# API Documentation

## Using `Session`

A `Session` is a simplified `Map` of name value pairs.

Typical usage might look like the following listing:

```
public class RepositoryDemo<S extends Session> {

	private SessionRepository<S> repository; (1)

	public void demo() {
		S toSave = this.repository.createSession(); (2)

		(3)
		User rwinch = new User("rwinch");
		toSave.setAttribute(ATTR_USER, rwinch);

		this.repository.save(toSave); (4)

		S session = this.repository.findById(toSave.getId()); (5)

		(6)
		User user = session.getAttribute(ATTR_USER);
		assertThat(user).isEqualTo(rwinch);
	}

	// ... setter methods ...

}
```

|**1**|                                                                                                         We create a `SessionRepository` instance with a generic type, `S`, that extends `Session`. The generic type is defined in our class.                                                                                                          |
|-----|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|**2**|                                                                                                                          We create a new `Session` by using our `SessionRepository` and assign it to a variable of type `S`.                                                                                                                          |
|**3**|                                                                                                                           We interact with the `Session`. In our example, we demonstrate saving a `User` to the `Session`.                                                                                                                            |
|**4**|We now save the `Session`. This is why we needed the generic type `S`. The `SessionRepository` only allows saving `Session` instances that were created or retrieved by using the same `SessionRepository`. This allows for the `SessionRepository` to make implementation specific optimizations (that is, writing only attributes that have changed).|
|**5**|                                                                                                                                                We retrieve the `Session` from the `SessionRepository`.                                                                                                                                                |
|**6**|                                                                                                                       We obtain the persisted `User` from our `Session` without the need for explicitly casting our attribute.                                                                                                                        |

The `Session` API also provides attributes related to the `Session` instance’s expiration.

Typical usage might look like the following listing:

```
public class ExpiringRepositoryDemo<S extends Session> {

	private SessionRepository<S> repository; (1)

	public void demo() {
		S toSave = this.repository.createSession(); (2)
		// ...
		toSave.setMaxInactiveInterval(Duration.ofSeconds(30)); (3)

		this.repository.save(toSave); (4)

		S session = this.repository.findById(toSave.getId()); (5)
		// ...
	}

	// ... setter methods ...

}
```

|**1**|                                                                                                                                                       We create a `SessionRepository` instance with a generic type, `S`, that extends `Session`. The generic type is defined in our class.                                                                                                                                                       |
|-----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|**2**|                                                                                                                                                                       We create a new `Session` by using our `SessionRepository` and assign it to a variable of type `S`.                                                                                                                                                                        |
|**3**|                                                                                                                                                 We interact with the `Session`.<br/>In our example, we demonstrate updating the amount of time the `Session` can be inactive before it expires.                                                                                                                                                  |
|**4**|We now save the `Session`.<br/>This is why we needed the generic type, `S`.<br/>The `SessionRepository` allows saving only `Session` instances that were created or retrieved using the same `SessionRepository`.<br/>This allows for the `SessionRepository` to make implementation specific optimizations (that is, writing only attributes that have changed).<br/>The last accessed time is automatically updated when the `Session` is saved.|
|**5**|                                                                                                                                                               We retrieve the `Session` from the `SessionRepository`.<br/>If the `Session` were expired, the result would be null.                                                                                                                                                               |

## Using `SessionRepository`

A `SessionRepository` is in charge of creating, retrieving, and persisting `Session` instances.

If possible, you should not interact directly with a `SessionRepository` or a `Session`.
Instead, developers should prefer interacting with `SessionRepository` and `Session` indirectly through the [`HttpSession`](http-session.html#httpsession) and [WebSocket](web-socket.html#websocket) integration.

## Using `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository`

Spring Session’s most basic API for using a `Session` is the `SessionRepository`.
This API is intentionally very simple, so that you can easily provide additional implementations with basic functionality.

Some `SessionRepository` implementations may also choose to implement `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository`.
For example, Spring’s Redis, JDBC, and Hazelcast support libraries all implement `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository`.

