) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Collection " << collection_id << " does not exist: ";
        return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Collection does not exist");
    }
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    meta::SegmentsSchema files_to_query;

    std::vector<int> file_types{meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::RAW, meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::TO_INDEX,
                                meta::SegmentSchema::FILE_TYPE::BACKUP};
    meta::SegmentsSchema collection_files;
    status = meta_ptr_->FilesByType(collection_id, file_types, files_to_query);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        std::string err_msg = "Failed to get files for GetVectorByID: " + status.message();
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << err_msg;
        return status;
    }

    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        meta::SegmentsSchema files;
        status = meta_ptr_->FilesByType(schema.collection_id_, file_types, files);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            std::string err_msg = "Failed to get files for GetVectorByID: " + status.message();
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << err_msg;
            return status;
        }
        files_to_query.insert(files_to_query.end(), std::make_move_iterator(files.begin()),
                              std::make_move_iterator(files.end()));
    }

    if (files_to_query.empty()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "No files to get vector by id from";
        return Status::OK();
    }

    cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->PrintInfo();
    OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().MarkOngoingFiles(files_to_query);

    status = GetVectorByIdHelper(collection_id, vector_id, vector, files_to_query);

    OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFiles(files_to_query);
    cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->PrintInfo();

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::GetVectorIDs(const std::string& collection_id, const std::string& segment_id, IDNumbers& vector_ids) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    // step 1: check collection existence
    bool has_collection;
    auto status = HasCollection(collection_id, has_collection);
    if (!has_collection) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Collection " << collection_id << " does not exist: ";
        return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Collection does not exist");
    }
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    //  step 2: find segment
    meta::SegmentsSchema collection_files;
    status = meta_ptr_->GetCollectionFilesBySegmentId(segment_id, collection_files);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    if (collection_files.empty()) {
        return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Segment does not exist");
    }

    // check the segment is belong to this collection
    if (collection_files[0].collection_id_ != collection_id) {
        // the segment could be in a partition under this collection
        meta::CollectionSchema collection_schema;
        collection_schema.collection_id_ = collection_files[0].collection_id_;
        status = DescribeCollection(collection_schema);
        if (collection_schema.owner_collection_ != collection_id) {
            return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Segment does not belong to this collection");
        }
    }

    // step 3: load segment ids and delete offset
    std::string segment_dir;
    engine::utils::GetParentPath(collection_files[0].location_, segment_dir);
    segment::SegmentReader segment_reader(segment_dir);

    std::vector<segment::doc_id_t> uids;
    status = segment_reader.LoadUids(uids);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    segment::DeletedDocsPtr deleted_docs_ptr;
    status = segment_reader.LoadDeletedDocs(deleted_docs_ptr);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    // step 4: construct id array
    // avoid duplicate offset and erase from max offset to min offset
    auto& deleted_offset = deleted_docs_ptr->GetDeletedDocs();
    std::set<segment::offset_t, std::greater<segment::offset_t>> ordered_offset;
    for (segment::offset_t offset : deleted_offset) {
        ordered_offset.insert(offset);
    }
    for (segment::offset_t offset : ordered_offset) {
        uids.erase(uids.begin() + offset);
    }
    vector_ids.swap(uids);

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::GetVectorByIdHelper(const std::string& collection_id, IDNumber vector_id, VectorsData& vector,
                            const meta::SegmentsSchema& files) {
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Getting vector by id in " << files.size() << " files";

    for (auto& file : files) {
        // Load bloom filter
        std::string segment_dir;
        engine::utils::GetParentPath(file.location_, segment_dir);
        segment::SegmentReader segment_reader(segment_dir);
        segment::IdBloomFilterPtr id_bloom_filter_ptr;
        segment_reader.LoadBloomFilter(id_bloom_filter_ptr);

        // Check if the id is present in bloom filter.
        if (id_bloom_filter_ptr->Check(vector_id)) {
            // Load uids and check if the id is indeed present. If yes, find its offset.
            std::vector<int64_t> offsets;
            std::vector<segment::doc_id_t> uids;
            auto status = segment_reader.LoadUids(uids);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                return status;
            }

            auto found = std::find(uids.begin(), uids.end(), vector_id);
            if (found != uids.end()) {
                auto offset = std::distance(uids.begin(), found);