The `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository` provides a method to look up all the sessions with a given index name and index value.
As a common use case that is supported by all provided `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository` implementations, you can use a convenient method to look up all the sessions for a particular user.
This is done by ensuring that the session attribute with the name of `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository.PRINCIPAL_NAME_INDEX_NAME` is populated with the username.
It is your responsibility to ensure that the attribute is populated, since Spring Session is not aware of the authentication mechanism being used.
An example of how to use this can be seen in the following listing:

```
String username = "username";
this.session.setAttribute(FindByIndexNameSessionRepository.PRINCIPAL_NAME_INDEX_NAME, username);
```

|   |Some implementations of `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository` provide hooks to automatically index other session attributes.<br/>For example, many implementations automatically ensure that the current Spring Security user name is indexed with the index name of `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository.PRINCIPAL_NAME_INDEX_NAME`.|
|---|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

Once the session is indexed, you can find by using code similar to the following:

```
String username = "username";
Map<String, Session> sessionIdToSession = this.sessionRepository.findByPrincipalName(username);
```

## Using `ReactiveSessionRepository`

A `ReactiveSessionRepository` is in charge of creating, retrieving, and persisting `Session` instances in a non-blocking and reactive manner.

If possible, you should not interact directly with a `ReactiveSessionRepository` or a `Session`.
Instead, you should prefer interacting with `ReactiveSessionRepository` and `Session` indirectly through the [WebSession](web-session.html#websession) integration.

## Using `@EnableSpringHttpSession`

You can add the `@EnableSpringHttpSession` annotation to a `@Configuration` class to expose the `SessionRepositoryFilter` as a bean named `springSessionRepositoryFilter`.
In order to use the annotation, you must provide a single `SessionRepository` bean.
The following example shows how to do so:

```
@EnableSpringHttpSession
@Configuration
public class SpringHttpSessionConfig {

	@Bean
	public MapSessionRepository sessionRepository() {
		return new MapSessionRepository(new ConcurrentHashMap<>());
	}

}
```

Note that no infrastructure for session expirations is configured for you.
This is because things such as session expiration are highly implementation-dependent.
This means that, if you need to clean up expired sessions, you are responsible for cleaning up the expired sessions.

## Using `@EnableSpringWebSession`

You can add the `@EnableSpringWebSession` annotation to a `@Configuration` class to expose the `WebSessionManager` as a bean named `webSessionManager`.
To use the annotation, you must provide a single `ReactiveSessionRepository` bean.
The following example shows how to do so:

```
@EnableSpringWebSession
public class SpringWebSessionConfig {

	@Bean
	public ReactiveSessionRepository reactiveSessionRepository() {
		return new ReactiveMapSessionRepository(new ConcurrentHashMap<>());
	}

}
```

Note that no infrastructure for session expirations is configured for you.
This is because things such as session expiration are highly implementation-dependent.
This means that, if you require cleaning up expired sessions, you are responsible for cleaning up the expired sessions.

## Using `RedisIndexedSessionRepository`

`RedisIndexedSessionRepository` is a `SessionRepository` that is implemented by using Spring Data’s `RedisOperations`.
In a web environment, this is typically used in combination with `SessionRepositoryFilter`.
The implementation supports `SessionDestroyedEvent` and `SessionCreatedEvent` through `SessionMessageListener`.

### Instantiating a `RedisIndexedSessionRepository`

You can see a typical example of how to create a new instance in the following listing:

```
RedisTemplate<Object, Object> redisTemplate = new RedisTemplate<>();

// ... configure redisTemplate ...

SessionRepository<? extends Session> repository = new RedisIndexedSessionRepository(redisTemplate);
```

For additional information on how to create a `RedisConnectionFactory`, see the Spring Data Redis Reference.

### Using `@EnableRedisHttpSession`

In a web environment, the simplest way to create a new `RedisIndexedSessionRepository` is to use `@EnableRedisHttpSession`.
You can find complete example usage in the [Samples and Guides (Start Here)](samples.html#samples).
You can use the following attributes to customize the configuration:

* **maxInactiveIntervalInSeconds**: The amount of time before the session expires, in seconds.

* **redisNamespace**: Allows configuring an application specific namespace for the sessions. Redis keys and channel IDs start with the prefix of `<redisNamespace>:`.

* **flushMode**: Allows specifying when data is written to Redis. The default is only when `save` is invoked on `SessionRepository`.
  A value of `FlushMode.IMMEDIATE` writes to Redis as soon as possible.

#### Custom `RedisSerializer`

You can customize the serialization by creating a bean named `springSessionDefaultRedisSerializer` that implements `RedisSerializer<Object>`.

### Redis `TaskExecutor`

`RedisIndexedSessionRepository` is subscribed to receive events from Redis by using a `RedisMessageListenerContainer`.
You can customize the way those events are dispatched by creating a bean named `springSessionRedisTaskExecutor`, a bean `springSessionRedisSubscriptionExecutor`, or both.
You can find more details on configuring Redis task executors [here](https://docs.spring.io/spring-data-redis/docs/2.6.2/reference/html/#redis:pubsub:subscribe:containers).

### Storage Details

The following sections outline how Redis is updated for each operation.
The following example shows an example of creating a new session:

```
HMSET spring:session:sessions:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe creationTime 1404360000000 \
	maxInactiveInterval 1800 \
	lastAccessedTime 1404360000000 \
	sessionAttr:attrName someAttrValue \
	sessionAttr:attrName2 someAttrValue2
EXPIRE spring:session:sessions:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe 2100
APPEND spring:session:sessions:expires:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe ""
EXPIRE spring:session:sessions:expires:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe 1800
SADD spring:session:expirations:1439245080000 expires:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe
EXPIRE spring:session:expirations1439245080000 2100
```

The subsequent sections describe the details.

#### Saving a Session

Each session is stored in Redis as a `Hash`.
Each session is set and updated by using the `HMSET` command.
The following example shows how each session is stored:

```
HMSET spring:session:sessions:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe creationTime 1404360000000 \
	maxInactiveInterval 1800 \
	lastAccessedTime 1404360000000 \
	sessionAttr:attrName someAttrValue \
	sessionAttr:attrName2 someAttrValue2
```

In the preceding example, the following statements are true about the session:

* The session ID is 33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe.

* The session was created at 1404360000000 (in milliseconds since midnight of 1/1/1970 GMT).

* The session expires in 1800 seconds (30 minutes).

* The session was last accessed at 1404360000000 (in milliseconds since midnight of 1/1/1970 GMT).

* The session has two attributes.
  The first is `attrName`, with a value of `someAttrValue`.
  The second session attribute is named `attrName2`, with a value of `someAttrValue2`.

#### Optimized Writes

The `Session` instances managed by `RedisIndexedSessionRepository` keeps track of the properties that have changed and updates only those.
This means that, if an attribute is written once and read many times, we need to write that attribute only once.
For example, assume the `attrName2` session attribute from the lsiting in the preceding section was updated.
The following command would be run upon saving:

```
HMSET spring:session:sessions:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe sessionAttr:attrName2 newValue
```

#### Session Expiration

An expiration is associated with each session by using the `EXPIRE` command, based upon the `Session.getMaxInactiveInterval()`.
The following example shows a typical `EXPIRE` command:

```
EXPIRE spring:session:sessions:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe 2100
```

Note that the expiration that is set to five minutes after the session actually expires.
This is necessary so that the value of the session can be accessed when the session expires.
An expiration is set on the session itself five minutes after it actually expires to ensure that it is cleaned up, but only after we perform any necessary processing.

|   |The `SessionRepository.findById(String)` method ensures that no expired sessions are returned.<br/>This means that you need not check the expiration before using a session.|
|---|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

Spring Session relies on the delete and expired [keyspace notifications](https://redis.io/topics/notifications) from Redis to fire a [`SessionDeletedEvent`](#api-redisindexedsessionrepository-sessiondestroyedevent) and a [`SessionExpiredEvent`](#api-redisindexedsessionrepository-sessiondestroyedevent), respectively.`SessionDeletedEvent` or `SessionExpiredEvent` ensure that resources associated with the `Session` are cleaned up.
For example, when you use Spring Session’s WebSocket support, the Redis expired or delete event triggers any WebSocket connections associated with the session to be closed.

Expiration is not tracked directly on the session key itself, since this would mean the session data would no longer be available. Instead, a special session expires key is used. In the preceding example, the expires key is as follows:

```
APPEND spring:session:sessions:expires:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe ""
EXPIRE spring:session:sessions:expires:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe 1800
```

When a session expires key is deleted or expires, the keyspace notification triggers a lookup of the actual session, and a `SessionDestroyedEvent` is fired.

One problem with relying on Redis expiration exclusively is that, if the key has not been accessed, Redis makes no guarantee of when the expired event is fired.
Specifically, the background task that Redis uses to clean up expired keys is a low-priority task and may not trigger the key expiration.
For additional details, see the [Timing of Expired Events](https://redis.io/topics/notifications) section in the Redis documentation.

To circumvent the fact that expired events are not guaranteed to happen, we can ensure that each key is accessed when it is expected to expire.
This means that, if the TTL is expired on the key, Redis removes the key and fires the expired event when we try to access the key.