                // Check whether the id has been deleted
                segment::DeletedDocsPtr deleted_docs_ptr;
                status = segment_reader.LoadDeletedDocs(deleted_docs_ptr);
                if (!status.ok()) {
                    return status;
                }
                auto& deleted_docs = deleted_docs_ptr->GetDeletedDocs();

                auto deleted = std::find(deleted_docs.begin(), deleted_docs.end(), offset);
                if (deleted == deleted_docs.end()) {
                    // Load raw vector
                    bool is_binary = utils::IsBinaryMetricType(file.metric_type_);
                    size_t single_vector_bytes = is_binary ? file.dimension_ / 8 : file.dimension_ * sizeof(float);
                    std::vector<uint8_t> raw_vector;
                    status = segment_reader.LoadVectors(offset * single_vector_bytes, single_vector_bytes, raw_vector);
                    if (!status.ok()) {
                        return status;
                    }

                    vector.vector_count_ = 1;
                    if (is_binary) {
                        vector.binary_data_ = std::move(raw_vector);
                    } else {
                        std::vector<float> float_vector;
                        float_vector.resize(file.dimension_);
                        memcpy(float_vector.data(), raw_vector.data(), single_vector_bytes);
                        vector.float_data_ = std::move(float_vector);
                    }
                    return Status::OK();
                }
            }
        } else {
            continue;
        }
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::CreateIndex(const std::string& collection_id, const CollectionIndex& index) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    // serialize memory data
    //    std::set<std::string> sync_collection_ids;
    //    auto status = SyncMemData(sync_collection_ids);
    auto status = Flush();

    {
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(build_index_mutex_);

        // step 1: check index difference
        CollectionIndex old_index;
        status = DescribeIndex(collection_id, old_index);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Failed to get collection index info for collection: " << collection_id;
            return status;
        }

        // step 2: update index info
        CollectionIndex new_index = index;
        new_index.metric_type_ = old_index.metric_type_;  // dont change metric type, it was defined by CreateCollection
        if (!utils::IsSameIndex(old_index, new_index)) {
            status = UpdateCollectionIndexRecursively(collection_id, new_index);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                return status;
            }
        }
    }

    // step 3: let merge file thread finish
    // to avoid duplicate data bug
    WaitMergeFileFinish();

    // step 4: wait and build index
    status = index_failed_checker_.CleanFailedIndexFileOfCollection(collection_id);
    status = WaitCollectionIndexRecursively(collection_id, index);

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::DescribeIndex(const std::string& collection_id, CollectionIndex& index) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    return meta_ptr_->DescribeCollectionIndex(collection_id, index);
}

Status
DBImpl::DropIndex(const std::string& collection_id) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Drop index for collection: " << collection_id;
    return DropCollectionIndexRecursively(collection_id);
}

Status
DBImpl::QueryByID(const std::shared_ptr<server::Context>& context, const std::string& collection_id,
                  const std::vector<std::string>& partition_tags, uint64_t k, const milvus::json& extra_params,
                  IDNumber vector_id, ResultIds& result_ids, ResultDistances& result_distances) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    VectorsData vectors_data = VectorsData();
    vectors_data.id_array_.emplace_back(vector_id);
    vectors_data.vector_count_ = 1;
    Status result =
        Query(context, collection_id, partition_tags, k, extra_params, vectors_data, result_ids, result_distances);
    return result;
}

Status
DBImpl::Query(const std::shared_ptr<server::Context>& context, const std::string& collection_id,
              const std::vector<std::string>& partition_tags, uint64_t k, const milvus::json& extra_params,
              const VectorsData& vectors, ResultIds& result_ids, ResultDistances& result_distances) {
    milvus::server::ContextChild tracer(context, "Query");

    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    Status status;
    meta::SegmentsSchema files_array;

    if (partition_tags.empty()) {
        // no partition tag specified, means search in whole collection
        // get all collection files from parent collection
        status = GetFilesToSearch(collection_id, files_array);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }

        std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
        status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
        for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
            status = GetFilesToSearch(schema.collection_id_, files_array);
        }

        if (files_array.empty()) {
            return Status::OK();
        }
    } else {
        // get files from specified partitions
        std::set<std::string> partition_name_array;
        status = GetPartitionsByTags(collection_id, partition_tags, partition_name_array);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;  // didn't match any partition.
        }

        for (auto& partition_name : partition_name_array) {
            status = GetFilesToSearch(partition_name, files_array);
        }

        if (files_array.empty()) {
            return Status::OK();
        }
    }

    cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->PrintInfo();  // print cache info before query
    status = QueryAsync(tracer.Context(), files_array, k, extra_params, vectors, result_ids, result_distances);
    cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->PrintInfo();  // print cache info after query

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::QueryByFileID(const std::shared_ptr<server::Context>& context, const std::vector<std::string>& file_ids,
                      uint64_t k, const milvus::json& extra_params, const VectorsData& vectors, ResultIds& result_ids,
                      ResultDistances& result_distances) {
    milvus::server::ContextChild tracer(context, "Query by file id");

    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    // get specified files
    std::vector<size_t> ids;
    for (auto& id : file_ids) {
        std::string::size_type sz;
        ids.push_back(std::stoul(id, &sz));
    }

    meta::SegmentsSchema search_files;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->FilesByID(ids, search_files);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    fiu_do_on("DBImpl.QueryByFileID.empty_files_array", search_files.clear());
    if (search_files.empty()) {
        return Status(DB_ERROR, "Invalid file id");
    }

    cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->PrintInfo();  // print cache info before query
    status = QueryAsync(tracer.Context(), search_files, k, extra_params, vectors, result_ids, result_distances);
    cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->PrintInfo();  // print cache info after query

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::Size(uint64_t& result) {
    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        return SHUTDOWN_ERROR;
    }

    return meta_ptr_->Size(result);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// internal methods
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Status
DBImpl::QueryAsync(const std::shared_ptr<server::Context>& context, const meta::SegmentsSchema& files, uint64_t k,
                   const milvus::json& extra_params, const VectorsData& vectors, ResultIds& result_ids,
                   ResultDistances& result_distances) {
    milvus::server::ContextChild tracer(context, "Query Async");
    server::CollectQueryMetrics metrics(vectors.vector_count_);

    TimeRecorder rc("");

    // step 1: construct search job
    auto status = OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().MarkOngoingFiles(files);

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Engine query begin, index file count: " << files.size();
    scheduler::SearchJobPtr job = std::make_shared<scheduler::SearchJob>(tracer.Context(), k, extra_params, vectors);
    for (auto& file : files) {
        scheduler::SegmentSchemaPtr file_ptr = std::make_shared<meta::SegmentSchema>(file);
        job->AddIndexFile(file_ptr);
    }

    // step 2: put search job to scheduler and wait result
    scheduler::JobMgrInst::GetInstance()->Put(job);
    job->WaitResult();

    status = OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFiles(files);
    if (!job->GetStatus().ok()) {
        return job->GetStatus();
    }

    // step 3: construct results
    result_ids = job->GetResultIds();
    result_distances = job->GetResultDistances();
    rc.ElapseFromBegin("Engine query totally cost");

    return Status::OK();
}

void
DBImpl::BackgroundIndexThread() {
    server::SystemInfo::GetInstance().Init();
    while (true) {
        if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
            WaitMergeFileFinish();
            WaitBuildIndexFinish();

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "DB background thread exit";
            break;
        }

        swn_index_.Wait_For(std::chrono::seconds(BACKGROUND_INDEX_INTERVAL));

        WaitMergeFileFinish();
        StartBuildIndexTask();
    }
}

void
DBImpl::WaitMergeFileFinish() {
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Begin WaitMergeFileFinish";
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(merge_result_mutex_);
    for (auto& iter : merge_thread_results_) {
        iter.wait();
    }
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "End WaitMergeFileFinish";
}

void
DBImpl::WaitBuildIndexFinish() {
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Begin WaitBuildIndexFinish";
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(index_result_mutex_);
    for (auto& iter : index_thread_results_) {
        iter.wait();
    }
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "End WaitBuildIndexFinish";
}

void
DBImpl::StartMetricTask() {
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().KeepingAliveCounterIncrement(BACKGROUND_METRIC_INTERVAL);
    int64_t cache_usage = cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->CacheUsage();
    int64_t cache_total = cache::CpuCacheMgr::GetInstance()->CacheCapacity();
    fiu_do_on("DBImpl.StartMetricTask.InvalidTotalCache", cache_total = 0);

    if (cache_total > 0) {
        double cache_usage_double = cache_usage;
        server::Metrics::GetInstance().CpuCacheUsageGaugeSet(cache_usage_double * 100 / cache_total);
    } else {
        server::Metrics::GetInstance().CpuCacheUsageGaugeSet(0);
    }

    server::Metrics::GetInstance().GpuCacheUsageGaugeSet();
    uint64_t size;
    Size(size);
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().DataFileSizeGaugeSet(size);
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().CPUUsagePercentSet();
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().RAMUsagePercentSet();
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().GPUPercentGaugeSet();
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().GPUMemoryUsageGaugeSet();
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().OctetsSet();

    server::Metrics::GetInstance().CPUCoreUsagePercentSet();
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().GPUTemperature();
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().CPUTemperature();
    server::Metrics::GetInstance().PushToGateway();
}

void
DBImpl::StartMergeTask() {
    // ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Begin StartMergeTask";
    // merge task has been finished?
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(merge_result_mutex_);
        if (!merge_thread_results_.empty()) {
            std::chrono::milliseconds span(10);
            if (merge_thread_results_.back().wait_for(span) == std::future_status::ready) {
                merge_thread_results_.pop_back();
            }
        }
    }