For this reason, each session expiration is also tracked to the nearest minute.
This lets a background task access the potentially expired sessions to ensure that Redis expired events are fired in a more deterministic fashion.
The following example shows these events:

```
SADD spring:session:expirations:1439245080000 expires:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe
EXPIRE spring:session:expirations1439245080000 2100
```

The background task then uses these mappings to explicitly request each key.
By accessing the key, rather than deleting it, we ensure that Redis deletes the key for us only if the TTL is expired.

|   |We do not explicitly delete the keys, since, in some instances, there may be a race condition that incorrectly identifies a key as expired when it is not.<br/>Short of using distributed locks (which would kill our performance), there is no way to ensure the consistency of the expiration mapping.<br/>By simply accessing the key, we ensure that the key is only removed if the TTL on that key is expired.|
|---|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

### `SessionDeletedEvent` and `SessionExpiredEvent`

`SessionDeletedEvent` and `SessionExpiredEvent` are both types of `SessionDestroyedEvent`.

`RedisIndexedSessionRepository` supports firing a `SessionDeletedEvent` when a `Session` is deleted or a `SessionExpiredEvent` when a `Session` expires.
This is necessary to ensure resources associated with the `Session` are properly cleaned up.

For example, when integrating with WebSockets, the `SessionDestroyedEvent` is in charge of closing any active WebSocket connections.

Firing `SessionDeletedEvent` or `SessionExpiredEvent` is made available through the `SessionMessageListener`, which listens to [Redis Keyspace events](https://redis.io/topics/notifications).
In order for this to work, Redis Keyspace events for Generic commands and Expired events needs to be enabled.
The following example shows how to do so:

```
redis-cli config set notify-keyspace-events Egx
```

If you use `@EnableRedisHttpSession`, managing the `SessionMessageListener` and enabling the necessary Redis Keyspace events is done automatically.
However, in a secured Redis enviornment, the config command is disabled.
This means that Spring Session cannot configure Redis Keyspace events for you.
To disable the automatic configuration, add `ConfigureRedisAction.NO_OP` as a bean.

For example, with Java configuration, you can use the following:

```
@Bean
ConfigureRedisAction configureRedisAction() {
	return ConfigureRedisAction.NO_OP;
}
```

In XML configuration, you can use the following:

```
<util:constant
	static-field="org.springframework.session.data.redis.config.ConfigureRedisAction.NO_OP"/>
```

### Using `SessionCreatedEvent`

When a session is created, an event is sent to Redis with a channel ID of `spring:session:channel:created:33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe`,
where `33fdd1b6-b496-4b33-9f7d-df96679d32fe` is the session ID. The body of the event is the session that was created.

If registered as a `MessageListener` (the default), `RedisIndexedSessionRepository` then translates the Redis message into a `SessionCreatedEvent`.

### Viewing the Session in Redis

After [installing redis-cli](https://redis.io/topics/quickstart), you can inspect the values in Redis [using the redis-cli](https://redis.io/commands#hash).
For example, you can enter the following into a terminal:

```
$ redis-cli
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> keys *
1) "spring:session:sessions:4fc39ce3-63b3-4e17-b1c4-5e1ed96fb021" (1)
2) "spring:session:expirations:1418772300000" (2)
```

|**1**|         The suffix of this key is the session identifier of the Spring Session.         |
|-----|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|**2**|This key contains all the session IDs that should be deleted at the time `1418772300000`.|

You can also view the attributes of each session.
The following example shows how to do so:

```
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> hkeys spring:session:sessions:4fc39ce3-63b3-4e17-b1c4-5e1ed96fb021
1) "lastAccessedTime"
2) "creationTime"
3) "maxInactiveInterval"
4) "sessionAttr:username"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> hget spring:session:sessions:4fc39ce3-63b3-4e17-b1c4-5e1ed96fb021 sessionAttr:username
"\xac\xed\x00\x05t\x00\x03rob"
```

## Using `ReactiveRedisSessionRepository`

`ReactiveRedisSessionRepository` is a `ReactiveSessionRepository` that is implemented by using Spring Data’s `ReactiveRedisOperations`.
In a web environment, this is typically used in combination with `WebSessionStore`.

### Instantiating a `ReactiveRedisSessionRepository`

The following example shows how to create a new instance:

```
// ... create and configure connectionFactory and serializationContext ...

ReactiveRedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate = new ReactiveRedisTemplate<>(connectionFactory,
		serializationContext);

ReactiveSessionRepository<? extends Session> repository = new ReactiveRedisSessionRepository(redisTemplate);
```

For additional information on how to create a `ReactiveRedisConnectionFactory`, see the Spring Data Redis Reference.