    // add new merge task
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(merge_result_mutex_);
        if (merge_thread_results_.empty()) {
            // collect merge files for all collections(if merge_collection_ids_ is empty) for two reasons:
            // 1. other collections may still has un-merged files
            // 2. server may be closed unexpected, these un-merge files need to be merged when server restart
            if (merge_collection_ids_.empty()) {
                std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> collection_schema_array;
                meta_ptr_->AllCollections(collection_schema_array);
                for (auto& schema : collection_schema_array) {
                    merge_collection_ids_.insert(schema.collection_id_);
                }
            }

            // start merge file thread
            merge_thread_results_.push_back(
                merge_thread_pool_.enqueue(&DBImpl::BackgroundMerge, this, merge_collection_ids_));
            merge_collection_ids_.clear();
        }
    }

    // ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "End StartMergeTask";
}

Status
DBImpl::MergeFiles(const std::string& collection_id, const meta::SegmentsSchema& files) {
    // const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(flush_merge_compact_mutex_);

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Merge files for collection: " << collection_id;

    // step 1: create collection file
    meta::SegmentSchema collection_file;
    collection_file.collection_id_ = collection_id;
    collection_file.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::NEW_MERGE;
    Status status = meta_ptr_->CreateCollectionFile(collection_file);

    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Failed to create collection: " << status.ToString();
        return status;
    }

    // step 2: merge files
    /*
    ExecutionEnginePtr index =
        EngineFactory::Build(collection_file.dimension_, collection_file.location_,
    (EngineType)collection_file.engine_type_, (MetricType)collection_file.metric_type_, collection_file.nlist_);
*/
    meta::SegmentsSchema updated;

    std::string new_segment_dir;
    utils::GetParentPath(collection_file.location_, new_segment_dir);
    auto segment_writer_ptr = std::make_shared<segment::SegmentWriter>(new_segment_dir);

    for (auto& file : files) {
        server::CollectMergeFilesMetrics metrics;
        std::string segment_dir_to_merge;
        utils::GetParentPath(file.location_, segment_dir_to_merge);
        segment_writer_ptr->Merge(segment_dir_to_merge, collection_file.file_id_);
        auto file_schema = file;
        file_schema.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::TO_DELETE;
        updated.push_back(file_schema);
        auto size = segment_writer_ptr->Size();
        if (size >= file_schema.index_file_size_) {
            break;
        }
    }

    // step 3: serialize to disk
    try {
        status = segment_writer_ptr->Serialize();
        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.MergeFiles.Serialize_ThrowException", throw std::exception());
        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.MergeFiles.Serialize_ErrorStatus", status = Status(DB_ERROR, ""));
    } catch (std::exception& ex) {
        std::string msg = "Serialize merged index encounter exception: " + std::string(ex.what());
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
        status = Status(DB_ERROR, msg);
    }

    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Failed to persist merged segment: " << new_segment_dir << ". Error: " << status.message();

        // if failed to serialize merge file to disk
        // typical error: out of disk space, out of memory or permission denied
        collection_file.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::TO_DELETE;
        status = meta_ptr_->UpdateCollectionFile(collection_file);
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Failed to update file to index, mark file: " << collection_file.file_id_
                         << " to to_delete";

        return status;
    }

    // step 4: update collection files state
    // if index type isn't IDMAP, set file type to TO_INDEX if file size exceed index_file_size
    // else set file type to RAW, no need to build index
    if (!utils::IsRawIndexType(collection_file.engine_type_)) {
        collection_file.file_type_ = (segment_writer_ptr->Size() >= collection_file.index_file_size_)
                                         ? meta::SegmentSchema::TO_INDEX
                                         : meta::SegmentSchema::RAW;
    } else {
        collection_file.file_type_ = meta::SegmentSchema::RAW;
    }
    collection_file.file_size_ = segment_writer_ptr->Size();
    collection_file.row_count_ = segment_writer_ptr->VectorCount();
    updated.push_back(collection_file);
    status = meta_ptr_->UpdateCollectionFiles(updated);
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "New merged segment " << collection_file.segment_id_ << " of size "
                     << segment_writer_ptr->Size() << " bytes";

    if (options_.insert_cache_immediately_) {
        segment_writer_ptr->Cache();
    }

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::BackgroundMergeFiles(const std::string& collection_id) {
    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(flush_merge_compact_mutex_);

    meta::SegmentsSchema raw_files;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->FilesToMerge(collection_id, raw_files);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Failed to get merge files for collection: " << collection_id;
        return status;
    }

    if (raw_files.size() < options_.merge_trigger_number_) {
        ENGINE_LOG_TRACE << "Files number not greater equal than merge trigger number, skip merge action";
        return Status::OK();
    }

    status = OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().MarkOngoingFiles(raw_files);
    MergeFiles(collection_id, raw_files);
    status = OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFiles(raw_files);

    if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Server will shutdown, skip merge action for collection: " << collection_id;
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

void
DBImpl::BackgroundMerge(std::set<std::string> collection_ids) {
    // ENGINE_LOG_TRACE << " Background merge thread start";

    Status status;
    for (auto& collection_id : collection_ids) {
        status = BackgroundMergeFiles(collection_id);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Merge files for collection " << collection_id << " failed: " << status.ToString();
        }

        if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Server will shutdown, skip merge action";
            break;
        }
    }

    meta_ptr_->Archive();

    {
        uint64_t ttl = 10 * meta::SECOND;  // default: file will be hard-deleted few seconds after soft-deleted
        if (options_.mode_ == DBOptions::MODE::CLUSTER_WRITABLE) {
            ttl = meta::HOUR;
        }

        meta_ptr_->CleanUpFilesWithTTL(ttl);
    }

    // ENGINE_LOG_TRACE << " Background merge thread exit";
}

void
DBImpl::StartBuildIndexTask() {
    // build index has been finished?
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(index_result_mutex_);
        if (!index_thread_results_.empty()) {
            std::chrono::milliseconds span(10);
            if (index_thread_results_.back().wait_for(span) == std::future_status::ready) {
                index_thread_results_.pop_back();
            }
        }
    }

    // add new build index task
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(index_result_mutex_);
        if (index_thread_results_.empty()) {
            index_thread_results_.push_back(index_thread_pool_.enqueue(&DBImpl::BackgroundBuildIndex, this));
        }
    }
}

void
DBImpl::BackgroundBuildIndex() {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(build_index_mutex_);
    meta::SegmentsSchema to_index_files;
    meta_ptr_->FilesToIndex(to_index_files);
    Status status = index_failed_checker_.IgnoreFailedIndexFiles(to_index_files);

    if (!to_index_files.empty()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Background build index thread begin";
        status = OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().MarkOngoingFiles(to_index_files);

        // step 2: put build index task to scheduler
        std::vector<std::pair<scheduler::BuildIndexJobPtr, scheduler::SegmentSchemaPtr>> job2file_map;
        for (auto& file : to_index_files) {
            scheduler::BuildIndexJobPtr job = std::make_shared<scheduler::BuildIndexJob>(meta_ptr_, options_);
            scheduler::SegmentSchemaPtr file_ptr = std::make_shared<meta::SegmentSchema>(file);
            job->AddToIndexFiles(file_ptr);
            scheduler::JobMgrInst::GetInstance()->Put(job);
            job2file_map.push_back(std::make_pair(job, file_ptr));
        }

        // step 3: wait build index finished and mark failed files
        for (auto iter = job2file_map.begin(); iter != job2file_map.end(); ++iter) {
            scheduler::BuildIndexJobPtr job = iter->first;
            meta::SegmentSchema& file_schema = *(iter->second.get());
            job->WaitBuildIndexFinish();
            if (!job->GetStatus().ok()) {
                Status status = job->GetStatus();
                ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Building index job " << job->id() << " failed: " << status.ToString();

                index_failed_checker_.MarkFailedIndexFile(file_schema, status.message());
            } else {
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Building index job " << job->id() << " succeed.";

                index_failed_checker_.MarkSucceedIndexFile(file_schema);
            }
            status = OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().UnmarkOngoingFile(file_schema);
        }

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Background build index thread finished";
    }
}

Status
DBImpl::GetFilesToBuildIndex(const std::string& collection_id, const std::vector<int>& file_types,
                             meta::SegmentsSchema& files) {
    files.clear();
    auto status = meta_ptr_->FilesByType(collection_id, file_types, files);

    // only build index for files that row count greater than certain threshold
    for (auto it = files.begin(); it != files.end();) {
        if ((*it).file_type_ == static_cast<int>(meta::SegmentSchema::RAW) &&
            (*it).row_count_ < meta::BUILD_INDEX_THRESHOLD) {
            it = files.erase(it);
        } else {
            ++it;
        }
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::GetFilesToSearch(const std::string& collection_id, meta::SegmentsSchema& files) {
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Collect files from collection: " << collection_id;

    meta::SegmentsSchema search_files;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->FilesToSearch(collection_id, search_files);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    for (auto& file : search_files) {
        files.push_back(file);
    }
    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::GetPartitionByTag(const std::string& collection_id, const std::string& partition_tag,
                          std::string& partition_name) {
    Status status;

    if (partition_tag.empty()) {
        partition_name = collection_id;