### Using `@EnableRedisWebSession`

In a web environment, the simplest way to create a new `ReactiveRedisSessionRepository` is to use `@EnableRedisWebSession`.
You can use the following attributes to customize the configuration:

* **maxInactiveIntervalInSeconds**: The amount of time before the session expires, in seconds

* **redisNamespace**: Allows configuring an application specific namespace for the sessions. Redis keys and channel IDs start with q prefix of `<redisNamespace>:`.

* **flushMode**: Allows specifying when data is written to Redis. The default is only when `save` is invoked on `ReactiveSessionRepository`.
  A value of `FlushMode.IMMEDIATE` writes to Redis as soon as possible.

#### Optimized Writes

The `Session` instances managed by `ReactiveRedisSessionRepository` keep track of the properties that have changed and updates only those.
This means that, if an attribute is written once and read many times, we need to write that attribute only once.

### Viewing the Session in Redis

After [installing redis-cli](https://redis.io/topics/quickstart), you can inspect the values in Redis [using the redis-cli](https://redis.io/commands#hash).
For example, you can enter the following command into a terminal window:

```
$ redis-cli
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> keys *
1) "spring:session:sessions:4fc39ce3-63b3-4e17-b1c4-5e1ed96fb021" (1)
```

|**1**|The suffix of this key is the session identifier of the Spring Session.|
|-----|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|

You can also view the attributes of each session by using the `hkeys` command.
The following example shows how to do so:

```
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> hkeys spring:session:sessions:4fc39ce3-63b3-4e17-b1c4-5e1ed96fb021
1) "lastAccessedTime"
2) "creationTime"
3) "maxInactiveInterval"
4) "sessionAttr:username"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> hget spring:session:sessions:4fc39ce3-63b3-4e17-b1c4-5e1ed96fb021 sessionAttr:username
"\xac\xed\x00\x05t\x00\x03rob"
```

## Using `MapSessionRepository`

The `MapSessionRepository` allows for persisting `Session` in a `Map`, with the key being the `Session` ID and the value being the `Session`.
You can use the implementation with a `ConcurrentHashMap` as a testing or convenience mechanism.
Alternatively, you can use it with distributed `Map` implementations. For example, it can be used with Hazelcast.

### Instantiating `MapSessionRepository`

The following example shows how to create a new instance:

```
SessionRepository<? extends Session> repository = new MapSessionRepository(new ConcurrentHashMap<>());
```

### Using Spring Session and Hazlecast

The [Hazelcast Sample](samples.html#samples) is a complete application that demonstrates how to use Spring Session with Hazelcast.

To run it, use the following command:

```
	./gradlew :samples:hazelcast:tomcatRun
```

The [Hazelcast Spring Sample](samples.html#samples) is a complete application that demonstrates how to use Spring Session with Hazelcast and Spring Security.

It includes example Hazelcast `MapListener` implementations that support firing `SessionCreatedEvent`, `SessionDeletedEvent`, and `SessionExpiredEvent`.

To run it, use the following command:

```
	./gradlew :samples:hazelcast-spring:tomcatRun
```

## Using `ReactiveMapSessionRepository`

The `ReactiveMapSessionRepository` allows for persisting `Session` in a `Map`, with the key being the `Session` ID and the value being the `Session`.
You can use the implementation with a `ConcurrentHashMap` as a testing or convenience mechanism.
Alternatively, you can use it with distributed `Map` implementations, with the requirement that the supplied `Map` must be non-blocking.

## Using `JdbcIndexedSessionRepository`

`JdbcIndexedSessionRepository` is a `SessionRepository` implementation that uses Spring’s `JdbcOperations` to store sessions in a relational database.
In a web environment, this is typically used in combination with `SessionRepositoryFilter`.
Note that this implementation does not support publishing of session events.

### Instantiating a `JdbcIndexedSessionRepository`

The following example shows how to create a new instance:

```
JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate();

// ... configure jdbcTemplate ...

TransactionTemplate transactionTemplate = new TransactionTemplate();

// ... configure transactionTemplate ...

SessionRepository<? extends Session> repository = new JdbcIndexedSessionRepository(jdbcTemplate,
		transactionTemplate);
```

For additional information on how to create and configure `JdbcTemplate` and `PlatformTransactionManager`, see the [Spring Framework Reference Documentation](https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/5.3.16/spring-framework-reference/data-access.html).

### Using `@EnableJdbcHttpSession`

In a web environment, the simplest way to create a new `JdbcIndexedSessionRepository` is to use `@EnableJdbcHttpSession`.
You can find complete example usage in the [Samples and Guides (Start Here)](samples.html#samples)You can use the following attributes to customize the configuration:

* **tableName**: The name of database table used by Spring Session to store sessions

* **maxInactiveIntervalInSeconds**: The amount of time before the session will expire in seconds

#### Customizing `LobHandler`

You can customize BLOB handling by creating a bean named `springSessionLobHandler` that implements `LobHandler`.

#### Customizing `ConversionService`

You can customize the default serialization and deserialization of the session by providing a `ConversionService` instance.
When working in a typical Spring environment, the default `ConversionService` bean (named `conversionService`) is automatically picked up and used for serialization and deserialization.
However, you can override the default `ConversionService` by providing a bean named `springSessionConversionService`.

### Storage Details

By default, this implementation uses `SPRING_SESSION` and `SPRING_SESSION_ATTRIBUTES` tables to store sessions.
Note that you can customize the table name, as already described. In that case, the table used to store attributes is named by using the provided table name suffixed with `_ATTRIBUTES`.
If further customizations are needed, you can customize the SQL queries used by the repository by using `set*Query` setter methods. In this case, you need to manually configure the `sessionRepository` bean.

Due to the differences between the various database vendors, especially when it comes to storing binary data, make sure to use SQL scripts specific to your database.
Scripts for most major database vendors are packaged as `org/springframework/session/jdbc/schema-*.sql`, where `*` is the target database type.

For example, with PostgreSQL, you can use the following schema script:

```
CREATE TABLE SPRING_SESSION (
	PRIMARY_ID CHAR(36) NOT NULL,
	SESSION_ID CHAR(36) NOT NULL,
	CREATION_TIME BIGINT NOT NULL,
	LAST_ACCESS_TIME BIGINT NOT NULL,
	MAX_INACTIVE_INTERVAL INT NOT NULL,
	EXPIRY_TIME BIGINT NOT NULL,
	PRINCIPAL_NAME VARCHAR(100),
	CONSTRAINT SPRING_SESSION_PK PRIMARY KEY (PRIMARY_ID)
);

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX SPRING_SESSION_IX1 ON SPRING_SESSION (SESSION_ID);
CREATE INDEX SPRING_SESSION_IX2 ON SPRING_SESSION (EXPIRY_TIME);
CREATE INDEX SPRING_SESSION_IX3 ON SPRING_SESSION (PRINCIPAL_NAME);

CREATE TABLE SPRING_SESSION_ATTRIBUTES (
	SESSION_PRIMARY_ID CHAR(36) NOT NULL,
	ATTRIBUTE_NAME VARCHAR(200) NOT NULL,
	ATTRIBUTE_BYTES BYTEA NOT NULL,
	CONSTRAINT SPRING_SESSION_ATTRIBUTES_PK PRIMARY KEY (SESSION_PRIMARY_ID, ATTRIBUTE_NAME),
	CONSTRAINT SPRING_SESSION_ATTRIBUTES_FK FOREIGN KEY (SESSION_PRIMARY_ID) REFERENCES SPRING_SESSION(PRIMARY_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
```

With MySQL database, you can use the following script:

```
CREATE TABLE SPRING_SESSION (
	PRIMARY_ID CHAR(36) NOT NULL,
	SESSION_ID CHAR(36) NOT NULL,
	CREATION_TIME BIGINT NOT NULL,
	LAST_ACCESS_TIME BIGINT NOT NULL,
	MAX_INACTIVE_INTERVAL INT NOT NULL,
	EXPIRY_TIME BIGINT NOT NULL,
	PRINCIPAL_NAME VARCHAR(100),
	CONSTRAINT SPRING_SESSION_PK PRIMARY KEY (PRIMARY_ID)
) ENGINE=InnoDB ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC;

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX SPRING_SESSION_IX1 ON SPRING_SESSION (SESSION_ID);
CREATE INDEX SPRING_SESSION_IX2 ON SPRING_SESSION (EXPIRY_TIME);
CREATE INDEX SPRING_SESSION_IX3 ON SPRING_SESSION (PRINCIPAL_NAME);

CREATE TABLE SPRING_SESSION_ATTRIBUTES (
	SESSION_PRIMARY_ID CHAR(36) NOT NULL,
	ATTRIBUTE_NAME VARCHAR(200) NOT NULL,
	ATTRIBUTE_BYTES BLOB NOT NULL,
	CONSTRAINT SPRING_SESSION_ATTRIBUTES_PK PRIMARY KEY (SESSION_PRIMARY_ID, ATTRIBUTE_NAME),
	CONSTRAINT SPRING_SESSION_ATTRIBUTES_FK FOREIGN KEY (SESSION_PRIMARY_ID) REFERENCES SPRING_SESSION(PRIMARY_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC;
```