    } else {
        // trim side-blank of tag, only compare valid characters
        // for example: " ab cd " is treated as "ab cd"
        std::string valid_tag = partition_tag;
        server::StringHelpFunctions::TrimStringBlank(valid_tag);

        if (valid_tag == milvus::engine::DEFAULT_PARTITON_TAG) {
            partition_name = collection_id;
            return status;
        }

        status = meta_ptr_->GetPartitionName(collection_id, partition_tag, partition_name);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << status.message();
        }
    }

    return status;
}

Status
DBImpl::GetPartitionsByTags(const std::string& collection_id, const std::vector<std::string>& partition_tags,
                            std::set<std::string>& partition_name_array) {
    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);

    for (auto& tag : partition_tags) {
        // trim side-blank of tag, only compare valid characters
        // for example: " ab cd " is treated as "ab cd"
        std::string valid_tag = tag;
        server::StringHelpFunctions::TrimStringBlank(valid_tag);

        if (valid_tag == milvus::engine::DEFAULT_PARTITON_TAG) {
            partition_name_array.insert(collection_id);
            return status;
        }

        for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
            if (server::StringHelpFunctions::IsRegexMatch(schema.partition_tag_, valid_tag)) {
                partition_name_array.insert(schema.collection_id_);
            }
        }
    }

    if (partition_name_array.empty()) {
        return Status(PARTITION_NOT_FOUND, "Cannot find the specified partitions");
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::DropCollectionRecursively(const std::string& collection_id) {
    // dates partly delete files of the collection but currently we don't support
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Prepare to delete collection " << collection_id;

    Status status;
    if (options_.wal_enable_) {
        wal_mgr_->DropCollection(collection_id);
    }

    status = mem_mgr_->EraseMemVector(collection_id);   // not allow insert
    status = meta_ptr_->DropCollection(collection_id);  // soft delete collection
    index_failed_checker_.CleanFailedIndexFileOfCollection(collection_id);

    // scheduler will determine when to delete collection files
    auto nres = scheduler::ResMgrInst::GetInstance()->GetNumOfComputeResource();
    scheduler::DeleteJobPtr job = std::make_shared<scheduler::DeleteJob>(collection_id, meta_ptr_, nres);
    scheduler::JobMgrInst::GetInstance()->Put(job);
    job->WaitAndDelete();

    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        status = DropCollectionRecursively(schema.collection_id_);
        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.DropCollectionRecursively.failed", status = Status(DB_ERROR, ""));
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::UpdateCollectionIndexRecursively(const std::string& collection_id, const CollectionIndex& index) {
    DropIndex(collection_id);

    auto status = meta_ptr_->UpdateCollectionIndex(collection_id, index);
    fiu_do_on("DBImpl.UpdateCollectionIndexRecursively.fail_update_collection_index",
              status = Status(DB_META_TRANSACTION_FAILED, ""));
    if (!status.ok()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "Failed to update collection index info for collection: " << collection_id;
        return status;
    }

    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        status = UpdateCollectionIndexRecursively(schema.collection_id_, index);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::WaitCollectionIndexRecursively(const std::string& collection_id, const CollectionIndex& index) {
    // for IDMAP type, only wait all NEW file converted to RAW file
    // for other type, wait NEW/RAW/NEW_MERGE/NEW_INDEX/TO_INDEX files converted to INDEX files
    std::vector<int> file_types;
    if (utils::IsRawIndexType(index.engine_type_)) {
        file_types = {
            static_cast<int32_t>(meta::SegmentSchema::NEW),
            static_cast<int32_t>(meta::SegmentSchema::NEW_MERGE),
        };
    } else {
        file_types = {
            static_cast<int32_t>(meta::SegmentSchema::RAW),       static_cast<int32_t>(meta::SegmentSchema::NEW),
            static_cast<int32_t>(meta::SegmentSchema::NEW_MERGE), static_cast<int32_t>(meta::SegmentSchema::NEW_INDEX),
            static_cast<int32_t>(meta::SegmentSchema::TO_INDEX),
        };
    }

    // get files to build index
    meta::SegmentsSchema collection_files;
    auto status = GetFilesToBuildIndex(collection_id, file_types, collection_files);
    int times = 1;

    while (!collection_files.empty()) {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Non index files detected! Will build index " << times;
        if (!utils::IsRawIndexType(index.engine_type_)) {
            status = meta_ptr_->UpdateCollectionFilesToIndex(collection_id);
        }

        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(std::min(10 * 1000, times * 100)));
        GetFilesToBuildIndex(collection_id, file_types, collection_files);
        ++times;

        index_failed_checker_.IgnoreFailedIndexFiles(collection_files);
    }

    // build index for partition
    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        status = WaitCollectionIndexRecursively(schema.collection_id_, index);
        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.WaitCollectionIndexRecursively.fail_build_collection_Index_for_partition",
                  status = Status(DB_ERROR, ""));
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }
    }

    // failed to build index for some files, return error
    std::string err_msg;
    index_failed_checker_.GetErrMsgForCollection(collection_id, err_msg);
    fiu_do_on("DBImpl.WaitCollectionIndexRecursively.not_empty_err_msg", err_msg.append("fiu"));
    if (!err_msg.empty()) {
        return Status(DB_ERROR, err_msg);
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::DropCollectionIndexRecursively(const std::string& collection_id) {
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Drop index for collection: " << collection_id;
    index_failed_checker_.CleanFailedIndexFileOfCollection(collection_id);
    auto status = meta_ptr_->DropCollectionIndex(collection_id);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    // drop partition index
    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        status = DropCollectionIndexRecursively(schema.collection_id_);
        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.DropCollectionIndexRecursively.fail_drop_collection_Index_for_partition",
                  status = Status(DB_ERROR, ""));
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::GetCollectionRowCountRecursively(const std::string& collection_id, uint64_t& row_count) {
    row_count = 0;
    auto status = meta_ptr_->Count(collection_id, row_count);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    // get partition row count
    std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
    status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(collection_id, partition_array);
    for (auto& schema : partition_array) {
        uint64_t partition_row_count = 0;
        status = GetCollectionRowCountRecursively(schema.collection_id_, partition_row_count);
        fiu_do_on("DBImpl.GetCollectionRowCountRecursively.fail_get_collection_rowcount_for_partition",
                  status = Status(DB_ERROR, ""));
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }

        row_count += partition_row_count;
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
DBImpl::ExecWalRecord(const wal::MXLogRecord& record) {
    fiu_return_on("DBImpl.ExexWalRecord.return", Status(););

    auto collections_flushed = [&](const std::set<std::string>& collection_ids) -> uint64_t {
        if (collection_ids.empty()) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint64_t max_lsn = 0;
        if (options_.wal_enable_) {
            for (auto& collection : collection_ids) {
                uint64_t lsn = 0;
                meta_ptr_->GetCollectionFlushLSN(collection, lsn);
                wal_mgr_->CollectionFlushed(collection, lsn);
                if (lsn > max_lsn) {
                    max_lsn = lsn;
                }
            }
        }

        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(merge_result_mutex_);
        for (auto& collection : collection_ids) {
            merge_collection_ids_.insert(collection);
        }
        return max_lsn;
    };

    Status status;

    switch (record.type) {
        case wal::MXLogType::InsertBinary: {
            std::string target_collection_name;
            status = GetPartitionByTag(record.collection_id, record.partition_tag, target_collection_name);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                return status;
            }

            std::set<std::string> flushed_collections;
            status = mem_mgr_->InsertVectors(target_collection_name, record.length, record.ids,
                                             (record.data_size / record.length / sizeof(uint8_t)),
                                             (const u_int8_t*)record.data, record.lsn, flushed_collections);
            // even though !status.ok, run
            collections_flushed(flushed_collections);

            // metrics
            milvus::server::CollectInsertMetrics metrics(record.length, status);
            break;
        }

        case wal::MXLogType::InsertVector: {
            std::string target_collection_name;
            status = GetPartitionByTag(record.collection_id, record.partition_tag, target_collection_name);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                return status;
            }

            std::set<std::string> flushed_collections;
            status = mem_mgr_->InsertVectors(target_collection_name, record.length, record.ids,
                                             (record.data_size / record.length / sizeof(float)),
                                             (const float*)record.data, record.lsn, flushed_collections);
            // even though !status.ok, run
            collections_flushed(flushed_collections);