### Transaction Management

All JDBC operations in `JdbcIndexedSessionRepository` are performed in a transactional manner.
Transactions are performed with propagation set to `REQUIRES_NEW` in order to avoid unexpected behavior due to interference with existing transactions (for example, running a `save` operation in a thread that already participates in a read-only transaction).

## Using `HazelcastIndexedSessionRepository`

`HazelcastIndexedSessionRepository` is a `SessionRepository` implementation that stores sessions in Hazelcast’s distributed `IMap`.
In a web environment, this is typically used in combination with `SessionRepositoryFilter`.

### Instantiating a `HazelcastIndexedSessionRepository`

The following example shows how to create a new instance:

```
Config config = new Config();

// ... configure Hazelcast ...

HazelcastInstance hazelcastInstance = Hazelcast.newHazelcastInstance(config);

HazelcastIndexedSessionRepository repository = new HazelcastIndexedSessionRepository(hazelcastInstance);
```

For additional information on how to create and configure Hazelcast instance, see the [Hazelcast documentation](https://docs.hazelcast.org/docs/3.12.12/manual/html-single/index.html#hazelcast-configuration).

### Using `@EnableHazelcastHttpSession`

To use [Hazelcast](https://hazelcast.org/) as your backing source for the `SessionRepository`, you can add the `@EnableHazelcastHttpSession` annotation to a `@Configuration` class.
Doing so extends the functionality provided by the `@EnableSpringHttpSession` annotation but makes the `SessionRepository` for you in Hazelcast.
You must provide a single `HazelcastInstance` bean for the configuration to work.
You can find a complete configuration example in the [Samples and Guides (Start Here)](samples.html#samples).

### Basic Customization

You can use the following attributes on `@EnableHazelcastHttpSession` to customize the configuration:

* **maxInactiveIntervalInSeconds**: The amount of time before the session expires, in seconds. The default is 1800 seconds (30 minutes)

* **sessionMapName**: The name of the distributed `Map` that is used in Hazelcast to store the session data.

### Session Events

Using a `MapListener` to respond to entries being added, evicted, and removed from the distributed `Map` causes these events to trigger publishing of `SessionCreatedEvent`, `SessionExpiredEvent`, and `SessionDeletedEvent` events (respectively) through the `ApplicationEventPublisher`.

### Storage Details

Sessions are stored in a distributed `IMap` in Hazelcast.
The `IMap` interface methods are used to `get()` and `put()` Sessions.
Additionally, the `values()` method supports a `FindByIndexNameSessionRepository#findByIndexNameAndIndexValue` operation, together with appropriate `ValueExtractor` (which needs to be registered with Hazelcast). See the [ Hazelcast Spring Sample](samples.html#samples) for more details on this configuration.
The expiration of a session in the `IMap` is handled by Hazelcast’s support for setting the time to live on an entry when it is `put()` into the `IMap`. Entries (sessions) that have been idle longer than the time to live are automatically removed from the `IMap`.

You should not need to configure any settings such as `max-idle-seconds` or `time-to-live-seconds` for the `IMap` within the Hazelcast configuration.

Note that if you use Hazelcast’s `MapStore` to persist your sessions `IMap`, the following limitations apply when reloading the sessions from `MapStore`:

* Reloading triggers `EntryAddedListener` results in `SessionCreatedEvent` being re-published

* Reloading uses default TTL for a given `IMap` results in sessions losing their original TTL

## Using `CookieSerializer`

A `CookieSerializer` is responsible for defining how the session cookie is written.
Spring Session comes with a default implementation using `DefaultCookieSerializer`.

### Exposing `CookieSerializer` as a bean

Exposing the `CookieSerializer` as a Spring bean augments the existing configuration when you use configurations like `@EnableRedisHttpSession`.