            // metrics
            milvus::server::CollectInsertMetrics metrics(record.length, status);
            break;
        }

        case wal::MXLogType::Delete: {
            std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
            status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(record.collection_id, partition_array);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                return status;
            }

            std::vector<std::string> collection_ids{record.collection_id};
            for (auto& partition : partition_array) {
                auto& partition_collection_id = partition.collection_id_;
                collection_ids.emplace_back(partition_collection_id);
            }

            if (record.length == 1) {
                for (auto& collection_id : collection_ids) {
                    status = mem_mgr_->DeleteVector(collection_id, *record.ids, record.lsn);
                    if (!status.ok()) {
                        return status;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                for (auto& collection_id : collection_ids) {
                    status = mem_mgr_->DeleteVectors(collection_id, record.length, record.ids, record.lsn);
                    if (!status.ok()) {
                        return status;
                    }
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        case wal::MXLogType::Flush: {
            if (!record.collection_id.empty()) {
                // flush one collection
                std::vector<meta::CollectionSchema> partition_array;
                status = meta_ptr_->ShowPartitions(record.collection_id, partition_array);
                if (!status.ok()) {
                    return status;
                }

                std::vector<std::string> collection_ids{record.collection_id};
                for (auto& partition : partition_array) {
                    auto& partition_collection_id = partition.collection_id_;
                    collection_ids.emplace_back(partition_collection_id);
                }

                std::set<std::string> flushed_collections;
                for (auto& collection_id : collection_ids) {
                    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(flush_merge_compact_mutex_);
                    status = mem_mgr_->Flush(collection_id);
                    if (!status.ok()) {
                        break;
                    }
                    flushed_collections.insert(collection_id);
                }

                collections_flushed(flushed_collections);

            } else {
                // flush all collections
                std::set<std::string> collection_ids;
                {
                    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(flush_merge_compact_mutex_);
                    status = mem_mgr_->Flush(collection_ids);
                }

                uint64_t lsn = collections_flushed(collection_ids);
                if (options_.wal_enable_) {
                    wal_mgr_->RemoveOldFiles(lsn);
                }
            }
            break;
        }
    }

    return status;
}

void
DBImpl::InternalFlush(const std::string& collection_id) {
    wal::MXLogRecord record;
    record.type = wal::MXLogType::Flush;
    record.collection_id = collection_id;
    ExecWalRecord(record);

    StartMergeTask();
}

void
DBImpl::BackgroundWalThread() {
    server::SystemInfo::GetInstance().Init();

    std::chrono::system_clock::time_point next_auto_flush_time;
    auto get_next_auto_flush_time = [&]() {
        return std::chrono::system_clock::now() + std::chrono::seconds(options_.auto_flush_interval_);
    };
    if (options_.auto_flush_interval_ > 0) {
        next_auto_flush_time = get_next_auto_flush_time();
    }

    while (true) {
        if (options_.auto_flush_interval_ > 0) {
            if (std::chrono::system_clock::now() >= next_auto_flush_time) {
                InternalFlush();
                next_auto_flush_time = get_next_auto_flush_time();
            }
        }

        wal::MXLogRecord record;
        auto error_code = wal_mgr_->GetNextRecord(record);
        if (error_code != WAL_SUCCESS) {
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << "WAL background GetNextRecord error";
            break;
        }

        if (record.type != wal::MXLogType::None) {
            ExecWalRecord(record);
            if (record.type == wal::MXLogType::Flush) {
                // notify flush request to return
                flush_req_swn_.Notify();

                // if user flush all manually, update auto flush also
                if (record.collection_id.empty() && options_.auto_flush_interval_ > 0) {
                    next_auto_flush_time = get_next_auto_flush_time();
                }
            }

        } else {
            if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
                InternalFlush();
                flush_req_swn_.Notify();
                WaitMergeFileFinish();
                WaitBuildIndexFinish();
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "WAL background thread exit";
                break;
            }

            if (options_.auto_flush_interval_ > 0) {
                swn_wal_.Wait_Until(next_auto_flush_time);
            } else {
                swn_wal_.Wait();
            }
        }
    }
}

void
DBImpl::BackgroundFlushThread() {
    server::SystemInfo::GetInstance().Init();
    while (true) {
        if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "DB background flush thread exit";
            break;
        }

        InternalFlush();
        if (options_.auto_flush_interval_ > 0) {
            swn_flush_.Wait_For(std::chrono::seconds(options_.auto_flush_interval_));
        } else {
            swn_flush_.Wait();
        }
    }
}

void
DBImpl::BackgroundMetricThread() {
    server::SystemInfo::GetInstance().Init();
    while (true) {
        if (!initialized_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "DB background metric thread exit";
            break;
        }

        swn_metric_.Wait_For(std::chrono::seconds(BACKGROUND_METRIC_INTERVAL));
        StartMetricTask();
    }
}

void
DBImpl::OnCacheInsertDataChanged(bool value) {
    options_.insert_cache_immediately_ = value;
}

void
DBImpl::OnUseBlasThresholdChanged(int64_t threshold) {
    faiss::distance_compute_blas_threshold = threshold;
}

}  // namespace engine
}  // namespace milvus