The following example shows how to do so:

```
	@Bean
	public CookieSerializer cookieSerializer() {
		DefaultCookieSerializer serializer = new DefaultCookieSerializer();
		serializer.setCookieName("JSESSIONID"); (1)
		serializer.setCookiePath("/"); (2)
		serializer.setDomainNamePattern("^.+?\\.(\\w+\\.[a-z]+)$"); (3)
		return serializer;
	}
```

|**1**|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          We customize the name of the cookie to be `JSESSIONID`.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
|-----| |
|**2**|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        We customize the path of the cookie to be `/` (rather than the default of the context root).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
|**3**|We customize the domain name pattern (a regular expression) to be `^.+?\\.(\\w+\\.[a-z]+)$`.<br/>This allows sharing a session across domains and applications.<br/>If the regular expression does not match, no domain is set and the existing domain is used.<br/>If the regular expression matches, the first [grouping](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/regex/groups.html) is used as the domain.<br/>This means that a request to [https://child.example.com](https://child.example.com) sets the domain to `example.com`.<br/>However, a request to [http://localhost:8080/](http://localhost:8080/) or [https://192.168.1.100:8080/](https://192.168.1.100:8080/) leaves the cookie unset and, thus, still works in development without any changes being necessary for production.|

|   |You should only match on valid domain characters, since the domain name is reflected in the response.<br/>Doing so prevents a malicious user from performing such attacks as [HTTP Response Splitting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_response_splitting).|
|---|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

### Customizing `CookieSerializer`

You can customize how the session cookie is written by using any of the following configuration options on the `DefaultCookieSerializer`.

* `cookieName`: The name of the cookie to use.
  Default: `SESSION`.

* `useSecureCookie`: Specifies whether a secure cookie should be used.
  Default: Use the value of `HttpServletRequest.isSecure()` at the time of creation.

* `cookiePath`: The path of the cookie.
  Default: The context root.

* `cookieMaxAge`: Specifies the max age of the cookie to be set at the time the session is created.
  Default: `-1`, which indicates the cookie should be removed when the browser is closed.

* `jvmRoute`: Specifies a suffix to be appended to the session ID and included in the cookie.
  Used to identify which JVM to route to for session affinity.
  With some implementations (that is, Redis) this option provides no performance benefit.
  However, it can help with tracing logs of a particular user.

* `domainName`: Allows specifying a specific domain name to be used for the cookie.
  This option is simple to understand but often requires a different configuration between development and production environments.
  See `domainNamePattern` as an alternative.

* `domainNamePattern`: A case-insensitive pattern used to extract the domain name from the `HttpServletRequest#getServerName()`.
  The pattern should provide a single grouping that is used to extract the value of the cookie domain.
  If the regular expression does not match, no domain is set and the existing domain is used.
  If the regular expression matches, the first [grouping](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/regex/groups.html) is used as the domain.

* `sameSite`: The value for the `SameSite` cookie directive.
  To disable the serialization of the `SameSite` cookie directive, you may set this value to `null`.
  Default: `Lax`

|   |You should only match on valid domain characters, since the domain name is reflected in the response.<br/>Doing so prevents a malicious user from performing such attacks as [HTTP Response Splitting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_response_splitting).|
|---|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

## Customizing `SessionRepository`

Implementing a custom [`SessionRepository`](#api-sessionrepository) API should be a fairly straightforward task.
Coupling the custom implementation with [`@EnableSpringHttpSession`](#api-enablespringhttpsession) support lets you reuse existing Spring Session configuration facilities and infrastructure.
There are, however, a couple of aspects that deserve closer consideration.

During the lifecycle of an HTTP request, the `HttpSession` is typically persisted to `SessionRepository` twice.
The first persist operation is to ensure that the session is available to the client as soon as the client has access to the session ID, and it is also necessary to write after the session is committed because further modifications to the session might be made.
Having this in mind, we generally recommend that a `SessionRepository` implementation keep track of changes to ensure that only deltas are saved.
This is particularly important in highly concurrent environments, where multiple requests operate on the same `HttpSession` and, therefore, cause race conditions, with requests overriding each other’s changes to session attributes.
All of the `SessionRepository` implementations provided by Spring Session use the described approach to persist session changes and can be used for guidance when you implement custom `SessionRepository`.

Note that the same recommendations apply for implementing a custom [`ReactiveSessionRepository`](#api-reactivesessionrepository) as well.
In this case, you should use the [`@EnableSpringWebSession`](#api-enablespringwebsession).